{"language": "en", "segments": [{"text": " Protection comes high, sky high.", "start": 12.6, "stop": 16.28, "id": 0}, {"text": " Today we must be on guard in the sky when it comes to protecting our resources.", "start": 19.12, "stop": 23.48, "id": 1}, {"text": " The national resources that are so precious to us.", "start": 26.8, "stop": 30.84, "id": 2}, {"text": " The offensive weapons are all here today.", "start": 71.52, "stop": 75.68, "id": 3}, {"text": " Super sonic, super destructive,", "start": 75.74, "stop": 79.02, "id": 4}, {"text": " seemingly unresistible.", "start": 81.92, "stop": 87.88, "id": 5}, {"text": " To protect the future of America, the defense techniques of", "start": 91.22, "stop": 97.32, "id": 6}, {"text": " tomorrow had to be discovered now.", "start": 97.32, "stop": 99.2, "id": 7}, {"text": " They were discovered in electronics. That is how SAGE and bursting", "start": 99.56, "stop": 105.94, "id": 8}, {"text": " computers into military service.", "start": 105.94, "stop": 108.48, "id": 9}, {"text": " Electronics for combat means new concepts, new tools, new weapons.", "start": 109.4, "stop": 115.44, "id": 10}, {"text": " You are listening to the heartbeat of the SAGE computer.", "start": 116.46, "stop": 119.56, "id": 11}, {"text": " Every instrument in this room is constantly monitoring, testing, pulse", "start": 121.04, "stop": 125.9, "id": 12}, {"text": " taking, controlling.", "start": 125.9, "stop": 127.6, "id": 13}, {"text": " For this is the programming and operation center for the SAGE computer", "start": 128.38, "stop": 133.28, "id": 14}, {"text": " which surrounds it.", "start": 133.28, "stop": 134.84, "id": 15}, {"text": " To it come continuous streams of data, which it continuously absorbs and stores.", "start": 135.26, "stop": 140.04, "id": 16}, {"text": " On magnetic drums, tapes, and cores.", "start": 141.08, "stop": 145.6, "id": 17}, {"text": " Data from radar units, Texas towers, picket ships, early warning", "start": 147.16, "stop": 154.02, "id": 18}, {"text": " aircraft, ground observer corps, weather bureau.", "start": 154.02, "stop": 157.58, "id": 19}, {"text": " To say nothing of up to the minute data on all regularly", "start": 158.32, "stop": 162.46, "id": 20}, {"text": " scheduled commercial air flights.", "start": 162.46, "stop": 164.06, "id": 21}, {"text": " It also packs away information as to the number, location, and characteristics", "start": 165.02, "stop": 169.86, "id": 22}, {"text": " of all military craft.", "start": 169.86, "stop": 171.56, "id": 23}, {"text": " All anti-aircraft guns, all defensive missiles in the area.", "start": 172.42, "stop": 176.6, "id": 24}, {"text": " And this computer is on the job around the clock with 24 hour a day reliability.", "start": 177.76, "stop": 183.58, "id": 25}, {"text": " It is really two computers, but only one is operating the system.", "start": 184.92, "stop": 190.42, "id": 26}, {"text": " The other with the same vast memory performs as a slave,", "start": 191.56, "stop": 195.1, "id": 27}, {"text": " checking calculations and results.", "start": 195.84, "stop": 197.72, "id": 28}, {"text": " Ready to take over in a matter of seconds should the master computer form.", "start": 198.82, "stop": 202.26, "id": 29}, {"text": " All this is housed in one of the new headquarters of computer defense.", "start": 203.08, "stop": 207.0, "id": 30}, {"text": " One of the direction centers of what the Air Force calls SAGE.", "start": 207.84, "stop": 211.8, "id": 31}, {"text": " Beyond the fantastic capacity for calculation and memory, SAGE possesses the", "start": 211.8, "stop": 217.28, "id": 32}, {"text": " newest and most revolutionary advance in data processing.", "start": 217.28, "stop": 221.06, "id": 33}, {"text": " The display scope, a computer generated visual display, on call as needed.", "start": 222.0, "stop": 228.94, "id": 34}, {"text": " Until SAGE, the miracle of the computer was its ability to calculate in split", "start": 229.88, "stop": 234.64, "id": 35}, {"text": " seconds and then provide printed information.", "start": 234.64, "stop": 237.02, "id": 36}, {"text": " But SAGE needed more than this.", "start": 237.56, "stop": 240.28, "id": 37}, {"text": " For the lightning shifts of air battle the Air Force requested from IBM, a", "start": 240.88, "stop": 244.82, "id": 38}, {"text": " computer capable of translating volumes of changing data into a continuous flow", "start": 244.82, "stop": 249.84, "id": 39}, {"text": " of interpretations, which could be understood at a glance.", "start": 249.84, "stop": 253.16, "id": 40}, {"text": " Air defense required split second presentation as well as", "start": 254.48, "stop": 258.76, "id": 41}, {"text": " split second calculation.", "start": 258.76, "stop": 260.36, "id": 42}, {"text": " Given this objective, IBM applied the latest extension of data processing.", "start": 261.16, "stop": 265.78, "id": 43}, {"text": " The display scope, a giant picture tube on which computer results are", "start": 267.02, "stop": 273.2, "id": 44}, {"text": " instantaneously and continuously translated into graphic images.", "start": 273.2, "stop": 276.98, "id": 45}, {"text": " In SAGE, airmen have the battle visualized for them on the", "start": 277.72, "stop": 281.94, "id": 46}, {"text": " computer generated display.", "start": 281.94, "stop": 283.92, "id": 47}, {"text": " Two floors above the great computers are the batteries of display scopes.", "start": 285.04, "stop": 289.26, "id": 48}, {"text": " Although they look like the offspring of a marriage between a television tube and", "start": 289.86, "stop": 293.7, "id": 49}, {"text": " a radar screen, display scopes do not show physical", "start": 293.7, "stop": 297.66, "id": 50}, {"text": " images transmitted from elsewhere.", "start": 297.66, "stop": 299.54, "id": 51}, {"text": " They display the results of the computer's findings.", "start": 300.6, "stop": 303.62, "id": 52}, {"text": " SAGE, with its display scope, also has one feature possessed by neither", "start": 304.38, "stop": 309.18, "id": 53}, {"text": " a television or radar screen.", "start": 309.18, "stop": 310.82, "id": 54}, {"text": " It has memory.", "start": 311.5, "stop": 313.18, "id": 55}, {"text": " In case of enemy air attack, not only can a clear picture of the changing air", "start": 314.14, "stop": 318.86, "id": 56}, {"text": " situation be displayed on a scope, but if the airman wishes to see how things got", "start": 318.86, "stop": 323.48, "id": 57}, {"text": " that way, the scope can recall any previous phase of the", "start": 323.48, "stop": 328.06, "id": 58}, {"text": " situation from the computer's memory.", "start": 328.06, "stop": 329.74, "id": 59}, {"text": " By analyzing the past, SAGE can project into the future.", "start": 330.54, "stop": 335.12, "id": 60}, {"text": " The computer can furnish information on the counter measures available so that", "start": 346.94, "stop": 351.88, "id": 61}, {"text": " the officer in charge can make his choice as to when and where to fight.", "start": 351.88, "stop": 356.2, "id": 62}, {"text": " Once he has selected a plan of counter attack, the computer guides", "start": 357.3, "stop": 360.82, "id": 63}, {"text": " interceptors and missiles to the enemy.", "start": 360.82, "stop": 363.08, "id": 64}, {"text": " After encounter, the computer guides the interceptors back to their bases.", "start": 363.98, "stop": 367.68, "id": 65}, {"text": " Aladdin's lamp couldn't do more.", "start": 369.0, "stop": 370.98, "id": 66}, {"text": " What is the most precious commodity that electronics defense wins us? Time.", "start": 371.86, "stop": 377.72, "id": 67}, {"text": " Long before the bomber reaches our defense perimeter, the computer's", "start": 379.48, "stop": 382.76, "id": 68}, {"text": " memory will identify it as friendly.", "start": 382.76, "stop": 384.3, "id": 69}, {"text": " But if a flight of planes were identified as hostile, then in a matter of", "start": 384.76, "stop": 390.22, "id": 70}, {"text": " minutes...", "start": 390.22, "stop": 392.92, "id": 71}, {"text": " Time is everything. This is electronic defense in depth.", "start": 405.46, "stop": 410.52, "id": 72}, {"text": " And what better reason for an effective air defense?", "start": 412.92, "stop": 415.74, "id": 73}, {"text": " But is this protection enough? Here is protection, too.", "start": 417.12, "stop": 420.66, "id": 74}, {"text": " The protection which comes with the possession of weapons of retaliation.", "start": 421.68, "stop": 424.84, "id": 75}, {"text": " Just as our defensive powers had been advancing,", "start": 425.66, "stop": 428.96, "id": 76}, {"text": " so have our instruments of attack.", "start": 429.6, "stop": 431.36, "id": 77}, {"text": " The demands of plane warfare required the fantastic ability of modern computers.", "start": 432.36, "stop": 436.98, "id": 78}, {"text": " The question was, how could the electronic computer be made airborne?", "start": 438.04, "stop": 442.72, "id": 79}, {"text": " Problems of consequence when designing a computer for ground installation became", "start": 444.16, "stop": 448.34, "id": 80}, {"text": " overwhelming when it was proposed to redesign them to fit into jet bombers.", "start": 448.34, "stop": 452.52, "id": 81}, {"text": " First, the problem of space and weight.", "start": 453.7, "stop": 456.48, "id": 82}, {"text": " The interior of a modern bomber is cramped for space as is.", "start": 457.32, "stop": 460.72, "id": 83}, {"text": " How can a bulky computer be fitted into it?", "start": 461.44, "stop": 464.2, "id": 84}, {"text": " For every extra pound of dead weight carried, a bomber must", "start": 465.18, "stop": 468.18, "id": 85}, {"text": " add many more gallons of fuel.", "start": 468.18, "stop": 469.78, "id": 86}, {"text": " Second, the problem of reliability.", "start": 471.42, "stop": 473.88, "id": 87}, {"text": " Could a computer be designed to withstand all the stresses of flight?", "start": 475.14, "stop": 479.24, "id": 88}, {"text": " [...] climate, turbulence.", "start": 480.26, "stop": 483.4, "id": 89}, {"text": " Third, maintenance.", "start": 485.18, "stop": 486.4, "id": 90}, {"text": " Could a computer be designed for easy ground and air maintenance?", "start": 487.62, "stop": 490.84, "id": 91}, {"text": " These and other problems were all finally solved by unique design and by", "start": 492.46, "stop": 496.92, "id": 92}, {"text": " employing the basic principle of modular construction.", "start": 496.92, "stop": 499.92, "id": 93}, {"text": " The same multiple arrangement principle which was applied in the design of this", "start": 499.92, "stop": 504.6, "id": 94}, {"text": " doll furniture enabled the Air Force to procure an airborne computer.", "start": 504.6, "stop": 509.24, "id": 95}, {"text": " By designing an electronic assembly packaged in self-contained units which are", "start": 509.9, "stop": 514.3, "id": 96}, {"text": " then joined, a computer of flexible construction was achieved.", "start": 514.3, "stop": 517.88, "id": 97}, {"text": " It can either be installed in a compact unit or parts can be", "start": 518.66, "stop": 522.52, "id": 98}, {"text": " distributed according to the space available.", "start": 522.52, "stop": 524.26, "id": 99}, {"text": " Self-contained units make it easier to achieve durable construction and easier to", "start": 528.66, "stop": 535.48, "id": 100}, {"text": " test each unit for reliability.", "start": 535.48, "stop": 537.18, "id": 101}, {"text": " Under all conditions, an airborne computer is likely to be exposed to and some", "start": 537.86, "stop": 542.7, "id": 102}, {"text": " highly unlikely ones.", "start": 542.7, "stop": 544.9, "id": 103}, {"text": " High altitudes up to 120,000 feet. Low temperatures down", "start": 545.42, "stop": 551.12, "id": 104}, {"text": " to 100 degrees Fahrenheit.", "start": 551.12, "stop": 552.78, "id": 105}, {"text": " Below zero. High temperatures up to 200 degrees Fahrenheit.", "start": 553.66, "stop": 557.44, "id": 106}, {"text": " Sunlight.", "start": 558.84, "stop": 559.44, "id": 107}, {"text": " And rain tests.", "start": 562.92, "stop": 566.74, "id": 108}, {"text": " Life tests of mechanical and electronic units.", "start": 569.14, "stop": 574.62, "id": 109}, {"text": " Vibration tests. In this test, the question is not will the computer work under", "start": 575.52, "stop": 580.92, "id": 110}, {"text": " this condition, but how long will it work?", "start": 580.92, "stop": 583.9, "id": 111}, {"text": " Once the continued capabilities of the airborne computer were established, there", "start": 584.64, "stop": 588.62, "id": 112}, {"text": " was only one other major obstacle. Field maintenance.", "start": 588.62, "stop": 592.92, "id": 113}, {"text": " To solve this problem, IBM drew on its commercial experience. It converted its", "start": 593.56, "stop": 599.32, "id": 114}, {"text": " control panels to military use.", "start": 599.32, "stop": 601.24, "id": 115}, {"text": " In order to test a unit of an airborne computer, the technician merely", "start": 602.18, "stop": 606.2, "id": 116}, {"text": " selects the proper control panel.", "start": 606.2, "stop": 608.06, "id": 117}, {"text": " He then plugs the units into the test equipment and the signal lights tell him", "start": 608.8, "stop": 613.62, "id": 118}, {"text": " whether the units are working or not.", "start": 613.62, "stop": 615.34, "id": 119}, {"text": " This puts testing computer units in the same class as testing light bulbs.", "start": 616.52, "stop": 621.58, "id": 120}, {"text": " Today, the airborne computer is no longer a theory nor an experiment. It's a", "start": 622.92, "stop": 629.46, "id": 121}, {"text": " fact, tested, functioning, practical, and restricted.", "start": 629.46, "stop": 634.86, "id": 122}, {"text": " It has gone into production under the label BRAIN. Bombing,", "start": 635.9, "stop": 640.56, "id": 123}, {"text": " radar, navigation equipment.", "start": 640.84, "stop": 642.58, "id": 124}, {"text": " A new plant is being rice to completion in Owego, New York to boost its output.", "start": 643.56, "stop": 648.1, "id": 125}, {"text": " Here is a scale model of a B-52 showing the relative locations of brain", "start": 648.9, "stop": 654.34, "id": 126}, {"text": " equipment. The rest of the system, computers, periscope, and screen, are designed", "start": 654.34, "stop": 661.0, "id": 127}, {"text": " to take up a minimum of space and to give a maximum of use.", "start": 661.0, "stop": 664.82, "id": 128}, {"text": " Computers have taken wing.", "start": 666.18, "stop": 668.66, "id": 129}, {"text": " Hey, Phil. I got some crosshair jitter in both azimuth and elevation. Would you", "start": 669.58, "stop": 675.76, "id": 130}, {"text": " pull the AR-5 and replace it with a spare?", "start": 675.76, "stop": 677.98, "id": 131}, {"text": " Sure, Dan. Give me a minute.", "start": 678.56, "stop": 680.04, "id": 132}, {"text": " It'll only be a second more.", "start": 683.78, "stop": 685.3, "id": 133}, {"text": " Yeah, I think I got it now.", "start": 687.64, "stop": 689.5, "id": 134}, {"text": " Okay, the amplifier is replaced. How's the jitter?", "start": 690.64, "stop": 693.24, "id": 135}, {"text": " Settle down. Yeah, it's okay now. Thanks, Phil.", "start": 694.4, "stop": 697.86, "id": 136}, {"text": " And as long as we're on guard, as long as we're ready to look ahead and", "start": 706.16, "stop": 712.92, "id": 137}, {"text": " move ahead, the future of America is secure.", "start": 712.92, "stop": 717.02, "id": 138}, {"text": " Thank you.", "start": 728.66, "stop": 734.62, "id": 139}]}