More
Machine Language
For Beginners
VIC-20
The 6502 Resource Magazine News
PET • Apple • Atari • OSI • KIM • SYM • AIM And Updates
COMPUTE
The Journal For Progressive Computing
$2,50 October, 1981 Issue 17 Vol. 3, No, 10
63379
Extending Atari Player Missile Grapliics
Train Your PET/CBM To Run VIC-20
Programs
Budgeting On The Apple Computer
An Atari Program Library
High Resolution Bar Graphs For The PET/CBM
V4470ll63379"
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Epson - Cenironics - IDS Paper Tiger - CPS handles all those primers and others vvilh nn-lioard intelligence lo provide paging and other fealurc.s found on no other card.
Connecting a Serial Printer?
Diablo*? Qume'?N"EC - TI 800 Series® CPS handles these printers and others with standard RS-232 interface providing selection of baud rates, handshakes, paging, and more.
Connecting a Modem or Terminal?
Hayes Smanmodem^ Novation CAT^M it R Pennyw histle^CPS handles these and others with full 'half duplex operatiori, baud rale selection, and even a iransparenl terminal mode which' includes a dual mode feature that (xrmits printing of text to parallel printers while 'on-line' eliminating the need far special terminal soflH'are— and more.
Connecting with the Time?
The on-board calendar clock provides real time and dale information including day of week, day, month, year, hours, minutes, and seconds for any application requiring a lime stamp— battery backed-up for over two years!
Connecting with The Source?
Used with a modem, CP.S provides the connection to informa- tion utilities, such as The Source^Dow Jones, and others. . Additionally, CPS provides the connection to big-lime electronic mail with programs such as Micro Courierand Micro Telegrarn? and other data transfer programs.
Connect with Easy Use !
CPS has no switches to setl All functions oh the card are set from a user program. .Menu driven screens set up your choice of all functions on CPS and store them on-board in CM(JS R.AM — battery backed-up {inikiding the cUnk) for over (wo ycarsi To change parameters, run the sei-up program again- — or use special commands from your keyboard. Furihemiore, most existing software programs are iinmediatcly usable ^^;ith CPS, Phantom Slot Capability permits assignment of C)P.S" functions to your software's pre-defined slois.
Connect with Your Apple^Dealer
Drop by your Apple dealer and see how (he CPS MulliFunction Card provides the most comprehensive capabilities for RS-232C serial interface, parallel output, and reat-lime calendar clock of any card available loda\- — all on one card — at one low prices competitive with any one of the three or more single function cards thai it replaces.
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Registered trademarks
IF YOU'RE WAITING FOR THE
PRICE OF WORD PROCESSORS
TO FALL WITHIN REASON,
Everyone expected it would happen sooner or later. . .withwordPro PLUS'" it already has! Now all the marvelous benefits of expensive and advanced word processing systems are available on Commodore computers, America's largest selling computer line. WordPro PLUS, when combined with the new 80 column CBM 8032. creates a word pro- cessing system comparable to virtually any other top quality word processor available— but at savings of thousands of dollars!
New, low cost computer technology is now available at a fraction of what you would expect to pay. This technology allowed Commodore to introduce the new and revolutionary CBM 8032 Computer.
WordPro PLUS turns this new CBM 8032 Computer into a sophisticated, time saving word processing tool. With WordPro PLUS, documents are dis- played on the computer's screen. Edit- ing and last minute revisions are simple and easy. No more lengthy re-typing sessions. Letters and documents are easily re-called from memory storage for editing or printing with final drafts printed perfectly at over five hundred words per minute!
Our nationwide team of professional dealers will show you how your office will benefit by using WordPro PLUS. At a price far less than you realize.
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Professional Software Inc.
166 Crescent Road Needham, MA 02194 (617)444-5224 TELEX: 95 1579
Turn your Apple into the world's most versatile personal computer.
The SoftCard™ Solution. SoftCard turns your Apple Into two computers. A Z-80 and a 6502. By adding a Z-80 microprocessor and CP/M to your Apple, SoftCard turns your Apple into a CP/M based machine. That means you can access the single largest body of mtcrocomputer software in exist- ence. Two computers in one. And, the advantages of both.
Plug and go. The SoftCard system starts with a Z-80 based circuit card. Just plug it into any slot (except 0) of your Apple. No modifications required. SoftCard supports most of your Apple peripherals, and, in 6502-mode, your Apple IS still your Apple.
CP/M for your Apple. You get CP/M on disk with the SoftCard package. It's a powerful and simple-to-use operating system. It supports more software than any other microcomputer operat- ing system. And that's the key to the versatility of the SoftCard/Apple.
BASIC included. A powerful tool. BASIC-80 is included in the SoftCard package. Running under CP/M, ANSI Standard BASIC-80 is the most powerful microcomputer BASIC available. It includes extensive disk I/O statements, error trapping, integer variables, 16-digit precision, exten- sive EDIT commands and string func- tions, high and low-res Apple graphics, PRINT USING. CHAIN and COM- MON, plus many additional com- mands. And, it's a BASIC you can compile with Microsoft's BASIC Compiler
More languages. With SoftCard and CP/M, you can add Microsoft's ANSI Standard COBOL, and FORTRAN, or
Basic Compiler and Assembly Lan- guage Development System. All, more powerful tools for your Apple. Seeing is believing. See the SoftCard in operation at your Microsoft or Apple dealer We think you'll agree that the SoftCard turns your Apple into the world's most versatile personal computer
Complete information? It's at your dealer's now. Or we'll send it to you and include a dealer list. Write us. Call us.
SoflCard is a trademark of Microsoft. Apple 11 and Apple II Plus are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog. Inc. CP/M IS a registered trademark of Digital Researcli, Inc.
/HKRpSOfT
r CONSUMER^ PRODUCTSP
Microsoft Consumer Products. 400 108th Ave. NE,. Bellevue, WA 98004. (206) 454-1315
October. 1981. Issue 17
COMPUTE!
Table of Contents
The Editor's Notes Robert Lock 4
COMPUTErs New Listing Conventions For CBM 10
Computers And Society David D Ttiornburg, 12
Readers Feedbaci< 16
Asl< Tt^e Readers [Robert Lock Rictiofd Mansfield and Readers. 18
Bosicoliy Useful BASiC; Automolic DATA Statements For
CBIVl and Atari Dr Harold Under, 22
Jhe Beginner's Page (Richard Monsfie!d. 24
VIC-20Nevi/s Complied from sources by tt^e Editors, 28
Guest Commentary; A Software PubiisLier's View On
Software Pricing And Service Policies Mr Sfieiwin A Steftin 36
WtiatisAMODEM,AndWtiyDoiNeedOne?Partll MichoelE Day 42
More fvlach\ine Language For Beginners Rictiord Mansfield, 48
Undeletable Lines Michioel P Antonovich. 62
Inverting A Matrix Brian J. Flynn, 66
The Apple Gazette 72
Budgeting On Ttie Apple William R SwinYard.72
Named GOSUB's M R, Smitti, 76
A Tope "EXEC" For Applesoft: Loading Machiine Language Programs
Part 1 1 Stierm Ostrowsky, 79
Switctiing Cleanly From Text To Graphiics Brion Nakagowo, 82
Interfacing The CCS 7710A Asynchronous Serial Card Sam Basset, 83
The Aiarl Gazette 84
Cassette Boot-Tope Generation From DOS 2.0S
Binary Load File RoymondW Potone,84
Beware The RAMTOP Dragon KW Horms.90
Documented Atari Bugs Steve Hanson. 94
Graph It On The Atari John Malcolm Neil. 96
Extending Player Missile Graphics Eric Stoltman. 98
Atari 400/800 Variable Name Uti I it/ Arthur McGrow. 101
Insight: Atari Bill Wilkinson 102
Overview: "Letter Perfect' Wordprocessing On The Atari 106
Atari Disk File Dump RotertW Baker. 110
Atari Program Library Ron and Lynn Morcuse. 112
The OSI Gazette «8
Calling BASIC Commands From Machine Language
Routines William Taylor 118
The Pet Gazette 126
Practical Pet Printing Primer For Perplexed
Programmers RonGunn, 126
Odds And Ends; A Fat Forty Bug Gordon Campbell. 132
Machine Language: Whofs Your Sign? Jim Butterfield, 134
Train Your Pet To Run VIC Programs Lyie Jordon, 138
Converting To Fat^4G Joe Ferrari, 140
High Resolution Bar Graphs For The Pet David C Swaim, 143
Waking Up The PET Screen Hal Bredbenner, 146
Interfacing A BSR X-10 AC Remote Control System
To Your Pet C W Word, 149
Using Non-Pin-Feed Forms In The 2022
Tractor Printer Rev Jock Weover, 156
How And Why You Should Use PEEK (155)
Instead Of GET David M Miller. 159
Tlie SBC Gazette 160
AIM 65 BASIC Floating Point Arithmetic From
Machine Language Paul Beosley 160
AGeneral Purpose BCD-To-Blnary Routine Marvin L DeJong.165
CAPUTEi Corrections And Ctariflcatlofis 169
New Products 171
Advertisers' Index 184
October, 1981, Vol. 3, No 9
J^^ //0{^
I
0ore hmmer^
COMPUTE! The Journal for Progressive Computing (I'SI'S: :)H72r)0) i.s puljlishcd 12 nines catli vcai l>v .Siiiull S\sR'm Scrviics. liir., P.O. Box 5-HHi, Greensboro, .\'C 27Mri VS.\. \'\unw. (9i;i) 27,">-im()9. Ediiorial Offices are located al 625 Fulton Street. Cireensiioro, NC 27403.
Domestic Sub.scripiiotis: 12 issues, $20.01). Send Mibsi ii|)iinii orders or cliaiiKe iifaddrcs.s (P.O. Form :i')79) lo Ciic iihuioii ncf)!.. COMPUTE! Mai^a/iiie. P.O. Box 5406. l.ireen.sbi)ro. .NC 27!n:i. Coiiirollcit liit iiLitinn ixisuif^e paid ;it tireensboro, NC 27 !();?. Ap|)litaliori to mail at coriti'ollcd circiilaiioii rales pending at Hickory, NC 28601 . Enlirc toniciits copvriglu © I9H1 by Small System Services, Inc. .\\\ Rigiiis reserved. [SS\ 0194-357X.
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COMniTB
J
COMPUTE!
October, 1981. Issue 17
Robert Lock Editor/Publisher
The Next Few Months
Atari's aggressive pricing moves, in the wake of Commodore's announcement of the VIC-20 last spring, seem to be bringing rewards. We hear that monthly sales now approach last year's annual sales figures. And the numbers are still growing.
IBM's initial entry into the personal computer market is impressive. We watched several fully configured units at work recently at the Midwest Computer Show. The reactions of viewers were as significant as the units. One gentleman, after ob- serving the machine briefly, remarked, "Well they finally got into the market, huh — I'll buy one." And that's just one of the beauties of name recog- nition. We'll have a full overview of these new IBM systems soon.
We expect to see Apple, Inc. moving quickly to defend their place in the market. The IBM entries will hit their niche the hardest in terms of pricing, features and positioning. We might expect some re-positioning on Apple's part, with one new entry making a push into the $1,000 system area.
Atari Moves Into Minnesota
Our contacts indicate that the state of Minnesota school computer contract, held for the past three years by Apple, Inc., has been awarded to Atari. In their move to capture a significant piece of the educational market. Atari offered quantity prices of $579 for the following package:
Atari 400, BASIC cartridge, 810 disk drive, joystick, and 13" black and white TV.
A competitive package, to say the least! Several thousand systems to start with, our sources say, and similar arrangements are being set up around the country. One of the dealer-level beefs we heard when Apple, Inc. was moving directly into the high volume sales markets was that dealers were being left out.
Atari, to their lasting benefit we're sure, will be seUing through individual dealers in each town. The dealers will then carry through providing service, ongoing support and additional software, and peripherals as required on a local basis. We applaud this significant support of the dealer network.
10,000,000 Personai Computers By The End of '86?
A conservative estimate if you believe some mar- keting plans. The systems selling for less than $400.00 may hit that point even sooner. We expect 1982 alone to see delivery of well over 1 ,000,000 core units: Atari 400's, VIC-20's, and Radio Shack Color Computers.
Clarifying The Rights Of Authors
When you sell a manu.script to COMPUTE!, or one of our other publications, we purchase all rigliis to your manuscript, including accompanying soft- ware. The software rights are non-exckusive how- ever, in that we freely give permission on request to original authors, authorizing the sale or distri- bution of their software. It is understood that such sale or distribtition is non-exclusive, and subject to agreement by the author. We also retain the right to sell and distribute the software on a non-exclusive basis, subject to royalty and contractual agreement by the author.
In Their Continuing Quest To Respond To The US Marlcet, Commodore Brings in Their Best
Commodore has been voicing a commitment to
Coming In November:
— Commodore's Super-Pet Revealed — The history and evolution of the new computer.
— An Atari Program For Writing Programs
— A Data Base Management System For The Atari
— And Much More!
ATARI SOfTWARE
PIRAa:
THIS GAME IS OVER
ATARI® has led the industry in the development of video games such as ASTEROIDS™ and MISSILE COMMAND™ The outstanding popularity of these games has resulted from the considerable investment of time and resources which ATARI has made in their development. We appreciate the worldwide response from the videophiles who have made our games so popular.
Unfortunately, however, some companies and individuals have copied ATARI games in an attempt to reap undeserved profits from games that they did not develop. ATARI must protect its investment so that we can continue to invest in the development of new and better games. Accordingly, ATARI gives warning to both the intentional pirate and to the individuals simply unaware of the copyright laws that ATARI registers the audiovisual works associated with its games with the Library of Congress and considers its games proprietary. ATARI will protect its rights by vigorously enforcing these copyrights and by taking the appro- priate action against unauthorized entities who reproduce or adapt substantial copies of ATARI games, regardless of what computer or other apparatus is used in their performance.
We ask that legitimate software developers cooperate with us to protect our property from any form of software piracy, imitation or infringe- ment. ATARI is currently offering copyright licenses for a limited number of its games to selected software developers. If you happen to be selling a software product which performs a game similar to any ATARI game {such as a game created for a home computer), please contact us immediately. Write to the attention of: Patent Counsel, ATARI, Inc., 1265 Borregas Ave., Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086
A
ATARI
I A Warner Communications Company ©1981. ATARI. INC
COMPUTE!
October, 1981. issue 17
Robert C. Lock, Publisher/Editor Kathleen Martinek, Publication Assistant Richard Mansfield, Assistant Editor Charles Brannon, Editorial Assistant
Associate Editors
Jim Butterfield, Toronto, Canada Harvey Herman, Greensboro, NC Contributing Editors
Charles Brannon, P.O. Box 6104,
Greensboro, NC 27405 Marvin Dejong, Dept of Mathematics
-Physics, The School of the Ozorks
Pt. Lookout, MD 65726 Eric Rehnke, 1067 Jadestone Lane,
Corona, CA 91720 David Thornburg, P.O. Box 1317,
Los Altos, CA 94022 Bill Wilkinson, Optimized Systems
Software, 10379-C Lonsdale, Ave.
Cupertino, CA 95014 Gene Zumchak, 1700 Niagara St.,
Buffalo, NY 14207
Georgia Papadopoulos, Art Director/
Production Manager Terry Cash, Typesetting/Production
Assistant Harry Blair, Director, Advertising and
Promotion Joretta Klepfer, Manager, North
American Retail Sales Alice S. Wolfe, Manager, Foreign
Retail Sales Bonnie Valentino, Circulation Assistant Sonja Whitesell, Office Assistant Dai Rees, Shipping Department
Subscription information
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COMPUTE! Circulation Dept.
P.O. Box 5406
Greensboro, NC 27403 USA
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Canadian Retail Dealers should contact f\/licron Distributing 409 Queen Street West Toronto, Ontario M5V 2A5 416-361-0690
Advertising Sales
If you're in OMahonM, Texe» or ttie Western Slates, we're now represented by Phoebe Thompson and Associates.
Give them a call for space reservations, contract/insertion information or questions. You con reach them through the following office:
Ptioebe Thompson and Associates
101 Church Street
Suite 13
Los Gotos, CA 95030
408-354-5553
PHOEBE THOMPSON
If you're in the East, we're now represented by The GHtleman Company. You can
reach them through the following offices:
New England, New York State: The Gtttteman Company
Statler Office Building
Suite 582
20 Providence Street
Boston, tvlA 02110
617-451-0822
JOAN DONAHUE
The GHtleman Company
Summit Office Centre 7266 Summit Avenue Fort Washington, PA 19034 215-646-5700 DOUG JOHNSON
New York Git/ Metro Area, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern States: Locol Numbers: New York 212-567-6717 Atlanta 404-523-1252
If you're in the Midwest, we're now represented by GB & Associates. You
can reach them through the office of:
GB & Associates
P.O. Box 335 Liberlyville, II 60048 312-362-1821 GORDON BENSON
COMPUTE! Home Office Contacts
Advertising Sales Manager, HARRY BLAIR Advertising/Production Coordinator, ALICE S. WOLFE
Address ali advertising materials to:
625 Fulton Street Greensboro, NC 27503 USA
Mailing address: COMPUTE!
Post Office Box 5406 Greensboro, NC 27403 USA
Telephone: 919-275-9809
Authors of manuscripts warrant that all materials submitted to COrvlPUTE! are original materials with full owner- ship rights resident in said authors. By submitting articles to COMPUTE!, authors ocknowledge that such materials, upon acceptance for publication, become the exclusive property of Small System Services, Inc. No portion of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. Entire contents copyright £ 1981, Smali System Services. Inc. Programs developed dnd submitted by authors remain their property, with the exception that COMPUTE, reserves the right to reprint the material, as originally published in COMPUTE!, in future publications. Unsolicited materials not accepted for publication In COMPUTE! will be returned if author provides a self-addressed, stamped envelope. Program iisttngs should be provided in printed form (new ribbon) as well as machine readable form. Articles should be furnished as typed copy (upper and lower case, please) with double spacing. Each page of your article should bear the title of the article, date and name of the author, COtvlPUTE! assumes no iiability for errors in articles or advertisements. Opinions expressed by authors are not necessarily those of COMPUTE!. PET is a trademark of Commodore Business N/lachines, Irx;. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Company. ATARI is a trademark of Atari, Inc.
Apple World
3-D ANIMATED COLOl^ GRAPHICS Written \n machine code The program mid* fimout on nitional T.V,! □y Paul Lulus
^ APPLE WORLD itjirns your Apple into i sophisticated graprncs 5ysiem capable o( cresting animatw inrec-dimensionai color images, pfojecting [hem in tiue perspective on the screen, rotate them, move tnem cfossr. further away, and many other exoling and imaginative tnings
Draws oBiects with S5.CKX) points per side
A powfiflul screen-oriented iBxleddorfS included (o , iacililateiT^age (omation This program wa^ tfctnWy leatuied on Tom Snyder's Hnme Time Sattjrtlav TV Show and ij now available for sale
APPLE WORLD'S powerful edilcr is sp easy lo use thJ^t children wjII fouei' Youcar nOw 'sketch' yoyrdream house. Doai. car, or lantasv empire Then viewilasit ■^ouid be seen irom 10,000 leel oi you can ZOOM tn until the screen is filled witn a doorknab You couJd 1 qo msrde and mr^we trom room tp room > examining lurniluie' plac^m^ril s% your jceen rotates wilhtn |he 'oom Images or specific parts df images can easily be saved lo dist or prjnier
Does all thjssouna like science tiClion'' k You won'rthinksoalte^ you have visited Apple World.
ir^TRODUCTORY PRICE $59.9S
36 page manual .ncluded
. For 48K Apple II or Plus with Disk
^Supergraphics
& 3D GAMb DeVELOPMENT 3VSTEM IN COLOR Of Paul Lulus
Watch coroiful bultertlys. bifds. Ily across your Apple ur Arari screen with irue3dimensioinal perspective Have rocket ships fly oul at you m this incredible hjgh speed graphics pacikaqe 3-D SuPERGRAPHICS" is a 6502 mach-nn Parnguage program thai wilt mierlacH lo your BasiC Of machine language programs or g^mes usmg simple 'DOS-hke' commands
F«iture» Include:
• Simple image entry through editor
• Ob|Gcts up 10 2S6 posni: per side " Uses all hi-res colors
• Allows mixed coloi'ed lexi & graphics tor promots and capHons
■ Translates on 3 axes
• Individual aiiis scales
• 21 different commands
• Rotate object 1 J" to 350' incremenis al machine speeds
FOR A&K APPLE II Ofi PLUS WITH DISK II S39.95 FOR DISK
FOR ATARI 800 WITH 40K MEMORY (DISK OPTIONAL)
$39.95 FOR TAPE
^ ^ OTHER SOFTWARE
^^ APPLE COMPUTEflS
Super Space Wars S 9 95
k Stales a Capitals 9 95
^m^ Moving Point
^^P^ Average 19 95
' Sioctc Ophons 24 95
Finance - h ....,,.,.- . 12&5 t^ Bonds 13.95
^V^ COMMODORE PET
V SlocK Options 2J 95
Finance 12 95
L^ Bonds 12 &S
.^m^ Stock Analyzer 22 95
"^^^ Mortgage 14 95
r Space inkuders (' Besi
Game ol 1979") I9 9S
L^ Jury Hostage 9 95
^^■^ KcniuClty Derby/
"^^^ Roulette 9 95
r Alien I O Tank 9 95
Submarine AltacK ..... 9 35
L^ estiie of Midway 7 95
_^mg Laser Tank ealtie.. . . 9.95
'^■^ Swarm t4 95
r BasebaJi , 9 95
Super Stnrlrek 14 95
k PET Wlisic Bo. 29 95
^Mm fviLisic Composman System - . .
■^■^^ - -- 19-95
r Pearl Harbor Advenlure
.,., , 14 9S
Super Gomcku , , 9 95
Octotier. 1981. Issue 17
COMPUTEI
Relational Query System For Management
DATABASES: You've Heard The Hype Before... The Truth IS... REQUEST DELIVERS!
DATABASE MAINTENANCE —
• Uses sophisticated screen formatting & data entry, tike on IBM 3270's!
• Generates it's own screens automatically'
• Handles records up to 4K in lengtti, using multiple screen "Pages"!
• Automatic dala compression for increased disk capacity
• Uses Siiperkram (See below) access mettiod for incredibly fast access, LESS THAN ,2 SECONDS FOR A RECORD!
• Automatic index creation/maintenance
• Automatic maintenance capabilities
• "Goof-Proof" error fiandling
• Input can come from VISICALC" or
SOURCE-
DATABASE SELECTION—
• Uses screen masks to form query
• Provides extensive searcti capabilities
• Searcfi arguments can include aritfimetic/bootean functions, multi-field comparisons
• Queries can generate input for automatic database maintenance
• Queries can be stored in "Query Library" and executed from menu on demand
• Any number of fields can be queried concurrently
• Query output can be routed to disk, CRT report formatter, VISICALC" or SOURCE"
ONLY S225
DATABASE REPORTING—
• Automatic headlines
• Automatic field editing
• Report fields can be cafculaled, sub-totaled & cross-footed in any manner desired-
• Optional counter breaks may be set
• Automatic grand totals
• Automatic statistics
REQUIREMENTS
Superkram (see below) and: Commodore Pet 3aK (40 or 80 col) and 2040/4040/8050 disk on Apple II 4eK with Applesoft or language system and 2 disk drives or CORVUS.
¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥
SUFBRKRAM
Now With Multi-Key
Capabilities
For Apple & Pet
by Ken G«fmAnn
Since KRAM"" was introduced in 1979 it has fast become known as the quickest and most powerful access method for serious Apple and Pet users. Now, after hundreds of requests we have added MULTI-KEY, MULTI-INDEX, functions, as well as increasing processing speed.
IBM'370 users nave V3AM tViriual! Storage Access Uemoc) ip proviae last tle^ible key«d-^cC'P$&ioiheirdaia NqwSUPEI^ KPiaa^ (Keyed fiandom Acqess Welhod). from United SoMware Ol Amenca. gives Apple and Pel users ine same liexibilny, aubstanhally "nceasing the processing pother of Ihe Apple and Pel
Until SUPER KRAM trtp on y random acces,?" capability m rhe Apple ana Pet consisted of a erode lo'm ol relalive record proi^«&5ing While ihi& is usdpie (or wery simple applications, it lallB tar ihoi\ q( [tie needs of lo'^ay 5 t^usmess and analytical applications Using SUP£H KRAM records may be processed Oy any one ol multiple ' Key ' values. <A^fCf^ may consist ol any kind of data numbers, letters, special characters, etc Even Applei's, long- awarieo DOS 3 3 doesn i nave anyming like inns"
KRAM"* 2.0 Regular Features
■ Wniten tn 6502 machine code BasiC compatible
• Create Open a Qataset » Put record by kpy » Add A defer* records by key
• Gel any record ay Fuir Partial key
• Access by any hey in as iillle as 3 sec I 1 sec » Supports multiple dsks
• R^eaC nexl Or previous leCOrd
• Dynamic: space allocation
• Dynamic Space reclamation
• Dynamic mde^ compression
• Fiie^ revei neec reorganisation
» Compatible wll^ language s/slemi
vilhCorvusdish)
KRAM" 2.0 Only S99.95 SUPER KRAM'- Only S175
ATTENTION-EXISTING KHAM USERS,
Send SIS with oiigmal disk and ROM to United Soltware (or rmprovcfl version ol Ktam
SUPER KRAM'S'" Added Features
• MULTIKEY SUPPORT — Allowing simultaneous access to a. KRAM lilc by more than one key field
• HI-SPEED READ — This feaiurealQws increased I Ospeettupto BO** tasler djnng processing ol SUPER KRAM read nenl, read pr>evious pm and delete requests
• IMPROVED INDEX ARCHITECTURE - Allowing faster >ndex searde^S and mpre elticieni disk &pace utiTrfaiiDn
■ INTEGRATED BASIC CO^^WANDS - Allowing SUPER KRAM' commands lobecoded in-ime witn Basic prodding easier u^sage ol KRAM tf^an ever before
• USEfi-SPECtFIABLE BUFFER POOL — Allowtng the user to specify flow many KRAM tiles are allowed open at one time, will support any number ol KRAM fil^es
■ LOGICAL RECORDS [KEVS MAYBE NON-UNiQLtE) — Records added to Ihe KRAM files are immediately accessibfe by any o( Itie defined keys for |he file (Automatic Upgrade)
• KRAM 2 0 hies aro totally compaiibte withi SUPER KRAM
^ UNITED -r= SOFTWARE OF AMERICA
750 3RD Avenue,
New York NY 10017
(212) 682-0347 Telex 640055
Look for the RED-WHITE-BLUE United Software Display at your local computer dealer, or send check or moneyorder. plus $3.00 shipping to:
DEALER INQUIR/ES INVITED
neOUESr S KRAM ai* Irade nrarh^ at United 5oftw4f9 0' America
COMPUTE!
October, 1981. Issue 17
Strengthening their US marketing operations for some time now. We're hopeful that a recent per- sonnel move will translate that theory into practice. Kit Spencer, the former marketing head for Com- modore UK, has come over to head up US mar- keting operations. While in England, Kit built an organization which, at one point, held 70% of the market share. Should be interesting to see how he does here if the powers that still be let him have his go at it. You'll find a candid, exciting interview with Kit in our November issue.
The Single Board Computer Gazette — A Decision And Announcement
The December issue of COMPUTE! will be the last with an SBC Gazette. The gradual reorientation of COMPUTE!, and the changing needs of our readers, contributed to this decision. While the Gazette will go away, interest won't — we'll still have occasional and timely articles relevant to all readers. And we'll still have the continuing contributions of Marvin Dejong, Gene Zumchak's column Nuts And Volts, and more.
Creative Computing Acquires Computers And Programming Magazine
In the push for biggest. Creative Computing has made a dynamic move to leap past McGraw Hill's BYTE magazine as the largest circulation magazine in the industry. Creative bought Computers and Programming magazine (remember Elementary Electronics magazine? — that's it with a name change and an audience repositioning). Creative'^ blending the C&:P audience into their own subscriber base, ending up with a projected circulation in excess of BYTE'i 200,000 + .
It's an interesting marriage of reader popula- tions and we're curious to see how it all sorts out.
Teiecommunicotlons And COMPUTE!
One of my pet frustrations has been the amount of editorial paper shuffling we end up doing around here. All of our typesetting is now done inhouse on Mergenthaler equipment. By early spring we expect to be set up editorially to serve as "store and for- ward" hosts to our columnists. They'll be able to call our machines (PET, Atari, Apple, etc.) and transmit columns to us directly. We'll be able to edit on-line, and then load editorial material directly into our typesetting unit, thereby saving millions of keystrokes, and two entire copy proofing steps.
It's nice to think we'll actually get to the point where we can save ourselves tremendous amounts of time using the technology we're ail surrounded by!
Happy BIrttiday — COMPUTE! Grows On
With this issue our press run has increased to 40,000. Two years ago, we were in the midst of anxiously trying to gather our first 400 subscribers. Our first issue went out to fewer than 40 dealers.
world-wide. Now, two years later, this issue goes to readers in more than 50 countries, and a dealer/ newsstand network just short of a thousand.
Our growth has been marked by constant compounding due, in large part, to you, our readers. Our recently completed reader survey included a question designed to help us identify where we find you. Or, better stated, where you find us. While the answers showed us our adver- tising works, and our new subscribers from retail outlets are important, the second largest source of new subscribers was you — the existing readers. Well over 30% of our new subscribers find COM- PUTE! via a friend's recommendation. Facing page 40, you'll find our direct mail cards. Give one to a friend and sign them up. Thanks.
California Here We Come
(And Michigan, New Yorlc, Boise...)
In our efforts to bring production and delivery to earlier dates, we're gradually making changes that should bring subscriber delivery to a par with store deUvery. One big change we expect to implement by the December issue will involve all of you West Coast readers. Currently the mail is taking three weeks or more in some cases to get to you. As far as we can tell, there's absolutely nothing we can do with the US Postal Service to improve that delivery time. You're "Zone 8" from us, and that's that. Beginning with the December issue, we'll truck your magazines across country and mail them in California.
You should see substantially improved delivery time and be able to enjoy your COMPUTE! that much sooner.
COMPUTE!
Books
Update
Our first two books, the Atari and the PET/CBM book, were delayed during our production revamping. They are now scheduled for completion and shipping in October. Those of you who've ordered the book, and waited patiendy ( or not so patiently) should be assured your orders will be shipped first. In this case, we'll send them out first class mail. Sorry for the delay. — RCL
Professional Software Introduces POWER
by Brad Templeton
ADD POWER TO YOUR ^sg.®^ COMMODORE COMPUTER
POWER produces a dramatic improvement in the ease of editing BASIC on Commodore's computers. POWER is a programmer's utility package {in a 4K ROM) that contains a series of new commands and utilities which are added to the Screen Editor and the BASIC Interpreter. Designed for the CBM BASIC user, POWER contains special editing, programming, and software debugging tools not found in any other microcomputer BASIC. POWER is easy to use and is sold complete with a full operator's manual written by Jim Butterfield.
POWER'S special keyboard 'instant action' features and additional commands make up for, and go beyond the limitations of CBM BASIC. The added features include auto line numbering, tracing, single stepping through programs, line renumbering, and definition of keys as BASIC keywords. POWER even includes
new "stick-on" keycap labels. The cursor movement keys are enhanced by the addition of auto-repeat and text searching functions are added to help ease pro- gram modification. Cursor UP and cursor DOWN produce previous and next lines of source code. COMPLETE BASIC program listings in memory can be displayed on the screen and scrolled in either direc- tion. POWER is a must for every serious CBM user.
Call us today, for the name of the Professional Software dealer nearest you.
Professional Software Inc.
166 Crescent Road
Need ham, MA 02194
Tel: (617) 444-5224 Telex #951579
10
COMPUTE!
October, 1981. issue 17
COMPUTEI's
New Listing Conventions
For CBIVI
New machines — VIC and "FAT-40" — and 4.0 BASIC have added a host of new editing functions and color control codes. To make COMPUTERS program listings as easy as possible for you to type in accurately, we will list CBM programs in a new, simpler way. Starting in this issue, you will see that our previous method — reconstructed cursor symbols — has been replaced by bracketed words. [DOWN] will mean the cursor-down key. [3 LEFT] will mean three cursor-lefts, and so on.
We will continue to split program lines with the ' symbol. It signals that the line is continued below and prevents any spaces from being hidden. All shifted characters and graphics are represented by their underlined non-graphics equivalent. Line 110 in David Swaim's article, "High Resolution Bar Graphics for the PET," is a good example of the new conventions. We hope you will agree that this change will simplify your typing of programs. Let us know how you feel.
Here is a table of the new conventions:
Key To COMPtfTii's CBM Listings
All Machines
Clear Screen {CLEAR}
Home Cursor {HOME}
Cursor Up {UPl
Cursor Down {DOWN}
Cursor Right {RIGHT}
Cursor Left {LEFT}
Insert Character {iNST}
Delete Character {DEL}
Reverse field on {RVS}
Reverse field off {OFF}
CBM 8032/"FAT 40'
Set Window Set Window Scroll Up Scroll Down Insert Line Delete Line
Top Bottom
{SET TOP} {SET BOT} {SCR UP} {SCR DOWN} {INST LINE} {DEL LINE}
Erase to End Toggle TAB TAB Escape key
{ERASE END} {TGL TAB} {TAB} {ESC}
VIC 20 Color Computer
Set Set Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Func
Func
Func
Func
Func
Func
Func
Func
colo colo colo colo colo colo colo colo tion tion tion tion tion tion tion tion
to Black to White to Red to Cyan to Purple to Green to Blue to Yellow
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Any Non IMplemented Function
{BLK}
{WHT}
{RED}
{CYN}
{PUR}
{GRN}
{BLU}
{YEL}
{Fl}
{F2}
{F3}
{F4}
{F5}
{F6}
{F7}
{F8}
{NIM}
COMPUTE!
The Resource
0
Erase to Beginning {ERASE BEG}
vv
^x
tJ»«V
CREATE-A-BASE
WITH
SUPER SCAN/EDIT
CREATE-A-BASE, the ideal data management system, has added a touch of class with its new SUPER SCAN/EDIT. No other pfogram gives the user such ease of operation and Create-A-Base
stif) has all the other features for which you asked: interactive with WordPro, mathematic functions, sort 650 records in 19 seconds, specialized reports, merging, transferring, and duplicating files with a few easy commands.
The Super Scan/Edit puts the operator in control. The Scan can locate an eleven character match anywhere in a record scanning 10, 24 field records a second. Cut the fields to 8 and it will scan 2 1 .8 records a second. Speed is of the essence, with the located record on the screen you have full Editing functions. Never again will you have to rewrite an entire line, just cursor ovei. make the change, add, delete, or rewrite the record with the touch of a key.
CREATE-A-BASE is here with SUPER SCAN/
EDIT, don't miss it!
WORDS! WORDS! WERDS?
Oh NO!, another misspelled word. Did you catch it?
WORDCHECK DID
WordCheck can find those minor errors in even the longest WordPro text file. This program was not designed to eliminate proofreading, but to be used as a utility program. The most commonly misspelled words are the ones we use all the time.
WordCheck is capable of identifying 7 to 10,000 words and will support multiple dictionaries for specialized applications such as; medical, legal, or scientific. A standard dictionary is included that can be modified at any time by the user, or duplicated to create additional dictionaries.
WordCheck lays no claims to "FLASH AND SIZZLE"
Just a major claim on "WORDS"!
Call now for your claim on "WORDCHECK"!
AIMILAKLG
at your local COMMODORE dealer or distributed exclusiveiy in CANADA by B.P.I. Micro Systems. Ltd. 80 Barbados Blvd. #14 Scarborough. Ontario M1J1K9 Special Dealer Introductory Package Available
Micro Computer Industries Ltd.
n_r\
1520 E. Mulberry, Suite 170 Fort CoUins. CO 80524
1-303-221-1955
12
COMPUTE!
October, 1981. Issue 17
Computers And Society
David D, Thomburg
Innovision
LosAltoaCA
Speculations On The Appropriateness Of Technology ...
Many years ago the Dick Tracy comic strip featured a character named Diet Smith who had invented a magnetic levitation process which allowed (among other things) interplanetary travel. His slogan was "The nation that controls magnetism controls the Universe."
The idea that new technologies can generate social change on a large scale is more common in science fiction than it is in reality. Today we seem less concerned with technology giving us control of the universe than with the question of whether certain technologies are appropriate for any use whatsoever. If we are to believe authors like Alvin Toffler and Frank Herbert, the personal computer is soon to become an indispensable part of our lives. According to these iuturists, everyone will be using these mar\'elous machines soon.
And yet, if the personal computer is to play such an important role in our lives, it isn't at all clear just how this is going to happen. In fact, the personal computer world seems to be entering a period of some confusion at this time — a confusion born less of technology than of the question of just what the appropriate applications for this tech- nology are.
Before 1979, most of the personal scale com- puter systems in the world were in the hands of hobbyists — people who eagerly became the ex- plorers of this new field, mapping uncharted terri- tory and re|5orting their findings to the more timid. These people knew exactly what they were doing, and they were in control of their computers from the first time they turned them on.
Next came people wanting to use these ma- chines for business a|)piicalions. For these people there was a large gap Iietween the user's expecta- tions and the limited tasks these machines appeared able to perform. The cotiversion of the personal computers into a useful tool didn't happen over- night. Software pioneers, working out of bcdrtjoms, garages, and warehouse offices gcnerate<f thou- sands of programs for these customers in the hope that the perfect application would fje found. How-
ever well intentioned the effort, until recently, the personal computer simply wasn't an adequate tool. When used for inventory control, for example, the memory capacity of most micros is too small for all but the tinie.st company; and most tiny companies who know enough to want to use a computer also kn(3w that they won't be tiny companies forever.
And so, after a period where many program- mers appeared to be taking the role of Eddington's monkeys, thrashing at thousands of keyboards and hoping that one of them would produce a work of Shakespeare, two magnificently appropriate appli- cations for business users were developed. These were the electronic spread sheet (of which VisiCalc is the most popular), and word processing. Each of these applications was new lor the "data processing" environment normally associated witli business computeis — and each of them suited the size and capabilities of the personal compiUer very well. Each of these applications was new for the "data processing" environment normally associated with business computers — and each of them suited the size and capabilities of the personal comf>uter very well.
Once these applications became accepted, two things happened to the industry. Business users started buying personal coniputei's by the hundreds of thousands, and the traditional Fortune 500 computer companies made their decision to enter the fray. It took the hardware pioneers. Commo- dore, Apple, Tandy, Atari, and others, to qualify the market for the new entrants — notably Xerox and IBM, In the space of a year, the personal computer went from being an inappropriate tool to being an essential tool for many thousands of t>usinesses.
And now we see several computer manufac- turers making their pliuige into the newest (and largest) marketing frontier of all — the mass con- siuner market. This is the most dangerous market of all to enter with a new technology, since many fine product concepts have lain like so many rusted Edsels on the path to the marketplace. And yet several brave manufacturers have declared their intentions to be successful in a market wliich has yet to define its principal application. If you doubt the seriousne.ss of this effort, note that, last year, computers were generally sold only through com- puter and office product stores. This year, compu- ters can be foiuid in most large department stores and catalog showrooms — places from which they are being purchased in record nimibers.
Even as these machines are being sold, one must ask if their purchasers realize that they loo are pioneers — that the appropriate application for personal compiUers in the home is vet to tjc defined. To explore the appropriateness of the personal computer in the home, let's look at two factors: applications and ease of use.
SOFT ROM
4096 BYTES OF SOFT ROM
STORE MACHINE CODE SOFTWARE BEYOND THE BOUNDARIES OF BASIC
WRITE PROTECT RAM WITH A FLIP OF A SWITCH
STORE VARIABLES OR INDICES OUTSIDE OF BASIC
SOLVE THE CONFLICTING ROM PROBLEM BY SOFT- LOADING THE APPROPRIATE
ROM IMAGES
The SOFT ROM is compatible with any large keyboard PET/CBM or similar 2532 EPROM systems. It may be placed in any ROM socket to give the user room for machine code, if the SOFT ROM is placed in an occupied ROM socket, the user can transfer the PET/CBM ROM into the onboard ROM socket and select between ROM and RAM to manipulate the Commodore operating system.
Since the SOFT ROM places write protectable RAM into any of the computer's
ROM sockets, it is ideally suited to use as a development tool to test ROM or EPROM based software systems before they are burned in.
Examples of software presently available for the SOFT ROM includes BASIC AID, UNIVERSAL WEDGE, SUPERMON, EXTRAMON, USER PORT PRINTER (Centronics parallel) and a buffered BACKGROUND PRINTER routine.
Installation is a simple plug-in into any available ROM socket.
$1 29.00
FROM
DISTRIBUTORS OF:
MUPET • DOUBLE-MUPET • SPOOLER
THt MANAGER • I/O PRODUCTS
CANADIAN MICRO DISTRIBUTORS LTD.
365 Main St., Milton, Ontario L9T 1 P7 416 878-7277
14
COMPUTE!
October, 1981. Issue 17
If we examine the iippliances which are aheacly in homes today, we tan separate them into lougliiy three categories — utilitarian, communication, and entertainment. Utilitarian appliances include clothes waslicrs, stoves, refrigerators, and other appliances which are used to maintain and serve the utility needs of the household. The only pure communication device most people have in their homes is the telephone, although one could put CB radio in this category as well. The remaining appliances — television, radio, stereo system, etc., fall under the entertainment category. These entertainment devices are overwhehiiingly com- munications oriented. The vast majority of this equipment is designed to receive broadcast material, or to play pre-recorded material. It wasn't until the \'ideo game that a non-communications oriented entertainment appliance entered the are- na.
And now we must ask where the personal computer fits into the home. Some people envision the home ct)inputer as the wonder device which serves many functions simultaneously — controlling the lawn sprinklers, receiving the latest news from the UPI wire, and challenging its owners to a fast game of Space Evaders. If this vision is correct, then the personal computer will become the home appliance which bridges the gaps between all the other appliances we know about.
However, as I talk with potential compiUer owners, I detect a great deal of confusion. Most of these people see the computer as the next home appliance, but are very unclear as to how this ap- pliance will serve them. Many people seem to think that the major useful application for these macliines is to serve as a high quality video game.
While there is an awareness of the educational value of having a computer around the house, there are not an overwhelming number of well designed educational programs on the market. Nonetheless, advertising which makes parents feel guilty for not getting a computer for their children has probably increased personal computer sales to families.
Communications is another legitimate applica- tion, but many ]3otenlial users arc not yet ready to use the conq:)uler as a replacement for the post office or the morning paper. And home fmancial management .soujids like a great ideal until peo]3le realize the tremendous amoimt of labor associated with niaintaining a data base.
Unless people can see some direct benefit from their purchase, they will either defer their purchase, or end up buying a computer which lies unused on the shelf It may be hard for COMPUTE! readers to accept, but I will wager that lliere are a whole lot of comjHiters sitting on closet floors, unused, because the purchaser didn't realize that this machine was not yet appropriate for the tasks
he or she had in mind.
Even if the magic programs were found to- morrow, computers will not be sold by the millions unless people think thev are easy to use. To a con- sumer who is used to pushing a button on a dish- washer, or to turning two dials on a television set, a full blown computer keyboard (with keys labeled CTRL and ESC) can be quite intimidating. Also, any computer which says READY when first turned on certainly isn't ready for tlie average user who is used to nothing more C(jniplex than a record changer.
To be useful in the true mass market, the computer must display a list of meaningful options when it is first turned on. The user must be given as much guidance as possible. Foitunalely, most of the per.sonal computers on the market today are capable of being progrannned so that a user- friendly interface program is loaded automatically when the system is poweied up.
The situation is far fiom bo|)eless. Even with all its defects, the persona! computer is being pur- chased by consumers who want to be on the leading edge of this technology. Those of us who under- stand these machines need to listen to these new pioneers when they teli us what they want. Vt'e need to be responsive to the suggestions of all users, regardless of their level of technical sophisti- cation. Most of all we need to experiment with a wide variety of software covering a wide spectrum of applications until the truly ap|jropriate "home" application is discovered.
Only then can we riglitly call this the age of the penscnial computer, and only then can we say that this technology can be appropriate for all users. Tlie personal computer j)romises to give each of us control of our informational universe — and when that day arrives, we will liavc achieved real power!
Next Time ...
We will explore User-Eriendly languages — why BASK" mav not be basic anv more. ©
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5 IWATHFAKS helps reinforce basic math !il<ills *
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THE mfinflGER
The first truly user-friendly Database Management System available at reasonable cost.
This suite of programs is ideally suited for both the businessman and programmer, for use with the CBM 8032.
HHIMMIIIIIHtllltllMlltMlllllllttlllttHtntlHtllHIIMtltlllinMlttHII IMIilHIIIIIIXIIIHIIHIIIIIHtlMIIIIIIIMMIIIItllKIIHIHIIIDHMItllltM
gKKUP A DISKETTE
iisK imcmi
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smxz as-f iifs
CPORT KNEMTE
l-EKir TO SSSIC
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For the Business User
• Uses Menu Options - no programming experience needed.
• Lets you enter data in the form you wish, then lets you recall it using any search criteria.
• Performs predefined calculations on the record in realtime as record is displayed on the screen.
• Reports can be produced using any search criteria and/or arithmetic functions.
• Useful applications can be developed quickly.
Typical Applications include -
• Inventory Control
• Mailing Lists
• Accounting systems
• Personnel
• Costing
• Gathering test data
• Budgeting
• Scheduling
• Examples of use included on disk supplied.
As Programmers Tool
• Uses standard PET ASCII files.
• Software interface is in Basic and available to the programmer,
• No special disk formatting so that word processing or other programs can be stored on the same disk.
• No ROM Based Security thus no need to open CPU.
• Fast 'n' key Sort/Merge included.
• Full realtime intra & inter record arithmetic performed on the screen as record is displayed.
• Professional software support including unique security available.
TRY IT!
IF YOU ARE
NOT SATISFIED WITHIN 30 DAYS
WE WILL RETURN YOUR MONEY
$250.00
avD
CANADIAN MICRO DISTRIBUTORS LTD.
365 Main St., Milton, Ontario L9T1P7 416 878-7277
DtSTRIHUTORS Oh:
MUPET • DOUBLE-MUPET • SPOOLER
THE MANAGER • I/O PRODUCTS
16
COMPUTE!
October, 1981. Issue 17
Reader's Feedback
"With reference to "The World Computer," poor Mr. Dejong. He is not the first and certainly not the last person to have trouble loading a program. His real problem, however, is not software, but his perception of the entire microcomputer industry. The implication that this industry has moved out of its infancy and is maturing, or worse, has ma- tured, is not supported by real world conditions. For example, I sold my first APPLE computer in the fall of 1976, a mere 5 years ago, a time when people didn't know APPLES from oranges (pardon the pun). BASIC was the only language, software was virtually non-existent, peripherals were few and far between, and computer literacy was a term that hadn't been coined yet. Since then great strides have been made in the field of languages, software, hardware and education, but, in spite of this prog- ress, the industry is only approaching its infancy. Second generation computers like the ATARf the VIC-20, the APPLE HI and others from such giants as IBM and XEROX are proof of this. All of these units have expanded on the foundations laid by APPLE, Radio Shack, and others.
The driving force behind this creative work is not universality, but diversity. The opportunity to come up with a better idea, the ability to design and market a more powerful machine or program or peripheral supplies the incentive to change. The prospects of a "world computer" as described by Mr. Dejong are horrifying! First is the problem of design, with so many hands in the pie it would either end up an electronic eunuch or have so manv bells, gongs and whistles that it would be frightfully expensive or be a nightmare to operate (or both).
How about an operating language? Do you use BASIC, COBOL, CP/M, SMALL TALK, FOR- TRAN, FORTH, or should they all be dumped in favor of a totally new language? If the latter, what happens to all the existing .software? What happens to the "world computer " if the design is improved? Should any such changes be 100% compatible with older units, thus draining innovations of their potential? Lastly, why even have an APPLE, ATARI, COMMODORE, TRS-SO, or any such multitude of manufacturers if, for all intents and purposes, all the machines are cast in the same mold? We could have one large, inefficient firm cranking out "generic" computers, complete with label-less white boxes. The po.ssibility is simply too monstrous to consider seriously!" Vern L. Mastel
"Concerning Mr. Thornburg's "rebuttal" to my
article, it was never my intention to sell "drill" type programs to anyone. The whole point of the article was to allow the teacher to teach. And then use the computer to help him with his job. My remarks concerning games were asides. They were not specifically germane to the major premise of the article, except to this extent: in practice, games too often surplant meaningful work with computers in the public schools. This is even true in colleges.
Games certainly have their place in learning. Any teacher knows that. And I would suspect that this is especially true in the home environment, where the number of computers available for the task is not an overriding consideration. My high school, however, has the use of only one computer for all of mathematics and science. We simply cannot afford games. And unless a particular school is especially affluent, neither can the average public school.
Now about drill: here again, I was — shall we say — misunderstood. It is my contention that if basic skills are acquired as a result of computer games, it is precisely because the program had in some way made drill palatable. These are the only games in Computer Aided Instruction, (CAI,) that to me are of any consequence. These are precisely the games Mr. Thornburg decries. The "Star Treks and "Othellos" that are played and toyed with in school are the domain of the very fine students. These latter have no need of CAI. I teach them computer programming.
The notion that drill "turns a student off was also not my idea. Quite the reverse. I was quoting the pedagogues; that pervasive philosophic tilt in education generally attributed to John Dewey, which has produced what promises to be the least educated generation in the history of this country. It is exemplifieti by what is sometimes called "The Sesame Street Syndrome," the notion that some- thing of consequence — aside from various vulgar- ities — can be derived from a school atmosphere of fun and games.
I teach Title 1 classes in remedial mathematics. If there is one common thread that unites all these students — aside from their inabilit\ to do basic arithmetic — it is their almost universal lack ol personal discipline. Nobody has ever required them to do anything of consequence, certainly not in academics. There is absolutely nothing theoreti- cal about their needs. They need to be "told," fust. Then they need to acquire skills; much of it by-rote type skills like multiplication and addition facts. We provide those skills. We do it with drill, mdivid- ualized and scored, with the computer helping to make it all possible. Standing over it all is the most important ingredient of all — the teacher, flesh and blood type, with all the attributes of patience, concern and even empath)' for his students, that brought him to the profession." Alfred D'Attore
DTL
BASIC
COMPILER
1 Compatible with all existing Basic interpreter commands
• Improved Performance based on faster execution times
I Accepts extensions to Basic • Large Programs ( 1 6K + ) will implemented in RAM or ROM benefit from memory savings
• Provides demanding two pass • Security Key attaches to syntax and logic analysis either cassette port
A Basic COMPILER for your Commodore Microcomputer
by Drive Technology
DTL-BASIC is a Basic compiler for Commodore machines designed to convert existing programs to machine code and run them without modifi- cation. Compiled programs will run much faster and operate in exactly the same way as the un-compiled versions. Compiled code is typically 20 to 50% smaller than source code. For large programs this saving will more than offset the 4K run-time library appended to each compiled program, providing additional internal memory space.
The compiler implements true integer arithmetic as well as real arithmetic. Use of integers can lead to significant speed improvements. Special compile time options make identification and conversion of real variables to integers a simple task.
A 'Compiler' security key, which plugs into
either cassette port, is supplied together with the DTL-BASIC compiler. This key must be used in order to compile a program or to run the compiled version. In order to allow for the distribution of compiled versions of user devel- oped programs, a second type of key known as a 'Run-Time' key is available in any required quantities. Software developers can obtain private security key sets with unique serial numbers providing comprehensive protection of their products while allowing customers to make backup copies of compiled programs.
DTL-BASIC is a disk based system requiring a 32K PET/CBM and comes complete with an in- depth user manual and a Compiler Security Key. Three versions of the compiler exist for CBM 3032. CBM 4032, and CBM 8032 machines. Please specify machine type and disk type (4040 or 8050) on which compiler is to be supplied.
OTL BASIC WITH MANUAL AND SECURITY KEY $350.00
RUN-TIME KEYS $50.00 EACH
FROM
CMS
CANADIAN MICRO DISTRIBUTORS LTD.
365 Main St.. Miiton. Ontario L9T 1 P7 416 878-7277
THE COiVIPANY THAT BROUGHT YOU iVlUPET • DOUBLE-MUPET • SPOOLER THE MANAGER • I/O PRODUCTS
18
COMPUTE!
October, 1981. Issue 17
Ask The Readers
Robert Lock Richard Mansfield and Readers
We are grateful for the many readers who have sent questions and answers in to this column. Please keep on letting lis know what your problems are and helping us solve the questions raised by other readers. Here is this month's exchange:
on the Apple II. We can suggest that one source of such a package is OnLine Microcenters, 5636 Blackstone, Fresno, CA 93710. The Atari package is currently available and an Apple version is planned if demand warrants it.
" 'My Apple II: It does not compute!' wrote to compUnn about excessive TV interference from his Apple II com- puter. Recently I've dealt with a similar problem — keeping an exceedingly noisy laser from interferitig with my computer! Radio-frequency interference (RFI) can be a pesky problem, but the following measures may help the siluaiion:
If you use your TV set for a computer display, he sure you disconnect the antenna while using the computer. This is especially important in apartment buildings, where many apartments share one antenna system! You can disconnect the antenna iviirs with a screwdriver, or insert an antenna! computer switch between the computer, antenna, and TV set. These switches are available at many electronics and TV repair shops.
Insert an "EMI filter" in series with the AC power cord. The.se filters are available from several manu- facturers, notably Corcom. Interference frequently travels to other apartments through the power lines. Early Apples, u'ith their .switching poiver supplies, may be especially su.sceplible to this problem.
Try moving the computer to a different spot in the apartment, plugging it into a different AC outlet.
If desperate, you might ity wrapping printer and disk cables, and perhaps the computer itself, in aluminum foil (!). Ground the foil to the computer chassis, the AC ground, or a cold water pipe.
Find out whether you re really the guilty party. I live in an apartment with a PET, and OSI, and a Motorola computer. The OSI runs ivith its case open much of the time, and the Motorola computer has no case. Neither machine causes perceptible TV interference." Mark Bernstein
Our thanks to INSIGHT: ATARI columnist Bill Wilkinson for the following information. McBee Barbour asked (COMPUTE! # 1 5) about any AMWAY distributor software which would work
"/ purchased an old OSI systetn consisting of a 500 CUP hoard (revision A), a model 430B 110 board, I2K of memoiy and a Teletype model ASR-33 terminal with tape reader. The system is also currently cassette based.
In 1977, OSI sold a video board (model 440) and two video support ROM's (65V prom monitor and 500VB prom) for use with a Black-and-While monitor. These items are iw longer available from OSI.
Since I purchased the above for next to nothing purely as a learning tool in conjunction with my studies, I wish to establish a video terminal for minimum cost.
I would greatly appreciate hearing from any of you who may huve had a similar .situation. " Frank Koelbl
"I have been using a Commodore Pet Computer mnvfor .some time together with a 3040 Floppy Disk Unit and xvas wondering whether you or one of your associates, e.g. Jim BuUerfield, can answer a few questions for me. alternatively, a source of such information would be useful.
A'ly questions concern the Disk Drive for which Commodore appears to publish very little other than the Handbook.
I thmk a Manual which gave some (if not all!) of the .subroutines would be a useful item.
The point of most interest to me concerns the indi- vulual blocLs on a formatted disk. It is pos.sible to change the ID on a particular track i^ sector to be different to the main ID shoum in the directoiy? How can one go about this? Once changed, can this be altered back again?
My other point concerns the 'W commands. We know from the manual that 'U Twill 'READ' is' 'U2' wUl 'WRITE, ' but whut other commands are there involving 'U' and what do they do which is useful. Are the routines avaUahle only by MACHINE-CODE acce.s.s?
May I .say I find COMPUTE! the best magazine of its kind on the nuirket, but I have great dificulty in obtaining it. I luould be grateful if you would tell me if it is directly obtainable from you on a regular basis, or where the best
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The right storage capacity - Available in 1-, 2- and 3-drive systems, with either 40- or 80-track drives. Flippy storage - Flippy drives (optional) let you flip a diskette and store data and programs on the second recording surface. High Storage Capacity — Formatted, one-side storage capac- ity is 102 Kbytes (40-track drive). 205 Kbytes (80-track drive). Proven Controller - The drive controller design is the same as the design used in the Percom 680X LFD mini-disk system. This system - introduced in 1977 - has given reliable service in thou- sands of applications. Two versions are available: the MFD-C65 for the AlM-65 expansion bus, and the MFD-C50 (or the Sys- tem-50 (SS-50) bus.
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• Reliability assurance - Drives are burned-in 48 hours, under operating conditions, to flag and remove any units with latent de- fects.
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20
COMPUTE!
October.1981. Issue 17
source in London would he.
I hope you do not find my questions impertinent — they are not intended to be" M.J. Band
COMPUTE! expects to publish a program shortly which will peimit easy %'iewing and changing of any byte on a disk including tlve directory, BAM, etc.). In reference to yoin~ question about the "U" commands, they are "user-defmed" and described briefl) on page 53 of C'ommodoi-e's User's Manila! for CBM Dual Drive Fhj,f)ys (Paii Niunher 320899),
Thanks for the compliment. COMPUTE! subscriptions are available from: (Circulation Department, COMPUTE! Magazine, P.O. Box 5406, Greensboro, NC 27403 USA. The cost is $25 surface mail anywhere in the world, $38 airmail to Einopc.
"Regarding Edivard Sweeney's letter to you (in your August i.'isue), VOTRAX has nuide even attenifH to insure that every customer has received sufficient infor- mation to me Type-'N-Talk. We received a letter dated 7- 6-81 from Mr. Sweeney and tried to contact him. Unfor- tunately, our attempt to reach him by phone was futile since his phone ivas found to he disconnected. We imme- diately responded to his letter hy forwarding to him both the basic program lines necessaty to iL<!e T-N-T u'ith an Atari, as well as the nece.^.sa)y cable configuration (since A tari uses a non-standard cable). We subsequently received a letter dated 7-26-81 from Mr. Sweeney thanking us for fulfilling his requirements.
In order to eliminate connection problems that may ari.se, VOTRAX is and has been offering RS232C com- patible cables for many of the personal computers in- cluding: Apple, Atari, Heath, Oiiio Scientific, and Radio Shack models I, II, III and the color computer. As Jar as driving software is concerned, acre.ys to the RS232 Port (and thereby the T-N-T) is accomplished (in most system.K) by using a simple print statement. In other words, if you want T-N-T to say "Hello", you simply print "Hello". Additionally, many of the major software houses are currently either converting existing programs or dei'el- oping new programs to utilize this new dimension now available to virtually any computer.
IJ any uj yinir readers hai'e purchased T-N-T. or are contemplatiiii^ purchasing T-N-T, technical questions .should he directed to me at (313) 588-0341."
Douglas A. Porath
Applications Engineer, Votrax.
You also must have the Atari 850 interfice ami its initialization software. Set the baud rate sivitrh #6 down on the TNT and plug TNT into your interface port #7 .
If you. have already run into trouble, contact Votrax. IJ you are sure that TNT and 850 are OK up to this point, the following little Atari Basic routine leill get you started.
1 OPEN #2,8,0, "Rl:"
2 XIO36,#2,12,0, "Rl:"
3 XIO34,#2,48,0, "Rl:"
4 PRINT #2; 'TALK 2ME"
5 STOP
J en J White
"I have been told that there is a computer device which duplicates the tossing of the coins process associated with The I Ching. Book of Changes. / imagine that the dei'ice provides a random .selection oj numbers J rom 1-64 ivhich is basically what the procedure oflo.ssing coins is all about.
IJ you have any injormation on such a device, I would like to hear from you about it." Robert Mahon
We know of no machine dedicated to I Calling coin tossing. CCompulers can do it, however, with a line similar to: I OX = INT (RND( 1) * 64) + 1 .
7 .saw a ctyptic comment — / think in COMPUTE! #10: "PET Exec Hello" by (Gordon Campbell. Second para- graph: POKE 59458,62 (this may damage your ma- chine). Can I damage a PET with POKES?? It .scared me. We just got a (used) PET — Original ROMs. I heard you have published a PET book based on old issues of COMPUTE!. How can I get this?" Felix Rosenthal You can damage the computer with this POKE, Luckily, it is the only POKE which is known to be risky, as far as we know. You can POKE freely anywhere else. For a more complete explanation of this peculiarity, see the warning in COMPUTE! #14, pg. 63. To answer ytJiu" second question: yes COM- PUTE! is publishing two such collections, one for FK I and one lor A I'ARI. i hcse books contain much irom ihe early, out-of-print COMPUTE! issues (as well as some previously unpublished pieces). For ordering information, see the ads elsewhere in this issue.
Our thanks to VOTRAX for the prompt clarifica- tion above. Here's a helpful answer from a reader:
Re: Edward Sweeny.
"Your Atari 800 is quite compatible xvith your Votrax Type'N Talk speech synthesizer. If the TNT is properly connected to a speaker, it should say, "SYSTEM READY,' when you turn it on.
"Is there a spelling program thai checks sJM'lling oj -words in a Apjili'wrller file? Is there a mailing label program that drives jiles in Applewriter formal?" John Hud.son Tiner
a^^w
|
J Lfll J |
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4lMl |
|
1 /•JiiM[ii' |
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1 1 ■ 1 1 |
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22
COMPUTE!
October. 1981. Issue 17
Basically Useful BASIC
Automatic DATA
Statements For CBM And Atari
Dr. Harold Under Krefeld, West Germor^y
The following BASIC program converts a program from machine language into BASIC DATA state- ments by means of the "dynamic keyboard." For the Original PETs, the numbers 623,624,158 in the last line, must be replaced by 527,528,525.
1 INPUT"START ADDRESS" ; A : INPUT" END AD~
~DRESS";E:Z=2000
2 PRINT"{CLEAR} { 2 DOWN) "Z "DATA" ; :IFA>E-
"THENEND
3 F0RA=AT0A+15+ (E<A+15) * (A+15-E)
4 PRINTMID$ (STR$ (PEEK (A) ) , 2) " , "; :NEXT''
5 PRINT"{LEFT} " : PRINT"A= "A" : E= "E" : Z=~
""2+10" :G0T02t HOME}";
6 POKE623,13:POKE6 24,13:POKE158,2:END~
Program 1. CBM Version
|
0 BEG=7*.40% = FIH=BEG+759 = ? " LJ -J 11 |
XLEAR 2 DCiW |
|
|
1 FOR I=BEG TO FIH S^ |
rEF' b |
|
|
2 ? L" DATA ".: |
||
|
3 FOR >I TO 1+5 |
||
|
4 ? PEEK<J);"/'; |
||
|
5 t€KT J = ? CH^'$(126) |
||
|
6 HL=r>L+MF t-L<15 TI€H 9 |
||
|
7 ? "COt-<T"=PO!SITICW : |
L6 = F«E |
342. 13 = STOP |
|
8 POKE 842.12=tL=0^? |
"{CLEAR |
3 DOWN)" |
|
9 \^<i 1--1 "cotrr" |
||
|
18 F-OSITIOH £..8: POKE |
842.13 = : |
:TOP |
|
11 F-OKE 842.i2 = HL=0 = - |
? "{CLEAR 2 DCil'lHJ" |
|
|
12 FOR 1=0 TO 12=? I |
= HEXT !=• |
? "F1JKE 842, |
|
12"= GOTO 10 |
Program 2: Atari Version
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24
COMPUTE!
October. 1981 Issue 17
The Beginner's
Page
Richard Mansfield Assistant Editor
From Chaos To Bits
Computers are somelinies called (laid pmrp.'isors . Daia is processed by programs. You might type in a list of all the articles in this years COMPUTE! and then write a program which will show you only the articles on, say, computer music. We will write such a program next month. What we want to see now is how data can be set up m files to make it easier for the computer to process it.
Our list of articles, while interesting in itself, is raw (lata. It sits in the program as DATA statements (or it could be on a disk or tape/iVr) — the important thing to realize is that a program will later operate on the list, refining it into more meaningful infor- mation, [he coinpitiiiig {or processing) aspect of this program might be to generate a more specific li.st: perhaps all articles by a particular author. However, ibr the computei- to process data, the data must be somewhat organized already.
Organizing Data
If you look at Figure 1, you will notice that there are a nimiber of divisions, each nested within a larger division. Here is a D.'\T.'\ statement taken from our proposed COMPUTE! index program which will help to illustrate Figure 1.
500 DATA FILES-DATA STORAGE TYPES* MANSFIELD* 17
We can start from the outer ring of chaos and work inward. You make a stack of this year's COM- PUTE! If your stack of magazines were burned to ash, the molecules of ink and paper would no longer have any meaningful relationship to each other and could not be called "information." Taken as a whole (as a stack) it is not data, exactly, because data is special: it is information organized so that it communicates a particular meaning. Your com- puter cannot read (yet), so the articles in COMPUTE! do not become meaningful data for the computer until you type them in as DATA statements or put them on tape or disk files.
Data is divided into files. An entire list oi all year's articles is one file. A list of your stocks and bonds would be another file.
Within files there are records. Our DATA statement (line 500 above) is a record. It is a subdi- vision within the "COMPUTE! Articles File" which
refers to a single, logical grouping of information (in this case, the information on a single article). In the financial portfolio file, all the information about a particular stock would be a record. Records
CHAOS
CHAOS
INFORMATION
DATA
FILE
RECORD
FIELD
BYTE
BIT
CHAOS
Figure 1.
are further divided into "fields" of information. We have chosen to use three fields: I . A description of the article, 2. Author. 3. Issue Number.
As an aside, we should note that there is some- thing special about the first word in our example record. To make it easier on the computer, one part of a record (often the first field, or part of it) is designated the key. Sometimes the key is a number, but we are using the first five characters of the first field ("FILES") as our key. We have decided to key this file by topics. We chose each topic name so that it would be only five letters long. FILES, MUSIC, ART , (notice the two spaces after "ART " to make it five long), ML , (machine language), BASIC, MAPS ". INTER (interfacing)) DISKS, TAPE , PRINT (printers), MODEM, and any other keys we want.
Bytes and Bits
Finally, the smallest units of information are indi- vidual symbols, letters, and numbers. Each single- character piece of information is called a byte. A byte is able to store the numbers zero through 255. Since there are 26 letters in the alphabet, 26 capital letters, and number symbols 0 to 9, and assorted other symbols such as commas and brackets — the number of symbols we use to communicate with is less than 255. So, since a byte can store up to the number 255, each byte can "hold" a number value wtiich represents a particular letter of the alphabet, numeral, or punctuation mark. Your computer stores the number 65, not the letter "A." A code was devised (the ASCII code) which assigns the number 65 to capital "A" and 193 to small "a." Every letter is represented by a particular number. Lower case "b" is 194.
Each byte is made up of eight hits. Where a byte can mean the numbers from 0 to 255, a bit can
|
1 |
1 |
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Order through your local software dealer, or send check or money order plus $2.00 shipping and handling to Datasofl.
26
COMPUTE!
October, 1981. issue 17
only have two meanings: zero or one. Sometimes it is useful t(j think of a bit as being eitlier yes or no, on or off, positive or negative. This "two-state" (binary) bit is often mentioned as the smallest possible unit oi inibrmation. Even though they have only two states, bits can add up quickly: eight bits together make up a 256-state byte. A grouping of only two bytes can have more than 65,000 possible states — in other words, you could count up to 65,535 using only two bytes.
Processing Data
We ha\e moved down through data from chaos to bits, from the largest to the smallest units. There are many ways to organize fields within records, records within files, and files within a large collec- tion of data (a database). Some thought must go into the structure of this organization so that a program can later process the data efficientl) . We decided to use the first five bytes (characters) of each of our records as the key to our COMPUTE! file. Next month we will build a program which will demon- strate some of the techniqties of database manage- ment. This program will also illustrate the impor- tance of those string-manipulating BASIC com- mands: LEFTS, RIGHTS, and MID$. ©
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Remember the
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Everyone remembers when pocket calculators first came out. They were so impressive and futur- istic, people were happy to pay $500 for one. But it didn't take the electronics industry long to offer a smaller, more fully-featured calcula- tor for only $25.
Demand and Supply.
As more and more individuals and businesses turn to small com- puters for their various needs, the small computer industry will turn out more and more computer soft- ware. This increased volume natu- rally lowers the cost per unit. And the rapid growth of the CP/M'^ com- patible computers has meant even greater sales volume for these pop- ular and valuable software packages.
Here is what All Systems offers:
Wordstar 3.0®
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Quile simply. Ihe besl word processing pro- gram for the small computer Price shown is for the .Apple system. $249 for .ill ol!ier.s.
SuperCalc"
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'VisAccount™ $199
Thi? greatest software bii^- in the coiirttry. It is a fully-mlegratcd accounting package with a General Ledger. Accounts Receivable ■'Order Entr>', Accounts Payable Purchase Order. Payroll. Inventory. Fixed .-\ssets. and even a Mailintl List program— aH for one price.
*Data Manager $199
,.\ powerful .TruTprofessional d.ita b,ise ni.in- agemenl projiram that's wonderfully simple lo oper,itc. Features include: data hase hnilding. lists, comparative analysis (by generating his- tory & performance reports), various file maintenance, fast assembly language (sort merge 1. fast data retrieval, record selection, report writing and forms handling. 'Both VisAccounl and Data Man.iger come with a ^5■day coiuiiliorial nioiiej back guaran- tee We know ofno other software com- pany wUh the confidence lo provide a AimlLar guarantee.
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28
COMPUTE!
Oclober. 1981. Issue 17
VIC-20 News
Compiled from sources by the editors
VIC Printers, Software, Disks
Commodore has announced se^'eral software and hardware items f(jr the VIC coripiiter. Cames, a printer, a disk drive, programmer's aid and as- sembly language cartridges, nienior)' expansion modules, and an expansion interface are all coming. Release dates and prices are tentati\e. We expect Commodore to be shipping US produced, FCC appi'oved, VIC'-20s by October.
The new VIC Craphics Printers are expected to be released to dealers in September. It is an 80
column, twelve characters-per-inch, dot-matrix printer with 60 dots per inch (both horizontal and vertical) resolution. Its speed is 30 cps (characters per second) which means that an average typewrit- ten page of about 275 words car be printed in about a minute.
The printer will permit the user to define his own characters. Each dot is programmable and the unit will also print the VIC^ graphics. It uses eight inch tractor feed paper, but can be narrowed lo smaller widths for printing labels, etc.. It features a test mode and uses a ribbon cartridge (available from any Axiom distributer and soon from C^ommodore dealers). Seikosha manufactures the printer. Suggestetl retail is $395.
Ttie VIC Disk
Sometime after Christmas, Commodore expects to begin selling a single disk drive w hich will attach to the VIC serial port. In addition, the drive is planned lo be compatible with the 2040 disk drives used on the PET computers. An IEEE interface cartridge has also been announced which will permit PET peripherals lo be altaclied direcily to tlie VIC' through tlie expansion port or an expansion mo- dule. This module will contain six slots and accept program cartridges, memory expansion cartridges, or interface cartridges.
The memory expansion cartridges are to be available in three sizes: 3, 8, or 16K (each K is 1024 bytes of memory). With expansion memory at- tached, however, another cartridge cannot be used simultaneously. The screen and color memory locations are affected by the addition o( the 8 or I6K cartridges. From smallest to largest, these memory expansions are predicted lo be available September, October, and November (respectively) of this year.
For tclccomnumicalions — attaching VIC lo The Source or Compuserse, or the Dow Jones services via phone, or calling up other computers — an RS232 Terminal Cartridge and associated software will conned to tlie User I'ort. Tliis permits the use of a MODEM by which the VIC can make and receive calls.
Eariy Software
Blackjack, Slither/Superslither, Biorhythm Com[)atibility, Sjjace Math, Car Chase, and Blue Meanies from Outer S]3ace are in release and will be reviewed in the fall issue o\' Home and Educational COMPUTING!. Piamied for Oclober release are: Jupiter Lander, Superslol, Night Driver, Draw Poker, VIC Avengers, and VIC Alien, a maze game,
BASIC ]jrogranuning will be assisted by an- other projected cartridge. Programmer's Aid, which will add new commands to BASIC for plot- ting, sound, color, music, and high resolution graphics. It will permit the user to define his keys however he wishes, provide simple music notation, color in an enclo.sed area, and .so forth. The com- mands will be permitted in both BASK> programs and the immediate mode.
For machine language programmers, Novem- ber is the target for a machine language monitor cartridge which will feature a simple asseml)ler and disassembler. .-\n intriguing feature of iliis .software is a i'acility lo swap zero page out and define a virtual zero page anvwhere in memorv. Machine language programmers know the value of zero page addressing on the 6502 microprocessor. BASIC will, of course, need its zero page when in operation.
A book. The Programmer's Reference Manual, is in the works too. Ii will contain a memor\ map, machine language and BASIC specifications, VIC chip details, and schematics. The title is tentative. It might be distributed as The VIC-20 Reference Manual.
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• VPM
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. DON'T FALL
Exciting spelling game! Parents and teachers can enter their own words.
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Test dexterity and memory by repeating the flashing colors and tones — different every time.
• PACITIN
Fast action color game. Two players can ZAP ROBOTS before they "PAC IT IN."
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Blackboard feature gives useful math practice with interest enhanced by color. Correct steps shown with carries.
UMI RS232 COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE for
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UMI 3K MEMORY EXPANSION with addressableand switchable ROf^ slots for ROM programs to 16K.
UMI 8K RAM EXPANDER provides 11775 Gytes (characters) of user memory.
UMI EXPANSION CHASSIS for additional memory or program cartridges.
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30
COMPUTE!
October. 1981 Issue 17
Various VIC Memory Locations
Jim Wilcox, Vienna WV
Editor's Note: A Full VIC incmotj map will /ipprar in the fall Home and Educational COMPUTING! issue. Here are some PEEKs and POKEs to get you started. Descriptions in parentheses have been added. — RTM
Listed below ai e as many memoiy localioiis in the VIC as I could find by PFlEKing around the me- mory. I also found out how to slop the use of the RUN/STOP key by the statement POKE7S8,194 and to restore the RUN/STOP kev. POKE788, 191 . This also stops the TI and 11$ when POKEing 788,1 94. I hope these are as useful to you as they were to me.
0—2 — USR function %'eclors. (Here is where the memory address is placed for jumping to a machine language routine from BASK' when you want to transfer a number from BASIC to the machine language routine.) 43-44 — Start of BASIC. ( The.se two bytes contain the address where vour BASIC' pro- gram starts. PEEK (43) + PEEK (44) * 256 will give the address as a decimal number.) 45--46 — End of BASIC, start of variables. (Using the formula above, you can find out where your program ends in memory. The VIC starts storing its simple variables wherever there is room just above ilie program.)
47^8 — Array table. (The arrays are stored here.)
49-50 — End of Arrays. 51—52 — Start of Strings. (String variables.) 55—56 — End of memory. (How much RAM is available for use in BASIC. Sometimes, machine language programs are put at the "top of available RAM." 55 and 56 inust be changed to fool the VIC^ into thinking that it has less memory for a BASK] program so it will not "write over" the machine language program. Changing the defniition ol end-of- memory will "protect" the machine language.) 57-58 — Current line number. (BASIC keeps track of the program line number.) 115-138 — Chargct RAM code. (There is a small machine language progiam placed into litis location each time power comes on. It gets a character in B.'\SK', but machine language programmers can put a JMP in it to allow the addition of new BASIC commands. Like the clock, the keyboard, and a lew other items, this routine is constantly t hecked b) BASIC to see if anything needs (o be done. It can be used, therefore, as a way to append things to BASIC. You could not appctul to the keyboard
checking routine, for example, because it is frozen into ROM. This part oi BASIC'S house- keeping is in RAM.) 145 — Run/Stop keys pressed, left shift pressed, polls every other of the bottom row of keys. (You could PEEK this to .see if these keys were being pressed).
160-162 — The dock. (Write: 10 PRINT
PEEK (160); PEEK (161); PEEK [Wl) [cursor
home] to see it running.)
197 — Last key pie.ssed. (Write: 10 PRINT
PEEK (197) to see what the VIC sees when you
press keys.)
198 — Number of keys pressed (cimuilativc).
203 — Last key pressed,
204 ~ Tells if cursor is to blink (0) or not ( I ).
205 — Cfjuntdown for blinking of cursor. 246 — Tells if SHIFT, Commodore, or CTRL keys are pressed.
512-600 — BASIC buffer. (A "storage" buffer
is a temporary holding area where bytes wait
until there is time to use them. BASIC itself
uses this area).
631—640 — Keyboard buffer.
651—652 — Repeat keys pressed.
788—789 — Interrupt address. (Important in
machine language programming.)
4096 — BASIC starts. (Where the first byte of
your BASIC program starts.)
Update
Floating Color Floating Screen
If you are writing software for the VIC — either professionally or for your own use — you should include a line in your program which locates the screen and color memories. As it comes from the factory, the VIC screen memory is located at ad- dres.ses 7680 to 8191. Memory expansion modules are going to be available soon which can add 3 or 8 or 1()K to tlie VIC. 4"he 3K expansion will fill a hole frotn addresses 1024 to 4095, and will not affect the locations of color or screen memory. Adding an 8 or I6K memory expansion will, how- ever, move these important memories.
What this means is that any progmms which manipulate color or screen data (such as the direct POKEs to screen memory used in many games) will not work conerlh when the larger two memory expansion modules are added lo the VIC. To pre\eni prol)lems laiei — lo make your programs find \'K"s floating .screen and color memories — vou should add the following formulae whic !i will prov itle (he true addresses:
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STATISTICS APPLICATIONS FOR TECHNICIANS Here is a package Ihai is so state-ol-ihe- art that many of the staiisfical techniques implemented here are not even in the text- books yet STAT IS a set ol programs lor performing a large portion ol tfie most Ire- quenlly used slatislical inlerence methods Data can tie entered and stored on lour dil- lerent lypes ol data files These data files can be modified also. The sfalislical pro- cedures available in the package include the lollov.'ing parametric inference procedures: SUMMARY STATISTICS for eacti data lile and date set. including the mean and stan- dard deviation- CONFIDENCE INTERVALS for Ihe loHowing:
(1) the mean of a normal population (both with and without the variance known)
(2) the variance ol a normal distribution (both with and without ine mean known),
(3) the parameter (mean time to failure) of an exponenlial dislribufion. (4) Ihe para- meter (proportion} of a binomial distribution, (5) the difference of two normal means (lor various combinallons ol assumptions about the variances of the populations) and 16) lor the ratio of two normal variances
TESTS OF HtPOTHESES about (1) a normal mean, vjlltr various cases corresponding to possible assumpiions aboul the variance (2) Ihe dilference m two normal means (various cases) and 13} Itie ratio of two nor- mal variances
TESTS OF THE EXPONENTIAL fflEAN (mean time to lailure] and RATIO OF MEANS. TESTS OF THE BINOMIAL PARAMETER (proportion) and DIFFERENCE OF PARAMETERS
MULTIPLE REGRESSION, including estima- tion ol coefficients, estimation of the error variance, and test of significance of the regression.
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE lor one-way and balanced two-way designs, including inter- action.
The software is user-lriendly. allowing easy recovery Irom errors and selection ol alternate analyses, as desired The user's interaction is entrely menu driven, witti er- ror recovery features An extensive user's manual introduces the statistical inference procedures used, and gives worked ex- amples lor each situation considered, illus- Irating typical applications. These worked examples serve as a pattern and al'Ow ihe reader to check his use ol the programs The user's manual gives complete documenlation ol Ihe programs and pro- cedures used 111 them Ail formulae, algorithms and procedures are listed and referenced to commonly available statistical literature.
A notable leature of Ihe package is mciu- sion of very efllcient roulines for the compu- lation ol probabilities and quaniiles foi the most common statistical distributions, in- cluding normal, binomial, chi-sguare. 1 and F. Thus Ihe user is not required to lurnish "tabular values" Irom outside sources when performing statistical analyses with this package STAT complete wilh a t docu- mentation is 1200
APPLE II APPLESOFT and at least one drive APPLE II PASCAL SYSTEM COMMODORE 32K with 4040/8050 drive Radio Shack Mod III and CP/M compatibility by tall.
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MACHINE SPEED "BASIC"
CALC was designed to provide pro- grammers of microcomputers with a port- able language that combines the program- ming ease of the higher languages with the speed and flexibility ol assembler program- ming. CALC IS totally portable on Ihe Com- modore and APPLE II computers. This means thai CALC source code wnlien on an APPLE II will run as is on a Commodore machine and vice versa
When possible, CALC makes direct use of the BASIC ROM machine language routines in the Commodore and APPLE n In essence. CALC provides access to the power in the BASIC ROIVls without Ihe overhead ol Ihe BASIC inlerpreter This includes lloating point arithmetic and all library functions, in addition, we have added features that BASIC does not have. These include true in- teger arithmetic and machine speed string handling v^ith search and replacement features.
CALC can letch and replace BASIC variables and arrays by name The program- mer indicates what is to be done using sim- ple keyword commands (ADD MULT. SINE, etc. I and leaves all register set-up. bit- format and Ihe like to CALC The obiect code resulting Irom CALC programs is very com- pact and consists ol direct calls to the BASIC ROMs or lo Ihe CALC runiime package.
CALC comes in 4K ol PROM containing a relocatable runtime package and a very complete Trace Window feature (or debug- ging CALC programs CALC produces romable 6502 code that does not require Ihe CALC development PROM to lunction Pro- grams written in CALC will run on any slock PET or APPLE. CALC comes with a 60-page manual.
CALC PROM on Commodore IS $115. in- dicate 3 0 or 4 0 BASIC. 40/80 column screen and rom sockets S90Q0. SAOOO or SBOOO
CALC on APPLE II via qualify slot in- depenaenl board is S160.
CALC manual by itseil is StO
CALC requires Moser Mae Macro Assembler (Tape or Disk vasioni
m\r^
MULTI-KEY MACHINE LANGUAGE
A 6502 machine language inmemory sorting algorithm of commercial qualify is available as part of a nev; utility eprom for PET and APPLE owners. Most sorts are accomplished m less than a second and very arge sorts take only a lew seconds The algorithm is a diminishing incremeni inser- tion sort, with optionally chosen increments This algorithm has Ihe advantage of tieing significantly taster (but not much longer) than simpler ones, and signilicantly smaller (but not much slower] than more compli- cated ones Moreover, unlike some of Ihe more complicated algorithms, there are no conditions under which the performance ol tnis sort degenerates or fails
SORT IS intelligent to Ihe degree that almost no user set-up operations are re- cuired SORT handles integer. Iloatmg-poinf and string arrays, as well as multiple dimen- sioned arrays with equal ease. In addition, multi-key sorting of string arrays has been enabled The user may specify the character vrifhin a string lo begin sorting on and hovii nany characters are to be evaluated. SORT s capable ol perlcrming up lo twenty ol Inese multi-key sub-sorts (on matches found) al the same time This multi-level 20-KEY capacity lor string arrays greatly in- creases Ihe uses to which SORT can be put
SORT comes as part ol a utility EPROM mat also includes a hi-speed machine language text screen dump. Complete hsiructions for installation and use are in- cluded
SORT IS available lor large-keyboard PETS Only One ROM will work for BASIC 3 0 & 4 0 40 or 80 column screens When ordering you need only lo indicate v;hich ROM socket address in PET you preler EPROM iS9000. SAOOO or SBOOO) PET SORT EPROM al hex $9000 location 11 you do not specify PET EPROM price is $55 00 i postpaid 1
SORT IS available on the APPLE II via a lop gualily, fully socketed. EPROM board that IS slot independent The MATRIX APPLE board includes a function dnver that sup- ports up lo 16 EPROM based functions m case you would like lo use your own EPROfvf in place of ours, EPROM board with SORT text screen dump and function driver are all slot independent and may be used in any slot except 0 Price APPLE CARD St 10.00 (postpaid).
Matrix
software
315 Marion Avenue, Big Rapids, Ml 49307 (616)796-2483 or 796-0381
VtSA ^^^^A Dealer Inquiries Invited.
TOTAL BUSINESS SYSTEM
BOOKKEEPER was designed by a team ol accountants and businessmen, and then programmed especially for microcomputers This IS nol hand-me-dov;n soltware from mainframe computers, BOOKKEEPER is a totally integrated management and accounl- mg system mat is available now on ihe more DOpular micro systems
This series ol interlocking programs is menu-driven and self-prompting with relative llie structure implemented throughOLil. In some versions, machine language routines have been used to pro- vide more efficieni operation. The system employs state-ol-the-arl techniques and has been designed to be user-fnendly No knowledge ol accounting or computers is required.
We believe the system can be operated using little more than the screen prompts But for completeness, our MATRIX User Guide (tv;D-inch ring binder) contains almost 200 pages ol details on Ihe BOOK- KEEPER system plus a helpful infroduclion lo business accounting principles We sug- gest that you send lor a more complete description of BOOKKEEPER or invest in a copy ol Ihe User Guide There Is room here only lor a general description
BOOKKEEPER is available lor both SER- VICE and RETAIL/WHOLESALE litms This tolal business system contains Ihe lollow- ing 375 General Ledger accounts (ten departments with accompanymQ revenue and expense accounts). Accounts Receiv- able lile wi'h maintenance and report cap- abilities 11000 accounlsi. Payroll with all lederal withholding computed, state and local income lax capabilities lor all lifly stales (lOD employees): Cash Receipts and Cash Disbursements programs that keep track of inventory sales by department. Sales Tax computations. Receipts, and Invoices; Aci;ounts Payable file with maintenance and report capabilities (100 accounlsi. The system also generates and prinis valuable management reoorts such as Departmental Budgeting. Piolil and Loss Statements by Depariment. Ihe traditional Chart of Accounts Summation (Trial Balance), and Financial Reports
The Retail/Wholesale version of BOOK- KEEPER includes a perpetual inventory con Irol system and permits point-ol-sale invoices
BOOKKEEPER IS available now on the COMMODORE B032/8050. 48K APPLE \\ + and RADIO SHACK Model III computers CP./f/i compatible version available by September
The BOOKKEEPER system retails al SIOOOOO
Bookkeeper manual by itsell is S20.00
w
32
COMPUTE!
October, 1981. Issue 17
S (starting address of screen memory)
S = 4 * (PEEK(36866) AND 1 28) + 64 * (PEEK(36869)
AND120) C {starting addressofcolormemory) C= 37888 + 4 * (PEEK(36866)AND128)
To use these formulae in ydur pr<jgi-ains, you should enter the two lines above as program lines at iheslait ofyour prot^ram. ( 10 S = 4 * (PEEK...etc.) 1 hen, whenever you are working with these memories, simply POKE to S + X or C + X. In other words, use the S and the C instead of a nu- merical address. For example, to POKE to the tenth screen location, you would POKE S + 10.
Adding a 3K (3072 additional RAM bytes for your use) expansion module will not change any of the normal, expected locations of screen or color memories. It simply fills in a currently empty space from addresses 1024 to 4093. Tiiis results in BASIC:; progiams starting at address 1 024 {as they do in PETs) instead of the normal VIC starting point, 4096. (Sec Table 1 .) However, adding an 8 or 16K of additional memory floats the screen down to 4096 (from 7680). BASIC RAM floats to a starting address of 4608. And, since one of the bits which governs where screen memory starts also controls color memory, it moves too.
Character Memories
The starting address of the character set memory does not float, so you need not check for it in pro- grams. However, the ability to define alternative character sets is valuable. There are sixteen po.ssiblc locations in VIC for the start o[ character set memo- ries. Of these, eight can be used (the others are not allowed). Here's the formula to change the charac- ter memory location:
POKE 36869, PEEK(36869)AND150R(X*16)
X will be a number Irom 0 to 15. Here are the starting locations in memory for several values of X:
X = 0 (32768) lliis is tlu- iioiniiil •■default" starting
knation. X= 1 (33792) wtu'i f (lu- uppcf (.ast- tt-vciso (.liaratlers
iim iiialiv ail'. X = 2 (34816) normally tlif lower uase, unrevei'scd
cliaraciers. X = 3 (35840) nornialiy lower case rever.scd. X = 4 ii> 1 ) (( anno! he used). X= 12 (4096) tK.rniallv the start of available BA.SIC
RAM. X= 13 (5020) norniallv within BA.SIC RAM. X= 14 (6144) norniallv within BASIC RA.M. X=15 (7168) norniallv within IIA.SIC RAM.
These last fotir values ofX are where you would usually want to put any specially written character set you've invented.
Table 1. General VIC Map
0-1023 — Operating .Sy.stcm and BASIC Overhead
1024—4095 — Ki]i|)tv ineiunrv (3K F.xp.insion area)
4096-7679 — HA.sk; RAM inemoiy
768(>-8 191 — St leen .Memory
8192-32767 — 24K Additional expansion RAM area ©
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Thn 11 iimpl) thic bcii i:nbbijc |im< i^aiilibk. i\ \\ >^Dtih) apptrriEnt t\ >^<A\ iv Tor ihc rtU'vKf Aiibini 11 lir^tuifc cuu^inc!^ pro>iidc lapid riCLUiic>)f ^t ihc \a'
rfl<c: S14.H CHKilf' f ll.«» IHikclif I praitjm foi ihc ciibbi|c rIkX' irt irAKh ol « ii^ laitK Thr |iiphi;i ir< tjp«th jnd «iirmtii;>
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MA>A(;LMEN'T SINfi'LATOR (Ann. Nonb Star ind CP. M onl) I rrkr: llf .tSCkwiK
lU.tS DhikMU
t^n pT(i|.r«-n I) ti(ith ir ri^rllcni irii^hini, iiwl i\ Kfll 1.1 1 iiiTT.uii lin| iintfllKt jil iaitw BtMiC uptvn <.imi]]i |inm pli)-td jt (.-idurc huiirwH uCmwU. e»th plj>cr w icim tonirpii « ^ump^Av Mhieh n\jnvl4(iuJrrt i^'t* piudafi* Ei:h p4i>tt iitetnpit 10 auiperfortr hiv ^pirpclitpi^ 1>> ^|i+a« kMiOi rx>e>»^. piAJyfiion •oli^mti. (iMtrktunt and dtiLin tip*fi3iiure» nc The mo*t tutcmltiil film 11 l^r one "H^ ' V hijh(T^ ti*f I pin:* ■h*(i ihe fimutji^Ht «hli
FLIGHT SIMtLATORIAviHibkrorilltompvifn^ rrtft:tiT.«CHwtii,iii.not»k*iir
A rcilivii ipJ ctttmLic ffii4.intfn4ih;tl »fnuUiiun ut E*l.f dlTn niili and ltndin| Tlw picifrm jntirn «rrHa>ruitiK rgLStiQio «fid in^ ;Ptirii:i«'(iiii;i of a imI tuloiL Vou cin p^Kntc iniiruermT apfKoichn and n«'>i|aii<Mi utini, ladjali tii& .CMrpjii. hHi3:in|,% Ttir tducc id^anctd n>rT ,:«n alk prrfpiim luxip^, ^ilf rotl'k aiiT timi>aT actobaiK mane Li IK'S AJiKoiii:: thtt priciicairi ikx-t noi nTipio-) tTaphi.t. i4 iv ci^iliiif aAd •'[t) ^dOi^i-r Scr t^ wfi^'iir <t*itm in COMPUmOMCS Run ir I6K Alan
tr^a: 1IS.H CHwrif/tlt.W OUnir I Mc PriDcr Wiiiiarr teund Valdci N«riD'>i rrgtMi I'4 ■ ^Htkimeri map. po'ii^nti of *hpcb may 'be lotiQd' of the thip ilwlF i\ «(c«raitetf Tiwklln] I bht !r(iprt, 4i •(» ti pih*t lutffv »L4 la V*M«i KwlHM' Sm Ihc ..ff<
> ALDEZ I A^iltibk lor ill cotRpuirnl'
VALDEZ -11 a compuHi iirnuUTtoa a( lupeiianiri of AfML« In^tuilr^ >n ihjs iiRiulaiion li a rnliiih: •'it'acd Mi>ni irir ^^ip''* Alphanumrric radai dii mtihrfuiiciJIi ^ht iimulatiorv aIw conraiint l&uitoiRt lankeiti and ilrirnni ice^rfil I'har ■ arc TcicM m 10 ^UfM^t C triqur
BACKGAMMON i.O (Allri, %«nll Swr tud CP/M niiJjJ PrtM; II4.« Caufiii lll.W ntokiiit
Xhw piu|,r4m letti (oui h*;t|ammci ikilU arfl .itl aU-j impfti<f ,^ut |«mt A human cai campcir aiainii a ;crm pjicr or aiaiciii anoihet human Thf carnput^i tifi M*r plat lU ni! il«ir fiitwi the (lumn ot ihc cQnipuicr ijn daublr ct icneracf dice iplh Bqard pAiDiiun fan be ^leaCfd iir uitiJ far ftplay BAC'KCAMMDN Z 0 plafi ir ■:;- wcidin^-: ^nh iHr '(■rdiiii luin of ta^Ltimrron and n lurt to pr^fvidc mini iaicininrt tcivuni ef ba<li(ani<nun nia>
tHECKERi3,PCPi:TDjil>)
Tni\it poca)iheinoiichalJcn|in|<hKkcit piQiiai ^kiil IfvfK ai an) iimt AltFiivut^ pTL'>»diRf • iriii i> at UvEtt V and ID
t HKSS M ASTtR itNanh Mm "11 TRS.-80 onl) ) Pri«: \\*M t «-"« SU « Dlt,k.iie
ThuLompltir smi irr) pOaciruL prajram piovidtt (iir kxih ol plaj^ L< iniludrv i.atll>ii|. m [immni ^aptDie^ atid \Y-t picrniQiiiintif pian; Addiiionall) , ihc tkaaid na> b^rptncl btroit ihr »iali it pUr, p^imiiiLnj ihe eiariLnaiicin ol btmi' pLi>i To maiimijc c^tcLiiioii ip«d. (he prafiain n miiiien m Miefnbl> Lantuaic lb) 5tJ^TVl AKt SPttlAt I<;T5oI CaUFuiniaj Full r»Ptii" *" emplpyTd m itir TR^ BO.efiiarn and 1*0 widlhi dI alphlnurncnz d^^^ki aie pioxded to aitiHiimodatf Noith Stat u«"
Prlrt;H»,«ta* 1) nat to IrvtK 111 pla» and alli> ti Ic.el'l >,CIII(KI RSIOitp
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hauler luitianir :iL-allr untMatabk
I. KM LA>ni:H ( JIK Apple DUk onb I
P-loi )iu( I FM : ANDIR H' a tale lardint pn ani of nm* JiireiJAi vuTlaiei ian|in( rrumMTOoih \v \^< l*mt nailJ'c^ ire uvnl ii>i.iintrjl ^laft atiiiudc and ihruM Ihn i> » iril iimr l^ith rri ihillente'
r>rin:11I.HIMtknir
K>Rt:sTriBi;;iAt.rtofti)i
tMfi| tti,<IJ^eni trapti<c« arid ^kDund el(rll^, ihn ^iRivUiion puii upeiai>6ni to put nut thr fitr ^^hiLe ^(viipciiv»iir| Inr {han^et 1 iiruduici Lin letuli \<n slaniini p«'n.ili<«% Lift Mf >aiiaCilei aP' and cFialknfiPt ^p i*o (xm*! hair ii\t tanw icitifii ind ihfi
Prtct:tM.M<'iww<k'S».IH[Mik«llc 01 anihemiddkO'rBfomtfiir Vour job i^todnHi 1 Kind, laeaihci and terrain Nui pFi>te<Llm| •'aSuable ?iCK.idtdiomaletoHtsT K«h- .«t, luiprmrlLil r iir I k.el« iii Jiiruuii!
NOMINOtS JIGSAW lAUri. Appl* ind TRS-« onl) I Prt**^ il4.W<a»ini« H».W Dhhnic
A I'lwi"' pui/l* or TOur vompuiei' t oropJnr ihc puifk b> rflftiinj ii*u! piMr* liom a labie t'oniiiiini i^r fiC- dil Irrefii ^na^*s NOMINlJtS jlC.SA* it a i-irtuovn r«'»«f*m*n"ti«<flof! The jiapHn^ «Jt lupetlaikie and tV puzzle *ill ihsJWnie M'u »iin 111 ihrre ki*h wl Ji^MkuIU S^odftg " taitil upop ih* numhff of luriirt laken and bt iKe dil iN^ulii J( [he boird >*( iip Sct -t^^^ -nHSl IftONIl l.AMt%
MU%ARtHlAlBri(»Hl)i Mcf;li««t«»-ii* »l»«n»*Ht.
VaSAHC Jl n - tavt.inatin( rv-K^ooiK i^mulainw ic<|uiiiii| ^fiu 10 «ip>i»» an i \tf irrin a. lom Miii>n t teader >ou dr.fTmine tdr afWHjnt dI ^icu( Je-uied 'o indutiiial and aiiKuFi viral ute. hff» nmih (mJ 10 drtinbuie n> the POfKiluE ar.d »■.» TTiw^^shAuU bt <F«ni i>n pollution vDniiol Yoj >ill: fmdthai <lil dmiuomintoliea conipiwni^c
tHOMPfcLO ( Alin au\yy
1: H<lMPFiniST»!li fmcha
J^,•|J I4tn| Ihc fVRVXWd ^0*1
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Prkf:l11,*5ttt*rik tlS.Hatkrlie
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I "loU" a btJI inia a hole ir :hr
pTkr: (la.H tHHIIf 'tM.H DU«tU I hole ir tfir umn Saurd vimNf? Noi
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P*in^ (ll^.»4 CaMHIf' tM.W IHihtIk « piKk frtim Pfn iiJr (i( a ma;r in Ihe "thei Hr»e*rir. itw inuallr h«in( m«d>rkd The nbjftiitc » m efPi* tSe rmt h> an elapted hnw indu^aiitf. artJ thin; Iftii p( pU) arr
STARTftEK J.2 1 Avaitibh far &I1 compulen) Pun: U IM t«»r(U JlS.fS Dtakttir
T}m li Ihc clauK SiafiieL MmuUtion. but >i[h t«i«ral n«> fttiuif^ tCft t^»mpir. !he Klioft^nN no« »hiKM ai ific EninTinH' wiihout wammj *hik tius atiackini KaTbawi. in Mha i]uad(anit jht Kf'nf.Q"^ a'w «Ma(ik *i1h both Ci(ht 4nd hav> auimi id£ move when ihcit at' T^r uiuiiion iiihKiii; ahtn ih< tni^ttpriwiibviirird ir thrnbean tfuimianda ttaibaMS.D.S iirnn^rd'' Thr Klinfunt jft orn'Scr ih<uilt*aie retic^i m A S 4 I C) d .ID<i>oft ■ aic Critique and Oanic Mertftandivni,
BLACK HOLE IApp4c onl) I Prtn: IH.tS ( mkiii tll.W matiM
ThiiriiA rifiiinf iikpnitraliiiTn-ulaiiAnof ihf ptobktni intpl>edinclvif]> obKi^mi a bliiV tL.>(* *iih a ipaLr ptiitw The o>bjec: n lo ertdi and mamiain (oi a pieMiib»d umt. mti ai^ti aiatt m • ''mall bia^L Hmk Thi^ it ip be a>:hir>eil •htihiDUJ camixii bo ncai ihr anomaly ihat the ttdal iireii dieuiaTi ihe prabe C'iiaiioI ol iht ciiTi l^ iTatniitalli umulairduMnj: tide jetiroimaiiDd and: majnihruueri (ci ucekraLion Thii pio(rainenipla>i Ki RciffaphtLianJ r> nlucaiipnal as -Brll ai Eha{kn|.in|.
SPACE TTLT (Apfrie Ifld Altrl OOJ; I
Uk The |a;ne paddJei lo iilt the plane ol the TV Kieer *rlc;^^^c figlrjns jmaJkr and %(nailer' A buiti ir timt
MOVING MA»;(Appfe and Atari oat))
MOVIMC, MA/F rmplcT^ iJi* ,t<r.t, jwddk* to dun ma/r n d>nuri;al1r (and landansl)') built and n itri viiihouE laiKhLnj (or txmi hjt bv^ a oaJI Vcrini, i'
ALPHA nGHTER lAtxrilaiklTl Pi1ec:SI<I.HCua«iie'SII.KIlhkHir
Two encelFent fraphics and AL-iion profiamv in one^ ALPKA MC^HTtR Trquiin jan K dntfoy iCie alien uarihips pa)i4n|i'>TQij.»hysurintQioriite|:ala.ty ALPKA BA5£ n in the palh of in alier UFO in>uion, lei ritcLTO'^ifi hv and ific lamc rrdi both i,]m?i ipqmir ihf jmiiurk and let prp(icni>ei> mpie diffKul) iHr hi'i.her ^ou «nir' ALPHA FIGHTER «ilb mri i<n I6K Miii^in;
THE RlNGiiOF THE EMPIRE lAliri only}
Theerrpiic hii developed a new battl-e ttamiri pitm nngt and destroy the lialion. the empire devriupi i an tSh tyitenii, ei>inlo>% e'leniiic jfrar'i'i i and >i
INTRLDER ALUHT (Alart only 1 Pritt : (».« (.HKdr'ilP.Tl DIaketH
ThJii^ariit paifd | rap hi.-^ tame Mhirh pJafH yau m ibe niiddl; ul th* ".Eiieadiiai ' hl'iif lux ttptcni'i Hani. The dioids.t]ahc btti\ aJeited and are diiecied la deitrov you at all cdiii You muii find aiuj enter lou' ].hip i? cHipr *i[h ihepLini; Fi^e level; of diffiLuLty air provided ISITRLDtRALERI requneia furttifk and i>ill fut^ or IdliiyM^mi
CtANT SLALOM ( Alul onb ) Prtcf : tM.49 t aateiie 'III.H IMiktrie
Thiii leal-lime aclipn (ainc it fjajiniecd addkli'c ' Lie tHe (oytiick. to cDmro-l your path iht>jj|1i irlaltim iiLiijrm ion »i]il!fi|.'D( tcth ppcn and lipied jiaiei LhcKne Uum diTPerenl le^eli o( dillicull>, lare ajtintt c-thet platrct ni' %impl$' like pii^mrefuir^Miiin' ih*(l«k UIANI SI AI 0*4 -ill run p" I6K ini^mt
TRIPLE BLOCKADE (Atari on\ti Prte*: IN.HtuMiH'Ill.H [M^tii>
TRIPLE BLOC'KADF m a \'*o u> tbier player fiaphMti and tttund ikcnur fimr It th baud un ihr clatihc i>id«: aicadc fame inhPiih milWni ha-^e eniPved I'tiinf rhe Aiaii gojvtKkt. ihe objeii li ladircct youi blotkadirii line iiLxjnd ibr Kfcm •itfinui runmrn into fmiJ oppanertiii Alti^BUih IV com^cpl It Minpk- ihe ciwubired iiaphi-ci arid ■uiunti ritm kid ta -hith an>.l«l^"
GAMERS PACK ] (Atulible tor M cocnpuler^l Prk* t|a^i.awii*-tM *S PUtlle
GAMES PACK 1 ironiami ine lIhul iotnpuiet tamet ot HLA(. kJAt'k.. ILl-^AR lASO^B. CRAPS. HOR^iiRACk. SWITCH aiHlmwr Theic fa>iK% haie been innhiml mio oor laife prpfiam Ip) cbk in luadini TbcT a.'Eindtiiduallf aeteiKd-b} arofiinwcnl menu Tbn coUceliwt n ^'nthlhcpncc|iiUlH ibe DYNACOMP ^er WPP Pl aLACKlACK
GAMEN PACK II (Available foraR conpiilrn) PrVe ll*.*»tM«rH(^l14.*S [>l*belk
GAMtSPACk tl include the |amc«(RA/\ FK.HTS. KITTCi. A<. F Y U^LCFYJ IfT. VULiUPL^ iaJ oihcTi Ai • ith CAMtS PACK I. aJl ihc iantet.afr luaJrd atiinr piitjfain and art tailed liana a mtru Yi>b >iLI pifci,.:ulaili tti- loy DYNACOMPi -ettian of L HA7T IIC.HTS
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Price: Slt.MILaufiievUO.*; IHikHk |
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ted by I |
laiini rtnc^ o1 tntrtf 1 ■'■'^ '"^c t>tu hiaii ihtou|li iht |
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Mw Hal |
on viih mote piuitctive rmji Thii ^l^:ltL^I game run^ |
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fid and |
■an be played by une I'l i»ii plairt^ |
Why paj S- 9! ■
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a UY%AaJMP-;i
lull JLQ flt-
MOOS PROBE f AiBfi •■4 S<>nh Sur oqij) Prkr: t1 1 vj CoMffe- 1I9.*9 Dbkelle
Thii.Ti Art t'lirrmdy ch^kilMtiint "Ikha/ laAd«T" p^ogtim TKe iati fnittt ijiop from p'bii 10 knd at a predeteimiTied lai^et on ibe iriooD't mrFaee Vou nontiol. Etie ihruu and oeicniaiicM! oi i»i|( crafi plui diie^i rhe i*ie of dMffni and approach anjle
>iPACE LASE& (Narlh Star onb I
S-fACi. LAN£& II a iint>C»lc but eiciimi ipice iiin cocnpuirtl The o&fKl ii t-o foim and eipand itim i 11 to aniM FTiore nd- uprsJi ihari lour opponcri
Prtcf:iM,»5[>Mrtito lan lune kthjch kntolieii up td foi.i pkteii (i^tJudinj the iriai>cinLOinparie^inai:(>[tipctiii''renii.ranmenE Tbcio«l iiruinvKt include ^t>txk purLhaW) ard .'ompajtr mef|rri
SPEECH SYNTHESIS
UYNAC UMP Ik no"- diitiibuiini ittr net and ri Simply ciMwieci TNT to ytiup compgiei't vriil it the eauni'io -piotram vperth lyntTitiiref ^r ttw bk •tKabulaj') available anyi-heie'
<e kctl^ard artd hi
It Moidiipoken TNT k'l
TNT Software
£ l[>IIO
mi □VNAIOMI" PTDj.ami ,
STLD POKtR (Aiar.. ;ak] »*nMIHOt1i JRi!iA»* lAian. i*i,i Tf-ALHtR'^ PI f MAiaii and Sui HiiillX'.i 2 0 iSctrin <;iim ■.'KOMPFIOiAtari 74}. 1
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ADVENTURE |
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CRANSTON MANOR ADVE-NTLRElNorthSiae and (PM only 1 A« Eail' A tomprrhenn>e Ad^eniu't (ame fji Simh Siai ant] ( 1" M %t^ TURF. Eikr. ym mni mTiirnon. LR.ANS lUN MANOR -hete *uit aiitmpi ibe fninor are «jtd ammaJi and idKhi who will noi fi»e up Ihe licature^ ■ lieaEei and ttie uiMiatrf dewiipimnt nt much fHOK elaboralr then |he i ■lamin makini thti jame ihe lop iit iiv eliii Plai car be nopped xi any i |
PrkeJll.fSWtkeiie (rai (KAINSniN MANOR AIJVIN Hbnui a ri|hi IIm; numtiei p> ippmi i^ ulteni pg^ular irciciol Adicrtkirt pip mr ind ih^ iiaim iiorrd »r diikriir |
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ABOUT DYNACOMP |
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DVNACUMPiii |
leading d |
lEn^ulOf i>f imall syMCm |
u(l*ate -lib %4ki%pjrtrti |
•^1 Iht »oiJd Uiji |
ensly tn 1 |
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t^iMi Of « cmjin |
fieti Du |
inuhe past i"o )>*•". *- |
hn* irfl^iK enUiiet] ih |
e nVNAC (IVtP prtwJua 1 |
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line, but f-j^f mil |
mimed *n(J imptovwl Our high leveT |
nl Ejuilii'y and LUilumei i |
upp'fi |
The AL-Fai |
*emeni |
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Lnquiiliiy ii ippa |
em from |
Chur many repeat cu^mme |
s and Ehe uifiwarr ie<iett |
1 ItliU |
^h pjblKi |
H)n% av |
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COMPLTROSIICS. 80 Sal |
waie I riEiquc and ANA |
[ (ICi Our customer \ |
pporl |
t It <.io«e |
It youp |
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phcine l[ Li i\*a |
s Inendly |
The mti 1^ hi|hK [|jir |
ed and ilwjyi »iMing to |
liiscj^ |
produ<:[s |
01 Jive |
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adviw'c |
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BUSINESS and UTILITIES
STAR. MADIf WASn. ELECTBIC PENCIL, TEXrED EDITOR II ifvd otlutii Wmikp fniirrl> i-n Muntti l»Ji|ij*»e. '^PJiLLGUAKD'^ itpidi) uiiici [he uirr in clinutuiiinj. g.pclLin| titi )jipo(ii.phdC*] firoDi b> conpuinf E^Kti itMd or ibc ^^^t ifAjnit ■ diciioniE> [etpiiKlibkl o[ over ID.QOQof iht noii CDmrnon E,n|Iith ^ixdv Vhordiiappnriiit m the iril tiut not fpund in Iht dKliprvir^ «» "■flanfd" Tot e*i^ nJntififiiior w>d cciitKlion Moil Kj-mniviTiti^c ii»f'f (■milnf niri Kord ptb-
CMimj *t;iuipfhrn[ *ilJ ta kbir tb uir SPfLLGL'ARD^^ in Einlf A fr* tiiitiuln
MAIL LIST 3.2 lAppk. Aladl ud Norlh SLar dbkHtr <
Thiii pfofiiin 4^1 uninitr^nl in \h a.bi\\Xi Iq iloir • mupmu tiir, tneut ih^n IJOQ Tot "double dt'niiijr" lyiim^') 1h A' ii i jp], n3Ei|int at fjln tnd « jniquc kcKwo-td ic
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I numbfT ol iddrnirv vp vrn (
|TajihrM*hichr«itin(icnirbt
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Frtn:U4,K
FORM Linr^^R ^VSTtM nl. 2 (Altii, Nonh ^tar ind Apple EMikcMn only)
FORM LETTER SYSTEM [FLS> ii )hc ideal pTCicam tot crEiiini ind Ediiini loim Iniei). ind iiddini h»i h coniitn^ v\ ctiylD-uu Icii nlitDi vhicJi ptoductj [dly jusiilin] t^Tl. 5p«£ii] roiin tit Jicd hii the iddrn^ h^i !□ ctHiiin ;irrii)fLaliwd MlL.liti'Ont Korm lettniarr piwlLKtiJ by ■ulomiiicil;)' mwitmjtifii initifn-, iTito 4 prcJrii-imiPird ptnntifi &f yeuf Itiiei. FLS it («irtiplicicJ) ((irtii»i|[iblr wiih MAlt LIST 12, •huh nn^ br utni HI iflifiti* •'^^ *cfi H'*" iddrtsi IllCl
FL^ ind MAIL LIST 1 2
inbin'Hl pulii|« for I^'9 VS
Prtw; ):*,« Ot>li<ll.
SORTmMurlll Sur onii'l
'SORTIT II ■ |CTK(il purpDK iwlinj i^Dfrim >*tittcr rn KMO ukttiHi tiniMi* Ihif piD|.r«ni laiill luii uqiHi'iiiial data Tiltt (trciilrd b> NOHTH STAB BASIC Pnrtiii} wv) D<inpnJ ^nOmlirf ktyi fia> br iiuiri*f« oi one lo ninf chv icin- iinn^t. WRTr? n Eitilr iJiMl »i<l^ niM ifflciiiMl b^ DVNaCOMP'i mail list fiofiMJn tnd ii >,ttf ^ciulilc ir iii apttHLitcii tor 4ll oilvr BASIC dtu File unini
fF.kitONAL HNASCt $iV^~TEM (Alul and ^o^tll Mw only) rrtn: U«.H Dtahrtic
PF5 LI I iin|tc diikriiE. mcnu-oricnicd syiirnicffinpoud nl icr dilFcrrnT progrim Ekfitfn rct^ir^liTij >our ciprnt^ ^nd tai dtdu^ubk himu. PF5 -^It mwt witi »ummaiiH eTp«rt« by ptyn-. ind diicUv nnfcimaiioti on npc^ajrutn b^ ifij cf 36 aiw
df-rinrd iW)r> li'> monlti or ^} p4.irr PfS ^i!! ricn vrnlu^r molilKI; bar |Iiphl Cif fflul Clp<nMI by CAEtf or) ' T'hH poarrful
CMckiie re^uiiei Dnl> out ink dn^t. mmiirut m«nor> (24K Aiuj, ^JK North Siiri ud Mill iioic up ed (OO Eccordt pet diiL Idnd D>cr lOOOrecocdj prt di>k by mikini i. It* iiinTit<cnui{» Ie; th< proirimtl Icnj can mtii'd ch<nkiplu^f»biripc«iHi.>a !h*i >ou 4U9 FiMJ]> ter "hrn i'Sui nronty (on •nd riitniniir (utHirgili inj irdicn«i hatid taitjlaiioni
FAMILVBUDGirriAppleoiiljl Mn:lM,»Diikrttt
FAMII Y BL'DCE T it ■ >ci> CLmv-rmcni Fiiujicial rcinrd-knpin proijam You ^ill be ibk ii> knp Ititk t/t (iih ind ircdii fupcndiikitci u »fll 11 incem* on i d»)(> biiii Ywj (in tnfe tw dtOwUbk lEfmn Mt£ (hiritatrlit iiMUEii^i FAMILY BLDGHT iIw pfdudo » cgfiiniLiauj iRO'd nl 4]l>:ir4it iian»Ki>pni ^iw«n m«t»4*ilr ciih ledcturt* eeifwi lairyol 21 diMrrmt ciprnv ^trtiuMi li vrll ai ir- ^ fu^ioll *rid ui icMtumi Dan ut util> retriet'Hl iinnt ihc uirr complcic caciiol iCii«'r u) OLVroiu fomi^iiciEfd iknij unoE|]inji«d']i t.i..bjKi
INTELISX < AlBii onlr) M»t^ $«*.« [itakm.
Thu lolEMiEr picLijt :cinitini a mtnu-dTiver collntqcn ot rue(r»iin ftw iKibEpiinj iirirDtm iwu-v*) (QrhttiujiitaEiOfii rhrdu^h ■ full 0»pk\ m«Jrm [rrq^irrd lor nwl |r, pnf irn«lt oF bp^tiEior >iiu miy rcinrvtci to ■ dii* wrvict ir ( . Tht SOUBCt CI Ml^t'l^«l]arlj guic^ly load diia i^ch ii iiixti Quotaiirni oni{i fiikii diikciir tar liter tirMinj Ihii jrrail) rc- duHt "nonneit iimf " ard ihut ilw icrvice chJi|c Vou rn»y aUo ircoid ihe Lomplne C(mi«i4t o( a ^ommjiofiliorii mx^n AddiiiDrially. piDitumt wMiLtn m BASIC. FORTRAN, cir may bt built orriint uim« tht %u;irvri lr» tinat md Uit( "^P I'iMdtd" 10 arwihr' (Qnciuirr, makinf the Alan «i tw^y imi'i i<!imin«l I ir)i Matt AASIC proitian;^ ruy be uplciilcd. FufEl^^r. a command file mi> 1m buili pfMirf and uwd Ueci » coniiollini inpui fur i iinit-thare lytitm Thai ii. you can id ufv >i)Ljr if^ucnif or iimc-^htTE^ .icrnrnaiidi and pEujramt^ and ilie Aiiri ^iH i ranimit Ihcra at nnded. ^ich pfOcntinA All eIih iddi up 10 la-kiri b4>ih tonniccE 1imr and yoM tune
TOTEDrrORIUCP Ml rr^«;«^.*5Dbt.lli/U).^SDbk
nn II tfir iwond relnw itiiion of DYNACOMP'i po(Wj[ir TEXT tUITOTl I and conEaim tnarj a** teatjm Wrih TEXT EDITOR II }S4jm> bjJJEeufjlninchuiik&andBMtinbkEKeinror lalcidii'Play Slocl^i o' >ciil mo br fcipcndm. inirrtntur drkted Fil« roiv b« wtd ur duli-dfUeUT "i rjjhi pjmfrri/ferEtiri totfiUt lo br Lawi pi,nttd by tithti TEXT EDITOR II i;it ihr CP'M bP li^ili*) Fuih«T. A$CII CP^M ril^drvcluijini BASIC iihI aiwrnelT larjuair proirimi) may M read by iht editor Diid pr(Ket>«il Inlati^ieti Fi lei can be built Mint EOiMLlAiei luiriTiatird utini TEXT tDITlW U All in all, TEXT EDITOR II ii an inetpenm t« eai^ K au, hut otrt Iciiblr ediiint \y*xim
DFILf. lAlari and NonA Slir dJi4tltn ^nty) f*tct S19.M
T^m h4iAd) ^ojtMTi 4lic»i haoiih Star and Aiari diib u- ina ol diiLi ihhiich invuiably aczuiuuUiei DIU.E locatiRi cf the drbjied Fik ot proftasi.
^^|}|Tl^o^hSlMroaI>r nr1ee:SErH
rciit II t ihrn ir-icmr pTSfr^^n lahtfh majTsiiLn; infarmaiion ac^ccit-'hlt' b> l,r>wcn'd( a\ ihrre Ei.pri FetwiruiJ l<| \a.s\ name), Lomotttiitl itt pluinbfii) and ReFeieiKe ie| mafuinr artirlei. fKcid aJbumt, elf) In addii«on to kn'^-aid lorchci, there ■It btrthd«>, annuel Mr> and appoinlineni icifctvn (^r the pciwna] TKoidi inj ippOHnimcnt Kiri.hei f« ibvcommeicial re- twdL Retrrcnte rttoidi arr KECiKd by a vnik- keivo'd or tiy fttrx 'eirrrncini tao ii't i^'te keywcird)
L eu) ID lei up
Ii a ip«tialu«d data bawgifall Filti axid priti
uid uir li *i]l Mtinirr yDLr ditki lo pro>id« effici
rVKr. lll.Ml'aMlla i1*.tS iMairllr
laf It! Hflotc |oin| •^!^a■pplnt^ it ia ill remind -tuu of %lio<ppn|i Litt «nd ihe toial fot; Adding, itektini.
SHOPPlNt; LIST lAlATl tPd Norrli Sur onlyl
SHUPPINit L l<^I lEorei mleiruiicfl on iirmt }Oii pjiehaie ai ih* ii ail the lhui|i >oo mijhi need, and ihcn diiipl»> lor cpiri'njJh prim I c^BTilini and tEoiirj Qjia n 'Ci) eaj)-. Rtini «il^ IbK
T AX OPTIMIZER tSonh Siw pnl* \ Pflrr: iW.« OBknie
Fr># TAX OPTIMIZER if ir. ea«>-tc-jw, menL CMienTcd loFtnare paf ka^e nbrch pros idt< « ron*rntcnt means lor iniEyiinj txiiiuui ircoinr :■( i:raiE|ici. TJic prajp'aEn ii deuired to piotide i, quicli and eaig- daEa eniiy Income lai li ccmpjEtd bv lU lat mrihwti (ie|uliT, itvQme ■■'ifiyins. tni^irnum and alteiiute rmriimuin t*it The uiei mil Lrnniedi«tr|.y E^t serve l>>e laii
effri^t of (iiEitai rinamut drLniOm TAX OPIIMI/I R hai b»i^ lhniOi>thl> lifld triltd m CPA OltiCe. and Ltmr^ LiUmpkEe
Miih the curirni lai iitilet m ill data tikt
EDUCATION
HClIXiK P()[K:E ( Appk ollf . 4flK Appkvftll «r iMcfcr BAhlC'l ftln: MM Camti\t^i3M Uikttlr
I el Hl>tKjt KitMif br ihOvr ihi\4 t Wfty "trer pre»jrn*rt> ity on ygoi Apr*! wU retuH m a differeni md inirimmi "hip perihi" uLaied ;i> iht Iciti i>i rumMi oF the chosen Ln The pio(ram\ |iap4ii('i. laioi titd lound ate jdtlijtM For ctiildier from Jiei I . to 4 HniKil PODOF <i a r"n irFimdiii.nt <ea<bin| d^Ke V'hithbiinft a no dimennxn in the uie ^1 to^rr, p«l!rt ir rdu^a^on
TEACHEft'Si PET 1 1 A»aJibbk foi sU compulrn) f rtee: 11 1.M CunirllS.tS DUtth
Thii II the FiFii of Dl NACOMP t, rducaEEUiiaJ padasr^ Crimariik intendei! foi P>e ^hOOL lo |iJj( ). TEACFIER S PET
prn-iidH Ihc >ount ttuderii «iih countiog prj.c!i.'e, kiter laord rMCfiuijon aivd ERir* itttii oF maih
MISCELLANEOUS
(.'RYSTALSFAlario
randnini^ prwjutri (awinalinji iraphhci \ ate Ehc ume, andih<£oinbin«dcrFrci( u tE;m«jniiEri,lE [he Kourd irvd tolor Ftat
rnt*^i t.ftiCk»ii<'!in.»tHikrni
liiplayi accnrrvpanicd a-ieIi lonei *-hich vt/> i.i :hE pittcini are 'ihcvQutid and |iiipf"iiaTr ffieifnerijinj LHYSI^L^ iiai beer iti ruTthe Ataii
nurtii star snrr'U'ARF. fxchangi; in^sei library
nYNAt;>MP nil* diiiEribuEci the 2J >n1iimt SSSL library Hwi* dnkfiiti rj Manilmi >aiii>< (or Ihe puichatr pritr They \bculd be pati nl r>(r> North ^%tt loi Jtiailt leiaidini the tonienK ol ihe N^St coliKiion Hike W <*•. rath l^ 4^ each i*. or motel
Ihe (AmplFlr LiillfcliLinirny l>e purthaKd (or itWfli
availability
DV%At OMP iori>iire ii wjppbcd >ilh conpkir 4«iiR^eruijori ^anL»irin| .Jear riplanalMM and eaanplet t.'nJHi. Mher>iu ■,t*- i>>eti, aJ pfoiiami «iU luti oithiA itX pcotrara mcmar> iiwf | ATARI Fn^iiim UK \ E.ieept where noted, piof tuni aie avul ■ tk 01 ATARI, PET. TJFS-IDIle^einjatid Appta iApficMrE>mirite md d^^kfiie ai <>e^ ai *iQnt\ Sur un^kdeni'i) (doubk Jrntit. vnnpalibieldiiikeTte AddiT>oni,ll>. moii p'Ofiimr :a.n ht dhramtd nr^ itandard iiaM fnprrtai:! I" ( P M FidPFsi a\Uifof tyuemi FLUOini; under MBaSC^T
STATISTICS and ENGINEERING
DIGITAL FILTFJll A-ftll»bte Jot tH fompiHeni Prm: »t W 4 i-aeiif WJ.WDbheHf
DICIT Al t-ll I'F R IS ■ toiTi|if(lwfiijtr data ;4e^rkiin| iHOfiun >h^h pcinuEi iFic uiri 10 idn^n hiv j«n F:|tei funsiifw^ oi chome from a rwini of FJtei (ormi The Filtet form uc lubtequently ewneHed rnto nfln lefutme fon.olunon foefFicienu which per mil rapid daia piKciiini. In the et^licil dntfn nHrfc iin ^h»pc of ibc fieqiierui' irantler fjiKtion n ipeciFied by d:retil)enirrintpointia>onjthedewied fillr (iirte Inihe nicnuj!D«le,iiical to» paii. htjIipaMaod bandpaii nitetimai be ap^ommated tc latjtnt defrer> Ktcidinaio ihe humVr af ipoibii u-iedtnihecakuUiion. Theie Fihccimat opiionall) alt^x br tfnwihrd viih a Flannini funerion In addiiinr, muEii-Maic Bbiiirr^onh Filicri may be iekt!e4 f«i«rr^ of PIGTIAI Til TER ir^ludt [ilotiini of ibe daia bclnr and aliei Filtninf. ai welt 11 a^vpin of !he^.(houd fnUer funci>oni Alin incljded ai« cQn>rnicnl daia ttoraft. ieliK"kal and edit^ni. pr«rdgrc»
PATA jpMOOTHFR 'INol ■^■Itabk Fur Aliri) Prict: ItTKi'mellr tU VJ iHiteiir
Ttrn trw^ial dau imooihini pr<.>|r«in may be uted Id laptdlr derivr mttal infotinilion Ftcim hOiKr buiihe» and en|>neeiin| d4ii i^bKh *■{ r^uaii^ ipateO The viiiwjrr frainiei choice ib dcsieeand raiue of Fli, ai hcIL h. imotiEhed (irii and ir^i>nd deixiEiie taliulaLiiin aIiij iricludcd ii auiainiiic pli>Eiini oF (he ^npul data and imo<i|he<j iriijiti
FOURIER ANALYZER U^dltbk for iD compuitn) Prkf : Slt.HCaiaeile'XU.M UUkHic
Uk thii prDfii^ lu fimitie the f reqiimc) ^peeiia ol Itnitcd dufitgon ilioiIi. The pioiram features lutotnilk Kali^ tfi4 pioilinp ol ih( iBpMi dait and leiultt, PFaeiicali ippltcaEwni irclude Ihe anafy&ii of mmiF^k'alfd patieini' in lu^h flelfi^ III elec ironicii^ commuiicaiiDTii and buiineii.
TFA iTtMiurel FuruilDR AnRJjHf) Prtce: Srt.tJCaueHi/mtJDtakrtte
th9»iiai(V(iaiiofl*aiep«(k4|r whithinarbe uied la «aJuate The [ranilci (urcEioni oI lyiErm lucb aik hi fi arnplifirri and Mlrnb) eiaroinin,| thru inpume hi ]><jl«ed mpuii TFA ly a ma)ormodiF>caEion of FOL'RILK AN ALV/.ER and tunieirt in eAiim-iihi-isiunieddeii'belsfriuil.zif liejiKtuv plot ai »cLI u data ediTiri fcaluiei Whntai FOt RIFR A>A| S /I Rude Hired For educaEionaJ ard Kieniific me. II A n an tn|ineeiin| EpoJ Aitilfhle fiw aU >(oinpvETii
H ARMOMC A NALYZFJl f AkftlUblr tor tU computen> Price: IM.fSCaiwiH^ >U.« DhkMM
HARMONIC ANAIV2ER oai drained lor eIvc ipevHofH.anaJyMvorrcpctiEii'p ■■■Te-fDrmi EuEute^ incluJedaia FJe jencia- lion. cdjEini and ilorate''ic1.rie^al 11 *ei! as ^aia urid i{>c^cura pikHiinf. One partiru^il)' umque facilii; n ghai ibe irpui daEa need not be equally ftiHtd or in ordet. TW otitinaldaia isumediiKl a'nj:>K iplinc inierpobaEion ti ated loereaic Ihc data fik rnjuitcd b^ iKe FFT at|n<iEhm
FUL HIT'S AN*LY?.m. If A and HARMONIC A%Al V7Eft ffuajr be purchase together lot a toralnnei) pr«:e ol J*"* W lihrte tawltctl and J5« ti [ihirt dnleiie.)
IU£RES^]a^ 1 (Af^Bhk for all evinpultn] Prteei %J*M C*^»ii* |U.*» DiakMi*
RFCRF^SION 1 1I a uniijiM and ciKp4iona;i| >crHtik one-dinirniianal leui yquaiei "iwljiMfniaJ" futve Fiiiini profram Fcaturn irKlitdr •'rrr high aHurat^, an tuioniiiK deif ee deietminaiion oiici^n, an (aieniite mieinal libiaiy al fiitnni. lunc tioni, daia rdiiini,. auiofnaiic data and cuite plottini.. a jiiaEiitical aoaljiii let standard doiaUon. ntriclatior coef FwitflU etc ) and munh inore In addition, nrv. Titi luy be Eiied viEhaui leenicrini the data RtORESSlOK t 4 Efftfihlr ihe tdtnei- none pio|iam tn an) data aiuljiiii tofLi^aie tibtaiy
REGRESSION 11 tPARAFIT) (A<*UAbk For All compilicn^ PrWe: i»M CaaMru JU.tS DUeiie
PARAFIT 11 deiiirnl Ip handle ihove ^^tr^ ti> vhiih the paiameieii are robcdded {pi^uibly nonlineatl) | in the FiiEinB func- Einfi Ttie u>«i iiAiply mutt It Ihe functional fonriH includiniihc parameteri fAjl). AU). etc 1 a> one or nor r BASIC Mitemcri Linet Data and rnuht may be manipulated aed ploEied ai «iih REC^RES^iCi^ I Lk AiQRtiKSmN I Tof poljrhomjal ItiEint, and PARAI IT fot Ehow comptuaied funoioni
MULTILI N'EAR R(:GRF;,SKI0N (M|.H| 1A«illtble lor iJI rarepultnl Prlei: il*.» ( aaatlle 12M.K DUktilr
MLRit ipiolriiinnal. lofi'Har* package ft>i inilyfinf daia »tii(;oniainin|r»" ur mine iintaiif mjerenjini v^mhlei llriidei pcrfotmini ihc bai^ii: rrtieiuuo 4.ak-u1alii^n. ih» imigrafn al|0 proi idei eiiy to uw data enir y. itoiaii, letnetai and ediEin* (unclioni In atMllion, the ulet ini) irtirrPEtiite the iiiluiinn by upplyint taluei for Ehe irdepcndeni viiiibki. Ihc numtK-i iil vffiablFi and daia -utt i\ limiird only by tlie available mcmoiy.
RECBESSION I, II and MLLTII.INEAa RECRISSION may be puuhaied logethtr (or iJt.Si *ihtn ^i,^1-ctle»| o( 163 fli ([hire diikeiin)
A NOVA {AkiillMf for ill compulirTi)
In ih« p4^4i iht ASO\A lanalytit ol vinarcei proceducc bai been hmiied ;o DtNACOMF* hai bfouihi Ehr pci»er of ihii method to imail ipEemi For Ihoiecom loFiware packite incltHki ihe l-way, Jmay and N-way prtaccdurn AJh provided a
rrire: Ut.M t auiUt Hl.H Dt^ktiir ie large mainliime ^ompuieiii Ni;« iiant -iih ANOVA. the D«SA(.(iMI' e ihe Vale* l'^"^fa(:toii4ldHi»(" Im
EfwHc jnTarniliu imh ASOVA. do ruw i-ofrT The a((pmpan>tn| (JonymenniLpn «a< '■riEEen in a iMtwial laihur iby a pro lnto< in Ihe iLb|Ht>and -wney •> in iiMlkAi inEruiuiftier eh the iubject Accompaniini, ANUVA i\ i lupfiort [iiograni Im buitd'it >>^ del^ b+v In^ludid lie letetaJ .'on»rnjeni feai jrei ncliidini data edirini. dektini and •jrpcwling
&ASIL SCIENTIFIC SLBRUL'TINI^. Volume t (No) a^tUtblt far Atiril
DVNACOSSP II ihe euluu^e dmnbuior fcf ihc wli^aie kirjed :a the pepulu mt BASIC ficirfiii/ir it.bfaiiinfn, I'lVbrne / by f RtKhdTKfiel i-m ih^ BVTE'^McCia* Kill adiemiemeni in BYTE maiajnne, iinuxj I9i:i| TFieK tubroutinn ha>r bt*n B^tenbled afcordint Eo chapict Irciudcd wiih each colleaion » a lacriu prop am *hKh hIclti and demon^riin e».^h
Colteeiion t\ Chapteit 1 and T Data and runeii[>n plaii:n|. coraplei vaitaMc» Colleeiion ft thapier A Maun and ^ecior operalion^
Colkeiion fi Chapteit S and i RaiHiom numt>c< lenrraCoiii. tmn tpptOtBritiia*'^ PiKcpei colktiicin ll' «} CaiHiie'til »! [>»keiE4
All ihrn .Eolk^iioni aie iiiiitt.b]e lix (TV 9^ (ihiee Laiieitei) and 144 9J {ttiiee iliUnici)
Ih^a^ictheie^t >^a ti\t\ ptii a\ fttt ioevintnltt\<in. BASIC Seitnu/W Sutfauiinet, rotunrr /ita>ailatrie lii>m DYSAtfrMP
foi tl^q; rlui ^^e po^iaje and handbni See rr>ic<^ in ih DobtH
ROOTS (A>allabk foe all conpulcn) rriet tIP.H Ca»Mllr')M.«S Dbfceiie
In a nutihclt, HOCJTb iimuliarccusl^ delerii^inci all the mnes of ■ polyno*nral haiim ical zocf Fictertu 1 hete 11 iiP hmii cm the dcfTte ol ihe poCyTiomial. and b«Buu Ehr pr-oeeduft iiiEetaiivt, the accuracy h|eneiallt very good ^JolnlElal gueuciarr ■rquirrd ai mfiji . and the eiLeulaied roiili arc lubiiiiutcd back laia the jKjLyi^omial and [he reiidual' ditpl'l'*'
A<T1VE CtRCDlT ANA LYSIS (ACAPt lUK Appk on\i I
At AP11 !heariiog(ir(ij.iidr«|iiri'iin«eTEo|*K.Hl WMLJS ATOk Wie live o| pfiiiivrc(.inipi>ncni iiiiuii {e ■ .a Eiarniiitii a.rrtflirtiH hand {tail filler, Itequcney, and ihe ittultini c^mpl'ii Ci e . reil and imaginiry) ^ulEates ai la^' magnitude ol ihtie vulEift^. ilrr Ite^Lcnt ) reipiinie oF a filtei si amplifitr m. imphiudc and phaie In addinon. ACAP pnnti a iiaEi|ii;al a
EQle(>l^ce 'tiiiEtont, in ihr i^omiHinenii ACAP iiieaiji roleatn and uic. Simply dci.i'iJKihe cue It placrmeniiandevecuie. Ciieuii deieiipiicHitinuybeui'ed'CHiEoCBiiictEcoidiiik.etie 1 1 01 rdtiing ^CAP ittoM be patt of neiy riicuit deiignet'^ progiam Iibiaiy.
frtee: lUM ( l»«*ilf 'll«.*S Wikeiir A( aP yi>u. may analyie the rei;[«jrie ol an ac ;i> I 1h« uii.uii ffliy He]?fi]bed at riiuil iicpi ir
I i:iirip<itheri jurteiurr mamincd Hy ploEl mg i^r , tK ..iimplerj;!) deleimirrd •Hh levE^-ti to hnih tar^ge of lohige leiportiri vhikli leiuli Idiot
ilkdii
II. ol theflcmenit and
LOGIC SIMULATOR (Appk D(|I> : 4SK RAM) Price; iH.H CwKlle'tU.4 Mhelie
With tOOIC SIMl'l ATi>* yon ma) <aiil> Ec^i youj (OntpJicaicd djiital Ligic ileuio »iih twit^i Eojtiven Mi otmpnEi IlI itrieimin<' hp* ffW ihe ^iftuii *ill ofetiEe The rlecnenEi >hich. may be umulaied include mjltiplf inpui ANH. OR. NORh FXOR. FXSOR and HASn gaiei. il well ai inscrirri, i-K and D flip-ropt, andone-vhwi The reipiKiie of the lyiirm 11 aiailabJe ettr) dock cyck Inpuii may be cFevkrd in >%ith itiryrnf clock cyck Ictigihi diipUKtmemi and delayi may br inEri.v djicd ED pfobe foe gtiichei and iai;r toitdiiionii AI the Jtcir'i option, a iimirvgdngiarr f'lH an) giien lel ol nodn may be pint- Ltd ijting HIRF-S ai»priici Ni<r lo^i b>«#d(»«ii!ini unEi) Ehe nteuit a tbnrkpj hy LOtiiC SJMUl Alf^R
LOGIC DE?»It;N tR (Noelh Slu ind CP/M oaU> I Prkr: IM tS Flkketie
1 CXilC |]^JllG^ifcR HI an eicep^ional LeHnputet Aiiird Dnign ICAD) ptogiam. With u you may con^iTi ■ large and compEi <ated digiiiiil iiuih tabic iihe JjnetiOnal tipctiFitaiinil ibio an ppfuni^ed boolean lofic eipialK<n Thii tiiuaiion may ihen be
nattf c[nl>erticdinmai;ii{uildnjighuUfLgenEhrf NA.'^Doi A.MD'OR gain. C^naiiandlT. tOOtC [>ES|I^NE;R Acompomi
or a BASIC prosram *hichea]lf in ajnachine tanguagc louiinc 10 reduce ciecuiion time. Etampte For a TtaNablr hy 127 Lne tabk. ihe ptoteyving Einve 11 onI> 1*0 minuEn LOGIC DEIICNER 11 clearly a faiE and po*er(jl tool fat buiUing digital en
ORDERING INFORMATION
All oideivarf protnied and tihipF^d "ilhin *< hosii. Please enclose pi>-meni *ilh wdcrai fotmation. Jl paying by VISA or Mauei Caid, include all num^ben 'Cms caid.
ireludr the appiopnaEC l^i
Mlvpkg a»d HaadUagthargct
Within Nonh Amenta Add tt 50 Ouuide Nmth Amerua Add lO^i (An Mn
!i (rutiudmi iwlij) «
II uhediikn a» Jiciiiliibk Ji<><n legut
4"Cr/MI>kkt
Add }j J[j Eo jFir lilted d4i.kelle p'icr I"' ea-^n ^" Hupxiy divl llBM wfi lecioied CP/M formal! Piugiami run iimJet
MiuoijfE HBA^tC or BASIC »
local lAllnarT drabi Wlilr lOr drUtled dneiniiEion^ ol ttin
DYNACOMP, Inc.
1427 Monroe Avenue Rochester, New York 14618
2,1 hour ordci phone: (716)586-7579 recording Ofncc phone (9AM-5PM EST): (7]6)<M2-896a
^ picut idd 7^ SMiaicw III.
36
COMPUTE!
October, 1961 Issue 17
Guest Commentary:
A Software Publisher's Position On Software Pricing And Service Policies
The provisions of this law, capsulizcd in the phrases "essential step" and "archi\al purposes," aie clear. Software copyright infringement is illegal. Com- plaints and rationalizations abound: that "restrictive" policies are unjust; that such policies do not "invite" teachers to respect and honor them; or that those who "beat the system" by pirating software from big corporations are to be appiaudecl. Yet no measure of complaint will make the crime any less a criine. When a teacher i>ermits (even encourages) children and yoinig adults to disregard federal law and engage in illegal activities, what is that teacher undermining?
Mr Sherwin A. Steffin Conoga Park, CA
No software publisher would
deny the necessity that
teachers have on-site
baclojp copies of software...
I. Problem
A position paper appearing in COMPUTEi's June issue advanced the views of Computer Using Edu- cators (CUE) regarding commercial software pro- tection anti licensing policies. CVE would propose a licensing arrangement that would allow software "to be copied and used by any and all teachers in that one school regardless of the nimiber of com- puter stations or type of installation."
A misperception is at work here. This organi- zation a[3pears to hold the fundamental view that copying computer .software is a right. CUE recom- mends that schools should not purchase software material inilcss it is copyable.
II. Position
In 1980, congress amended title 17, the United States Copyright Law^ to include the "computer program". The amended code reads:
It is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a computer prograri to make or auth- orize the making of another copy or adaptation of that computer program provided:
(1) that such a newcopvor ailaptalion is created as an essential step in the utilization of the computer program in conjtniction with a machine and that is used in no other manner, or
(2) that such new copy or adaptation is for archival purposes only and that all archival copies are destroyed in the event that continued possession of the computer program should cease to Ix- rightful ( 1 7 USC 106).
C^ostly and intensive research and development are recjLiired to produce any good softwaie system, from drill and practice to the most .sojjhisticatecl com]juter-mediated instruction. Even the simplesi progiam file contains a complex set ol instructions. Research and development costs far exceed the tri\ial cost of the material, or the ultimate retail cost of the product.
No software publisher would deny the nece.ssitv that teachers have on-site backup copies of software to avoid luedia failures which interrupt cla.ssroom activity. YetCAI is a tool, like any other instructional aid. The purchasing policies which govern other edticational materials (books, audio-visual mate- rials, and the like) should not be expected to lui- ciergo modification sinijjly because a medimn's format is new or unfamiliar.
No software publisher fails to imdersiand that the computer software industry has yet to adopt consistent, balanced piuchasing policies (or the schools. Yet, the instigation of licensing agreements jjoses iii"oblems ai^alogous to those encountered in nuclear arms limitation efforts. The geographic area involved is expansive; the diversity of man- agement policies (e\cn among [leighboi ing school districts) is immense. Fiuther, the ambiguit) of reiving upon individuals' ethical behavior makes an "honors svstcm ' untenable. In shoil. the imple- mentation of the cop\ing procedmes which (!UK proposes, even at the local district level, would be unfeasible.
III. Proposed Solution
.\nswers do not come easily. The problems en-
I COMPETENCY EXAM PREPARATION SERIES |
n This comprehensive set of programs consists of simufated exam modules, a tfiorough diagnostic package, and a S
'S; complete set of instructional programs. It is designed to teach concepts and operations, provide drill and practice and v;
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* National Proficiency Series S1,299.00 |
a; N.Y.S. Regents Competency Test, Preparation Series 51,299.00 ^
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I COLLEGE BOARD PREPARATION SERIES 81/82 ;^; .^^;^r° 0^ " I
^ Each program confronts the user with a virtually limitless series of questions and answers. Each is based on past exams S
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I S.A.T., P.S.A.T., N.M.S.Q.T.. set includes 25 programs covering Vocabulary, Word Relationships, Reading i
^ Comprehension, Sentence Completion, and Mathematics. Price $149.95 ^
{ EDUCATOR EDITION - includes all of the above programs plus detailed solutions and explanations. Price S229.95 S
'^ Independent Tests of S.A.T. series performance show a mean total increase of 70 points in students' scores. ^ { Update Pack to 81/82 specs. Available to previous owners. Price $69.95
ODYSSEY IN TIME
_>:^"vv.^^- This spectacular adventure game adds a new dimension of S
■'^ ■"-'- 4c^-*- excitennent and complexity to Time Traveler. Players nnust now |
^'^'- ■ "".N'.. >\' ■ compete with the powerful and treacherous adversary in their *
, ^-^^ '.}'.■ "y >^> exactmg quest for victory. »
"■-■,.■■/'--■ '^i:^- "^ To succeed they must vanquish this adversary in combat that
> :??tj 4^^<>jJ. rages across 24 tinne periods.
-v'^ffirflftt."^ '•'^ -^^^-ji,-^ Odyssey In Time Includes all the challenges of Time Traveler
^ ^ plus 10 additional eras, including those of Alexander the Great, v
^'Sv-it, ->*' Emperor Asoka of India, Attila the Hun, Genghis Khan. Each *
.jt^ game Is unique, and may be interupted and saved for later play. v
available for APPLE &TR-BO PET, 32K- $39.95 V>
ISAAC NEWTON tA'
S Perhcips the mosi fjscinaiing .ind vjludble ed- /^''^ S
S 4^^^^^ ucationji ganrif ever dfvispd — ISAAC NE\%TON fc'Ua-^, TIME TRAVELER S
S* A^ ([if 1 V I 1 chalk-nKcs ihe pldvffs to assemble evidence dnd ^—^ — /^ , , . . j V
¥ ■^\\^ //Kirsa.rnlheun(k.rlvmK-LawsofNalure-tha!have Confronts players w.th complex decision situations and ij
A ^Ak#w<w' pfoduted (his evident e. ISAAC NEWTON is an the demand for real lime aclson. Usmg the Time Machine. |
V .^■TV^Kb' indufiive game thai allows players 10 intervene players must farea thjllengingseriesof environments lh.il V
V ^^^Bm^BP arii\elv by proposinj" fnperimentstodetermineif include; The Aihens of Pericles. Imperial Rome. yj X ^S^^D^Bl "^^ '''"■' '■"'^'"'■'^ '" l^*^ "Laws of Nature" in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon, Ikhnaton's Egypt, lerusalemat X ^ JH^^V queslion. Players mav set ihe le\el of difficulty ,he time of ihe crucifixion. The Crusades, Machiavelli's V \ B^S0 from simple lo fiendishly complex. Italy, The French Revolution, The American Revolution, S ^ ^M lna(lassroomsell.nj;<heinstrucrormayelectto ,nd The English Civil War. Deal with Hitler's Third Reich. » S ^ft^B choose ■ Laws of Nalure in accordance with ihc . l < i_ i u A » ^V^H I . ■ , . _ I vi„,i Vikines.elc.Al the Stan of each game players may choose a V W ^^Ww (omplete inslruction manual provioeo. " ,,,, i ,_ v % ■y\\\ For .ns.Kh. ,mo s,.mH- ni ih.. I..,s„ p,.,H iples unilL-rlvrnK level of difficulty ... the more difficult, the j-rfaier the i.me J, S fj \V iSAACNlWTONs.'i'CiODIt. tSCHtK.BACKbv DouKl,is pressure. To succeed you must build alliances and strusfile ij
V r ''^ R.HoKudliT, t h.i[MiT MX.inil 'siji!ifiCardner5 VAATHF. with ihc ruling powefs. Each game is unique. ^ JJ ^ MATICAl CAME Si olumrT in Scirnlifk American, Odohcr, V A 197? .incllunc, 1959, ili.<i',. %2A.^'i \
\ V
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^ $5.00 Discount Coupon included in Catalogue. TXl^Cl 1 tj Q / 1 W^C? jf^ K^OlGt \
\ PROGRAMS AVAILABLE FOR ■■»■ ^ |
X TRS-80. APPLE II & PET ^^ Send check of money order to X
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A a disk or n cassette ipleasespecifyi (516)751-5139 X
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A All prognms raqvire ISK TRS-30 programs raaw's LEVEL II BASIC APPLE programs reqwre APPLfSOF T BASIC Wf Slals flBS.OBnis Aao Si'SS fsi A
X V
COMPUTE!
October. 1981 Issue 17
countered today cannot be solved by a simplistic licensing policy, and ttie fututc will present even more confounding issues. Vet the difficulties are not insurmountable. As the microcomputer indus- tiy expands and time sharing becomes common- place, users and software publishers will have to look seriously (and cooperalivelv) at complex joint understandings.
Software purchase and use entails shared responsibilities: on tlie part of the software pub- lisher, to provide the most irouljle-lree product possible; on the part of the user, to know how to use and operate that product carefull)' and effec- tively. With this in mind, we propose six compo- nents fundamental to any working policy:
1. Software publishers sliould be accountable for providing error-free instructional materials.
2. Software publishers should be responsible for rapid service {a two week uuii aroinid at most) when replacing defecti\'e materials.
3- Where schools have purchased multiple CPUs, software publishers may provvide soft- ware at sliding scale rates. An affidavit from a responsible district adniinisirator would certifv the number of C:PUs purchased, protecting all parties. This sliding scale would permit ediica- tots to utilize multiple computers in one room, in multiple rooms, among several teachers, and even among several schools within a single district.
4. When intensive disk activity is connected with the use of a given system, software pub- lishers chould allow the user to copy and archive the disk.
5. Software publishers need to make available options to the schools, offering not onlv the sliding rate scale, but "spare parts" (diskettes. documentation, workbooks, etc.) at a signifi- cantly reduced price. This after-sale activity could well cover little more :han the costs of materials, processing, and handling. Software purcha.se can be made economicallv feasible for the sciiool without i esort to charity or criminality.
6. Software pul>lishers need to provide free di.sclosine aboiu their locked instructional systems and the poli( ies which support them. From this, educators may choose systems appropriate to their needs.
The problems connected with software piracy, if unchecked, will create an unnecessary and un- fruitful adver.sary relationship between software publishers and educators. I'his paper delineates solutions to this dilemma: belter qualit)' control o( .software, licensing agreements, rapid service, and available spare parts. ©
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
PROGRAMS
For Apple II Plus DOS 3.3
1 . Continuous Beams Plane Frames Grids Trusses Retaining Walls 6, Simple Beams
All finite elements with beam and axial elements.
2. 3. 4.
5.
PATTERSON ENGINEERING CORP.
Huntington Beach, CA 92649
(714) 891-0935
TRS-80 SWTP
Model EP.2A-79
Heath H-a ATARI
EPROM Programmer
PET » APPLE ' AIIVl-65 * KIM-I * SYIVI-1 • OHIO SCIENTIFIC
Siifiiv.ir.' arailrtbJL' for F-8, 68CX), 8085, 8080. 2-80, 6502 1802 26.50, 6809 basaci systems.
EPROM type is selected by a personality module which plugs into the front of the programmer. Power requirements are 115 VAC 50/60 Hz. at 15 watfs. it is supplied with a 36inch ribUsn cable for connectinq to microcomputer. Requires 1'-^ I/O ports. Priced at $16'), 00 aiih one set nf softu-are. (Additional suftwdn; on disk dnd cassette (or various systems.) Personality modules are shown below.
Pan Nn Pro^Tami Price
PMll TMS 27()8 tl7HJ
PM 1 2704.2708 '1711,,
PM2 ™2 _._._ ;:;;:::;:::;::.: Mm
PM:! TMS 2716 17(1,1
PM4 TMS 253? :.. . ■ ' x\W
PM'> TMS 251ft 2715.2758 i7(ki
PM,S MCM()M7M i.-,iM
Optimal Technology, Inc.
Blue Wood 127. Earlynille, Virginia 22936 Phone (804) 973-5482
At long last. A complete line of Voice I/O peripherals for Commodore computers, starting at $119.
Let's face it. Voice !/0 is a faaclnaling and efficient way to communicate with computers. And now, thanks lo VOICETEK, Voice I/O peripherals are easily available, easy to use and verj' affordable.
If you own a Commodore computer, we give you a choice of three different peripherals that will enable your computer to understand your spoken commands. And two of these peripherals will talk back.
What's in a name.
We call each member of our family of Voice 1/0 peripherals COGNIVOX. from COGNltive and VOX. It helps you remember that when you talk, COGNIVOX thinks about what you say.
The top-of-lhe-line COGNIVOX model for Ihc PET/CBM is VlO-moz. II offers natural sounding voice output and excellent performance as a speech recognizer. It costs only 5249.
If the quality of voice output is not impoHanl for your application, then you can save SlOO by ordering VIO- 432. Priced at S149, VIO-432 is ideal for hobbyists or persons mainly interested in speech recogniton.
Finally, If you have an 8K PET, thei* is insufficient memory for voice response, so we offer a recognition- only COGNIVOX. modei SR-IOOP. It costs $119, making it the lowest priced speech recognizer ever offered for sale. Yet its performance rivals that of unila selling at much higher prices.
Which brings us to the next point we would like to make, namely, why we offer so much performance for so little money.
It's the technology.
Our Voice I/O peripherals are based on a lechnologlcal breakthrough that made it possible to compress the required electronics onto a single integrated circuit chip. We are the only company so far Iha 1 h as achieved this remarkable feat. No wonder we offer such reasonably price voice peripherals.
m|4VH^^^^
In addition, COGNIVOX uses an exclusive non-linear, learning pattern matching algarilhm lo do speech recognition. Which means more reliable performance and ease of use.
What makes it talk.
COGNIVOX digitizes and stores in memory (using a data compression algorithm) the voice of the user. This gives three major advantages:
First, there are no restrictions to the words COGNIVOX can say. [f you can say it (or sing it. or whistle it for that matter) your computer can do it too. Second. It is very easy to program your favorite words: just say them in the microphone. Third, you have a choice of voices, male, female, child, accents, etc. this unprecendented flexibiiily offered by COGNiVOX is a must in the personal computer environment. Voice synthesizers and the "talking chips" do not offer this flexibility and therefore we feel they are not suitable for use with personal computers. In addition, voice output quality can be poor, especially for synthesizers. In that respect. VlO-lOOZ is clearly superior to anything else on the market and it is a must if voice quality is important (for example, business applications).
computer
Some specifications
COGNIVOX can be trained to recognize woods or short phrases drawn from a vocabulary of up to 32 entries chosen by the user.
Training COGNIVOX to your vocabulary is easy. All you have to do is repeat the words three times at the prompting of the computer.
If you would like to have COGNIVOX respond to more than 32 words, you can have two or more vocabularies of 32 words and switch back and forth between them using a word.
The Voice output vocabulary can have up to 32 words phrases. Data rate is approximately 70fl byte per word.
Ready to listen.
All COGNIVOX units are complete Voice I/O peripherals ready lo plug in and use. They come assembled and tested and they include microphone, cassette with software and manuals. VIO units include built-in speaker and amplifier (yes. CB2 is also connected for music and sound effects).
They all plug into the uset port and they receive their power from the cassette port except VIO-1002 which uses a wall transformer supplied with the unit.
Easy to use.
Ail you need to get COGNIVOX up and running is to plug it in and load one of the programs supplied. Load the demo program and start talking to your computer right away. Or load one of the games and discover the magic of voice control.
11 is easy lo write your own talking and listening programs too. A single statement in BASIC is all that you need to say a word or to recognize a word. Full instructions on how lo do it are given In the manual-
Works with all versions.
COGNIVOX will work with alt versions of the PET/CBM line. Old. new and newer ROMs. At least 16K of RAM is required (SR-llKiP will work wUhBK of RAM*.
If you have a disk system, you can use it to save vocabularies. Instructions are given in the manual.
Many uses.
With COGNIVOX your imagination Is not the limit as the saying goes. It is the starling point. Cognivo]£ Is a super toy, an educational tool, an aid to handicapped^ a data entry device while hands and eyes are busy, a foreign language translator, a sound effects generator, a telephone dialing device, an answering machine, a talking calculator, Using Ihe IEEE 4as port you can control by voice inslruments. plotters, (est systems. And all these devices can talk back lo you. telling you their readings, alarm conditions, even their name.
Order your COGNIVOX now.
To order by mail, give us the model number of the unit you wish to order, the make and model of your computer and your name and address. Enclose a check or money order and make sure to include $5 for shipping and handling. CA residents please add 6% tax. You may also order by phone and charge it lo your Master Charge or VISA. Our phone number is (605) 685-1354 gAM to 5PM PST, Monday through Friday. Foreign orders are welcome, please add 10% for air mail shipping and handling. Payments must be in US funds. COGNIVOX is backed by an 120-day limited warranty against manufacturing defects.
VOICETEK
P.O. Box 388,Goleta, CA 93116
NEECO
WHY BUY FROM THE BEST?
Service. . . Support.. . Software . . .
MULTI-CLUS1 ER
Far Commodore Systems, itlows 3 CPUs (Expandable to 81 to access a single Commodore Disk.
MULTI-CLUSTER (3 CPUs! $ 995
Each Additional CPU lupt{ 8) . . $ 250
commodore
16K B (16K RAM-'!0 Column) - Lim. Qty S 995
3?K B (32K RAM-40 CIm.) - Lim. Qty S1295
4016 {16K RAM 4.0 Basic-40 CIm.) $ 995
4032 (32K RAM 4.0 Basic-40 CIm.) $1295
8032 (32K RAM 4.0 Basic-80 C!m,| $1495
8050 Dual Disk (1 Meg Storage) $1795
4040 Dual Disk (343K Storage) $1295
8010 IEEE Modem S 280
C2N Cassette Drive $ 75
CBM - IEEE Interface Cable $ 40
IEEE - IEEE Interface Cable $ 50
VIC 20 Homeypersonal Computer s 295
ALTOS
ACS 8000-2 64K 1M $ 4500
ACS 8000-15 64K 1M S 5990
ACS 8000-6 208K 14.5M 510490
ACS 8000-7 208K 29.DM S1 1690
ACS BOOO-10 208K lOM S 8500
ACS 8000-10/MTU S10990
EPSON PRINTERS
MX-BO PRINTER S 645
MX-BO FT S 745
MX-100 S 945
NEC SPINWRITER PRINTERS
5530 (Paralfel) $3055
5510 (Serial) $3055
5520 (KSR-Serial) $3415
Tractor Option $ 225
MX-70
S 459
INTERFACE CARDS
8141 (RS-?32) S 75
8150 (2K Buffered RS-232) $ 150
8161 (IEEE 488) S 55
8131 (Apple Card) S 85
8230 (Apple Card) $ 25
8220 (TRS-80 Cable) S 35
DIARLO 630 PRINTER
DIABLO 630 • Serial • RS-232 $2710
Tractor Option S 250
AMDEK MONITORS INTERTEC COMPUTERS
Video 100 12' B»W $ 179 64K S.uperbrain
Video 300 12" Green $ 249 (360 Disk Storage). CP/M™ . . . S3495
Color 1 13' Low Res $ 449 64K 00 Superbrain
Color 1113' High Res $999 (700K Disk Storage) CP/M".. $3995
*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.
ATARI COMPUTERS
Atari 400 (16K RAM) S 399
Atari 800 (32K RAM) - good thru 8/31 $1080
Atari 410 RECORDER $ 8995
Atari 810 DISK DRIVE .....$ 599.95
NEECO cairiesall available ATARI Software and Peripherals.
APPLE
I6K APPLE II* S1330
32K APPLE ll- S1430
48K APPLE II* $1530
APPLE DISK w/3.3 DOS .S 650
APPLE DRIVE Only $490
APPLE III 128K- In Stock! w/Monitor ♦ Info Analystpak $4740
PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE
WordPro ieK S 29.95
WordPro 3 (40 Clm.H6K .,..$ 199.95
WordPro 3* $295
WordPro 4 (80 CIm.) 32K... .$ 375 WordPro 4* $ 450
JUST A SAMPLE OF THE MANY PRODUCTS WE CARRY. CALL M FOR OUR NEW 60-PA6E CATALOO.
WE WILL MATCH ANY ADVERTISED PRICE ON PRODUCTS LISTED UNDER SIMILAR IN STOCK" CONDITIONS.
NEECO
679 HIGHLAND AVE. NEEDHAM. MA 02194
(617)449-1760
Telex: 951021
MON-FRI 9:00-5:00
IMaiterCharge and VISA Accepted
NEECO
INTRODUCES THE CBM VIC-20 COMPUTER!
Cr
Commodore breaks the computer
price barrier —
$299.95
CBM VIC-20 PERSONAL COMPUTER
VIC-20 SPECIFICATIONS
• 8 colors - built in
• sound generation - built in
• programmable function keys
• 5K memory expandable to 32K
• standard PETBASIC in ROM
• full-size typewriter keyboard
• graphics character set
• plug-in program/memory cartridges
• low-priced peripherals
• joystick/paddles/lightpen
• self-teaching materials
• WORKS WITH ANY HOME TELEVISION
C2N
TAPE CASSETTE DRIVE
CALL NEECO TODAY FOR ADDITIONAL VIC-20 INFORMATION . . .
As the CBM VIC-20 is a 'new* product, prices and specifications are subject to change w/o notice
NEECO
NEECO WILL MATCH ANY ADVERTISED PRICE ON CBM EQUIPMENT FROM ANY OTHER COMPANY WITH PRODUCT IN STOCK.
679 HIGHLAND AVE. NEEDHAM, MA 02194
(617)449-1760
Telex: 951021
MON-FRI 9:00 - 5:00 MasterCard and VISA Accepted
J
i2
COMPUTE!
October. 1981 Issue 17
Pari II:
What Is A MODEM, /Jid Why Do I Need One?
Michael E, Day West Linn, OR
compiilci' <}!" ]jeis<)n. 'I'he aiiswei" modem is usctl by the person or device dial recei\es Llie call (or answers the call). The two modes could be reversed, as the phone line doesn't care. They were set that way to provide a standard as to which modem should use which mode. Since the 103 is a full duplex modem (two-day communications), two separate communication links must be established, thus the two different modes. The answer modem
Of all the generally
available modems, the 103
Is the most forgiving.
How To Use A Modem
The standard modem that the hobbyist normally encounters is the BELL 103 type modem. Addi- tionally, the BELL 1 13A (originate) and the 1 13B (answer) are normally included in this group, with the specification of a 103 compatible modem often being used to indicate the I 13A or 1 I3B type mo- dem. The 103 type modem is rated for speeds of 0 to 300 BPS, with most modems being able to operate up to 400 BFS, and the more expensive models being able lo operate at up to 600 BPS. The maxi- mum theoretical limit of the 103 type modem is 1000 BPS. Howe\er, due to the great amount of filtering and special line conditioning i-equired to operate as the speed approaches this level, it be- comes impractical to operate at these speeds. Dtie to this, ()00 BPS is the maxinumi reliable speed that can be expected from the 103 type modem. It should be remembered, however, that 300 BPS is the maximum guaranteed speed ot the 103 type modem. Speeds faster than this will not always work (depending on the phone line condition), and those modems capable ol operating at greater speed generally cost twice as much as the lower speed types. The modem may be used at any speed less than 300 BPS. Dropping the sjiced to 150 or 1 10 BPS can often improve the reliability if the connection is very poor, aiul 300 I^PS does not work.
The 103 has two modes of operation, the "answer" mode and the "originate" mode. The 1 13 modem will only work in one of the modes (1 I3A for originate and 1 13B for answer) and not the other. Most of the acoustic coupled modems found on the surplus market are the originate type. This type o( inodem is what you need to talk lo most of llie computers that the hobbyist has access to (such as CBBS/NVV). The originate modem is so named liecause it is used by the person or device that places the call (or originates the tall) to the remote
transmits on the high fret|uency link and receives on the low frequency link.
A true 103 type modem will be capable of operation in either mode depending on a control function. (This could be as complex as a control sequence or as simple as a switch).
Of all the generally available modems, the 103 is the most foigiving. It will operate at any speed less than its designed maximum. It is totally trans- parent to any protocols that might be used as long as it is asynchronous type ti ansmissiou and it re- quires no special handshaking (control) signals in its basic configuration. Phis is ideal in a portable application where it might be used m a wide variety of configuraiiojis.
Tied to the modem case (if metal). Can
be ignored normally.
Transmit Data.
The data to be transmitted is presented
to this pin.
Receive Data. The received data
i.s present on this pin.
Request to send.
Generally ignored by modem, it can
Sometimes be used to turn the traris^
mitteronandoff (1 = on;0 = off).
Clear to send.
This pin is normally held high (on).
Alternately il can follow R TS, or DC;U,
orboth (depending on modem).
Data set ready.
This signal will always be on when the
modem is operational (power on).
This is the common reference ground
for all the signals listed.
Data carrier detect.
This signal will be on when thecom-
munications link has been established
(the carrier signal from the remote
modem is being received.) On some
modems this is alway.s on.
DataTerminal Ready.
Depending on the modem, this can be
ignored, the modem on or off ( I =on;
0 = off). Wso. in some tnrn modems,
it is used in conjunction with RI to set
the operating mode.
|
PINl |
FRAME GROUND |
|
PIN 2 |
TXD |
|
PINS |
RXD |
|
PIN4 |
RTS |
PINS CTS
PIN 6 DSR
PINT PINS
LOGICGROUND DCD
PIN 20 DTR
COMPUTE!
NEW!!!-THE ELECTRIC MOUTH'
rorsiuo.Kiril.Appk;,
TRS-80Li;v»:III
From fbyy.y J mi
Now — tiinch ynur rom- putvr Ui Utik, dniniulirAilh
bi)tw(H}!i you and your nutchhw.
Thai's TiRhl: iht? ELECTRIC MOUTH ac- Prlncipli- of Op(?raltt)n The ELECTRIC tuallyleLsyimrrnmpulLT talk! Inslallifd and MOUTH storrs word^ in Iht-ir difjilal nn-lme in ju^^l minutes, ils read> for lipokcti- enuiviilenls in R()N!s. U hi^n ^vt)rd^. phr.isi;s. laiiijuaRe uw? m ..ffK;i' busmfss. mduMrial ^nd phonemps arr. desiiwJ. Ihcv are simpiv and rommcrcifll apphcalHinH. in Kflmps. ^^1,,^ ,„, hv vflur proRnim and then svn- special prflircls, H&a cducalinn. security thfl^iz^rd into spe*-t;h. Thi; ELKCTKIC dcvicis — Ihenjf._nin-nd1i>_lhi; Ep.(nRIC mOTTM syiliim nsquiriss n<in*' of yc.uf
valuable mi^mory space fvci'pt for^ iew ad- drirs>^es K used in memon' mapped mode. In mm) u)se!>. fiulpul ports fus'^rM'leclablelarr: used.
Spokiin Mainrial InEludr^d
MOUTH'S uhijfulntss, Look al Ihcse Ira-
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iscil 6502 Ifttt^reie-' Listfnq-GPAPHltS wersinr S?S S30
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Cfrtfrs njil bf rreptid ^1.4 ■Chpci. »€>ney order or tuflk- C»rn, forplgp orders fity br paid for vii i ntprnatlonal moine/ oroer Or barttrdrd: tAccfS.5,£urDtardjairc^ftycara)
COMPUTE!
Odober, 1981. Issue 17
PIN 21 SQD Signal Quality Detector.
Generally thi ; signal is not provided. On those modems that do provide it, it indicates that a poor communications link has been i:stablished, and that there isa high probability of errors occuring,
PIN 22 RI Ring Indicator.
Those mudenis that do not have mode control generally ignore this signal. Those modems that do use this signal generally use it to determine which mode to placid the modem in. If the RI signal was present prior to the UTR signal, then the modem is placed in the answer mode. If the RI signal was not on pri or to the DTK signal, then the modirm isplacedin the originate mo<le.
■'\.ll ulhcr pins are uiicleliivecl iti llicii a( iion.s and no connections should be made to tlietii to pievem possible nialfuiiclion of the muclcin-
Soinetinies large amonius ofdala transfer is desired. With a 103 type modem limited to 300 Bl'S. this tan gel to l)e a liii tedious after a \\hile. I he 202 i)pe modem ser\es as a coiiijiroinise ftjr this type of operation. By dropping one of the comminiicalion links, transmission speed can he boosted to 1200 BPS. This ailou> the data to l}e transmitted at a much faster rale, thereby im- proving tlie ihroiighpiu.
Because of the lack of the other data link, however, the control of the communications flow bec(jnies niiich tiiore difficult. Since ihere is only one dala link availal)le, only one modem may traii.s- mil at a time (half duplex). I'his means that some sort of protocol must be decided upon to determine which modem may transmit. One of (he more common ones is to send an ASCIII 'EOT" as the last character. This tells the receiving device that liansmission is over and ii may lutn on its modem.
The operation of the control signals is very similar to the 103 t\pe modem. T herefore onlv tiic differences wilt be discussed:
PIN 4 RTS Retjuesttosend.
This signal i.s used to turn the transmitter on and off,
PINS CTS Clear to send.
This signal is generated from R IS, DCD, and an optional lime delay and indicates whin a ^'atid traiisinisstiin link has been established, and trans- mission mav begin.
PIN 6 DCD Datacarrierdetecl.
This signal is used to indicate that a carrier is being received.
PIN 12 SDC Secondary data carrier detect.
Optional reverse channel detector signal is present when reverse channel is present.
PIN 19 SRTS Secondary retjuesl to .send.
(On some BELL 202's this is PIN 11)
Thissignal turns the reverse channel carrieronandoff (1 =on;0 = orf). If this PIN is !ied high, then the reverse channel is coiilrollcd by the request to send (when request to serid is on. reverse channel is off, and vice versa).
The reverse channel njuion is normally used as
a circuit assiuance or inleirupt clumnel since, as long as die reverse channel is present, the trans- mitting modem can be assiuxd that the data link is being maintained, and the iecei\"ing modem can use it to rec]iiesi an early termination of the trans- mission by turning it off.
Tlie 202, like the 103, is c|uite (lexilile in its operation. It can be used at any speed up to its maximum allowable speed. It is transparent tcj most protocols as long as they are asvnchronous. Some means must be provided, however, for turn- ing the transmitter on and off.
Another modem tliat is becoming popular is the 2 1 2 modem. This modem combines the features of the 103 and 202. It has twodala links (full duplex operation), yet can operate at 1200 BPS, It is, how- ever, \ery limited in its ojjeraiion. The transmission protocol is fixed, and the speed must be 1200 BPS exacth'. For this vou get full duplex operation, which means no transmitter control is iec|uiied. Also, because ol the transmission method used, it is inherently more difficult to build (i.e. more expen- sive). Transmissions between the two linked mo- dems occur as DIBIT synchronous, and are then converted to asynchronous for transmission to and from the connected ec|ui})ment. The PIN out of the 212 is the .same as the 103 tvpe modem. The operational mode (103 or 212) is determined b\ the signal applied lo PIN' 23 (0= 103; 1=212). ©
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BEYOHAfANES
SYSTEMS SOFTWARE FOR YOUR 6502 PERSONAL COMPUTER
by Ksnr.eih Skier
Creating Programs for the Apple, Atari Challenger and PET Computers.
"This is a brand new book on assembiy language that is fantastic! I have all the standard books on the 6502 and can't understand any of them. This book is not only beautifully written, very understand- able, and takes no previous knowledge for granted . . . but it also includes many useful machine language routines such as a visible monitor, print utilities, disassembler, and a text editor. Well worth getting . . . '
M. Dunn
Editor, ACE Awn Computer Emhusioils Newsletter
ISBN 0-07.057860-5 t I 4 Q C
4CI pages softcover 4t I T . 7 3
'BFCfNNER'S : GUIDE _ roRTHE
SYSTEM .
BEGINNER'S GUIDE FOR THE UCSD PASCAL SYSTEM
by Kenneth Bowles Written b/ the originator of UCSD Pascal System, this in- formative book IS an orienta- tion guide to the UCSD Pascal System. For the novice, this book steps through the System, bringing the user to a sophisticated level of expertise. Once farniliar with the System, the reader will fnd the guide an invaluable reference tool for creating advanced applica- tions.
ISBN 0-07-006745-7 204 pages t 1 I QC
5oftcover ^1 I .7 J
ORDER BY MAIL OR PHONE
CALL TOLL FREE: 800-258-5420
BEYOND GAMES $14.95
BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO PASCAL $ I 1 .95
Please send: .
Add 75 per book to cover postage and nandlm^
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a Bill VISA D Bill MasterCard
Acct f Expires .
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A LOME SPACE PIRATE ATTACKS THE GALACTIC EMPIRE
>• '.■■■•,
You are
the sole surviving "^ Ndval Cominctnder of the Free Space Con- federation. The Galac- tic Empire has overmn the entire solar system . . . eiccept lor yotir remote out- post on a moon at the outer limits. Exploiting the tin- matched ship SHADOW HAWK 1, you prey on the Empire's mer- chant lleet to capture enemy mate- rial, which can be bartered for better weaponry, shielding, missiles, etc., for SHADOW HAWK I. But the Empire's interceptors, corvettes, lancers, destroyers, and cruisers are probing the galaxy for you. You must evade them and the deadly battle stations throughout, Your skill is measured by nine rankings, up to STAS LOBD. Warning: You must be very, very good to reach STAK LORD rank! 'Very good indeed!
.^ /
SHADOW
HAWK ruses THEEE-AXIS rota- lion, high resolution 3-D graphics! On Apple W. V DOS 3.3. or Atari 800 *, 48K
^ 'With disk drive, Joysticks re- ^ quired. Specify Apple or
Atari on your order. Games are on Dtsoii diskettes. Game time: 15-30 min. $49,95 ppd. VISA & MasterCard accepted.
DEALER INQUIRIES ARE WELCOME,
107 E Main *2. Medlorct OR 97501 (503) 779-0076 'Apple U. DOS 3,3. and Atari 900 are regis- tered Irademarks, respectively, ol Apple Computer. Jnc. and Warner Communi- catioPA Inc
The games of tomorrow for ttie minds of today.
SPECIALS on INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
6502 7.45 10/6-95 50/6-55 100/6.15
6502/V6512A 8,40 10/7.95 50/735 100/690
6520 PIA 5.15 10/4.90 50/4.45 100/4.15
6522 VIA 6.45 10/6.10 50/5.75 100/5.45
6532 7.90 10/7.40 50/7.00 1 DO/6.60
2114-L200 3.75 25/3.50 1O0/3.25
2114-L300 3.15 25/2.90 100/2.65
2716 EPROH 7.00 5/6.45 10/5.90
2532 EPROM 14.50
S11B HIlKklZXi SCMOS RAM I4.SD
411B-Z0Dit RAM IKEC) 8 ftr 19
Zero lnserti:n Force 24 pHn Socket 2.00
6550 RAM (PET aK| 12.70
S-100 Wire Wrap Sockel 2 40
APPraducts 15% OFF APHobby-Blox 15% OFF
THE STAR MODEM
Frtm Pnillci/UnniMn OiU Sirttini
RS232 MODEM SALE S1Z8
IEEE 488 MODEM SALE $199
RSE3Z CCin J170
IEEE 488 CCin $270
We carry Apple 11+ from Bell & Howell
|g|IFORTH+ !orAp|)l) II S7S
A full-featured FORTH witti enliancements. Conlorms to FORTH Interest Group standards.
REVERSAL (Spracklen) 32K Apple 28 00
Data Manager (Lulus) 24 K Apple 40 00
Energy Miser ■ PET, Apple. Zenith 24 50
Hislo-Grapti (Boyd) 48 K Apple 24.50
Data-Graph (Boyd) 48K Apple 40.00
Apple II Users Guide (Ostjorne) 12.00
Introduction to Pascal (Sybex) 10.30
Pascal Handtiook (Sybex) 12 00
Musical Applications of Micros (Ctiamberlin) 2000
Basic FORTRAN (Coan) 725
CP/M Handbook (with MP/M) Za1<s 1 1 85
ProgramminQ Ifie B502 - Zaks 10,00
Microprocessor Interfacing Techniques 13,00
PET/CSM Personal Computer Guide (OstMrne) 1 2 00
PETand lhBlEEE-488Hus(GP!B) 1225
6502 Assembly Language Prog. ■ Levanlhal 1 3 50
Z-80 Assembly Language Prog. ■ Levanthal 12 75 8080W8085 Assembly Language Programming 1 2.75
Z8000 Assembly Language Programming 16,00
5809 Assembly Language Programming 1 3,50
6800 Assembly Language Programming 12,75
Tlie 68000 Microprocessor Handbook 5 75
BASIC and the Personal Computer (Dwyer) 1 1 00
B commodore
CBM-PET SPECIALS
|
llll |
SALE |
|
(1495) |
1100 |
|
(1995) |
1600 |
|
(500) |
400 |
|
(1795) |
1375 |
|
(2195) |
1760 |
|
(395) |
199 |
|
(995) |
795 |
|
(1295) |
999 |
|
(1295) |
999 |
|
(695) |
560 |
|
(795) |
630 |
|
(75) |
65 |
|
(299) |
269 |
|
(395) |
315 |
|
CALL |
|
|
(1995) |
1345 |
8032 80 X 25 CRT. business Keyboard
Micro Mainframe
8096 Board (extra 64 K RAM for 8032)
8050 Dual Disk Dnve - 1 megabyte
8250 Dual Disk Dfive - 2 megabyte
CBM IEEE Modem
4016 full size graptiics keyboard
4032 full size graphics keyboard
4040 Dual Disk Drive - 330.000 bytes
2031 Single Oisk Drive - 165.000 bytes
4022 Tractor Feed Printer
C2N External Cassette Deck
VIC 20 Color Computer
VIC 1515 Graphic Printer
Used CBM/PET Computers
8024-7 High Speed Printer
WE WILL MATCH ANY AOVERTtSEO PRICE '"*** EDUCATrONAL biscbUNTS ***^
Buy 2 PET/CBM Conputirt. rKilvi 1 FREE
WordPro 3 Plus - 32K CBI^, disk, printer 200
WordPro 4 Plus - 8032. disk, printer 325
OZZ Dala Base System for CBfd 6032 335
VISICALC (or PET. ATARI, or APPLE 1 55
SM-KIT - Siipir PET ROM Ulllltltl 40
Programmers Toolkit ■ PET ROM Utilities 35
PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36
2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40
Dust Cover for PET 7
IEEE-Parallel Printer Interlace for PET 110
IEEE-RS232 Printer Interlace lor PET 120
The PET Revealed 1 7
Library of PET Subroutines 1 7
4 PART HARMONY MUSIC SYSTEM for PET
The Visible Music Monitor, by Frank Levinson. allows you to easily enter, display, ediL and play 4 pan harmony music. Includes whole notes thru 64lhs (with dotted and triplets), tempo change, key signature, transpose, etc. The KL-4M unit includes D to A converter and amplifier ready to hook to your speaker KL-4M Millie RnnI vltti VMM Prognm S6I1
Watanabe
Intelligent
Plotter
WItTANABE 11X4671 PIlHir WATANABE Iin4675 G-M" Pliltir
DISK SPECIALS
SCOTCH (3M) 5" 10/2.75 50,'2-65 100/2.6D
SCOTCH (3M) 8" 10/2.80 50/2.70 100/2.65
Verbatim 5" 10/2.45 50/2.4O 100/2.35
(add 1 .00 for Verbatim 5" plastic storage box) BASF 5" soft 10/2 40 20 '2.35 100/2.3D
Willi fir print m WABASH DISKS
WE STOCK MAXELL DISKS
Diskette Storage Pages 10 for 3.95
Disk Library Cases 8" • 2.35 5' - 2.15
Disk Hub Rings 8" - 50 @ 7.50 5" • 50 <a 6.00
CASSEHES- AGFAPE-611 PREMIUM
High output low noise. 5 screw housings. C-10 10/56 50/.50 100/.48
C-30 10/.73 50/68 100/66
AJI other lengtfis available. Write for price list
SPECIALS
575 144S 115 355
EPSON MX-BO Prfntir
EPSON MX-BO F/T Priitir
EPSON MX-70 Frtitir
EPSON MX-100 Pifatir
Centronics 739 Printer with dot graphics
STAflWRITEB Dill) Wln< Priittr
Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor
Amdek Color Monitor
ALL BOOK ind SOFTWARE PRICES DISCtlUNTED
OSBORNE/McGrawHill. HAYDEN. SYBEXstc.
2ENITH DATA SYSTEMS
Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible) 725
ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 115
739 with 48K 2150
Extra 16K RAM Board 115
Z4 7 Dual 8" Drive 2775
Synertek Systems
SYM-I Mlcrucomputer SALE 205
SYM BAS-1 BASIC or RAE 1/2 Assembler 85
KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349
KTM-3/B0 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385
800 Computer
400- 16K
810 Disk Dnve
825 Printer
850 Interface
822 Printer
Paddle Pair
Joystick Pair
Atari 16K RAM CarlridQe
Atari Assembler/Ed I lor
TeieLink
Atari DOS 2
Pilot
Microsoft BASIC
Atari Educational Series
MISSILE COMMAND
ASTEIIOIDS
STAR HAIDERS
Space Invaders
Music Composer
Chess
Super Breakout
Write for prices on other Atari Items
ATARr
SPECIALS
749
329
449
629
139
359
17
17
85
46
20
21
68
68
20% oft
32
32
32
17
45
30
30
252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar, PA 18915
215 822 7727 A B CoRiputers
WRITE FOR CATALOG
Add $125 per order for shipping. We pay balance of UPS suilace ctiarges on all prepaid orders. F^es listed are on cash discount basis. Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change.
KM MM Pascal for PET/CBM
$85
A subsel ol standard Pascal wilh extensions
- Machine language Pascal Soorce Edilof with cjrsot oriented window mode
- Machine Langaage P-Code Compiler
- P-Code to machine language translator lor oqtimized object code
■ Run-time package
■ Floating poinl capatiility
- User manual and sample programs
Requires 32 K and disk. Please specify configuration
EARL lor PET (disk file based) $65
Editor, Assiirblar, Ralocilar, Unkir
Generates relocatable obiecl code using MOS Technokigy mnemonics Disk file input (can edit files larger than memory)- Links multiple object programs as one memory load- Listing (xitput to screen or printer Enhanced editor operates m both command mode and curso: oriented "window mode
RAM/ROM for PET/CBM
4K or 8K bytes of soft ROM with optional battery backup.
RAM/ROM IS compaiitile wilti any large l<eyt)oard mactime Plugs inio one ol the ROM sockets above screen memoiy to give you switch selected write protectable RAM Use ram/ROM as a soltwaie devetopmeni loot lo store data D< machine code beyond the nortial BASIC range tJse RAM/ROSA TO LOAD A ROM image where you have possible conflicts with more than one ROM requiring the same socket Possibfe applications indude machine language sort (such as SUPERSORT), universal wedge. Exlramon. etc RAM/ROM ■ ■ 4K $85
RAM/ROM ■ - 8K 1 20
Baltefy Backup Option 30
SUPERSORT by James Strasma S35
Supersort IS an eKcelienl geneial purpose machine language Sort routine lor PET/CBM comptilers Sorts tolh one and two dimensioned arrays al lightning speed in eittier ascending or descending order Other fields can be suOspneO when a match is lound and fields need not be many special order Sort arrays may be specified by name, and fields are random lengifi Allows sorting by bit to provide 8 categories per byte Tfie routine woiks with all PET BASICS- adjusts lo any memory size, and can co-exist with other programs m high memory
SuperGraphics
by John Flufiariy $oU
SuperGraphics piovides machine language extensions lo Commodore BASIC to allow fast ano easy plotting and iranipulation ol graphics on the PET/CBM video display as well as SOUND commands
Animations thai previously were too Slow or impossible without machine language subroutines now can bf pro- grammed directly m BASIC Move blocks lor rocketships.ctc I. or entire areas of the screen with a single easy to use BASIC command Scrol any portion ol the screen up down, let; oi light Turn on or oti any of the 4000 (8000 on 8032) screen pixels with a single BASIC command In high resolution mode draw vertical horizontal, and diagonal lines Draw a box fill a box, and move it around on the screen with easy to use BASI C commands
The SOUN D commands allow you to inttiale a note or series ol notes (or even several songsi from BASIC, and ttien play ttiem in the background mode without mtertering with youi BASIC program This allows your program to run al full speed with simultaneous graphics arxl music
SuperGraphics commands include GRAPHIC TE)fT RVS, SET DRAW FILL PLOT MOVE PRINT, CSET CMOVE, DISPLAY PUT SWAP PAUSE and SOUND
Please specify machine type and ROM version disk or tape
tMl
rgr PET/CBM Cimpiilin
Self Calculating
DATA BASE
REPORT WRITER MAILING LIST
I FORTH for PET
FLEX-FILE IS a set of flexible, friendly programs to allow you lo set up and mair- .,n a data base. Print files with a vefsatile Report Writer or a Mail Label routine Pro- grammers will find It easy to add subroutines to their own programs to make use of Data Base liles. RANDOM ACCESS DATA BASE Record Size limit is 250 characters. The number of records per disk is limited only by the size of each record and the number of records per disk is Iimtled only by the size ol each record and the amount of tree space on the disk File maintenance lets you step forward of backward through a file, add, delete, or change a record, go to a numbered record, or lind a record by specified field. The Find command locates any record when you enter all (or a poftisn ol) the desired ke</ Field lengths may vary from record lo record lo allow maximum packing of information Files may be sorted by any held, and any field may be specified as a key Sequential files from other programs may be convertetl to Flex-File formal, and Flex-File records may be converted lo sequential (WordPro. Paper Male, other word processors may also use Flex- File data] Maximum record S\te. fields per record, and order of fields may be changed at any fime. MAILING LARELS
With typical record size of t27 characters, each disk can handle over lODQ records (about 2800 with 8050 drive) Labels may be printed any number wide, and may begin in any column position There is no limit on the number or order of lields on a label, and two or three fields may be lOined together on one line Hike lirst name, last name, and title) A ■ type of customer' lield allows seleclive printing REPORT WRITER
Print any field in any column For numeric felds. use decimal point luslilication land round to any accuracy) Define any column as a series of mathematical functions performed on other columns These functions include arithmetic operations and various log and trig functions Pass results of operations such as running total from row to row At ihe end ol the report, print total and/or average lor any column Complele record selection, including field wilhin range, pattern match, and logical functions can be specifietl individually oi in combination with other parameters
FLEX-FILE by Michael HIlay $60
Please specify equipment configuration when ordering
Low Cost Disk Drive for PET/CBM
PEOISK II from cgrs Microtech is a new disk system ready lo plug into your large keyboard PET.'CBM PEDISK II olfers speed, reliability IBM compatiDilily Complete system prices with DOS and cable 5' 40 track, t drive. t43K S525
5' 40 track, t drive. 286K 690
8' IBM 3740 formal, 77 tiack. 25QK 995
PROGRAM YOUR OWN EPROMS
Branding Iron for PET/CBM $79
EPROM Programmer with software for all ROM versions Includes all hardware and software to program or copy 2716 and 2532 EPROMs
CBM StfhMn
Legal Time Accounting Package 445 Medical Accounting Package Compltti CBM Butlnii) Seftwirt Picliiga Can be tailored to meet most business requirements
Technician s Investment Analysis Package 500
Dow Jones Porltolio Management t29
Personal Tax Calculator 65
Tax Preparation System 445
Wofdcraft 30 WordprKessor Package 325
Pascal DevelopmenI Package 235
Assembler DevelopmenI Package 99
Inleitigent Terminal Emulator 30
Soflpac-1 iCompclilive Softwarel 29
BY L C. Cargile ant) Mictiael Riley $50
Features include
full FIG FORTH model- all FORTH 79 STANDARD extensions- Structured 6502 Assembler wifli nested decision making
macros full screen editing (same as when programming in
BASIC) auto repeat key sample programs
standard size screens (t6 lines by 64 characters), 1 50 screens per diskette on 4040, 480 screens on B050. ability to read and write BASIC sequential files, ntroduclory manual reference manual
Runs on any t6K or 32K PET/CSM (including 8032) wilh
ROM 3 or 4. and CBM disk drive. Please specily configuration
when ordering
Available soon
Metacompiler for FORTH S30
simple metacompiler for creating compacted ob|ect code which can be executed independently Iwilhoul the FORTH system)
ft 8 M^
PaperMate
GO COMMAND
WORD PROCESSOR
by Michael Riley
Paper-Male isa lull-leaturedword processor for CBM/PET, Paper-Mate incorporates 60 commands to give you full screen editing with graphics for all 16K or 32K machines (including 8032). all printers, and disk or tape drives.
For writing text, Paper-Male has a definable keyboard so you can use either Business or Graphics machines Shift lock on letters only or use keyboard shift lock. All keys repeat
Paper-Mate text editing includes floating cursor, scroll up or down, page forward or back, and repeating insert and delete keys. Text block handling includes transfer, delete, append, save, load, and insert
Alt formatting commands are imbedded m text for complete control Commands include margin control and release column adjust, 9 tab settings, variable line spacing, juslify text, center text, and auto pnni form letter (variable block) Files can be linked so ttiat one comrnand prints an entire manuscnpt Auto page, page headers, page numbers, pause al end of page, and hyphenation pauses are included.
Unlike mosi word processors, CBM graptiics as well as text can be used Paper-Mate can send any ASCtl code over any secondary address to any pnnler
Paper-Male lunctions with )6/32K CBM/PET machines, with any printer, and with either cassette or disk.
To order Paper- Mate, please specily configuration
Piper-Mite on disk or tipa 40.00
Microchess Checker King Gammon Gambler Time Trek Bridge Partner Visicalc
1700 1700 )7.00 13-45 t3,45 155 00
Hayden Soltwirt
Complex Mathematics Engineering Mathematics General Mathematics MCAPCircuit Analysis Program Energy Miser
12,70 12,70 12,70 2t.00 24.50
Jukabox Sarits lor PET by L C Cargile Excellent A part harmony music- -write for list Aulointled Simulations [EPYX) Fantasy