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ARCH/EOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT

Edited by F. L. GRIFFITH, B.A., F.S.A.

c I a! ;!

BENI HASAN

PART I.

BY

PERCY E. NEWBERRY

WITH FLANS AND MEASUREMENTS OF THE TOMBS BY

G. WILLOUGHBY FRASER, F.S.A. WITH FORTY-NINE PLATES

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND

LONDON

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Ltd.

Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road

AND AT THE OFFICES OF THE SOCIETY

37, Great Russell Street, W.C.

1893

^-t/io

DT £32.4

LONDON t GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED,

ST. John's house, clekkenwell road, e.c.

Loose sheet for reference.

THE EGYPTIAN ALPHABET,

WITH THE

OLD AND NEW METHODS OF TRANSLITERATION.

= a

= a

hV

w

*

D

= h = h

= h

P = «.

h h

h h

J} ch (as c/i in loch)

s s

				I \\ l	=	*	s	sh
=	u	to	u
				A	=	2	k	k
=	b ' .	b	b
				^z^s	=	h	h	k
—	P	P	P
				a	=	b	9	g (as in game
=	f	f	f	a	=	t	t	t
=	m	m	in	z=>	=	e	t	[til I t
=	n	n	10	c^>	=	d	d	d
=	r	/■	r	^	=	d	d	( j (as in jack) [d

The last column shows the conventional equivalents used in this volume in the case of proper names occurring in the translations and descriptions.

TO

REGINALD STUART POOLE, LL.D.

SOMETIME KEEPER OP COINS AND MEDALS AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM

PROFESSOR OP ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON

AND CORRESPONDENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE

THIS VOLUME

(THE FIRST MEMOIR OF THE ARCH^IOLOGICAL SURVEY OP EGYPT)

IS INSCRIBED

AS A SLIGHT RECOGNITION OP THE MANY KINDNESSES

AND GREAT ENCOURAGEMENT

THAT HAVE BEEN RECEIVED FROM HIM

BY

THE AUTHOR

AND

THE EDITOR

" They call the houses of the living Inns, because for a small space we inhabit these : but the sepulchres of the dead they name eternal mansions, because they continue with the gods for an infinite space. Wherefore, in the structures of their houses they are little solicitous, but in exquisitely adorning their sepulchres they think no cost sufficient."

Diodorus Siculus, Liber I. c. 51.

CONTENTS.

Editor's Preface vii

Preface - ix

Editorial Note . xii

General Notice of the Tombs : —

1. Situation ............ 1

2. Object 1

3. Date 2

4. Architecture ........... 3

List of the Tombs (Nos. 1-14) . . . 7

Detailed Descriptions of the Inscribed Tombs : —

Tomb No. 2 9

Tomb No. 3 39

Tomb No. 13 .73

Tomb No. 14 79

List of Plates, with References 87

vi

EDITOE'S PEEFACE.

The published records of the Archaeological Survey of Egypt commence with this volume. Before delivering its firstfruits to the subscribers, let me for a moment pause to recall with reverence the names of the great predecessors of half a century and more ago, who laboured in the same field, and now have, one after another, passed away. Beni Hasan is a name inseparably connected with each one : each of them has viewed these painted walls with admiration, and has hastened to profit by the curious information they afford.

At the head we see Champollion, whose master-mind first penetrated the deep obscurity that had gathered during so many centuries over the mysterious records of Ancient Egypt; with him was Rosellini, the artist- leader. Then came Lepsius, the great organizer of a small but compact expedition of picked men, who by strenuous exertions brought together from every quarter of the Egyptian world a vast store of the most precious scenes and inscriptions, the latter especially copied with unexampled accuracy.

These three pioneers were supported by the Governments of France, Tuscany, and Prussia, and their labours are enshrined in most magnificent and costly folios. England, too, has contributed her worthy in Wilkinson, the genial observer and student of the ancient paintings. Here, too, we must commemorate another Englishman — one who has as yet gained but little notoriety, although he may vie with the best representatives of our science in claiming the honourable recognition of his fellow-countrymen. Robert Hay, explorer himself and patron of explorers, was content to amass in his portfolios one collection after another of detailed and often minutely accurate drawings, copies of inscriptions and plans that put to shame most of the contemporary and later work. And this he did without being able to read one line of the strange characters which be facsimiled with so much care. He was without

viii EDITOR'S PREFACE.

doubt convinced that such work would be valued by a future generation, that would read the inscriptions with ease after the monuments themselves had been defaced.

As to the new enterprise, our sincere thanks are due to the Director- General of the Administration of the Antiquities of Egypt, for the permits which have been granted to facilitate a detailed exploration of the tombs.

No more need be said, except to remind the reader of this volume that the first efforts in any great undertaking must needs be experimental : when the Survey began there existed no school of Egyptology from which recruits could be drafted to the scene of action. Men had to be found who would risk their prospects for what might seem to be a wholly inadequate reward ; they had to be hastily trained, and above all they had to learn by experience in the country. We can now confidently hope that from year to year higher standards of efficiency will be reached both in the collection and in the publication of the records ; thus, in future, delays will be minimized, expenditure reduced, and the annual value of the results enhanced.

Our united aim has been perfection. We are proud even of our partial success ; but we are fully conscious that we have not yet raised the work to what should be its ultimate level.

F. L. GRIFFITH.

(Superintendent of the Archaeological Survey.)

PBEFACE.

In presenting this, the first volume of the Archaeological Survey, to the public, the author desires to make the following observations.

The object of the Survey publications is to give a faithful record of the monumental remains of Egypt, as well as all local information about them that can be gathered on the spot. That such work is needed for even the most frequented and best known monuments is proved by the present volume. The tombs of Beni Hasan had been illustrated and described by more than a dozen distinguished Egyptologists, and it was thought, before the Archaeological Survey Expedition started, that little that was new would result. Yet the existence of three hitherto unnoticed tombs was thereby for the first time made known to science, a large quantity of unpublished scenes and inscriptions were copied, and concurrently many errors were detected in the published texts.

In order to know exactly what had been previously done, I examined all the published matter referring to these tombs as well as the manuscript copies of the inscriptions and scenes made by Burton, Champollion, Rosellini, Hay, Nestor de l'Hote, and Sir Gardner Wilkinson. Of these, the collection of Hay, consisting of innumerable drawings, tracings, and extracts, with plans, have been found to be the most accurate and valuable. About the year 1830 complete copies of the Tombs 2 and 3 (excepting the shrines) were made by his practised hand, aided by the camera lucida, and reproductions of them were coloured under his guidance by a French artist : much has thus been recorded that is now faded and indecipherable. As to Tomb No. 3, several of the scenes published in the present volume have necessarily been derived from this excellent source. The remaining plates of paintings and inscriptions have been reproduced from full-sized tracings or hand copies made on the spot.

b

x PREFACE.

The Survey party sent out by the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Fund, and comprising Mr. Fraser, myself, and our servants, reached Beni Hasan on the 25th November, 1890. On the 2nd February, 1891, the party was increased by the addition of Mr. Blackden, an artist employed to make full-sized and coloured drawings of the most interesting of the wall-paintings ; on the summer setting in the Expedition returned home. Early in October Mr. Fraser left England again for Upper Egypt, and Mr. Carter (an assistant draughtsman) accompanied me thither a fortnight later. Mr. Fraser, who arrived at Beni Hasan at the end of October, was joined by us in the following week, and on the 22nd November the work of surveying the tombs and tracing the wall-paintings was completed. In January, 1892, Mr. Blackden again went to Beni Hasan in order to continue and finish his artistic work, but after a short time fell ill, and was unable to proceed with it. In January of the present year, Mr. Percy Buckman, Mr. John E. Newberry, and Mr. Howard Carter were therefore commissioned to complete the collection of coloured facsimiles, and now at length our task has been accomplished.

It was at first intended that all the materials thus collected at Beni Hasan (excluding only the coloured facsimiles) should be published together in one volume, but the quantity was found to be so great that it was decided to issue them in two parts. In all there are thirty-nine tombs at Beni Hasan : the first fourteen (counting from the north) are illustrated in the present memoir ; the remaining twenty-five will appear in Beni Hasan, Part II.

The survey, plans, elevations, and sections have been prepared from drawings made by Mr. G. W. Fraser, which have been checked, so far as it was possible to do so, by Mr. John E. Newberry. The frontispiece is taken from a water-colour drawing kindly lent by Mr. It. Phene Spiers, F.S.A., for the purpose. The phototypes are reproduced from negatives taken by Mr. Fraser, and the coloured plates from water-colour drawings made by Mr. M. W. Blackden. The remaining plates are reductions by photo-lithography from full-sized tracings or from hand copies made by the writer.

Many of those through whose early support the Survey was made possible, will probably ask why this memoir has not been issued sooner : why, in fact, it should have taken more than two years to prepare. The writer

PEE FACE.

must plead in reply that it is impossible to gather (and much less digest) materials of this kind without an ample allowance of time, and he ought also to point out that there have been several hitches during the progress of the work. The beginning also of an undertaking of this kind is always attended with many difficulties, and it is hoped that in future there will be no delay in the issue of succeeding memoirs.

In conclusion, the author must thank many friends who have helped him since his appointment on the staff of the Egypt Exploration Fund, and who have sympathized with him in the difficulties which he has had to overcome. Among these he must mention the late Honorary Secretary of the Fund, Miss Amelia B. Edwards, who, alas ! is no longer with us ; Professor R. Stuart Poole, to whom the present volume is inscribed ; Mr. H. A. Grueber ; Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie ; and last, but not least, Mr. F. L. Griffith. Without the ever-ready help of Mr. Griffith I could not have attempted to write the following work, and it is not too much to say that all which is of any permanent value in the present volume is due in the first place to him.

PERCY E. NEWBERRY.

The Tombs op Beni Hasan, January 12, 1893.

Owing to a combination, of circumstances and the pressure of a great variety of work upon the author, this memoir in its entirety did not come into the Editor's hands until the present month, when it was already long overdue to the subscribers ; the text was then in type, and all but three of the plates had been printed off Consequently there was little of either time or opportunity for a revision that was found to be much needed, especially for the plates of scenes in the Main Chamber of Tomb No. 3.

The additions and corrections on pp. 37, 72, and elsewhere, are due principally to a comparison of Hay's MSS., 29,813, and 29,847, foil. 61, 62, the latter containing copies of short inscriptions relating to the scenes of Tomb No. 2. Unfortunately Mr. Newberry's original materials were not available, so that some slight gaps in our information still remain unfilled. The Editor has naturally abstained from tampering with the text in regard to matters of fact, excepting where the amplest evidence existed in favour of a correction.

The Editor cannot but congratulate Mr. Newberry upon his achievement in general, and looks forward with the highest hopes to future volumes undertaken with a prospect of complete success.

British Museum, 28th March, 1893.

N.B. — An asterisk (*) attached to a hieroglyph in the text signifies that the printed form is inexact reference should be made to the plates or to the corrections on p. 85.

P. 9 and passim. The horns of the printed sign ^^ do not correctly represent those of the oryx, which have an even curve.

THE TOMBS AT BENI HASAN.

PART I.

GENERAL NOTICE OF THE TOMBS.

Situa- tion.

1. Gebel Beni Hasan, " the Hill of Beni Hasan," in which the tombs are excavated, is a link in the long chain of cliffs which bound the eastern edge of the Nile valley. In the map it would be found about half- way between the important towns of Minyeh and Roda. Geologists would describe it as of Eocene nummulitic limestone, and the adventurous explorer in the upper table-land would be rewarded by a collection of echini. The hill is named after a family of Arabs calling themselves Beni Hasan, " sons of Hasan," who settled at its foot, their villages after a short existence dying down and springing up again at no great distance from the original encampment. Of these villages, ruined or inhabited, there are now five.

The tombs are excavated in two ranges about half-way up the hill, being cut in thick strata of fine white limestone. The upper range is immediately below a bed of hard chert, and the great tombs in it are reached by a pathway leading from the plain, up the slope formed by the debris

from the cliff above. At the top of this slope is the lower range of tomb-pits, and the pathway continues up to a terrace, on to which all the great tombs open. From it a strikingly characteristic and picturesque view of the windings of the Nile is obtained.

2. This imposing situation must have been Object. selected by the chief inhabitants of the district as an appropriate site for their sepulchres. The inscribed tombs are of one period and belong, as usual, to men of rare wealth and dignity. The lower range possibly represents the necropolis of one or more large cities at various epochs, or may perhaps be the last resting-places of the retainers and humbler members of the great families who were interred in splendour above. The name of one city is certainly recorded in the inscriptions of the tombs as the residence of some of the deceased nobles.

This was

f® ^*— V] ®, Menat

Chufu, " the Nursing city of King Chufu." Of the twelve inscribed tombs eight are of

BENI HASAN.

governors of the Oryx nome, two of princes, and one of a son of a prince, of Menat Chufu ; the remaining one is that of a royal scribe. The great tombs were often decorated as befitted the exalted rank of the deceased, and in Tomb No. 3 we are informed by the prince Chnemhotep that he intended thereby to record for ever the names and occupations of himself, his family, and his entire retinue. Date. 3. The age of the group in general is that of

the Xllth Egyptian Dynasty, about 2500 B.C. On reference to the survey given in PI. ii., it will be seen that between Tombs No. 13 and No. 14 there is an interruption in the terrace and a slight change of level, the effect being sufficiently striking to have induced Lepsius to divide here the tombs of the upper range into a northern and a southern group. In the northern one are thirteen tombs, in the southern twenty-six ; making a total of thirty-nine. Of these only twelve are inscribed, and but three contain cartouches of kings. Tomb No. 14 bears the cartouche of Amenemhat I. ; Tomb No. 2 is dated in the 43rd year of the reign of Usertsen I., and the latest date in Tomb No. 3 is the year 6 of Usertsen II. Tomb No. 21 was hewn for a son of the owner of Tomb No. 14, and consequently its date cannot be before the end of the reign of Amenemhat I., or much later than that of Usertsen I. ; Tombs No. 4 and 23 are nearly contemporaneous with No. 3, as they both contain inscriptions mentioning near relatives of its owner.

Thus six out of the twelve inscribed tombs are easily dated.

To ascertain the age of the remaining six is more difficult. No one, however, who studies their paintings and inscriptions, can believe that they are separated from the others by any long interval of time. The style and subjects of the paintings, as well as of the inscrip- tions, show a close connection. The question

therefore to be settled is, are the six as yet undated tombs to be placed earlier or later than the others ; i.e. do they belong to the period immediately preceding the reign of Amenemhat I. or that immediately succeeding the reign of Usertsen II., the fourth King of the Xllth Dynasty? They can hardly be contemporary, as, except in the metropolis, two families of overpowering importance would not exist in the same place.

The earlier date is the more probable. If reference be again made to the survey given in PI. ii., it will be seen that the oldest of the dated tombs (No. 14) is situated at the extreme northern end of the southern group, and that it is probably later than its southern neighbour is shown by its plan (see PI. xliii. and p. 83). This not being symmetrical, clearly shows that the engineer was cramped for space, owing to the presence of No. 15 already excavated in the same rock. From the relative positions, therefore, of Tombs No. 14 and 15 it may be assumed that No. 15 is the earlier. The evidence of the paintings, architecture and inscriptions points the same way. We can now proceed a few steps farther in dating the remaining tombs. Tomb No. 17, according to the inscriptions, was hewn for a son of the owner of Tomb No. 15, who was again a son of the owner of Tomb No. 27. This fixes the relative dates of three more of the six hitherto undated tombs. Of the rest the date of Tomb No. 13 is doubtful ; by the resemblance of its style to early tombs at El-Bersheh, it is probably the oldest of the whole group. The chronological order of Tombs No. 29 and 33 can easily be settled, as No. 33 was made for a son of the owner of No. 29. The two tombs very closely resemble that of Remushenta (No. 27), and for certain archi- tectural reasons it may be concluded that they belong to the period immediately pre- ceding the excavation of Tomb No. 27.

BENI HASAN.

	The inscribed tombs may	now	be	arranged
	in	chronological order : —
		Tomb No. 13.
1		29. 33.
	2& 27 15.
		17.

tecture.

„ 14. Amenemhat I.

21.

„ 2. 43rd year of Usertsen I.

„ 3. 6th year of Usertsen II.

23.

.» 4.

Archi- 4. The tombs of the lower range consist

of mummy-pits only, which are of the same form as those in the tombs of the upper range. A plan and sections of one of the latter are shown on PI. xxiii., but for the most part the pits of the lower range are merely perpendicular shafts hewn in the rock, with one or more sepulchral chambers formed simply by the shafts being continued in a horizontal or inclined direction. These pits were filled up with stone debris, but the greater number of them have been cleared and rifled.

The tombs of the upper range are all exca- vated in the mountain side (see sections on PI. ii.), which has been cut away, and the stone dressed over a more or less extent of surface according to the intended dimensions of the tomb. A platform closed in on three sides was thus cleared in front, and a facade made, in which the door or portico was formed. They all have main chambers, in the floors of which mummy-pits are sunk. Architecturally these tombs may be divided into three groups.

I. Those with one or more halls of a square plan, but without columns or portico. To this group belong Nos. 6, 8-10, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22, 24-27, 29-31, 33, 34, 36-39. The doorways (see PI. xli.) lead into main chambers, the ceilings of which are either flat, as in Nos. 8, 13, &c, or in the form of a roof of very flat pitch, the ridge corresponding with the axis of the tomb, as in Nos. 27, 29, 33, &c.

II. Those without portico, but consisting of a main chamber, the roof of which is sup- ported by one or more rows of columns of the lotus-bud type (see Beni Hasan, Part II., PI. x.), running transversely to the axis of the tomb. To this group belong Nos. 14 to 18, 21, 23 and 28. A view of a typical entrance is given in PI. xlii. The ceilings are either flat as in No. 14, or in the form of a roof as in Nos. 15 and 17, but the portions between the columns and end walls are usually curved in the form of a segmental vault, the axis of which runs transversely to that of the tomb.

III. Those with an open outer court, a portico, a main chamber, and a shrine. To this group belong Nos. 2, 3, and 32. The entrance consists of a portico of two octa- gonal or 16-sided columns, with ceilings of curved sections. The main chambers are divided into three aisles by two rows of 16- sided fluted columns, which support curved ceilings similar to those of the portico. At the east end of the main chamber is the shrine, a small chamber with flat ceiling.

For more detailed information on the architecture, see the " List of Tombs " on p. 7, and the paragraph headed " Architectural Features," in the " Descriptions."

b 2

BENI HASAN.

PART I.

(TOMBS Nos. 1-14.)

LIST OF

THE TOMBS AT BENI HASAN.

(NOS. 1-14.)

Tomb No. 1. Unfinished, a rough-hewn portico only. No inscriptions, graffiti, or mummy-pits.

No. 2. Tomb of Amenemhat (vide detailed descrip- tion, p. 9).

No. 3. Tomb of Chnemhotep [II.] (vide detailed description, p. 39).

No. 4. Tomb of Chnemhotep [IV.] Unfinished, with portico in antis, which consisted of two (one now destroyed) fluted and well-proportioned columns (see PI. xxxix. and for details PI. xl.). The main chamber is only just begun, but sufficient has been done to show that the ceiling was not intended to be curved. No mummy-pits, paintings, or graffiti. Upon the lintel of the doorway to the main chamber is incised the following inscription, naming the owner of the tomb together with his titles and mother's name : —

<=> <& _ r-Q-i -=2=- ^7 *5u, -n.

u a UoD wm, ctd I v>^ ^J^. r

Hnmktp ir n nbt pr D>[t], " The erpa-'prinee, the ha- prince, Chnemhotep, born of the lady of the house Ja[t]."

(On the relationship of Chnemhotep [IV.J with the family of Chnemhotep [II.], see further Beni Hasan, Part II., General Notice, § 7, The Family of Chnemhotep.) The tomb was first described by Champollion (Monuments, Notices, tome ii., ff. 458-459, No. 5). On Lepsius' survey it is numbered 3 (BenhmaUr, Abth. i., Bl. 58).

No. 5. Unfinished, with portico in antis which consists of two 16-sided columns. The main chamber is unfinished, but was designed to contain three aisles of nearly equal width with curved roofs. No paintings, graffiti, or mummy-pits.

No. 6. Unfinished. In plan a small square chamber. No paintings, graffiti, or mummy-pits.

No. 7. Unfinished. One mummy-pit. No paint- ings or graffiti.

No. 8. Unfinished. In plan a small square chamber. Two mummy-pits.

No. 9. Apparently finished, but with no paintings or inscriptions. It consists of a small open outer court (with one mummy-pit), a rectangular main chamber (with one mummy-pit), and a small shrine.

No. 10. Unfinished. In plan a rectangular chamber. One mummy-pit.

No. 11. Unfinished, a portico in antis which con- sisted of two octagonal columns and curved ceiling. No main chamber, paintings, inscriptions, or graffiti. One mummy-pit in front of the entrance to portico.

No. 12. Unfinished. No mummy-pits, paintings, or inscriptions.

No. 13. Tomb of the royal scribe Chnemhotep (vide detailed description, p. 73).

No. 14. Tomb of Chnemhotep [I.] (vide detailed description, p. 79).

TOMB No. 2.

Tomb of the **«J» "^\ „«« a^ " Geeat Chief of the Oryx Nome,"

AMAM ^

^\ "■== Amenemhat.

(PLATES III.— XXI.)

FORMER DESCRIPTIONS AND COPIES.

The tomb was first described by

JOMARD in 1798 (Description de VEgypte, Antiq., Tome iv., pp. 336-340), who notes that it was then " bien conserve dans toutes ses parties." In March, 1825, it was visited by

JAMES BURTON (Diary, 1825, March 12-15, Brit. Mus. Add. MS. No. 25637, ff. 2, 4, 73, and Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 25657, f. 6) ; and three years later by the members of the Franco-Tuscan expedition under

CHAMPOLLION and ROSELLINI (Champollion's Lettres ecrits, p. 42; Monuments, pi. cccxcv., cccxcix., etc. ; Notices, Tome ii., ff. 425-434 and 458 : Rosellini's I Monumenti dell' Egitto e della Nubia, I. Monumenti storici, Parte prima, Tome ii., Tav. xxv., xxxiv., xxxvi., etc., II. Mon. civili, Parte seconda, Tome i., pp. 64-68, and MSS. in the Library of the University at Pisa). Small-scale copies of the paintings in the mail chamber were made by

ROBERT HAY in 1828, and copies of these were afterwards coloured for him by Dupuy in 1833 (Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 29813, ff. Add. MS. 29858, f. 67 ; Add. MS. 29857, if. 97-120). A few of the scenes and inscriptions were also copied by

"WILKINSON in 1834 (Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians (ed. 1878), Vol. ii., p. 173, etc., and MSS. in the possession of Sir Vauncey Crewe) ; by

NESTOR DE L'HOTE in 1840 (MSS. in the Bibl. Nat. Paris, Tome iii., f. 239) ; and by the members of the Prussian expedition under

LEPSIUS in 1842 (see MSS. at Berlin and Denkmaler, Abth. ii., Bl. 121, 122, 141, 152 g and h, Briefe, p. 89, 96-100).

At the time of the present survey the walls of the tomb were complete, and the scenes and inscriptions in the upper rows of the main chamber in good preservation, and apparently hardly injured since the time when Champollion and Hay made their copies in 1828. The lower rows, however, have suffered considerable mutilation since that time, and many of the inscriptions are now almost obliterated. In several places the plaster is scaling off, and the colours, owing probably to the preparations used by former copyists to bring them out, are fading fast. The inscription on and around the entrance to the shrine was covered with whitewash by the Copts, who apparently used the tomb for a church, and cut away the colossal seated figure of Amenemhat in the shrine to serve as an altar. The inscriptions and paintings in the shrine are much mutilated.

TOMB No. 2.

Period : Xllth Dynasty. (Usertsen I.)

Position : Northern Group. (Sketch Survey, PI. ii. No. 2.)

Name.

Rank.

Titles.

i^h

NAME, RANK AND TITLES OF THE OWNER OF THE TOMB.

/WVW\

_S> A t

*=^s Amenemhat, and shorter (I u "J (1(1 Ameni. These two forms of the name are varied

^ 1 /WW\A 11

A fi=A and A =

1 /WWV\ 1 1 /WWW

1 /WW\A -CT^t ^ I 1

Governor of the Oryx Nome, the XVIth nome of Upper Egypt, and a high official in the Court of King Usertsen I.

(a) Civil:—

D r-jo<, " J5Vpa-prince" : a title believed to imply a right of inheritance.

-=^ A<, " fla-prince."

^tn s'hw bitl, " Sahu (treasurer ?) of the King of Lower Egypt."

I ? smr w'ti, " Confidential friend of the King."

]

WAAAA

rh stn, " Royal acquaintance/' also 1 <=> rh stn m/', " True royal acquaint ance," and 1 <=> 1\ ^^. rh stn m/< m Km', " True royal acquaintance of the South.'

]wwa ^ hr dp H n Mihd, " Great Chief op the Oryx Nome."

i TriTT

I 1 1 1 1 1

Y n hrP nsti, " Regulator of the two thrones."

^* f7S> Ibv n 1 ° wr ...tmpr stn, " Great of gifts (?) in the house of the King." PI. xvii. (Cf. pi. vii. Jg ^)

o

mr isw'i (?) n shmh lb, " Superintendent of the two (?) pools

of sport.'

"V \v ^ mr lb (?) Inst (?) ho (?) bl (?), "Overseer of horns, hoofs, feathers and minerals," i.e. of the animals and mines of the desert (?).

c 2

12

BENI HASAN.

Titles— (cont.)

a <=>

I mr At nbt dldl pt km! t', " Superintendent of all things which

heaven gives (and) earth produces," i.e. of natural productions of all kinds.

I ^jj\ \m-ls, " He who is in the chamber." (Legal title.)

kjj ^ \r\ Nhn, " He who belongs to the city of Nechen." (Legal title.)

1 J5f hrdpNKb, "Chief of the city of Necheb." (Legal title)

(b) Military: —

i <§5> a% mr ms* wr n M',hd, " Chief captain of the host of the Oryx nome."

I /WWV\

(c) Religious :-—

I

1 y y V aaaa^ fj ^jkzh ^ ^^ ^ mr hnw ntr n Bnm lib Hrwr, " Superintendent I A A A u v <=> I • " ' <==> . . .

of the priests of Chnem, Lord of Herur." (Expressed shortly by J\ V V V.)

aa-wva p J) jfe J 1 J hn ntr n Sw Tfnt, « Priest of Shu and Tefnut."

Sjk, (^SSSP I V #» ntr Srw wh'-wi, "Priest of Horus Of the two scorpions." (Cf. p. 22.)

(1 S^v f||[] n V\ j y hn ntr 'Inp lynt pr smsw, " Priest of Anubis Within the House of

Shemsu."

d/ smty m ht Nt (?), "Consort in the house of the goddess Net."

m n

mr rw prw, " Superintendent of the temples/

^=s. JJ^ hr s.tf> n tndw ntr, " Set over the mysteries of divine words."

WW\AA 1

°*M*° ^v I U r~l W^H n s m & ntr> "Regulator of the sa (rank or succession) in the temple."

e==> q o | "^ $ "~^ <r=^ mr wpt htp ntr, " Superintendent of the distribution (?)

of the divine offerings.

_Ji v\ '--'-r-^- slh <>' n rnpt m pr'Im t, " A noble great of years in the house

of the god Am t." (Cf. pi. vii. and p. 22.)

§ fl\ J 1 hrhbhr dp, " Chief lector » (lit. " holder of the book "). R i\ 5 (T\ ^Z7 sm hrp indt nb[t], " ^em-master of all the tunics."

v; 6w(?)s(f). |f* m (?)•

/WW\A

d/ * fop -M iW, " Regulator of the temples of Net (?)."

BENI HASAN.

13

RELIGION.

Religion. No representation of any divinities occurs in the tomb. Prayers are exclusively addressed to the

two chief funereal gods, Osiris of the West, Lord of Abydos or of Dadu, and Anubis In the city of Embalmment upon his hill, or Lord of the Ta-jeser.

The following deities are named in the inscriptions : —

J^ "J? A J © Hnu hnt Hbniv, " Horus Within Hebnu." Hrw h rh/yt, " Horus, Smiter of the Kechit."

| ^ 'Im t (?). A form of the god Horus. (Cf. pi. vii. and p. 22.)

>$^ C$©3$P Hrw whcwi, " Horus Of the two scorpions." (Cf. pi. vii. and p. 22.) Q !fe? ^T ^ ® Hum nb Hrwr, " Chnem, Lord of Herur."

G3£?

X7

53 o (W\

Htm nb 'L-dbt (?), " Chnem, Lord of Aa-debt (?)." P,'l}t nbt St, " Pacht, Lady of the (Speos) Valley."

[ml I y I© =^^; Ht-hrw nbt Nfrws hnt tiwi, " Hathor, Lady of Neferus and Mistress

of the two lands."

J ^ ® Ht-hrw nbt Nfyn-bw, " Hathor, Lady of Nechen-bu."

P^ Sw, "Shu."

3^- <=> J) Tfnt, " Tefnut."

/WWW ill

(I Ql^v fjln □ \N. 'Inp &m[/] pr smsw, "Anubis In the house of Shemsu."

1 D Z_n_l \ /www i i I A Ti

Pth sir nb pt, " Ptah Socaris, Lord of Heaven " (p. 34).

a

Father. Name, unknown.

Parentage, unknown.

AM EN EM HAT'S PARENTAGE AND FAMILY.

Titles, °=^ hl, " /fa-prince ;" and by implication U&s jf^\ s(hw blt[i], " Sahw, Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt."

^

mr m&< wr n M,'hd, " Chief captain of the host of the Oryx nome."

14

BENI HASAN.

Mother.

Wife.

Children.

Name, \ vX 0 J) Enw, Henu.

A AWW\ 111

Parentage, unknown, but of noble descent, being a ^^ ""^ sit fyl, " daughter of a Ha-prince. Title, c* nbt pr, " Lady of the house."

Name, $^now Tltpt, Hotept (probably identical with the j^J j( n N] Et-hrw-htp, Hathor-hotep mentioned above the table of offerings on the south wall of the main chamber, pi. xvii.).

Parentage, unknown, but a

°=^7 s='( #c, " daughter of a Ha-prince.

Titles, | V ^ "^ I J> P © ^S £» ntr Ht-^rw nbt Nfrws hnt tlw'i, " Priestess of Hathor, Lady of Neferus, Mistress of the two lands."

1!^

^> hn ntr Plht nbt st, " Priestess of Pacht, Lady of the (Speos) Valley."

1 _ ~V o rl}t stn m,% " The true royal acquaintance."

nbt pr, " Lady of the house."

n i

One son. Name, £j § Enmhtp, Chnemhotep.

Titles, | fl\ J J br hb fir dp, " Chief lector."

j~r\ s'hw bit[%), " Sahtu of the King of Lower Egypt." smr wcfi, " Confidential friend of the King."

rh stn ml1 m Km1, " The true royal acquaintance in the South."

i mr mP, " Captain of the host."

Officers and Members of Household.

OFFICERS OF AM EN EM HAT'S ADMINISTRATION AND MEMBERS OF

HIS HOUSEHOLD.

The following list of officers is arranged in alphabetical order and not according to rank. Little is known of the various duties of the officers and servants here recorded beyond what can be gleaned from the inscriptions accompanying the figures. In each instance reference is given to the plate on which the officials are named.

Officers and Members of Household (cont.)

BENI HASAN. O j£> wbw, " Food-providers."

r\ .mini. a/ww\

^) ^T^ S-mn-nfyt, Semennecht. PI. xviii.

BR >WVW\

|\ /wsaaa Enm, Chnem. PI. xviii.

(3) ]\ (] ^ 'Imtf, Anatef. PI. xviii.

(4) ^^ (j ^ -N"^/, Nebatef. PI. xvii.

15

(5) U _Y^ ^ n Hnmwhtp, Chnemuhotep. PI. xvii.

(6) 8 ^X 0 ^> Hnw, Henu. PI. xvii.

f\ AAAAAA ..//

AAAAAA ^ -<\

(7) ^^ | ^ iVwfow, Neneksu. PI. xvii.

(8) | ^ Iftp, Hotep. PI. xviii.

(9) Gl ^ ^> Htw, Hetu. PI. xviii.

0

AAAAAA /~\ /WVW\

—J CI 3^ w6m' W ^ WW' " Food-Provider of the water-department." PI. xix. 1 - — a tjio] <-n stn, " Royal scribe."

a) 5^

Q Enm-nl}t si Bikt, Chnemnecht's son Bakt. PI. xiii.

-j. ra /www

(2) y ^j\ ^v>aa Enm, Chnem. PI. xiii.

\ <n and pfaj£ " Scribes."

jnr- pa /www

(1) u ^v A/WAA ff«w, Chnem. PI. xiii.

— cr v^ aaaaaa ^

^ Q AAAAAA

(2) o nr ^ Hiv-'nl}, Chuancli. PI. xiii.

AAAAAA

(8) ^ W, Necht. PI. xiii.

(4) 6 ^ ^^ Hnm-m-frt, Chnememhat. PI. xiii.

(5) Q 8 ^ Enmhtp, Chnemhotep. PI. xiii.

I J^* _fl wbmw> "Repeater" (i.e. The reporter of events to his master, or, as herald communicating his master's commands to the people). PI. xiii.

„ ^ wh<, " Fowler."

ra

^ Ht'nl}, Hetancb. PI. xix.

16

BENI HASAN.

Officers and Members of Household

(cont.)

^r=f wr swniv, " Chief valuer/' i.e. " he who fixes prices and wages (?)."

(1) § Etp, Hotep. PI. xix.

U ' T ^ Mlhd-Hnm si Hnm-s-'nl}, Mahej-Chnem's son Chnemseanch.

_j- AAWAA

(2) JgLQ

"11111 /WW\A

PL xiii.

? & pi] iL Hkl ht, " Governor of the citadel."

1 <^> 11 ,jfii;r2/' Akeri' P1- xviii- r— 1 ^ Hi f p-, " Maid house-messengers." (1) (] |^ (j 'Imi, Arna. PI. xix.

(2) V^. Hrw, Horus. PI. xviii.

A

(3)

QQ D

Hkt-Mp, Hekthotep. PI. xx.

(4) (j^j ^ 'Ikw, Aku. PI. xviii.

(5) (j ^jj ^ Tn&y, Anebi. PI. xviii.

(6) jg (| gj = ...&(?)■ PL xix.

(7) ^ (j MA, Mera. PI. xx.

I ^$ rn ft mr lbnwti, " Superintendent of the inner chamber."

(1) U il n Hnmhtp, Chnemhotep. PI. xvii.

(2) U K>k ^^ Hum, Chnem. PI. xix.

*>V^ mr *r*, " Superintendent of the warehouse."

U| n Hnmhtp, Chnemhotep. PL xx.

-£a>

I — j mr '■ryt, " Superintendent of the hall of judgment." "I T ^ j5f Ntr <-nl}, Neteranch. PL xiii.

ss

mr w, " Superintendent of land."

I ^ () (| V& Nfry, Neferi. PL xiii.

a. n

mr h,wt (?) ?

I <a|||

u &^ ^—^ ^5r Snmddt Chncmdej. PL xiii.

BENI HASAN.

17

Officers and Members of Household

(cont.)

! wr mr«;, "Superintendent of canals (?)." PI. xiii.

f=Q>

i i

Q Mt-f-htp, Metefhotep. PI. xiii. mr pr, " Superintendent of the house."

(1) I) ^ ^ 'i/Mift, Apneb. PI. xiii.

(2) ^ % ^ Dgw, Degu. PI. xiii.

I I I I I AMAAA

BPf

PI. xiii., and c/!

^s <— ««

i i i

3L'kd-Hnm si Hnin-s-cnJj,, Mahej-Chnem's son Chnemseanch.

wr swnw.

n

^ I n

? rar pr hd, " Superintendent of the silver- house."

A

Bikt, Bakt. PI. xx.

2T| mr pr n pr dt, " Steward of the house of eternity."

" « x