THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA, CEYLON AND BURMA. PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL. EDITED BY LT.-COL. C. T. BINGHASI. BTJTTERFLIES.-Vol. II. LIEUT.-COLONEL C. T. BINGHAM. LONDON: TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. CALCUTTA AND SIMLA : THACKER, 8PINK, & CO. BURMA : MYLE8 STANDISH & CO., BOMBAY : THACKER & CO., LIMITED. BERLIN : R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHIf. 11 CARLSTRASSJE. 1907. KK V FI PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, HK11 MON COURT, PI.KET STREET. 301 F27 P2I3 PREFACE. THIS the second volume of the " Butterflies " in the Fauna of British India series gives an account of the families Papilionidae and Pieridae, and of five out of the seven sub- families of the Lycsenidse. Of the Papilionidae the bulk of the forms come under the genus Papilio, in the arrangement of which into groups I have followed the Honorable W. Rothschild's paper, "A Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern Hemisphere excluding Africa " (Novitates Zoolo- gies, vol. ii, 1895, pp. 165-463). For the Pieridse I have found the late Mr. de Niceville's MS. of his unfinished and unpublished volume of the 'Butterflies of India' most useful. This MS., as already acknowledged in my Volume I, was kindly placed at my disposal by the authorities of the Indian Museum. With regard to the very large number of forms contained in the Lycsenidse, I have found it possible to divide them provision- ally into subfamilies on the structural characters of the imago or perfect insect. These subfamilies correspond to a certain extent with the divisions proposed by the late Mr. Doherty ('Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal/ vol. Iv, pt. 2, 1886, p. 110), which were founded on the 529910 IV PREFACE. structure of the eggs, and also to the groups as indicated in the key to the Genera of Lycaenidae in Mr. de Niceville's vol. iii of the ' Butterflies of India/ As in the previous volume I have to acknowledge with thanks the help I have received from correspondents aud friends. Mr. F. Moller, Darjiling, Major E. Stokes- Roberts, R.E., Capt. W. H. Evans, R.E., Mr. P. Mackinnon, Mussoorie, Mr. E. E. Green and Honorable F. M. Mackwood, Ceylon, Col. C. Swinhoe, late Indian Army, Col. Waller- Barrow, R.A.M.C., Lieut. C. C. Cunningham, 12th Kelat-i- Ghilzai Regt., and others, have been most kind in collecting or lending me specimens. I have also to express my thanks to the authorities of the British Museum for the free access granted me to the collections and library contained in the Natural History Museum. Without this, I need scarcely say, the present work could not have been accomplished. With regard to other works in this series, a volume on Phytophagous Beetles, a concluding volume on the Rhyn- chota, and short volumes on Land-shells and on Beetles belonging to the family Cicindelidae are in active preparation. Sanction also has been granted by the Secretary of State for India for a volume on the Orthoptera, and for a third and concluding volume of the Butterflies. C. T. BINGHAM. London, March 1907. SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Ore Sul i. 2. 3. 4. ler LEP1DOPTERA .... >order Papilionina n. 1. PAPILIONID.E Armandia, Blanchard. . . . 1. lidderdali, Atkinson . . Leptocircus, Swainson . . 1. curius, Fabr 2. meges, Zinken-Sommer Teinopalpas, Hope 1. imperialis, Hope .... 2. imperatrix, de Niceville. Papilio, Linn. Page 1 1 3 3 ! 9 10 14 15 16 17 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 33 34 34 36 38 39 41 43 44 47 49 50 30. polynmestoroides, Moore .... 52 53 54 56 57 59 59 60 61 63 64 64 66 67 68 70 71 72 75 78 79 80 81 82 82 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 22 94 95 97 100 101 104 106 31. p rote nor, Cramer .... 32. rhetenor, Westwood . . 33. bootea, Westwood 34. janaka, Moore 35. chaon, Westwood .... 36. fuscus, Goeze .... 37. noblei, de Niceville 38. polytes, Linn 39. pitmani, Elwes 8c de N. 40. sakontala, Hewitson . . 41. walkeri, Janxon .... 42. castor, Westwood .... 43. mabadeva, Moore .... 44. dravidarum, Wood- 1. helena, Linn 2. aeacus, Felder 3. minos, Cramer 4. davsius, Gray .... 45. agestor, Gray 46. epycides, Hewitson . . 47. slateri, Hewitson .... 5. hector, Linn 6. aristolochiae, Fabr. . . 7. jophou, Gray 8. doubledayi, Wallace . . 9. rhodifer, Butler 10. varuna, White 1 1 . aidoneus, Doubleday . . 12. zaleucus, Hewitson . . 13. latreillei, Donovan. . . . 14. adamsoni, Grose-Smith. 15. polla, de Niceville 16. philoxenus, Gray .... 17. ravana, Moore 18. nevilli, Wood-Mason . 19. crassipes, Oberthiir . . 20. alcinous, Klug 2 1 . machaon, Linn 22. xuthus, Linn 23. demoleus, Linn "*4 helenus, Linn. . 49. paradoxus, Zinken- Sommer 50. caunus, Westwood 51. elephenor, Doubleday . 52. doddsi, Janet 53. bianor, Cramer 54. polyctor, Boisduoal . . 55 paris, Linn. . . 56. krishna, Moore 57. arcturus, Westwood . . 58. palinurus, Fabr 50. buddha, Westwood . . 60. crino, Fabr 6 1 . evan, Doubleday .... 62. gyas, Westwood .... 63. glycerion, Gray 65. antiphatea, Cramer . . 66. agetes, Westivood .... 25. iswara, White 26. deraolion, Cramer 27 niemnon, Linn '28. mayo, Atkinson 29. polymnestor, Cramer. . 68. aristeus, Cramer .... 69. eurypylus, Linn SYSTEMATIC INDEX 70. bathycles, Zinken- Sommer ............ 71. agamemuun, Linn. . . 72. cloantlms, Westwood . 73. sarpedon, Linn ....... 74. xenocles, Doubleday . . 75. macareus, Godart .... 76. megarus, Westwood . . 5. Paruassius, Latr ....... 1. jacquemonti, Boisduval 2. epaphus, Oberthiir , . 3. hardwickei, Gray ____ 4. delphius, Erersm ..... 5. charltonius, Gray .... 6. inaperator, Oberthiir . . 7. acco, Gray .......... 8. simo, Gray .......... 6. Hypermnestra, Mtnttries . 1* helios, Nicker I ...... Page 108 108 110 111 113 114 115 116 118 120 123 126 127 128 129 131 131 Fam. 2. PIEKID^E .......... 134 1. Leptosia, Hubner ...... 137 1, xiphia, Fabr ......... 138 2. Delia?, Hubner ........ 139 1. eucharis, Drury .... 141 2. liierta, Hubner ...... 142 3. descombesi, Boisduval . 144 4. aglaia, Linn ......... 145 5. thysbe, Cramer ...... 146 6. agostina, Hewitson . . 147 7. belladonna, Fabr ..... 148 3. Prioneris, Wallace ...... 150 1. thestyli*, Doubleday . . 151 2. clemanthe, Doubleday . 153 3. sita, Feider ........ 154 4. Anaphseis, Hubner .... 155 1. nie&entina, Cramer . . 155 5. Baltia, Moore .......... 158 1. sliawi, Bates ........ 159 2. butleri, Moore ...... 159 6. Aporia, Hubner ........ 160 1. soracte, Moore ...... 161 2. balucha, Marshall. ... 162 3. nabellica, Boisduval . . 163 4. agathou, Gray ...... 163 5. harrietse,<fc Nictcille. . 166 7. Pieris, Schrank ........ 167 1. rapse. Linn ........... 169 2. brassicte, Linn ....... 170 3. naganuin, Moore .... 171 4. deota, de Kiueville .... 171 5. canidia, Span-man . . 172 0. napi, Linn ........... 173 7. chumbien&is, de Nice- ville .............. 174 S. krueperi, Standing?!' . . 1 75 Page 9. daplidice, Linn 175 10. glauconome, Klug .... 176 11. chloridice, Hubner . . 177 12. callidice, Esper 178 8. Synchloe, Hubner 179 1. lucilla, Butler 180 2. belia, Linn 180 9. Huphina, Moore 181 1. let, Doubleday 182 2. nerissa, Fabr 183 3. nadina, Lucas 188 10. Ixias, Hubner 192 1 . pyrene, Linn 193 2. verna, Dnice 195 3. marianne, Cramer. . . . 196 4. nola, Swinhoe 197 11. Appias, Hitimer 197 1. libythea. Fabr 200 2. nero, Fabr 202 3. hippo, Cramer 203 4. indra, Moore 205 5. lalage, Doubleday 208 6. paulina, Cramer .... 210 7. galathea, Feider 211 8. aibina, Boisducal .... 212 9. leis, H iilmer 213 10. wardi, Moore 214 12. Lade, de Nicecille 216 1. lalassis, Grose-Smith . . 216 13. Saletara, Distant 217 1. chryszea, Frxhstorfer . 217 14. Catopsilia, Hubner 218 1. crocale, Cramer 219 2. pyrantbe, Linn 221 3. Hovella, Fabr 223 4. scylla, Linn 224 15. Dercas, Doubleday 225 1. verhuelli, Van der Hoeven 226 2. lycorias, Doubleday . . 227 16. Gonepteryx, Leach 228 1. rhamni, Linn 229 2. zaneka, Moore 230 17. Colias, Fabr 232 1. hyale, Linn 234 2. ladakensis, Feider 236 3. nastes, Boisduval 238 4. alpberakii, Staudinyer . 239 5. dubia, Elwes 239 6. wiskotti, Staudinger . . 240 7. eogenf, Feider ..... 241 8. stoliczkana, Moore . . 242 9. croceus, Fourcroy .... 243 | 18. Terias, Swainson 244 1 . venata, Moore 246 2. libvthea. Fabr. . , . 247 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 3. lajta, Boisdui-al Page 248 24q Page 2. Xeopithecops, Distant. . . 309 1. zalmora, Butler 309 5. hecabe, Linn 2o() 9,54 3. Spalgis, Moore 310 1. epius, Westwood . . 311 7. sari, Horsfield U6 4. Taraka, de Niceville 312 257 1 hamada Drue" 312 *>59 5. Megisba, Moore 313 19. Colotis, Hiibner 1 . amata, Fabr 2. protractua. Sutler .... 3. phisadia, Godart .... 4. vestalis, Butler 5. fausta, Olivier <?. eucharis, Fabr 7. etrida, Boisduval .... 8 danae Fabr 259 261 2(53 264 265 266 268 270 271 1. malava, Horsfield 313 6. Cvaniris, Dalman 315 T. vardhana, Moore 318 2. akasa, Horsfield 318 3. marginata, de Niceville. 319 4. melsena, Doherty .... 320 5. albocserulea, Moore . . 321 6. transpecta, Moore 322 7. puspa, Horsfield 323 20. Hebomoia, Hiibner 1. glaucipp3, Linn 2. roepstorfi, Wood- Ma*on 21. Pareronia, de Niceville . . 273 274 276 276 277 8. lilacea, Hampson .... 324 9. albidisca, Moore .... 325 10. placida, de Niceville . . 326 11. cyanescens, de Niceville 326 12. chennelli, de Niceville . 327 13. rnusina, Snetten 328 2 hippia Fabr 278 14. victoria, Sivinhoe .... 329 3. piugasa, Moore 4. ceylanica, Felder .... Farn. 3. LYCJEXIDJE 280 281 ?8-? 15. limbata, Moore 329 16. lanka, Moore 330 17. dilecta, Moore 331 18. jynteana, de Niceville .. 331 Sabfam. 1. Gerydinte ] . Gerydus, Boisduval .... 1. symethus, Cramer. . . . 287 2^8 290 19. coelestina, Kollar .... 332 20. huegeli, Moore 333 7. Lycaeua, Fabr 334 1*. astrarche, Bergstr. . . 337 2. iris, Staudinger 337 2. ancon, Doherty 3. boisduvali, Moore .... 4. longeana, de Niceville . 5. croton, Doherty 6. bi^fsii, Distant 291 292 293 294 295 3. young-husband!, Elwes. 338 4. icarus, Rottenberg .... 339 5. eros, Ochsenheimer . . . . 340 6. stoliczkana, Felder 341 7. loewii, Zeller . . 343 7. irroratus, Druce 2 Allotinus, Felder 295 296 8. devanica, Moore 344 9. sarta, Alpherdky 345 1. drumila, Moore 2. multistrigatus, de N. . . 3. horsfieldi, Moore .... 4. subviolaceus, Felder . . 5. taras, Doherty 6. panormis, Elwes 7. nivalis, Druce 3 Logc'inia, Distant 297 298 299 300 300 301 301 302 10. christophi, Staudinaer. 346 11. omphisa, Moore 347 12. galathea, Blanchard . . 348 13. orbitulus, Esper 349 14. hylas, Wiener Verzeich. 351 15. pheretes, Hiibner .... 352 8. Neolycaena, de Niceville . 353 1. sinensis, Alpheraky . . 354 1. marmorata, Moore. . . . 2. watsoniana, de Niceville 3. ruassalia, Dokerty .... Subfam. 2. Lyc&ninte 303 303 304 305 9. Zizera, Moore 355 1 . maha, Kollar 355 2. lysimon, Hiibner .... 357 3. gaika, Trimen 359 4. otis, Fabr 360 10. Azanus, Moore . . . 361 1. Pithecops, Horsfield . . . . ] . hvlax, Fabr 307 30S 1. ubaldus, Cramer 362 2. uranus, Butler 363 2. fule-ens. Dohertu . 308 3. iesous. Giterin . . . 303 SYSTEMATIC JYDKX. 11 Chilades, Moore 364 2. pandava. Horsfield. Pagr ... 412 1. laius, Cramer 365 3. cnejus, Fabr . .. 415 2. trochil us. Freuer . 367 20. Tarucus, Moore . . 417 12 Orthomiella, de Niceville . 368 1. theophrastus, Fabr. .. 417 1. pontis Elwes 369 2 yenosus Moore 419 13 Niphanda Moore 370 3. plinius, Fabr ... 420 1. cymbif , de Niceville . . 370 21. Castalius, Hiibntr . . . . .. 421 14 Lycsenesthes, Moore . . . . 372 1. ananda, de Niceville .. 423 1. emolus Godart 373 2. rosimon. Fabr. . . . ... 424 2. lycaenina, Felder .... 375 3. ethion, Doubleday * 15. Talicada, Moore 375 Hewitson . . . 426 1. nyseus. Guerin 376 4. roxus, Godart . .. 427 16. Eveves H i/.hnt*}' 377 5. decidia Hewitson 429 1. argiades. Pallas 378 6. elna, Hewitson . . . '.'.'. 430 2. potanini, Alpheraky . . 379 7. ruanluena, Felder . . . . 431 3. kala, de Niceville .... 380 22. Polyommatus, Latr. . .. 432 17. Nacaduba, Moore 381 1. bceticus, Linn. . . . ...432 1. macrophthalma, Felder 382 2. kerriana, Distant .... 384 Subfam. 3. Curetince .. 434 3. pavana, 4. bhutea. Uortjield de Niceeille . £85 386 1. Curetis, Hubner .. 435 5. dana, de Niceville .... 386 1 . thetis, Drury .. 437 6. Lampsoni, de Niceville . 7. atrata, Horsfield 387 ! 388 2. bulis, Doubleday Hewitson .. 441 8. plumbeonjicari«, ]frood- Maso n 380 Subfam. 4. LiphyrmtB . . . 448 9. ardates 10. noreia, 1 1 . coelestis Moore 7,V tflw 391 393 393 1. Liphyra, Westwood. . . 451 Jceiaei , de Niceville . . 1. brassolis, Westwood .. 452 12. hernius 13. ancyra, Felder Felder 394 395 Subfam. 5. Poritiince .. 457 18. Hubner 396 1 Poritia, Moore . . 457 1 . bochus, Cramer 398 1. hewitsoni, Moore . . .. 460 2. coruscans, Moore .... 400 2. erycinoides, Felder. . .. 461 3. lacteata , de Niceville . . 401 3. sumatrae, Felder . . .. 462 4. subdita, Moore 5. pura, Moore 402 403 4. pleurata, Heivitson. . 5. phraatica, Hewitsori .. 464 . . 465 6. celeno, Cramer 404 6. harterti, Doherty . . . . 466 7. elpis, Godart 407 7. phalia, Hewitson . . .. 467 8. rogersi. liinqham .... 408 8. pediada, Hewitson . . .. 469 0. kondulana, Felder. . . . 409 2. Zarona, de Niceville . . .. 470 19. Catochryso ps,£oisdural. . 410 1. jasoda, de Niceville . . 471 1. strabo. Fabr. . . 411 2. zanella. de Niceville .. 471 ERRATA. Page 19. Papilio hector. Reference to PI. XI, fig. 83 omitted. ,, 25. Papilio varuna, race astorion. Ditto to fig. 84 omitted. „ 62. Papilio polytes, aberration. Eeference should be to PI. XVI, fig. 104, not to %. 105. „ 2|7. Saletara chrysaa. Keference should be to PL XVII, figs. 114 and 115, riot to figs. 14 & 15. „ 274. Hebomoia glaucippe, race australis. Reference to PI. XVIII, fig, 122 should be transferred to after Hebomoia roepstorji on page 276. Order LEPIDOPTEHA. Suborder PAPILIONINA. Family PAPILIONID.E. Efjy. " Dome-shaped, smooth or obscurely facetted, not as high as wide, somewhat leathery, opaque.'' (Doherty.) Larva. Stout, smooth or with a series of fleshy tubercles on the dorsum : sometimes with a raised fleshy protuberance (the so-called hood or crest) on the fourth segment which is also generally thickeued above. The second segment has a transverse opening, out of which the larva can protrude at will an erect, forked, glandular fleshy organ that emits a strong, somewhat pleasant, but always penetrating odour. Pupa. Variable in form but superiorly most often curved back- wards, sometimes very strongly so ; angulate, with the head truncate or rounded, often bifid ; back of abdomen smooth or tuberculate. Attached by the tail, normally in a perpendicular position, and further secured by a silken girth round the middle. In Parnassius strangely enough the pupa is placed in a loose silken web between leaves. Imago. Wings extraordinarily variable in shape. Hind wing very frequently with a tail, which may be slender, or broad and spatulate, but is always an extension of the termen at vein 4. In one genus, Armandia, the termen of the hind wing is prolonged into tails at the apices of veins 2 and 3 as well as at vein 4. Pore wing (except in the aberrant genera Parnassius and Hypermnestra) with all 12 veins present and in addition a short internal vein, vein 1 a, that invariably terminates on the dorsal margin. There is also a short transverse vein present at base of wing between the median vein and vein 1 a in all genera except Leptocircus, Armandia, Parnassius, and Hypermnestra. Hind wing : vein 1 a absent; precostal vein and precostal cell both present; dorsal margin not excavated so as to receive the abdomen, but in the male frequently folded over and studded within the fold with specialized scales (androconia) or hairs that are often strongly 2 :PAJ'ILIOKID.&. scented. Antennae comparatively short, with generally a distinct club ; " the distal joints mostly more expanded ventrally than dorsally, so that the club is curved dorsad " (Jordan). The scaling most extended in Leptorircus, but in Papilio confined to the basal joints. Body stout ; claspers at apex of abdomen in the male generally well-developed, absent in a few forms. Six walking legs ; the fore tibiae with a medial pad ; claws simple except in one form of Leptorircus, which has them bifid. A Fig. 1. — a. Venation of anterior portion of fore wing — Pariiassiits. b. Do. do. do. —Papilio. c. Venation of anterior portion of hind wing— Armandia (1) Precostal cell. d. Venation of anterior portion of hind \\me-Papilio (1) Precostal cell. c. Venation of anterior portion of fore wing — Lcptocircus. f. Side view of head — Tcinopalpus. y. Do. do. — Papilio. h. Anal valves of group Ornithoptera. i. Do. do. typical Papilio. Key to the Genera of the Papilionidae. A. Fore wing: vein 8 present. «. Hind -wing : precostal cell elongate, longer than broad ARMANDIA. p. 3. b. Hind wing: precostal cell short, much broader than long. a. Fore wing: vein 11 out of basal half of subcostal ; hind wing remarkably long, narrow, and posteriorly attenuate. LEPTOCIRCUS, p. 5. b'. Fore wing : vein 11 out of apical half of subcostal ; hind wing not remarkably long, often tailed but not posteriorly attenuate. ARMANJJTA. O a-. Head produced in front, palpi long, porrect ; seen from side beak- shaped TEINOPALPUS; p. 7. b-. Head not produced in front; palpi short, pressed close into face, not porrect PAPILIO, p. 10. B. Fore -wing : vein 8 absent. a. Club of antennae long, gradual, cylindrical. PARNASSIUS, p. 116. b. Club of antennte short, abrupt, flattened. . HYPERMNESTRA, [p. 131. Genus ARMANDIA. Armandia, Blanchard, Comptes Rendus, Ixxii, 1871, p. 809 ; Kirby, Allen's Nat. Hist., Butt, ii, 1896, p. 247 ; Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 124. Bhutanitis, Atkinson, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 570. Type, A. tJiaidina, Blanchard, from W. China. Range. Bhutan ; Assam ; Upper Burma ; W. China. (5 $ . Tore wing elongate ; costa nearly straight ; apex very broadly rounded ; termen oblique ; tornus obtusely rounded : dorsum straight; veins 1 to 12 present; cell longer than halt' length of wing, veins 6 and 7 closely approximate at origin, both from upper apex of cell, upper discocellular therefore absent ; middle long, concave, lower inwardly oblique; vein 9 from well beyond upper apex of cell, 10 and 1 1 free from apical half of sub- costal. Hind wing: costa arched, upper portion of termen scal- loped, in the Indian form the emarginations are deep and thus make short broad tails or a broad acute tooth at apices of veins 5 and (5 ; in both the typical and Indian forms there are long slender tails at apices of veins 2, 3, and 4, the tail at apex of vein 4 very long, that at apex of .vein 3 shorter and at apex of vein 4 shorter still ; tornal angle lobed and rounded, dorsum straight ; cell moderately long ; upper discocellular about half the length of the middle but much longer than the lower discocellular ; precostal cell longer than broad. Antennae short, about one-fourth the length of the fore wing ; club long and gradual, but well-marked ; head not produced in front ; palpi slender, porrect ; body moderately robust. Two forms are known, one of wrhich only has been so far recorded from within our limits. 480. Armandia lidderdali, Atkinson (Bhutanitis), P. Z. S. 1873, p. 570, pi. 50, S ; Kirbi/, Syn. Cat. Di. Lep. Suppl. 1877, p. 808 ; Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 125, pi. 413, tigs. 1, 1 «, d $ • J $ . Upperside dull black. Fore wing with the following ochraceous-n bite slender markings : — basal, subbasal, medial, aud preapical lines from costa across cell, the first three continued in a series of more or less diffuse curves to the dorsal margin, the pre- apical terminates on vein 3 ; beyond apex of cell a somewhat broken transArerse line from costa to vein 3 followed by a complete discal transverse line, a short upper postdiscal somewhat ill-delined 132 4 PAPILIONIDjE. line that terminates on vein 4 and a subterminal complete line ; all the lines except those that cross the cell formed of a series of short curved lines in the interspaces. Hind wing with similar ochraceous-white lines more or less in continuation of those on the fore wing with the addition of a broad line along vein 1 and the median vein, these two lines do not reach much beyond the base of vein 4 ; a large lower discal patch, the inward half scarlet, the outer half velvety-black, followed by broad subterminal bright yellow lunules in interspaces 1 to 4 ; the tails edged very narrowly with ochraceous white ; the black on the outer half of the discal patch has in interspaces 1 and 2 very large ill-defined superposed white spots thickly shaded with brownish grey except along their inner margins. Underside similar, all the markings broader, base of cell in hind wing crossed by a short ochraceous-white bar, and Fig. l.—Armandia liddcidali, $ . the edges of the precostal cell with narrow lines of the same colour. Antenna? black ; head, thorax, and abdomen dull black • the thorax greenish grey laterally, the sides of the abdomen with cross-lines of ochreous white. JEtvp. rf $ 115-124 mm. (4-15-478"). Hob. Bhutan; Assam, the JSTaga Hills; Upper Burma the Chin Hills. Mr. Doherty found this beautiful insect in considerable numbers in the Naga Hills. Speaking of its habits and the localities in which it occurs, he says : — " It generally keeps to the ridges, occasionally descending into the valley, once almost down to 5000 feet. Afterwards I found it on the western side of Japoo at 7000- ARMAKDIA. — LEPTOCIRCCS. 5 8000 feet, and between the two places we got one or two every clay. At Mas, in Manipur, I have taken worn specimens at 7500- 9000 feet. My Lepchas, who collected at Buxa in Bhutan, say there is no chance of another brood The butterfly drifts about among the tree tops, rarely descending to the ground ; the crimson of the hind wings is not so conspicuous as one might think, and if one loses sight of it for an instant, it is very hard to make out again, its transparent dark grey wings being hardly distinguishable among the shadows, and it is blown about by the wind more like a dead leaf than a living insect. Its flight is much like that of Hestia but less buoyant and circling, as might be expected from its angular wings; nevertheless its resemblance strikes one. Seen from above it must be much more conspicuous and is no doubt a protected insect; at the same time its weak flight may even add to its chance of escape as it certainly does with ffestia, for it is impossible to calculate the direction in which it is making. The whole body and wings give out a delicious odour, which remains for some days after death. In some positions and at some distance Ai-mandia looks like Daiiais tytia, Grray, which is very common in the same places. Armandia hovers about flowers like other Papilios. During rain it alights on a leaf and droops its fore wings over the hind ones, thus covering the bright colours." The late Capt. Watson, who recorded this insect from the Chin Hills in Burma, states that it is single-brooded. Mr. Doherry, however, in the Xaga Hills, took several specimens in good condition towards the end of September, so that apparently there is an autumn brood in some localities. Genus LEPTOCIRCUS. Leptocircus. Swaimon, Zool. lllust., Ins. ii, 1833, pi. 106; Dbldftt/., Westw. #' Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1847, p. 22 ; Moore, Lep. L\d. v, 1901-1903, p. 132. Type, L. meyts, Zinken-Sommer, from Java. llanfje. Malayan Subregion ; Assam to Java. d1 $ . Fore wing : costa slightly arched at base, then straight, the apex curved downwards ; termen straight ; torn us well-marked ; dorsum straight ; cell narrow, short, not half length of wing, its upper apex acute ; discocellulars, upper and middle oblique, sub- equal ; vein 8 out of 7 beyond upper apex of cell ; 10 and 11 free, 10 from upper third, 11 from above middle of subcostal vein. Hind uing long, produced at vein 4 into a very long, very narrow tail ; cell remarkably short, about one-seventh of the dorsal margin ; shoulder of costal margin at base strongly angulate, the apex of the angle rounded. Antenna? long ; club broad, abrupt, spatulate ; palpi short, closely approximate to the head, as in most of the forms in the family. Male sex-mark present in one of the forms (absent in the other), as a tuft of long radiating hairs at the base of the dorsal margin. 6 PAPILIOXIDJE. Key to the forms of Leptocircus. a. Fore wing: terminal black edging broad and broadened towards apex of wing ; transverse band white, discal rather than subbasal .... L. curius, p. G. b. Fore wing : terminal black edging narrow, not broadened towards apex of wing ; transverse band green, subbasal rather than discal L. meyes, p. 6. 481. Leptocircus curius, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 9 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 85; id. Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 134, pi. 417, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 i, c? $ . 3 £ • Vpperside dull brownish black. Fore wing : a broad outwardly oblique white transverse band that crosses from a little beyond the basal third of the costal margin to the dorsum, its outer half hvaline, followed by a hyaline triangular area that does not reach the costa or the termen but is traversed by conspicuously black veins. Between the semihyaline transverse band and the hyaline area the black forms a more or less even band slightly narrower in the middle ; the black edging to the costa and termen broad, broadened towards the apex ; cilia black. Hind wing : the Transverse white band of the fore wing is continued straight across and ends in a point on the outer half of vein 3, but is not hyaline along its outer margin ; posterior half of the wing dull dark brown, irrorated towards the base of the long narrow tail at vein 4 with \\ hite scales ; cilia black, white below vein 5 and along outer side of basal half of tail, the latter tipped white. Underside similar, but the ground-colour opaque brownish black ; a broad outwardly ill-defined earthy-grey streak along the base of the wings produced slightly down the dorsal margin of hind and along the costa of the fore wing ; the oblique white band on the hind wing joined by a cross sinuous short white line from the dorsal margin to its apex ; below this latter a number of irregular white spots on the torual area. Antennae, head and thorax black, abdomen dark brownish black ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish ; claws of the tarsi bifid. Male with sex-mark. Exp. d1 ? 42-52 mm. (1 -68-2-0"). Hub. Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay Peninsula, Siam, C. and W. China. 482. Leptocircus meges (PI. XI, fig. 81), Zmken-Sommer (Papilio), Nov.Act.Acad. Nat. Cm: xv, 1831, p. 161, pi. 15, fig. 8: Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 85 : id. Lep. Ind. v. 1901- 1903, p. 136, pi. 417, figs. 2, 2 a, 26, rf £. Leptocircus virescens, Sutler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. 1869, p. 259. cf $ . Very closely resembles L. curius, but differs constantly as follows : — Transverse band across fore wing placed further in towards the base ; this band on both fore and hind wing greenish, not white, and not as in curius with its outer margin hyaline on the fore wing; black terminal edging to fore wing narrower, of even width throughout. Male without sex-mark. LEPTOCIRCITS. — TEINOPALPUS. / Exp. <5 ? 44-50 mm. (176-nearly 2"). Hab. Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending into the Malayan Sub- region as far as Java. In October 1892, on the Taungjah Pass over the Dawnat Eange in Tenasserim, the late Mr. de !N"iceville and I found a $ of this form ovipositing on the underside of the leaves of a creeper with compound leaves, each leaf consisting of three leaflets. This plant was subsequently identified by Dr. David Prain as Illigera burm- anica, King, family Combretacece. The eggs, of which we collected t\vo or three, were spherical, smooth, pale green, almost trans- parent, and of the usual papilionid form. Genus TEINOPALPUS. Teinopalpus, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xix, 1843, p. 131 ; Moore, Lep. Ind, v, 1901-1903, p. 127. Type, T. imperialis, Hope, from N.E. India. Eange. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; "Western Upper Burma ; Tenasserim ; C. China. c? $ . Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa arched ; apex acute, slightly produced and falcate in the J ; termen slightly concave in <S , straight in $ ; tornus rounded ; dorsum straight, about three- fourths the length of the costa ; cell rather short, not quite half length of wing ; upper discocellular very short, not half length of middle ; middle long, concave, about twice length of lower ; vein 9 from apex of cell or from a little beyond ; 10 and 11 free. Hind wing, d1 : costa arched ; termen scalloped or zigzag, broadly toothed at apices of all the veins except vein 4, at apex of this it is produced into a long slender non-spatulate tail ; dorsum slightly incurved, without an abdominal fold; $ differs from the <3 as follows : — the termen produced at apices of veins 2, 3, and 5 into short tails, and at apices of veins 4 and 6 into long narrow non- spatulate tails ; cell short, upper discocellular much longer than middle. Antennae short, about one-third length of fore wing ; club short, broad, somewhat abrupt; head produced in front, tufted, palpi porrect ; viewed sideways the projecting front and palpi have somewhat the appearance of a bird's beak ; legs slender. Key to the forms of Teinopalpus. n. Upperside of hind wing : discal yellow fascia extended into apex of cell .............. T. imperialis, p. 8. b. Upperside of hind wing : discal yellow fascia not extended into apex of cell .......... T. imperatrir, p. 9. $$• a. Upperside of hind wing : upper discal patch grey or violet-grey .................... T. imperialis, p. 8. />. Upperside of hind wing : upper discal patch diffuse dusky black ................... , T. imperatrix, p. 9. 8 PAPIL1OXIDJE. 483. Teinopalpus imperialis (PI. XI, fig. 80), HOIK, Trans. Linn. Soc. xix, 1843, p. 131, pi. 11, figs. 1, 2, <?; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 128, pi. 414, figs. 1, 1 o-l c, <J 2 • Teinopalpus parryise, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. xix, 1843, p. 131, pi. 11, figs. 3 &4, 2-- Teinopalpus imperialis, race himalaicus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. v, 1898, p. 002. Teinopalpus himalaicus, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 130, pi. 415, figs. 1, 1 «, rf 2 . d . Uppers ide black, densely irrorated with green scales. Fore wing : an outwardly oblique, slightly concave subbasal band and a narrow terminal edging jet-black due to the ground-colour there being devoid of the green scaling ; beyond the subbasal band the irroration of scales is a much brighter greeu, especially along the outer edge of the subbasal band itself ; but along obscure, broad, convergent discal and postdiscal transverse bands and along a sub- terminal much narrower band, the green scaling thins out and the black ground-colour of the wing shows through ; in some specimens, owing to the transparency of the wings, the rich ochraceous-brown colour of the underside gives the black on these bands a reddish tint. Hind wing : basal area margined outwardly by a narrow irregularly sinuous band devoid of greeu scaling, succeeded by an upper discal bright chrome-yellow patch that spreads from base of interspace 3 across the apex of the cell and bases of interspaces 4 and 5 to the costa ; this patch is bluntly angulated outwards in interspace 5, stained with orange anteriorly and bordered outwardly by black which is widest above : below the patch a white line extends to the dorsurn ; the postdiscal area is deep dark green, margined inwardly by diffuse dark grey- and followed outwardly by a subterminal series of lunular markings, the tornal and upper two or three of which are yellow, the rest bright green ; tail tipped with yellow. Underside : basal area of both fore and hind wing densely covered with green scales. Fore wing : terminal two-thirds rich ochraceous brown, the green of the basal area bordered by black : discal and postdiscal bands also black, widened and diffusely coalescent posteriorly ; an incomplete, very slender subterminal black line and broader black terminal edging, neither of which reaches to the apex. Hind wing much as on the upperside, but the yellow markings broader. Antennae dark red ; head, thorax and abdomen black, covered somewhat densely with green hairs and scales. — $ much larger, differs also in coloration and markings as follows: — Upperside, fore wing: the irroration of green scales on the terminal two-thirds restricted to a sub- terminal moderately broad band diffuse along its inner edge, and a medial somewhat ill-defined similar band that is bordered both on the inner and outer sides by diffuse dusky black ; this is succeeded by two broad diffuse transverse dark grey bands, the outer of the two edged on its outer side narrowly with black, followed by a subterminal green band and terminal velvety-black margin. Hind wing: the upper discal yellow patch so conspicuous in the J, TEINOPALPUS. 9 replaced by a very much larger dark grey patch, below which com- paratively narrow markings of yellow extend up to the dorsum ; a postdiscal sinuous lunular narrow black band and a subterminal .series of green lunules as in the J, but the apical lunule dark grey, not yellow ; the tail-like extensions of the termen at the apices of veins 3 to 6 are black shaded with green, those at the apices of veins 4 and 6 tipped, the former with yellow the latter with greenish- white. Underside similar to the underside in the c? , but on both fore and hind wing the areas coloured with rich ochraceous and yellow are grey, with the exception of a well-marked moderately broad subterminal band on the fore wing which is of a dull ochraceous colour; on the hind wing the grey discal area extends right up to the apical lunule of the subterminal series. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the J . Exp. tf $ 90-127 mm. (3-55-5"). Hal). Sikhim, above 6000 ft. ; Bhutan ; the hills of Assam and of Western Upper Burma ; Central China. The larva of this magnificent butterfly, according to Mr. Knyvett, feeds on Daphne nipalensis, but so far as I know, no description of it has been published. I am quite unable to separate the Sikhim form of this insect, even as a race. The points of difference between it and the Assam form are extremely variable, and the most prominent of these, viz. the paler tint of the grey area on the upperside of the hind wing in the 5 , is perhaps the most variable of all the characters. An Assam specimen of the $ in the collection of the British Museum is far and away paler than any Sikhim specimen I have seen. Mr. Elwes says that in Sikhim this insect is only found in the forest region from about 6000 to 10,000 feet elevation, and that " it is most difficult to capture on account of its remarkably strong, rapid and dashing flight, and its habit of resting on high trees, from which it flies only during a few hours of the morning " (Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 421). The females are much scarcer than the males. I once saw a $ on the wing and rather low down, in a clearing on the hill above the Eungarun Porest bungalow near Darjiling. According to Col. Swinhoe, T. imperialis is common in the Khasia Hills in Assam. 484. Teinopalpus imperatrix, de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xii, 1899, p. 335, pi. BB, <$ $ Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 131, pi. 416, figs. 1, 1 a, rf?. c? . " Differs from T. imperialis, Hope in the following particulars: — Upperside: fore wing darker green, the black f round-colour showing through the green scales more prominently. lind wing with the rich chrome-yellow discal fascia with its inner edge not encroaching on the discoiclal cell instead of reaching well into it, that portion of the fascia in the second subcostal interspace 10 PAPILIONIDjE. considerably longer ; all the tooth-like projections on the outer margin much longer, especially those at the terminations of the 2nd subcostal and 1st median nervules. Underside : fore wing with the five black fasciae crossing the wing much broader, espe- cially the middle one. Hind wTing with the discal yellow fascia broader. — $ . Considerably larger than that sex of T. imperialis. Upperside : both wings much darker, all the black coloration more prominent. Hind wing has the pale violet black-irrorated discal area of T. imperialis almost entirely replaced by a black suffused area, the black line closing the cell entirely obliterated ; the chrome-yellow subanal area at least twice as broad, the outer discal lunulated black fascia consequently placed much nearer to the outer margin ; all the tails very much longer. Underside : both wings with much the same differences as on the npperside. " Exp. $ $ 4'4-5'7 inches. "Hah. Taungoo Hills, 4000 feet, Upper Tenasserim, Burma." The type specimens are now in Mr. Rothschild's collection. Genus PAPILIO. Papilio, pt., Linn. Syst, Nat. ed. x, i, 1758, p. 458. Papilio, Latr. Hist. Nat. Cmst. et Ins. iii, 1803, p. 387. Troides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 88. Ornithoptera, Boisduval, Toy. Astr., Lep. 1832, p. 33. Type, f. priamus, Linn., from Amboina. Range. Both hemispheres. cJ $ . Wings vary extraordinarily in shape and in expanse. Fore wing : cell about half the length of the wing or more ; upper and middle discocellulars subequal or upper slightly longer than middle, lower discocellular bent sharply inwards at an angle so as to apparently form the apical portion of the median vein ; veins 7 and 8 stalked, the furcation at varying distance beyond apex of cell, but the fork generally long ; vein 9 from upper apex of cell ; 10 and 11 free, in one section vein 11 anastomosed with 12, both originate from beyond middle of subcostal vein. Hind wing : cell and discocellulars very variable in length, pre- costal spur simple. Antennae comparatively short ; club generally gradual but distinct ; eyes naked ; palpi short, pressed close into the face. Linna3us placed under Papilio a vast number of butterflies, now arranged in different families, dividing them merely into groups. Latreille first restricted the name to the "swallow-tails." "In this action he has been followed by all authors until now it has become the all but universal custom to apply it to an immense group." (Scitdder.) In this work I have with one or two alterations followed Kothschild's revision of the genus PapiUo (Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, pp. 167-463), and have accepted the groups and their sequence as arranged by him. I have, however, placed Troides, Hiibner = PAPILIO. 11 OrnitJioptera, Boisduval, which Eothschild has as a distinct genus, under Papilio as an additional group. A division of the Indian " swallow-tails " into groups, founded on the structure of the larva and pupa, was also proposed by Messrs. Davidson & Aitken (Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 361), but their paper deals only with the very limited number of the forms found in the Bombay Presidency. There is no hard and fast rule as to the value of characters that may serve for generic distinction : it varies in each order of insects. The subdivision of the large and unwieldy genus Papilio will be a convenience. This has already been carried out by Mr. Moore in the ' Lepidoptera Indica ' and also by other writers, but, as I understand, Mr. Eothschild and Dr. Jordan are now engaged on a fresh revision of the genus founded on an exami- nation of the forms of these insects from all parts of the world, I prefer to await the result of their studies, and in the meantime have adopted Mr. Eothschild's tentative arrangement. Key to the Groups of Papilio. A. Fore wing : vein 11 not anastomosed with vein 12. a. Males without anal valves to abdomen . . HECTOR group, p. 18. b. Males with anal valves to abdomen. a'. Anal valves open on upperside COON group, p. 23. b'. Anal valves not open on upperside, normal. (C-. Wings large, of comparatively great expanse ; abdomen remarkably heavy and massive ; anal valves very large, prominent OBXITHOPTEKA group, IP. Wings generally of less expanse ; [p. 13. abdomen not particularly heavy or massive; anal valves of moderate size. «3. No conspicuous blue or green colouring or markings on upper- side of wings. a4. Hind wing : upper and middle discocellulars subequal, or upper shorter than middle. «'. Both sexes : hind wings with- out tails Nox group, p. 25. b\ Both sexes : hind wings with tails LATKKILLEI group, b1. Hind wing : upper discocellular [p. 27 longer than middle. a\ Fore wins: not acutely pointed at apex, not falcate. a1: Upperside of fore wing in (5 densely clothed with short hairs on its terminal half HELENUS group, p. 41. 12 PAPILIONJD.S. HHETENOR group, [p. 54. /A TJpperside of fore wing in J not densely clothed with hair on its terminal half. a'. Hind wing tailed in one sex only. rt8. Hind wing not tailed in cJ, always tailed in $> ; dorsal margin of wing on underside bordered with red . . If. Hind wing not tailed in <$ , sometimes tailed in § ; a patch of red at base but no border of red along dorsal margin MEMNON group, p. 46. V. Hind wing tailed in both MACHAON group, p. 35. BOOTES gi'oup, p. 55. is. Tail short, slender, not spatulate is. Tail longer, broader, spatulate. «9. Underside : a patch of red at base of wings 69« Underside: no patch of red at base of wings Hind wing without tail in both sexes. ts. Hind wing : upper dis- cocellular nearly as long as subcostal vein. «°. Fore wing elongate ; dorsal margin less than half length of costal b9. Fore wing shorter, broader; dorsal mar- gin at least two- thirds length of costal. a10. Fore wing: vein 8 out of basal fourth of 7 Z»10. Fore wing : vein 8 out of basal third of. 7 !»8. Hind wing: upper disco- cellular much shorter, not half length of sub- costal vein . NEPH ElA'S-l'OLYTES [group, p. 58. PROTENOR group, [p. 52. CLYTIA group, p. 73. CASTOII group, p. 65. AGESTOR group, p. 69. * Except in Papilio demolctis, Linn., neither sex of which has the hind wing tailed. PAPILIO. 13 b~'. Fore wing acute and curved at apex, strongly falcate. . . . PAYENI group, p. 91. lr\ With conspicuous green or blue colouring and markings on upper- side. «*. Hind wing without tail ELEPHEXOK group, bl. Hind wing Avith tail. " [p. 80. rt '. Fore wing in c? with or with- out woolly adnervular streaks on upperside. a8. Such streaks always present, one along middle of inter- space 1 BIANOB, group, p. 81. b''. Such streaks " not always present, when present none along middle of inter- space 1 PALINURUS group, b*. Fore wing in tf without any [p. 88. woolly streaks PAHIS group, p. 84. B. Fore wing : vein 11 anastomosed with vein 12. a. Fore wing short and broad ; dorsal margin much more than half length of costal. a'. Hind wing with slender tails. (ft. Hind wing in tf without a cottony scent-organ on the inner side of abdominal fold. n3. Fore wing: upper 'discocellular very much longer than middle discocellular ; GLYCERIOX group, 63. Fore wing : upper discocellular [p. 93. very little longer than middle discocellular ANTIPHATES group, b-. Hind wing in 3 with a cottony [p. 96. scent-organ on the inner side of abdominal fold. «a. Fore wing : white bands on an- terior portion without scales on upperside AGKTES group, p. 100. b3. Fore wing: white bands on an- terior portion with scales on upperside AuisTKUSgroup,p. 101. b'. Hind wing without tails MACAREUS group, b. Fore wing more elongate ; dorsal margin [p. 112. about half as long as costal EURYPYLUS- AGAMEMNON group, [p. 105. OnXITHOPTEKA GnOUP. J 5 . Fore wing : costa arched ; apex not acute, rounded ; termen oblique ; tornus well-marked but rounded ; dorsum straight ; cell more than half length of wing ; upper discocellular slightly oblique, shorter than middle in the Indian forms, middle concave; veins 10 and 11 free, 10 from upper third, 11 from middle of subcostal. Hind wiug not tailed in the Indian forms ; 14 costa short; termen strongly curved, round, scalloped; tornus promi- nent but rounded; dorsum straight; abdominal fold in rf moderately broad, lined within with a cottony scent- organ. Antennae elongate, club curved ; thorax and abdomen robust, the latter very massive ; $ anal valves very large and prominent. Pupa, unlike that of the other groups of the geniis, sustained by separate lateral threads attached to a tubercle on each side and not by a loop round the middle. Key to tlie forms of the Ornithoptera Group. a. Underside of hind wing : cell yellow, black only at extreme base. a'. Underside of hind wing : interspace 1 yellow, with a large oval and a smaller black spot in terminal third, or yellow with posterior half diagonally black. «2. Underside of hind wing black along costal , T> 7 , margin, extended into interspace 7 ...... K1 JJE ^A V. Underside of hind wing black along costal ' cetbenis> P- 14- margin, not extended into interspace 7 . . P. ceacris, p. 15. I'. Underside of hind wing : interspace 1 black, with a narrow yellow streak anteriorly .... P. minos, p. 10. b Underside of hind "wing : cell black ; apex only yellow, basal half at least black ............ P. darsius, p. 17. a. Underside of hind wing : interspace 7 black, no i p / / , yellow spot at its base .................... \ ' l / u ' , , b. Underside of hind wing : interspace 7 black, with ' rus' P' J4< a small yellow spot at its base. a. Cell yellow, basal third only black ........ P. ceacus, p. 15. b'. Cell black, apex only yellow ............. P. darsius, p. 17. c. Underside of hind wing: interspace 7 black, with a large yellow spot at base or basal half yellow. P. minos, p. 16. 485. Papilio helena, Linn. Si/st. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 461. Race cerberus (PI. XI, fig. 82). Papilio pompeus, Gray (nee Cramer), Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. i, 1852, p. 5; Moore (nee Cramer, Ornithoptera), Cat. Lep, Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 87, <$ $ ; Ehves (nee Cramer, Ornithoptera), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 422. Papilio cerberus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864, p. 291 ; Moore (Ornithoptera), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 145, pi. 490, figs. 1,1 a-lc, <J$. Ornithoptera heliaconoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 592 ; W.-M. 8f de N. J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 237 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901- 1903, p. 147, pi. 491, figs. 1, 1 «-l c, <$ $ . Troides helena cerberus, liothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 219, J $ . Race cerberus, Felder. — S . Upperside : fore wing rich velvety . PAPILIO. 15 black with adnervular pale streaks ou either side of the veins beyoiid the cell ; cilia short, black, alternated with pale buffy white in the middle of the interspaces. Hind wing : the abdominal fold, the apical half obliquely of interspace 1, the termen broadly, the base of the cell and the costal area up to and including the basal half of interspace 7 velvety black, the rest of the wing rich silky yellow ; the veins prominently but narrowly black ; the inner margin of the terminal black border produced inwards into promi- nent cone-shaped markings in the interspaces. All specimens have one or more postdiscal black spots in the interspaces, but never a complete series ; in interspace 2 and sometimes also in interspace 3 these spots coalesce with the cone-shaped projections of the terminal black border. Underneath the abdominal fold is a dense mass of buffy-white scented cottony pubescence. Underside similar, the adnervular pale streaks on the fore wing broader and more prominent. Hind wing : dorsal margin broadly black, with an edging of long soft black hairs ; interspace 1 with a large oval posldiscal and a terminal black spot ; interspace 2 with the post- discal black spot generally separate from the cone-shaped pro- jection of the black terminal border ; the apical and lateral margins of interspaces 2-6 pale yellow irrorated with black scales. Antennae, head and thorax black, the collar narrowly crimson ; abdomen yellow, shaded above with black ; beneath : the thorax with a large lateral patch of crimson, the anal segment promi- nently buff -coloured. — $ . Upper and under sides similar to those in the J i but with the following differences : — Fore wing : the adnervular pale streaks broader and more prominent. Hind wing : the black at base and along the costal margin broader, occupying fully one-third of the cell, the area above it and above vein 7, interrupted however, in interspace 7 near the apex of wing, by a transverse yellow mark which is sometimes subobsolete ; a post- discal series of large oval black spots, those in interspaces 2 and 3 often joined on the upperside to the cone-shaped terminal black marks ; dorsal margin also more broadly black, destitute of the fringe of black hairs arid of course of the abdominal fold. Anteana?, head and thorax as in the c? : abdomen dark brownish black above. Exp. d1 ? 150-180 mm. (5-95-7'15"). Hob. Sikhiru ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; the Audamans and the Malayan Subregion to Sumatra. Andaman specimens (Jieliaconoides, Moore) are often both rf and $ darker, with the adnervular pale streaks on the fore wing almost if not quite obsolete on the upperside. The insect, how- ever, has not been sufficiently differentiated to form even a distinct 480. ' Papilio seacus, Felder (Ornithoptera), Wien. Ent. Monats. iv, 1860, p. 225, $ ; Rothsch. (Troides) Nov. Zool. \\, 1895, p. 223 ; Moore (Ornithoptera), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 148, pi. 422, %s. ], lo, J $. Ornithoptera rhadamanthus, Bolsdui-al (nee rhadamantus, Lucas), 16 PAPIL10NIBJE. Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 180, $ ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 88 ; Dist. Rhop. Malay. 1885, pp. 326 & 327, fig. 106, $ , pi. 27 <i, tig. 5, rf ; W.-M. # de N., J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 373 ; Elwes # de N. J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 438; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Sac, vi, 1891, p. 53. d" $ . Closely resembles P. cerberus. rf differs as follows : — Upper side, fore wing : the pale adnervular streaks more prominent, in some specimens extended into the cell along the outer half of the subcostal and of the median nervures. Hind wing: the cone- shaped terminal black markings in interspaces 2, 3, and 4 more or less broadly bordered on the inner side by a dusky area that is irrorated with blackish scales ; the black on the costal margin narrower, not extended below vein 8. Underside similar to the upperside, but the dusky black borders to the cone-shaped marks in interspaces 2, 3, and 4 wanting. Antennae, head, thorax, abdomen and abdominal fold as in cerbenis, but the abdomen beneath with two rows of black spots. — In the $ the differences from cerberus are — Fore wing : the pale adnervular streaks very broad, very prominent and extended well into the cell. Hind wing : the basal third of the cell and of interspace 2 black, the middle portion of the latter yellow anteriorly, bufty-white poste- riorly ; the posterior half of the discal area between the postdiscal spots themselves and between them and the terminal cone-shaped markings more or less irrorated with blackish scales ; lastly, the black in interspace 7 interrupted by an inner triangular and an outer small yellow spot. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in cerberus, but the abdomen beneath with two lateral and two median rows of black spots. Exp. «? $ 119-188 mm. (4-71-7-4"). Ha?>. Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the east through the Shan States to Siam and China, and on the south to the Malay Peninsula. 487. Papilio minOS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, 1779, p. 4, pi. 195, fig. A ; Felder (Ornithoptera), Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864, pp. 291 & 334 ; Atiken (Ornithoptera), Jottr. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ii, 1887, p. 35 ; Davidson fy Aitkcn (Ornithoptera), Join: Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 361 ; Rothsch. (Troides) Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 203; Moore (Ornithoptera), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 142, pi. 410, figs. 1, 1 o, 1 b, larva & pupa, <5 $. c? $ • Differs from P. cerberus as follows : — <$ . Hindwing : the black along the dorsal and terminal margins both on upper and undersides much broader ; on the upperside entirely filling inter- space 1, on the underside with only a narrow streak of yellow at the angle between the median vein and vein 2 ; the cone-shaped black markings on the terminal margin shorter and broader ; on the costal margin the black is narrower than in cerberus, barely extended below vein 8 except at the base and apex of the wing where it broadens ; the abdomen is dull yellow above and below not shaded with black. $ . Hind wing : the black on the costal PAPILIO. 17 margin as in cerberus, but there is always a large yellow spot at base of interspace 7 ; interspace 1 black, with a pale patch in the middle ; the black terminal border broader, the inwardly extended cone-shaped markings prominent, those in interspaces 2 and 3 with pi«ie buff lateral edgings, extended inwards to the postdiscal spots. In both c? and § the hind wing on the upperside is clothed with soft, silky, long brownish-black hairs from base along the dorsal area. Exp. cJ $ 140-180 mm. (S-53-7'15"). Hob. Southern India : Bombay to Travancore. Larva. Boughly cylindrical, tapers a little to each end, with two rows of fleshy processes somewhat curved forwards and a double row on each side that are much shorter. On the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments an additional long pair between the dorsal and lateral rows. Head smooth and black ; body of a uniform dark madder- brown, prettily lighted with a tinge of pink at the points of some of the fleshy processes ; dorsal process on the 8th segment and a lateral pair on the 7th pinkish- white, with a band of the same colour uniting them. Pupa. Suspended by the tail and a band that encircles it much nearer the head than is usual with Papilio pupa?. In form stout, flattened, dilated in the middle, with head and thorax thrown back. Head somewhat angular and tuberculated ; two of the abdominal segments each with a prominent dorsal pair of pointed tubercles. Colour usually light brown, with a strongly contrasting saddle of old gold. (After Davidson $ AitJcen.} — Mr. T. A. Sealy (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. ix) states : — " The pupa possesses the power of making a curious noise like ' pha-pha' !, and makes it very loudly when touched ; the noise is accompanied (perhaps produced) by a .short contraction of the abdominal segments. I thought at first it was merely produced by the rubbing of one ring of the pupa- case against the next, but the sound did not resemble a mere fractional sound, it was more like the sound of a rush of air through small holes — ' pha-pha.' I tried to produce it with a dead chrysalis but failed : the pupa sometimes contracted on being touched without making the noise, and appeared unable to make the noise until some time was given to allow it to recover its vigour." Messrs. Davidson and Aitken have also noticed this power in the pupa, but they speak of it " as a husky squeaking noise, produced apparently by friction of the abdominal rings." 488. Papilio darsius, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. £. M. \, 1852, p. 5 ; Moore (Ornithoptera), Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 87, pi. 2, figs. 2, 2 a, $ § , larva & pupa ; id. (idem) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 155, pi. 55, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, tf § , larva £ pupa ; Rothschild (Troides), Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 203; Moore (Ornithoptera), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 140, pi. 418, figs. 1, larva & pupa, 1, 1 a, <S $ • <5 $ . This form is the darkest of the four of this group found within our limits. VOL. II. 18 PAPILIONID.E. wing: adnervular pale streaks not prominent on the upperside, more distinctly marked on the underside. Hind wing black, with a very broad diseal slightly curved silky-yellow band or patch that extends beyond the cell from interspaces 2 to 7, and is composed of elongate outwardly emarginate yellow markings that are divided only by the black veins. In most specimens the inner margin of this band crosses the apex of the cell, but in many the cell is entirely black. Abdomen with some black markings beneath and a lateral row of black spots. — $ . Differs from cerberus $ in the much greater extent of the black on the hind wing. Interspace 1 with a pale dusky-white patch in the middle ; interspace 7 with an inner and an outer yellow spot ; cell entirely black or nearly so, sometimes, but rarely, with the yellow extended into the apex. Exp. J $ 165-175 mm. (6-6-6-95"). Hab. Ceylon. Larva. " Cylindrical, dull purple-brown, with two dorsal rows and anterior and lateral rows of fleshy tubercles, those on the eighth segment and a streak from its base to lower end of seventh segment being pale pink ; between the tubercles are dark brown streaks. Feeds on Aristolochia." (Moore.) Pupa. " Pale purplish-ochreous, bent backwards anteriorly ; thorax conical, the top flattened and its sides angled ; wing-cases dilated and flattened laterally in the middle, their outer edge acute ; two middle segments of abdomen with a dorsal pair of conical prominences." (Moore.) HECTOR GROUP. c? $ . Fore wing elongate, broader in $ than in d1 ; costa widely arched, apex produced, rounded ; termen oblique, straight, or in the c? slightly concave in the middle, in the $ convex ; dorsum straight, about half length of costa ; cell elongate, more than half length of wing ; discocellulars nearly erect, upper not much shorter than the middle ; veins 10 and 11 from the upper half of subcostal vein. Hind wing elongate, costa arched ; termen scalloped, produced into a tail at vein 4 ; tail not so long as in the Coon Group, nor so distinctly and widely spatulate afc the tip, in the typical form hector of even width to apex ; dorsum long, straight ; cell a little longer than half length of wing ; veins 4 and 5 not approximate at base. Antennae about half length of fore wing ; club long, narrow, gradual ; anal segment in d" without valves. Key to the forms of the Hector Group. A. c? $ . Tail at apex of vein 4 in hind wing of even width, not spatulate at apex ____ B. c? $ • Tail at apex of vein 4 in hind wing spatulate at apex. a Hind wing upperside : cell entirely black, rarely with a small spot of white at apex. PAPILiO. 19 «'. Uind wiug upperside : three or four well-defined elongate white spots al- ways present in the interspaces beyond apex of cell ...................... P. aristolochice, p. 20. b'. Hind wing; upperside : only one well- defined elongate white spot in inter- space 2 beyond apex of cell, others absent, or when present obscure, , „ •_,?»• much suffused with black scales .... I P' «•**«*»***, race b. Hind wing upperside : apical half or more ' camorta, p. 21. of cell white. a'. Fore wing upperside : pale whitish streaks in apex of cell not extended to discocellulars .................... P. jophon, p. 22. b'. Fore wing upperside : pale whitish streaks in apex of cell extended well , up to discocellulars ................ , p. 22. 489. Papilio hector, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 459 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mits. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 93, pi. 2, figs. 4, 4 a, 4 b, larva & pupa; id. (Menelaides) Lep. C'eyl. i, 1881, p. 152, pi. 58, fig. 2; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 233 ; Moore (Tros), Lep. Ind. \, 1901-1903, p. 173, pi. 435, tigs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, larva & pupa, <J $ . c? . Upperside black. Fore wing with a broad white interrupted band from the subcostal nervure opposite the origin of veins 10 and 11, extended obliquely to the tornus, and a second short pre- apical similar band ; both bands composed of detached irregularly indented broad streaks in the interspaces. Hind wing with a <liscal posteriorly strongly curved series of seven crimson spots followed by a subterminal series of crimson lunules. Cilia black alternated with white. Underside : fore wing dull brownish black, hind wing black ; markings as on the upperside, but the crimson spots and crescentic markings on the hind wing larger. Antennae, thorax and abdomen above at base, black ; head and rest of the abdomen bright crimson ; beneath : the palpi, the sides of the thorax and abdomen crimson. — £ • Similar, the discal series of spots and subterminal lunules much duller, pale crimson irrorated \\ith black scales ; in some specimens the anterior spots aud lunules almost white barely tinged with crimson ; abdomen above with the black colour extended further towards the apex. Exp. rf $ 88-120 mm. (3-49-4-T5"). Hab. Bengal : Calcutta, Chaudernagore, Orissa, Chittagong ; the southern half of peninsular India; Ceylon. " Larva. Cylindrical, tapering slightly towards each end ; rich dark purple-brown ; with a subdorsal and two lateral rows of crimson fleshy cylindrical tubercles, the lowest row shortest, and an additional lateral tubercle on the third and fourth segments, a transverse row of four pinkish-white spots on the seventh and eighth segments; head and legs blackish." (Moore.) " Pupa. Head truncate in front ; thorax dorsally conical and 20 PAPILIONID^E. laterally rounded ; wing-cases posteriorly rounded and dilated ; abdominal segments with four subdorsal short foliaceous pro- tuberances ; colour pale violaceous-ochraceous." (Moore.) In the 'Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,' 1880, p. 276,. Mr. R. iS. Eaton notes that in Bombay this butterfly roosted in great numbers together. On the Western Ghats between Vingorla and Belgaum, where this butterfly occurred in some numbers, 1 also noted the habit they have of roosting in company on twigs of some thorny shrub, but I never saw more than a score or so together. 490. Papilio aristolochiae, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 443 ; EJwes S^ de Niceville, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 435 ; Davidson fy Aitken, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 362 ; Eothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 245; Moore (Menelaides), Lep. Ind. \, 1901-1903, p. 178r pi. 441, figs. 1, 1 o-l d, & pi. 442, figs. 1, 1 cr-1 c, larva fc pupa, tf $ . Papilio diphilus, Esper, Am. Schmett. 1792, p. 156, pi. 40, fig. 2; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 94, pi. 2, figs. 5, 6 a, larva. Menelaides ceylonica, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 151, pi. 57, figs. 2, 2 a, 26, <$, larva & pupa. Race camorta. Papilio aristolocliiae, var. camorta, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 592 ; W.-M. 8> de.N. J.A.S. B. 1881, p. 237. Menelaides camorta, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 182. pi. 443, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, cf $ . Papilio aiistolochia? camorta, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 250. cJ . Upperside velvety black. Fore wing with well-marked pale aduervular streaks on the discal area that do not reach the ter- minal margin, the latter broadly velvety black ; the streaks beyond Fig. 3. — a. Hind wing: Papilio arutolocliice. b. Hind wiog : P. aristolochice, race camorta, Moore. c. Apex of abdomen : P. aristolochia, showing want of anal valves. end of cell extended inwards into its apex. Hind wing with elon- gate white discal markings in interspaces 2-5 beyond the cell. PAPILIO. 21 In dry-weather specimens these markings are very short and do not nearly reach the bases of the interspaces; beyond these a curved series of subterminal lunular markings in interspaces 1 to 7 dull crimson irrorated with black scales, the spot in interspace 1 large, irregular, diffuse, margined interiorly with white. Under- side : ground-colour and markings similar, but the red subterminal spots on the hind wing much brighter, not irrorated with black scales, better defined, the anterior four subquadrate, the next two crescentic, sometimes quadrate also, the spot in interspace 1 triangular and pointed. Antennae, thorax and abdomen above up to the preanal segment black; the head, sides of prothorax ^ibove, and of the whole of the thorax and abdomen beneath vermilion-red ; anal segment vermilion-red. — $ similar, differs from the c? only in the comparatively broader wings : this is most conspicuous in the fore wing. Exp. <$ $ 76-114 mm. (3-4-5"). Hob. N.W.India; Sikhim ; W. & S. India; Ceylon; Assam; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending on the west to China and Siam, and southwards to Malacca, Java and the Philippines. Larva. "Adult 1^ inch long. Stout, cylindrical and tuber- culous. Gound-colour velvet-brown-black, dorsal line black ; four longitudinal rows of fleshy tubercles bright red seventh segment with a milk-white, jagged, lacerated band reaching right across the body and terminating at the third row of tubercles, the tubercles on that segment are white with the exception of the 3rd and 4th rows ; head black ; segmental incisions dark purple- brown ; legs and abdomen beneath black ; stigmates (sic) black ; retractile tentacula orange. Feeds on Aristolochia indica. Habits slow." Pupa. " Darkish brown, stout and broad, swollen at the sides, with four pairs of very prominent tubercles on the back of the abdomen." (de la Chaumette as quoted by Moore.) In certain lights the wings of both S and 5 have a rich purple bloom on the upperside. — Var. ceylonica, Moore, has a white spot at the apex of the cell on the hind wing. Males of this butterfly vary greatly in size ; quite tiny specimens, perfect miniatures of the normal form, are not uncommon throughout its range. Race camorta, Moore (fig. 3 6, hind wing), differs from the typical form as follows : — " The white spots of the hind wing small, only that between the lower median veins (veins 2 and 3) is clearly marked on the upperside, the two others standing before and behind the upper median nervule (vein 4) are sometimes entirely absent from the upperside, or when present are much suffused with black ; below there is usually a spot within the apex of the cell." (RothtchOd.) Exp. d $ 96-118 mm. (3-8-4-65"). Hob. The Nicobars. Mr. Gilbert Kogers sent it to me from the Central group, but not from Great Nicobar. 22 PAPILIONID.E. 491. Papilio jophon, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. i, 18o2, p. 10r pi. 4, fig. 4 $ ; Moore (Menelaides), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 152r pi. 58, fig. 1 ? ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 234 ; Moor? (Menelaides), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 176, pi. 436, figs. 1, 1 ar Ib, larva, rf $. .Race pandiyanus. Papilio pandiyana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 313 ; Ferguson, Journ. £omb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 446. Papilio pandiyanus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 234; Moore (Menelaides), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 177, pi. 437, figs. 1, 1 a, U c?$- c? . Upperside black. Fore wing with three or four broad white streaks in cell and a variable number of similar somewhat broader streaks that are bifid along their apical half in the interspaces beyond ; these streaks do not reach the terminal margin and become obsolete towards the costal margin of the wing. Hind wing : the apical half of the cell and short apicaliy truncate streaks in the interspaces beyond wThite ; these streaks broad, divided only by the black veins, followed by a subterminal curved series of crimson lunules irrorated with black scales. Undersid.e similar, the markings more distinct and more sharply denned, the- discal white streaks and the subterminal series of crimson spots each seven in number. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen above up to the preanal segment black ; the head in front and beneath, the thorax at the sides and the apical half of the abdomen crimson, the last with one or two black lateral spots. — $ similar ; fore wing broader, the white and crimson markings larger and more conspicuous. Exp. c? $ 118-128 mm. (4-64-5-2"). Hab. Ceylon. " Confined locally to the middle hill district '* (Manders). Larva. " Dark purple-black, with crimson-coloured pointed tubercles, two on 2nd segment, eight on each of 3rd and 6th, six on each of 8th to 10th, and four on 13th ; seventh segment with a pale cream-coloured transverse band (interrupted on the dorsal line), including four tubercles of the same colour, below which on each side is a single crimson tubercle ; on second segment is a band composed of four pale tubercular spots, from the centre of which can be protruded a pair of short blunt yellow tentacles. " (E. E. Green as quoted by Moore.} Race pandiyanus, Moore.— " Though closely allied to Gray, this species is constantly (as far as we know) different in pattern. The white colour of the fore wings is much more ex- tended, especially in the apical region, but also more shaded with black scales; the internervular black streaks between the median nervules (veins 4-6) are much longer, the white linear markings- in the cell reach the discocellular veinlets. On the hind wing PAPILIO. 23 the last discal white spot reaches mostly to the suhmeclian nervui'e (vein 1), the anterior one is very large in the cf , small or divided into two spots, or obliterated in the 5 " (Itothschild, t. o.) Exp. <$ $ 102-114 mm. (4-02-4-5"). Hab. S. India : JYilgiri Hills ; Travancore. COON GROUP. c? § . "Wings very long and narrow. Fore wing : costa slightly arched, apex broadly rounded, termen S straight, £ slightly convex, in both sexes very oblique ; dorsuin very short, less than half as long as the costa ; cell long and narrow, considerably more than half length of wing ; upper discocellular very little shorter than the middle ; vein 10 from upper third, 11 from beyond the middle of subcostal. Hind wing with long spatulate tail ; costa straight, short ; termen very long, broadly scalloped ; veins 4 and 5 approximate at base. Antennae slightly less than half length of fore wing ; club narrow, gradual. <5 abdominal fold narrow, abrupt at apex ; anal valves conspicuous, with a parting on the upperside. Key to the forms of the Coon Group. a. Hind wing upperside : spatulate portion of tail black. «'. Hind wing upperside : more than half apical ortion of cell svhite P. doubkdayi, p. 23. b. Hind wing upperside : spatulate portion of tail ' ISIS} P' red P. rhodifer, p. 24. 492. Papilio doubledayi, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv, 1865, p. 42, note ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 253 ; Moore (Losaria), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 184, pi. 438, tigs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, rf $ . Race cachareusis. Papilio cacharensis, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, p. 344 ; Moore (Losaria), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 185, pi. 439, figs. 1, Papilio doubledayi cacharensis, Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 253. c? . Upperside dull black, paler on the fore than on the hind wing. Fore wing with very conspicuous pale streaks, two in each interspace that extend well into the cell, but do not reach the termeu, where the dull black ground-colour forms a broadish transverse band. Hind wing black, with in fresh specimens in certain lights a beautiful blue gloss ; a central large white area composed of a white patch in the apical two-thirds of the cell and 24 PAPILIONID.E. more or less elongate spots of varying breadth at base of inter- spaces 1-7, all these very distinctly divided by the broadly black- bordered veins, the spot in interspace 4 more or less obsolescent ; lastly, a subterminal row of more or less crescentic white spots, the lower two shaded with crimson followed by a crimson tornal and a terminal similar but brighter spot at apex of vein 3, the spatulate tail black. Underside similar ; the ground-colour duller. Fig. 4.— a. Hind wing: P. doubledayi. b. Hind wing: P. rhodifer. c. Anal valves of Coon group, opeu on upperside. Hind wing : a white discal spot often in interspace below vein 1, the lower two spots of the terminal series entirely crimson. Antennae, thorax and abdomen above up to the preanal segment black ; head, palpi, sides of the thorax and rest of the abdomen crimson, the abdomen with black lateral spots. — 5 similar ; fore wing paler. Hind wing : the central white markings larger, the subterminal spot in interspace 2 white, coalescent with the crimson tornal spot. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the 3 . Exp. rf 2 118-134 mm. (4'65-5-25"). Hob. Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay Peninsula. Race cacharensis, Butler. — 3 $ smaller, with the ground-colour duller and the discal white spots on the hind wing conspicuously reduced in size. According to Rothschild the subterminal and terminal markings are also paler, often yellowish red. " Head, sides of breast and abdomen of a yellowish-red instead of vermilion-red " (Rothschild, t. c.). Exp. rf $ 102-112 mm. (4-02-4-41"). Hob. Kecorded so far only from Cachar. 493. Papilio rhodifer, Sutler, Ent. Month. Mag. xiii, 1876, p. 57; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 254 ; Moore (Losnria), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 186, pi. 440, figs. 1, 1 a, $ $ . <3 differs from P. doubledayi as follows : — Ground-colour a rich PAPILIO. 25 velvety-black, much darker than iu doubledayi ; on the fore wing the pale streaks extend only into the apex of the cell. On the hind wing the medial white markings are much shorter, the spots at base of interspaces 4 and 5 and generally the spot in inter- space 7 absent ; the subterminal and terminal vermilion spots are much larger, and the tail is vermilion on its apical spatulate portion. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in doubledayi, but the head entirely vermilion-red. 2 closely resembles the J , fore wing broader, red markings on hind wing more crimson than vermilion-red, often dull and irro rated slightly with black scales ; medial white markings more extensive, the white mark in inter- space 1 extends well below vein 1. Exp. cf 2 126-134 mm. (5-5-28"). Hab. The Andainans. Nox GROUP. d1 2 . Fore wing elongate ; costa slightly arched, twice length of dorsum, apex rounded ; termen straight in c? , slightly convex in 2 , dorsuin straight ; cell long, well over halt' length of wing, veins 10 and 11 close together from apical half of subcostal. Hind wing elongate ; costa short, slightly curved ; termen long, convex, broadly scalloped; dorsum with the abdominal fold in the c? closed, straight ; veins 4 and 5 closely approximate or from a point. c? sex-mark, abdominal fold very large in two out of the three Indian forms, cut square on its lower margin, its dorsal margin fringed with long hairs, beneath the fold a mass of specialized scent-scales ; anal valves short, convex. Antennae a little less than half length of fore wing ; club long, narrow, gradual in both sexes. Key to the forms of the Nox Group. <i. Hind wing upperside : uniform, without white subterminal markings. «'• c? <3 with abdominal fold on hind wing square at its lower margin. 2 2 with a broad crimson lateral band on abdomen. , j> , „ -•71 I OQ i Qf! ) VQI until lace b'. rf rf with abdominal 'fold "on" hind wing ' astorion, p. 25. rounded, not square, at the tornal angle. 5 2 with a broad white lateral band on abdomen. Exp. 144-162 mm P. aidoneus, p. 20. b. Hind wing upperside : with white subterminal markings , P. zaleucus, p. 27. 494. Papilio varuna, White, Entomologist, i, (March) 1842, p. 280, 2. Race astorion. Papilio astorion, Westw. A. M. N. H. ix, 1842, p. 37 ; JElwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 422 ; Moore (Paugerana), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 153, pi. 423, figs. ] , la, Ib, J $ . Papilio varuna astorion, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 260. 26 cJ . Upperside rich velvety blue-black. Fore wing : outwardly towards the terminal margin and the whole of the hind wing except the dorsal area have in certain lights a rich dark purple bloom, in others a very dark green ; dorsal area and the whole inner side of the sexual fold opaque brownish black ; outer half of fore wing with pale adnervular streaks more or less prominent. Underside similar ; fore wing with the adnervular pale streaks broader, more prominent, extended further inwards well up to the terminal margin. Hind wing : ground-colour more uniform blue-black than on the upperside. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; the head in front, on the sides and beneath, the sides of the thorax and of the abdomen rich crimson ; beneath, the thorax and abdomen black, the latter with lateral black spots in addition on its crimson sides. — $ . Upperside dull black. Fore wing with the pale greyish-green streaks very broad and prominent, especially in interspaces 1 and 2, the streaks extend also into the cell. Hind wing more uniform, with a dark dull blue, in some lights dark green, bloom. Underside similar, the streaks on the fore wing broader and paler ; hind wing as on the upperside, more uniform, duller, opaque. Antennae and thorax black, abdomen dull brownish black, head crimson ; beneath as in the c? , but the crimson less bright, especially on the sides of the abdomen and without the lateral spots on the latter. Exp. rf $ 88-136 mm. (3-5-5-38"). Hab. Sikhirn ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Upper Burma ; Tenasseriin. In Sikhim, according to Elwes and de Niccville, it occurs from quite low elevations in the Terai up to 7000 feet. Its almost uniform dark colour renders it inconspicuous in the jungle, and it is therefore difficult to account for its being further protected by a disagreeable smell and probably taste. Wood-Mason has recorded that the females have a strong and disgustingly rank musky odour. 495. Papilio aidoneus, Doubleday, A. M. N. H. xvi, 1845, p. 178, rf; JBhces, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 423; Eothsck. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 257; Moore (Pangerana), Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 154,. pi. 424, tigs. 1, la, d $• c? $ . Eesembles P. varuna race astorion, but differs as follows: — Cell of fore wing proportionately not quite so long; abdominal fold to the hind wing in d not so broad, its lower margin not square, rounded ; the specialized scales within the fold \vhiter with an edging of pink. $ larger. Upperside : ground-colour olivaceous-brown, never black ; abdomen with a broad white, not crimson, lateral stripe. Exp. rf $ 112-162 mm. (4-4-6-33"). Hab. Sikhim (2000-3000 feet, fide Elwes) ; Bhutan ; Assam : the JVaga Hills ; Upper Burma : the Shan States. PAPILIO. 27 496. Papilio zaleucus, Heu-itson, Exct. Butt, iii, 1865, Pap. pi. 7, figs. 24,25, tf $; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 261 ; Moore (Pan- gerana), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 155, pi. 425, figs. 1, l«-lc, rf$. c? . Upperside velvety black, with a deep bluish bloom on the hind wing. Fore wing uniform with generally pale internervular streaks on the terminal half. Hind wing with two or three large subterminal, outwardly emarginate, white spots in interspaces 2 and 3 or 2, 3 and 4 ; inside the abdominal fold brown, with a purple gloss in some specimens, the specialized scent-scales or hairs greyish. Underside : fore wing similar, the pale interuervular streaks broader, more prominent, extended into the cell. Hind wing : similar to the upperside, the ground-colour purplish- opaque, with a small white spot sometimes in interspace 3. An- tenna?, head in front, thorax posteriorly and abdomen black ; the prothorax with the sides crimson, above clothed with a few black hairs ; beneath, the palpi, sides of the thorax and abdomen crimson. $ . Upperside : fore wing black, uniform, the iuternervular streaks very broad, greenish, giving a green appearance to the whole wing. Hind wiug : ground-colour rich indigo-green, a very broad white subterminal band composed of elongate spots in interspaces 1 to 5, the spot in interspace 1 nearly reaches the margin, only separated from it by a narrow black line, the spots in interspaces 2-5 out- wardly deeply emarginate. Underside : fore wing as on the upperside but with not so green a tint. Hind wing : ground-colour opaque black, the broad white subterminal band as on the upper- side, but generally with diffuse small black spots on the white in interspaces 3, 4 and 5 ; an additional much smaller white spot near apex of interspace 6. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male, but the palpi crimson ; the abdomen with lateral black spots and black transverse bars beneath on the crimson. Exp. d1 $ 84-127 mm. (3-3-5"). Hab. Upper Burma : the Shftn States ; Tenasserim ; Siam. LATREILLSI GROUP. Fore wing elongate, costal margin arched, more than twice aa long as dorsal margin ; apex broadly rounded ; termen very oblique, dorsum straight ; cell elongate, broad, more than half the length of the wing ; upper discocellular only a little shorter than middle; veins 10 and 11 from apical half of subcostal arid along the greater part of their length very close to vein 12, vein 9 from upper apex of cell. Hind wing very long and narrow ; termen broadly scalloped, produced at vein 4 into a broad spatulate tail ; cell very narrow ; basal portion of subcostal between veins 7 and 8 equal to middle discocellular nervule lying between veins 4 and 5. Antennae not half length of fore wing. Abdominal fold in <? not so broad as in the Nox Group, on its inner side with dense- cottony androconia. Anal valves in c? normal. 28 PAPILIONIDJE. Key to tlie forms of the Latreillei Group. A. Hind wing upperside : a terminal or subter- minal red or pinkish-red spot on tail. a. Hind wing upperside : discal or subterminal markings present. «'. Hind wing upperside : an elongate white spot near base of interspace 3. a~. Hind wing npperside : no white spot near base of interspace 5 P. latreillei, p. 28. li2. Hind wing upperside : a prominent quadrate white spot near base of interspace 5 P. polla, p. 30 b'. Hind wing upperside : no white spot near base of interspace 3. a'1. Hind wing upperside : no red or white spot or marking in interspace 6. «a. Hind wing upperside : a large quad- rate white spot in interspace 5 at base. « l. Hind wing upperside : postdiscal lunule in interspace 4, some shade of red. «\ Hind wing upperside : an elon- gate white spot at base of interspace 4 P. plriloxcnus, p. 31. V. I lind wing upperside : no white , -/•> , ., spot at base of interspace 4 . . P' PJ»l°f™s; ™*- A'. Hind wing upperside: postdiscal ' polyeuctes, p. 31. lunule in interspace 4 alwavs , T, 7 -, white y \ P. phihxentu, var. l'\ Hind wing' 'upperside :' a 'narrow ' '^sarada, p. 31. transverse white spot in middle, . n 7 -, not at base of interspace 5 .' j P' P^cen**, ^ace V. Hind wing upperside. : a lunular con- ' lama> ?' 32 spicuous white spot in interspace 6 . P. ravctna, p. 33. b. Hind wing upperside : uniform, without discal or subtermiual markings P. crassipes, p. 34. B. Hind wing upperside : tail uniform, without subterminal or terminal spot or marking. a. Hind wing upperside: no discal white spots at bases of interspaces 3 and 4. a'. Hind wing upperside : a crimson subter- minal lunule in interspaces 2, 3 and 4, and a large quadrate white spot in interspaces 5 and 6 P. nevilli, p. 33. I'. Hind wing upperside : a pinkish- white subterminal lunule in interspaces 2 to 6, no^quadrate white spot in interspaces . p ^.^ ^ b. Hind wing uppers'ideVa'sekes'of'discai ' pembertoni, p. 34. white spots at bases of interspaces 1 to 5 . P. adamsoni, p. 29. 497. Papilio latreillei, Donovan, Xat. Repos. ii, 1826, pi. 140; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 425; llothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 261 ; Moore (Byasa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 165, pi. 430, figs. 1, lf<-lc, '$ $. Papilio minereus, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 32; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 97. d" . Upperside dull brownish black. Fore wing with streaks in cell, the interuervular streaks and the veins velvety black. Hind wing : ground-colour more uniform to apex of cell, beyond this interspaces 2, 3 and 4 with broad elongate white spots, the spot in interspace 2 slightly tinged outwardly with crimson ; sometimes a white crimson-tinted spot also in interspace 1 ; a subterminal series of crimson lunules in interspaces 2 to 5, that in 5 generally more or less white ; lastly, a crimson spot at apex of vein 3 and on apex of tail. Underside similar, ground-colour much paler ; markings of the hind wing as on the upperside, but slightly larger, the crimson spots brighter ; in many speci- mens a small discal adnervular spot in interspace 5, and a sub- terminal small white lunule in interspace 6 also present ; the crimson-tinted discal spot in interspace 1 always present. Antennae dark brownish black, head and front of the prothorax crimson, the rest of the body above black ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen crimson, the middle of the thorax and of the abdomen with black mark- ings.— 5 . Similar, slightly paler; Fig. 5.— «. Papilio latreillei, f. o. Venation of anterior portion of hind wing. the white and crimson markings on the hind wing on both upper and undersides similar but larger; there is generally also a discal adnervular spot in interspace 5. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen a.s in the 3 . Exp. rf $ 120-130 mm. (473-5-13"). Hob. Nepal ; Sikhim ; Assam. This form apparently keeps to a higher elevation than its close ally, P. pliihxenus. Mr. Elwes says it is not uncommon between 7000 and 9000 feet in Sikhim, and there is no record of its occur- rence at a lower elevation than 7000 feet. 498. Papilio adamsoni, Grose-Smith, A. M. N. H. (5) xviii, 1880, p. 149, J; id. $ Kirby, Shop. Exot. i, 1888, Pap. p. 11, pi. 5, figs. 3 & 4 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 262 ; Moore (Byasa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 167, pi. 431, tigs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, <J $ . Papilio (Byasa) minereoides, Elwes $ de N. J. A. S. B. 1887, p. 435, pi. 20, figs. 2, 2 $. 30 c? $ . Closely resembles P. latreillei, but can be distinguished as follows : — J . Upperside : ground-colour darker, not uniform, distinctly darker on the basal half of the fore wing. Hind wing : ground-colour on the basal side of the discal whice markings not paler than the ground-colour beyond these ; an additional white elongate spot, sometimes transversely divided into two, in inter- space 5 ; a subterminal series of only three lunules in interspaces 2, 3 and 4 respectively, that in 4 white, no terminal crimson spot at vein 3 or on tail. Underside similar to the upperside, but the ground-colour paler and more opaque, the white markings more or less tinged with crimson and a well-defined subterminal white spot always present in interspace 6. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen much as in P. latreillei. — $ . Similar to the tf , but the ground-colour paler, the white markings on the hind wing larger, the subterminal lunules more or less white. Exp. <$ $ 92-115 mm. (3-65-4-13"). Hab. Upper Burma : the Shan States ; Tenasserim. 499. Papilio polla, de Niceville (Papilio-Byasa), J. A. S. B. 1897, p. 565, pi. 4, tig. 28 rf ; Moore (Byasa), Leo. Ind. v. 1901-1903, p. 166, pi. 429, fig. 2 rf. S . Very closely resembles P. latreillei rf , but [judging by a single specimen the fore wing is proportionately rather narrower, the termen more oblique, the torn us more rounded. The markings on the hind wing differ as follows : — the discal white patch com- posed of four elongate spots in interspaces 2-4, that in interspace 4 very broad, filling the interspace between the middle of veins 5 and 6 ; subterminal series of lunules larger than in latreillei, and all vermilion-red, not crimson, both on the upper and undersides ; cilia between tornus and apex of vein 3, apex of tail and cilia at apex of vein 5 vermilion-red. On the underside, the spot of the discal patch in interspace 1 is vermilion-red, and the red lunule of the subterminal series in interspace 2 is produced to the ver- milion-red terminal edging below it. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in P. latreillei. — 5 • " Appears to differ only from the male on the upperside of the hind wing in the white patch, which is continued posteriorly to the abdominal margin or nearly so and does not extend into the end of the cell." (de Niceville, t. c.) Eccp. rf 131 mm. (5-15"). Hab. Upper Burma : Bernardmyo, 6000 feet, Northern Shan States, N. Chin Hills. This seems to be a very rare insect, at any rate within Britisli territory, only single specimens seem to have been taken so far. Of these, one, a 3 , now in the British Museum, I took at over 5000 feet elevation, on the shoulder of the hillside on which were built the barracks for the troops at Bernardmyo, in the Ruby Mines district, Upper Burma. PAPILIO. 31 .500. Papilio philoxenus, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 32 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 96 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 264; Moore (Byasa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 159, pi. 426, tigs. 1, la-la", larva & pupa, J 9 . Papilio polyeuctes, Doubledat/ in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 74. Papilio dasarada, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 96 ; id. (Byasa) Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 161, pi. 427, tigs. 1, la, 16, Pfipilio philoxenus ab. polyeuctes, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 265. Papilio philoxenus ab. dasarada, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 266. Race larna. Papilio lauia, Oberthiir, Etudes d'Ent. ii, 1876, p. 15, pi. 3, fig. 1 J. Papilio philoxenus lama, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 266. 3 . Upperside velvety black. Fore wing with broad pale adner- vular streaks that do not extend to the terminal margin and only slightly into the cell. Hind wing : a very large white quadrate spot in interspace 5 and usually a white spot in the interspaces above or below or in both ; a series of postdiscal crimson or red lunules in interspaces 2, 3 and 4, followed by similarly coloured admarginal spots in interspaces 2 and 3 and at apex of tail, the lunule in interspace 2 nearly always, and that in interspace 3 very often, joined to the admarginal spots. Underside similar; ground- colour more opaque, dull, not velvety; the adnervular streaks on the fore wing very broad. Hind wing as on the upperside, but, an additional elongate crimson spot near base of interspace 3 and a broad irregular transverse crimson bar below it in interspaces 1 and 2 ; the other markings somewhat larger than on the upperside, the white margins often tinged with red along their edges. Antennas black, head and thorax anteriorly crimson ; rest of thorax and abdomen black ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen crimson, the abdomen with a line of black spots along each side. — $ similar ; ground-colour on both upper and undersides somewhat duller, not velvety ; markings on the upperside much duller crimson, often nearly white and much irro rated with black scales ; the white quadrate spot in interspace 5 generally larger than in the J , the white spots in the interspaces above and below it more frequently present. Enep. d 2 126-157 mm. (4-96-6-2"). Hob. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim: Bhutan; Assam; Upper Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula. A very variable form both in size and in the colour and dis- position of the markings on the hind wing. Var. polyeuctes, Doubleday. — The rf without any trace of a white spot above or below the large quadrate white patch in interspace 5, the postdiscal and terminal markings all crimson or vermilion-red. Var. dasarada, Moore, typically differs from typical philoxenus as follows : — Larger, with broader tails to the hind wing. Upper- side : the adnervular pale streaks on the fore wing very broad and 32 PAPILIONIDJE. prominent, extended well into the cell and nearly to the hase of the wing ; at the apex they extend outward to the terminal margin ; markings on the hind wing larger in proportion to the size of the insects; only the posterior markings more or less reddish-pink, the rest white, strongly irrorated with black scales. Underside : markings similar to those of the typical form, but only the spots in interspaces 1, 2 and 3 and on the tail in the hind wing reddish pink, the others white, some. slightly tinged along the outer edge with pink. This aberration is variable and unstable and grades into the typical form. The two fly together at the same season and in the same locality. Larva. " 2± inches long; pale purple-brown; head and legs shining black ; head small, corneous, sparsely covered with black hairs ; 2nd segment with two short tubercles on each side and a nuchal, transverse, flattened, corneous, tentacular sheath in front ; 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th segments each with eight short tubercles, four on each side, the subdorsal series longest ; 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th segments each with six tubercles, and llth, 12th and 13th segments each with four shorter tubercles ; each tubercle is red at the apex and purple-black streaked at the base; intervening space between the tubercles with a transverse and a dorsal series of paler purple-black spots ; these latter markings all with pale borders ; 7th and 8th segments each with a lateral, short, broad, oblique white band." (Moore.) Pupa. " Reddish-ochreous, broad laterally ; head broad and slightly cleft in front ; thorax convex above and beneath, angular at the sides ; wing-cases dilated laterally ; abdominal segments with lateral foliaceous appendages." (Moore.) " Occurs in Sikhim up to 8000 feet and is not uncommon in the clearings in April and May. It, especially the female, has a very strong disagreeable musky odour, which perseveres long after the insect is dead and dry." (de Niceville MS.) In Tenasserim I got P. philoxenus at elevations of 2000 to 4000 feet on the Dawnat range. Race lama, Oberthiir. — " Smaller than pliiloxenus, Gray ; the wings are shorter and proportionately broader ; the red hairs of the front of the head are rather densely intermingled with black ones ; the prothorax is less red ; the abdomen is black underneath, with the edges of the segments red ; the large white patch on the hind wings between the discoidal veins and the spot at the apex of the tail are liable to obliteration In the shape of the hind wings this subspecies is less variable than pldloxenus. The males have sometimes the paler ground-colour of the females." (Rothschild.) Exp. <$ $ 119-129 mm. (4-69-5-10"). Hub. A $ recorded from Kashmir (Rothschild). Originally described from Western China. I have followed Rothschild in treating this form as a race of pjtilozenus, but in the Leech collection now in the British Museum PAPILIO. 33 there is a very long series of lama, many of which seem to me identical with specimens of philoxenus from Sikhim. The measure- ments given above are taken from the Leech collection specimens. 501. Papilio ravana, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857. p. 96; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 423 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 262 ; Moore (Byasa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903. p. 163, pi. 428, figs. 1, l«-lc, rf$. 3 • Upperside brownish black. Fore wing with velvety -black internervular streaks that are extended into the cell in many specimens ; veins black. Hind wing : a subterminal series of white markings more or less tinged with crimson, the markings in inter- spaces 2, 3 and 4 Junular, in 5 and 6 elongate rectangular, in 7 a minute spot, the white rectangular marking in interspace 5 con- spicuously larger than the others ; a spot on each side of vein 4 on the tail crimson. Underside similar; ground-colour very much paler ; on the hind wing an additional pale crimson spot more towards the base of interspaces 1 and 2. Antennas, thorax and abdomen black ; head crimson ; beneath : the palpi, sides of the thorax, and abdomen crimson, the palpi with a mixture of black hairs, the abdomen at the base and on the sides spotted with black. — $ similar; ground-colour brown, very much paler than in the <$ ; internervular, velvety-black streaks on fore wing very narrow. Hind wing : ground-colour of outer half beyond discal markings black ; markings similar to those in the d1 , but larger and purer white on the upperside ; in addition a series of white discal spots near base of interspaces 1, 2, 3 and 4, that in inter- space 1 tinged with crimson ; on the underside the markings are similar, but both the discal and the subterminal posterior spots are more strongly tinged with crimson. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen much as in the d . Exp. d2 110-1 18 mm. (4-35-4-67"). Hob. N.W. Himalayas : recorded from Kashmir ; Kulu ; Mus- soorie ; Kumaon. 502. Papilio nevilli, Wood-Mason, A. M. N. II. (5) ix, 1882, p. 105 ; liothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 203 ; Moore (Byasa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 164, pi. 429, tig. 1 c?- Papilio chentsono-, Oberthilr, titudes (VEnt. xi, 1886, p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 1 d ; Leech, Butt. China, ii, 1893, p. 543. d" $ . Eesembles P. ravana, Moore, but is smaller, with the markings also proportionately smaller, d differs as follows : — the subterminal series of lunules on the hind wing crimson or vermilion-red, never white or partly white as in ravana ; sexual abdominal fold within white, not blackish-brown ; the subterminal red lunule in interspace 3 very often wanting. $> resembles its own d1 rather than the $ of P. ravana, but the white rectangular markings in interspaces 5 and 6 are whiter. From P. ravana $ it differs in the complete absence of the white discal spots in 34 PAPILIOSID.E. interspaces 1, 2, 3, and 4. In both sexes the tail is black without any red spot. Exp. 3 £ 80-84 mm. (3-18-3-32''). Hob. Within our limits recorded from Cachar; extends to W. China. 503. Papilio crassipes, Oberthiir, Etudes d'Ent. xvii, 1893, p. 2, pi. 4, tigs. 38, 38ffl ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 262 ; Moore (Byasa), Lep. Ind. \, 1901-1903, p. 171, pi. 434, tig. 2 rf. d . " Upperside : fore wing dark fuliginous black, with black veins, a longitudinal streak between the veins and streaks within the cell. Hind wing very narrow anteriorly and much prolonged posteriorly, exterior margin broadly scalloped, tail very broad and short ; abdominal margin with a very long folded lappet, which when opened displays a lengthened greyish- white woolly andro- conial patch ; colour dull greyish black, with two upper marginal and two subanal lunules, tip of the tail very obscure dusky red. Underside : fore wing paler. Hind wing dull black, with the two upper and lower marginal lunules, an irregular-shaped anal lunule, and the tail tip bright crimson. Thorax and abdomen above black ; front of head and thorax and abdomen beneath crimson ; abdomen beneath with black segmental bands ; hind tibia? very thick ; antenna? and legs black. " Exp. 3 4| inches." (Moore.} Hob. Recorded within our limits from the Southern Shan States, Upper Burma. Originally described from Tonkin. 504. Papilio alcinous, Klug, Neue Schmett. Ins.-Samml. Berlin, 1836, pi. 1, d$. Race pembertoni. Byasa pembertoni, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 170, pi. 434, tigs. 1, la, d ?'. d . Upperside fuliginous black. Fore wing with broad pale adnervular streaks extending from near the base to the terminal margin, present also in the cell. Hind wing, cell and interspaces to near the termen entirely pale, veins black ; a subterminal series of pink-white broad lunules in interspaces 2-6 ; tail immaculate. Underside similar, ground-colour paler, an additional subterminal pink-white lunule in interspace 1 that extends over the vein into interspace 2, and another very small one in interspace 7. An- tenna3, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath : the palpi, sides oE the thorax, and the abdomen pinkish red, the palpi with an admixture of black hairs, the abdomen with transverse black edgings of hair to the segments. — § . " Upperside pale olivescent greyish-fuliginous. Pore wing with black veins and streaks. Hind wing with the submarginal pale flesh-coloured lunules slightly larger than in the d , and with their surrounding marginal borders PAP1LIO. 35 dull dark black. Underside slightly paler than upperside. Hind wing with six submarginal pale flesh-coloured lunules and a simi- larly coloured broad anal lunule as in J , the surrounding marginal border duller black. Thorax and abdomen above fuliginous black ; collar, front of head, sides of thorax beneath, and abdomen beneath pale crimson, segmental bands on abdomen beneath black ; an- tennae arid legs black." (J\loore.) Evp, rf 102-108 mm. (4-03-4-28"). Hab. Bhutan. MACH AON GROUP. c? 2 • Sexes alike in the shape of the wings and in the pattern of colours. Pore wing : costa very slightly ai-ched, curved near apex ; apex well marked, obtuse ; ternien straight, very slightly oblique ; tornus broadly rounded ; dorsum straight ; cell longer than half length of fore wing, upper and middle discocellulars subequal. Hind wing : costa very slightly arched, long ; termen curved, scalloped, with or without a short, generally slender tail at apex of vein 4 ; tornus lobed ; dorsum straight or slightly concave ; cell comparatively short, upper discocellular longer than middle. Antennae not quite half length of fore wing, club somewhat massive but gradual ; abdomen with the anal valves prominent. Key to the forms of the Machaon Group. a. Hind wing with tails. a'. Fore wing upperside: base of cell uniform dusky black without longitudinal streaks of creamy white. a3. Hind wing upperside : ochvaceous red,tornal spot not separated by a black line from blue ,p mach race lunule above it < „„*,,.,. „ qp, £•-'. Hind wing upperside : oehraceous red, tornal ' sP™jru*, p. OU, spot separated by a black line from the , p mach race blue lunule above it { ., , . • ' oft b'. Fore wing upperside : base of cell not uniform ' st/£/ltmensts> P- db- dusky black, traversed longitudinally by four more or less broken slender creamy-white lines P. xuthus, p. 38. b. Hind wing without tails. a'. Hind wing upperside : creamy-yellow band that crosses wing comparatively narrow so as to leave at least a third of the cell at apex black P. demoleus, p. 39. b'. Hind wing upperside : creamy-yellow band that crosses wing comparatively broad so as to leave barely a fourth of the cell at apex/p demol race black I malayanus, p. 3D. 36 505. Papilio machaon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 462. llace sphyrus. Papilio sphyrus, Hiilner, Eur. Schmett. i, 1818-1827, pi. 155, figs. 775 & 776. Papilio maohaon, var. asiatica, Menetries, Enumer. Corp. Annn. Mus. Petr. i, 1855, p. 70. Papilio asiatica, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 258 ; id. Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 39, pi. 481, figs. 1, la-lc, larva & pupa, rf $, & pi. 482, fig". 1, c?. Papilio ladakensis, Moore, ,T. A. S. B. 1884, p. 46 ; id. Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 43, pi. 482, fig. 2 rf . Papilio machaon sphjrus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 275; de Nictville, Jour. JBomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 592. llace sikhiniensis. Papilio sikkhnensis, Moore, J.A.S. B. 1884, p. 47 ; id. Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 44, pi. 482, figs. 3, 3 a, <$ $ . Papilio machaon sikldrnensis, Hothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 276. I have followed Kothschild in treating the form of machaon found in the N.W. Himalayas as a race, and identical with var. spliyms, Hiibuer = var. asiatica, Menetries, but as a matter of fact the variation in a wide-ranging insect like machaon is so great that the description below taken from Simla speci- mens might well stand for individuals procured in the fens of Cambridge or on the Continent. d1 $ . Upperside : fore wing dull black irrorated on its basal third with yellow scales, which also form a transverse diffuse postdiscal baud and a diffuse prespical spot ; a broad band across the middle of the cell, another narrower similar band at its apex, a narrow streak at base of interspace 9, a quadrate spot near base of interspace 8, a trans- verse discal series of broad streaks that decrease in length towards the costa in interspaces 1 a to 7, and a transverse subtermiual series of crescentic spots, cream-yellow ; the streak in interspace 7 with a superposed irregular diamond-shaped black spot. Hind wing: the cell and broad streaks beyond, divided only by the black veins and a narrow black edging to the discccellulars, cream-yellow. These streaks are variable in length CL Fig. 6. — a. Papilio machaon, race $p b. Tornal portion, hind wing of P. machaon, Linn., race sikhimensis, Moore. PAPILIO. 37 and occupy fully three-fourths of the dorsal margin and of inter- space 1, they decrease suddenly and considerably in interspaces 2 to 5 and lengthen again in the anterior interspaces. Terminal halt' of the wing black, with a superposed postdiscal transverse series of diffuse blue spots and a subterminal series of cream- coloured lunules. Inner margin of the black area irregularly zigzag, an ochraceous-red spot at the tornal angle below the blue postdiscal spot in interspace 1, the base and dorsal margin of wing shaded with black irrorated with yellow scales ; cilia of both fore and hind wing prominently yellow in the interspaces. The depth of the tint of the cream-coloured portions on both fore and hind wings is very variable as is the width of the black areas, especially on the hind wing, also the size of the blue postdiscal spots on the same wing. Underside pale cream-colour. Fore wing: two transverse short bands across cell, another beyond its apex where it borders the discocellulars, a prominent broad transverse discal band and a terminal broad line, black ; the bauds across the cell and beyond its apex more or less diffuse, the discal band with its middle very broadly cream-coloured from interspaces 2 to 7 and thickly sprinkled with black scales. Hind wing : the veins and a terminal broad line black, the black on the upperside shows through as an irregular transverse sinuous bluish diseal band thickly sprinkled with black scales and is bordered interiorly and exteriorly by broken transverse black lines, the inner line margined on the outer side by a diffuse blue scaling and on the inner side in inter- spaces 3 and 4 by an ochraceous-red spot : torual spot and cilia of both fore and hind wings as on the upperside. Antenna) black ; head, thorax and abdomen cream-colour ; head, thorax and abdomen above with a black medial streak, narrow in the c? very broad in the $ ; abdomen beneath with narrow lateral ill-defined black lines. Rvp. 6 $ 80-110 mm. (3-14-4-33"). Hab. Within our limits the N.W. Himalayas from Chitral to Nepal ; extending to Central Asia, and North and West to South Europe and North Africa. Larva. " Newly born. Head large, shining, black and hirsute. Body spined, the spines longest on the thorax .... all the spines thickly branched and much swollen at the base. A dorsal white patch on the 7th and 8th segments (on which the spines are also white) ; the rest of the surface ochreous-green. . . . True legs shining black, the claspers dark coloured with light tips." (Harjord.) Adult: spineless; ground-colour very variable, from yellowish green to brilliant green with black transverse markings and lateral orange-yellow spots, the white patch on the 7th and 8th segments much reduced. Food-plants, Fennel (Fceniculum vulgare) and also the flowers not the leaves of Hemlock (Conium maculaium). Pupa. Varies in colour from ochraceous grey to pale green. Angular and tuberculated ; head bifid ; thorax humped with its posterior portion flattened. Race sikhimensis, Moore (fig. 6 6). — This, the dark eastern form of mackcton, is very similar to race sphyrus and on its western 38 PAPILIO Js ID JE. borders merges into that form. It can, however, be distinguished by its general dark tone of colouring on the upperside ; on the fore wing the discal series of cream-coloured streaks are much shorter and conspicuously separated from one another by the broad black edgings to the veins ; on the hind wing the dorsal margin is very broadly bordered with black which in interspace 1 all but merges into the black terminal area, the inner margin of this black area extends straight across the wing and is only slightly curved, not zigzag ; lastly the tornal ochraceous-red spot is always separated from the blue lunule above by a narrow interval of black. Under- side similar to that of spliyrus but darker. Exp. c? $ 68-78 mm. (2-68-3-1"). Hob. The Eastern Himalayas : Sikhim ; Bhutan ; the Chumbi Valley : Burma ; Northern and Southern Shan States ; extending to Western China and Tibet. 506. Papilio XUthus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 1767, p. 751 ; fryer, Rhop. Nikon. 1886, p. 3, pi. 1, figs. 2, 2 a, 26; Moore in Anderson's Zool Res. Tunan Exp. ii, 1878, p. 923. Papilio xanthus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 278 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. yi, 1903, p. 45. c? $ . Upperside black with cream-coloured markings as follows : — 1'ore wing : cell with four or five slender somewhat broken streaks from base that extend for two-thirds of its length, followed by a short transverse bar and another similar bar along the discocellulars ; a streak from base not extended beyond the disc in interspaces ] a and 1, the streak in the latter angulated downwards below origin of vein 2, its apical portion double; a discal series of elongate subtriangular spots that decrease in size towards the costa, in interspaces 2 to 7, the spots in 6 and 7 with an oval black medial spot generally dividing them in two ; a spot near base of interspace 8 followed by a diffuse small patch of similarly coloured scales ; finally a subterminal complete series of lunules. In the $ between the discal and subterminal series of cream-coloured markings there is a complete postdiscal series of transverse somewhat diffuse pale spots. Hind wing : a broad streak from base nearly filling the cell, a streak in interspace 1 extended for three-fourths of its length : shorter streaks in the interspaces beyond the cell ; that in interspace 7 interrupted by a large black spot (this spot in the $ paler) ; a postdiscal series of diffuse spots, cream-coloured (except the tornal spot which is blue) in the <f r blue in the $ , followed by a subterminal series of cream-coloured lunules, the lunule at the tornal angle centred with black in the J , in the $ also centred with black but with its upper half ochraceous ; the lunule in interspace 8 with its upper horn elongate, produced down the tail. Underside : fore wing similar, the cream-coloured markings broader, the postdiscal series of transverse spots present also in the c? ; in both sexes that and the subterminal series form continuous bands. Hind wing : the cream -coloured markings very broad on the basal half of the wing, separated only by the black PAPILIO. 39 veins ; a discal irregular black band composed of large black spots between the veins, these spots are traversed on their inner halves by a line of diffuse blue and cream-coloured scaling, and in some of the interspaces margined inwardly and outwardly by a shading of ochraceous ; the subterminal series as on the upperside but much larger and formed of somewhat irregular quadrate spots. Exp. S $ 102-120 mm. (4-04-4 -75"). Hab. Within our limits, Upper Burma : Bhamo and Northern Shan States; extends through Western China to Corea and Japan. 507. Papilio demoleus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 464; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 279 ; Moore (Orpheides), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 234, pi. 466, tigs. 1, 1 a-lc, larva & pupa, rf $ . Papilio erithonius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, 1782, p. 67, pi. 232, figs. A, B ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 105, pi. 3, fig. 6, 6 a, larva & pupa ; id. (Orpheides) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1857, p. 147, pi. 61, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, <j> , larva & pupa. Race malayanus. Papilio erithonius, loc. form malayanus, Wallace, Tram. Linn. Soc. xxv, 1865, p. 59. Papilio demoleus malayanus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 281. Orpheides malayanus, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1886, p. 50 ; id. Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 240. <$ $ . Upperside black. Fore wing : base below cell and basal half of latter so irrorated with yellow scales as to form more or less complete transverse dotted lines, two outwardly oblique yellow spots in cell and a curved spot at its upper apex ; a spot at base and another beyond it in interspace 8 ; a discal transverse series of cream-yellow spots irregular in arrangement and size extends from interspace 1 a to 8 ; the series interrupted in interspace 5 and the spot in interspace 7 double; this is followed by a sinuous postdiscal series of spots and an admarginal terminal series of smaller spots. In many specimens between the discal and post- discal series the black ground-colour is irrorated with yellowish scales. Hind wing : base and an edging that decreases in width along the dorsal margin irrorated with yellow scales ; followed by a broad medial yellow irregular band, a sinuous postdiscal series of outwardly emarginate yellow spots and a terminal series of smaller Fig. 7. — Papilio demoleus. similarly coloured spots as on the fore wing. The inner margin of the medial band is curved inwards, the outer margin is very irregular and uneven ; in the cell the band does not reach the apex, but beyond the cell 40 PAPILIONID^!. there are one or more cream-yellow spots, and the hlack ground- colour is irrorated with yellowish scales ; finally at the tornal angle there is an oval ochraceous-red spot emarginate on its inner side in the $ and in both sexes surmounted by a blue lunule ; while in interspace 7 between the medial band and the postdiscal spot there is a large ocellus-like spot of the black ground-colour more or less irrorated with blue scales. Underside : ground-colour similar, the cream-coloured markings paler and conspicuously larger. The •'atter differ from those on the upperside as follows : — Fore wing : basal half of cell and base of wing below it with cream-coloured streaks that coalesce at base ; irregular ochraceous spots in inter- spaces 5 to 8 and the discal series of spots complete not interrupted in interspace 5. Hind wing : the black at base of wing and along the dorsal margin centred largely with pale cream-colour ; the ocellus in interspace 7, the apex of the cell and the black ground- colour between the medial band and postdiscal markings in inter- spaces 2-6 centred with ochraceous, margined with blue. Antennae dark reddish brown, touched with ochraceous on the innerside towards the club; head, thorax and abdomen dusky black, the head and thorax anteriorly streaked with cream-yellow ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen cream-yellow with lateral longi- tudinal black lines on the last. Exp. c? $ 80-100 mm. (3-18-3-95"). Hob. Kashmir to Ceylon ; Assam to Upper Burma, up to a moderate elevation ; extending to Persia and eastwards to China and Formosa. Larva. After 1st moult tuberculate, brown with a milk-white V-shaped mark on the 6th-9th segments, and white lateral streaks anterior and posterior to the V-shaped markings. These make the larva look for all the world like the droppings of some bird, and it is evidently to some extent protected thereby, for while young the larva feeds and rests openly on the upperside of the leaf. Full- grown the larva is brilliant rich green, velvety and without tubercles, the sides and some of the segments dorsally marked with black, yellowish white, and rich brown ; head, legs and prolegs reddish brown. The food-plant varies, the "bael" (JZgle), " her" (Zizyphu8\ lime, orange and pumelo are the chief. Pupa. Green or yellowish-brown according to surroundings. Race malayanus, "Wallace. — A slightly differentiated and not very constant race ; distinguishable by the width (measured in the cell) of the median cream-coloured band on the hind wing. In typical demoleus the apical third of the cell is black on the upper- side ; in the present race the cream-coloured median band is broader, and leaves less than a fourth of the cell at apex black. Exp. 3 $ as in the typical form. Hab. Lower Burma ; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula. Many specimens from Assam to Lower Burma are intermediate as regards the width of the median transverse band on the hind wing. PAPILIO. 4 1 GEOTJP. c? $ . Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa widely arched ; apex moderately pointed but not acute ; termeii straight, very slightly concave; tornus broadly rounded ; dorsum slightly sinuous, nearly straight, cell long, well over half length of wing; outer Jialfofwiny on the upperside in male more or less densely hairy so as to conceal the scaling. Hind wing : costa arched, terraen scalloped, with at apex of vein 4 a broad spatulate tail ; cell comparatively short ; upper discocellular markedly longer than middle discocellular. Key to the forms of the Helenus group. A. Hind wing with an upper discal white or creamy-white patch ; no continuous white band across. «. Hind wing upperside : upper discal white patch extends from interspaces 5 to 7. a'. Hind wing underside : without a series of discal blue lunules. a2. Fore wing underside : pale grey inter- nervular streaks anteriorly elongate that reach up to apex of cell ............ P. helenus, p. 41. b~. Fore wing underside : pale grey inter- nervular streaks anteriorly not elongate , „ , , nor extended to apex of cell ...... °. . . J R Me™*> ,race .. //. Hind wing underside: with a series of ' 7 tlak*ha> P- 4J- discal blue lunules .................. \ R helenus> race .„ 6. Hind wing upperside: upper discal white ' mooreanus, p. 43. patch extended from interspaces 4 to 7 .... P. isicara, p. 43. B. Hind wing with a greenish- or yellowish-white continuous band across. a. This band commencing from above middle of dorsal margin .......................... P. demotion, p. 44. b. This band commencing from middle of dorsal , T> 7 mnj:nn margin or from a little below it .......... { * **„ p.%5. 508. Papilio helenus, Linn. St/st. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 459 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 101 ; Moore (Charus), Jour. Linn. Soc. xxi, 1889, p. 61; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 284 ; Moore, (Charus), Lep. 2nd, v, 1901-1903, p. 208, pi. 454, figs. 1 1 «-l c, <5 $ . Eace daksha. Papilio helenus, Moore (nee Linn.), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. l.C. i, 1857, pi. 3, figs. 2, 2 a, larva & pupa ; Davidson $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 367. Papilio (Charus) daksha, Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888, p. 363 ; Moore (Charus), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 210, pi. 455, tigs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, larva & pupa, tf $ . Papilio helenus daksha, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 286. Race mooreanus. Charus heleuus, Moore (nee Linn.), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 149, pi. 58, fig. 3. 42 PAPILIONID.E. Papilio helenus mooreanus, RntJtsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 286. Charus mooreanus, Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 211. cJ ? . Upperside brownish black to rich velvety black. Fore wing : four slender lines in cell and outer internervular hairy streaks that vary in width brown, these latter give in many specimens a golden-brown appearance in certain lights to the terminal half of the wing. Hind wing : a more or less quadrate white spot in interspace 7, with two more elongate similar spots in the inter- spaces below that form a conspicuous upper discal white patch, the outer margin of which is zigzag; this is followed by a series of admarginal more or less imperfect claret-red rings in interspaces 1 to 5 that enclose large intense black oval spots. The number of these rings is very variable, the tornal one is always present, the rest partially or com- pletely obsolescent. Cilia black alternated with white. Underside: duller, more opaque black. Fore wing similar to the upper- side but the cellular and internervular streaks formed of scales, not hairs, greyish white in colour and more clearly denned, the latter anteriorly do not reach the terminal margin but extend to the apex of the cell. Hind wing : markings similar to those on the upperside, but the upper spot of the discal white patch generally crescentic in shape, the whole patch generally smaller and the spots that compose it divided by the black veins ; the admarginal series of rings are dull red and only the tornal and the ring in inter- space 2 are more or less complete, the rest of the series is reduced to a curved subterminal line of lunules that extends from inter- spaces 3 to 7 ; in addition there is an inner broad red lunular spot in interspace 2 in continuation of the inner portion of the red ring at the tornal angle ; both the lunule and the inner portion of the tornal ring traversed by a line of white scales. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; the abdomen beneath touched with grevish white along the sides. Exp. J $ 1 00-140 mm. (3'96-5'52"). Hab. The Himalayas at no great elevation from Mussoorie to Sikhim ; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending to Siam, China and the Malay Peninsula. Race daksha, Harnpson. — Similar to the typical form, from Fig. 8. — a. Papilio helenus, Linn. b. Venation of anterior portion of hind wing. PAPILIO. 43 which it can be distinguished as follows : — <S $ . Underside of fore wing : the grey internervular streaks much shorter, formed into a broad transverse discal series which widens considerably towards the costa but posteriorly stops far short of the terminal margin. Hind wing : the upper discal white patch considerably larger than in P. helenus both on the upper and undersides ; the upper spot in interspace 7, which on the underside of the hind wing in P. helenus is generally crescent-shaped, in the present race is always much longer. Below the white patch there are also in some specimens two red crescent-shaped marks in addition to those that are found in P. helenus. Exp. 3 $ 118-140 mm. (4-26-5-52"). Hob. Southern India ; the IS'ilgiris ; Malabar ; Travancore. Messrs. Davidson and Aitken have published the following notes about the larva and pupa : — " We got one larva of this on the Tirphal (Xanthoxylon rhetsa ?), a horribly thorny tree leafless in the dry season, the berries of which are used by the natives in currv. The fourth and fifth segments were even more tumid than in P. polymnestor, forming a broad and high hump, nearly flat on the top, and bounded before and behind by rugged ridges of a whitish or pale grey colour chequered with fine brown lines. The anterior ridge ended in a large black and white ocellus on each side, and the whole aspect of the creature from the front had a strikingly grim likeness to the head of some beast or reptile, with heavy brow and angry eyes. Jn other respects no separate description of this larva is necessary. The pupa was distinguishable from that of P. polymnestor, chiefly by the two projecting points on the head being somewhat curved upwards." Race mooreanus, Eothschild. — " Grey streaks on the underside of the fore wings as in P. helenus dalcsha, Hamps. ; the Naples- yellow scales of the upperside of the fore wings form conspicuous internervular streaks in the outer region ; the white area of the hind wings smaller ( S ) beneath than above ; on the underside of the hind wings there is a complete series of seven subdiscal blue lunules of which the three anterior stand at the outer edge of the white discal marks, and of which the two posterior are situated within the anal and subanal rufous spots." Exp. <S 2 124-146 mm. (4-9-5-76"). Hab. Ceylon. 509. Papilio iswara, White, Entom. i, 1842, p. 280; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 101 ; Bothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 288 ; Moore (Charus), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 212, pi. 456, tigs. 1, !«,<?$. c? $ . Very closely resembles P. helenus, but differs as follows : — Upperside : the upper discal creamy-white spot on the hind wing is much larger and extends into interspace 4 ; in the $ and in some <3 specimens also there is some obscure, diffuse, white scaling below tbat again. Underside : fore wing differs from fore wing 44 of typical Jielenus in the shortness of the internervular grey streaks, which are somewhat as in the fore wing of the race daksJia. Hind wing : upper discal white patch smaller than on the upper- side and distinctly divided into four by the black veins that cross it ; incomplete broad orange-red admarginal rings that enclose large black spots at the tornal angle and at apex of interspace 2, the former connected with the discal white patch by a series of obscure bluish lunules; the subterminal series of orange-red lunules so conspicuous in typical lielenus entirely absent. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in lielenus. Exp. 3 2 127-145 mm. (5-5-72"). Hab. Malay Peninsula ; extending up into the southern islands of the Mergui Archipelago, and southwards to Sumatra and Borneo. 510. Papilio demolion, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, 1776, p. 140, pi. 89, figs. A, B ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 105, pi. 3, figs. 5, 5o, larva & pupa; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 282 ; Moore (Araminta), Lep. Ind. v. 1901-1903, p. 219, pi. 460, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, larva & pupa, rf § . Race liomedon. Papilio liomedon, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 575; Davidson $ Airten, Jour. Bomb. A. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 367, pi. D, figs. 1-3, larva & pupa ; Moore (Araminta), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 221, pi. 461, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, larva & pupa, rf 5 • Papilio demolion liomedon, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 283. c? $ . Upperside brownish black. Fore and hind wings crossed by a broad prominent oblique pale greenish or yellowish-white band that commences just before the middle of the dorsal margin of the hind wing, crosses over on to the fore wing and is continued as a series of spots that diminish in size in the upper interspaces to the apex of that wing ; on the hind wing this is followed by a subterminal series of similarly-coloured lunules. Underside fuliginous black, the transverse band that crosses the wings as on the upperside. Pore wing : cell with a series of four slender longitudinal pale lines from base ; the veins also picked out with pale lines ; on the veins that run to the terminal margin these lines are conspicuous only at the apices ; there are besides short similar lines between the veins that extend to the terminal margin. Hind wing: the interspaces beyond the transverse medial greenish-white band marked with broad jet-black streaks up to the subterrmnal line of greenish-white lunules ; these streaks medially interrupted by a transverse line of blue scales and succeeded in interspaces 1 and 7 by preapical ochraceous- yellow spots ; terminal margin beyond the line of lunules black. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen fuliginous black ; beneath, the palpi and abdomen greenish white, the thorax dark grey. Kvp. d $ 95-112 mm. (3-76-4-42"). PAPILIO. 45 Hal. Tenasserim ; extending to Siam ; the Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra; Java. Larva. " Similar to that of P. erithoniiis (i. e. Papilio demoleus). Anterior segments scutellated, furnished with two tentacular processes on the 2nd segment and two short fleshy processes on the 9th and anal segments." (Moore.) Pupa. " Curved abruptly backwards ; head bifid ; thorax with a lengthened curved acute thoracic process." (Moore.) Race liomedon, Moore. — A slightly differentiated race distin- guishable chiefly by the pale greenish-yellow band that crosses the wings starting from the middle and not from just before the middle of the dorsal margin of the hind wing, also this band is composed entirely of separate spots on the fore wing. Exp. 6 $ 110-115 mm. (4-34-4-54"). Hab. Southern India. A very interesting account of the life-history of this insect is given by Messrs. Davidson and Aitken (I. c.). One of these gentlemen watched a female, P. liomedon, laying its eggs on a tender shoot of a small jungle tree or shrub (Acronycliia lauri- folia). There were " ten eggs, laid one on top of the other." Of the caterpillars which emerged five days after the eggs were laid, " five passed successfully through all dangers and became beautiful specimens, one female and four males. (This is one of the butterflies of which we rarely find females.) All through their lives these Iarva3 continued gregarious, dispersing occa- sionally to feed, but always returning to rest side by side on the upper surface of a leaf. The following dates may be interesting. Eggs laid 2nd August, hatched 7th August; skins cast (and eaten) 12th August ; again 17th August ; again 20th to 22nd August. The most advanced cast its skin again on the 28th August, became a pupa on the 2nd of September, and emerged on the 15th of September. The others followed within two days. At first the larvae were of an oily yellow colour and bore many pairs of spiny points, but these disappeared with age and after the last moult there were only the short fleshy processes on the 2nd and last segment which characterise the group, and one additional curved pair on the ninth segment. " The colour after the last moult was a clear slaty-blue, changing eventually to a greenish tint, with light brown markings very much the same as those w7hich characterise the rest of the group. The pupa was more abruptly bent back from the middle of the thorax than that of P. eritJionius (i. e. P. demoleus) and adorned on the thorax with a sword-shaped horn, -fully three- eighths of an inch long, and always bent either to the right or the left. The colour was brown or green and j'ellow according to situation." 46 LV GROUP. c? . Tore wing : costa widely arched ; apex somewhat produced but broadly rounded ; termen slightly concave below apex, then oblique ; tornus rounded ; dorsum slightly sinuous ; cell more than half length of wing. Hind wing comparatively short and broad ; costa and termen united, formed into a bold continuous curve, the latter deeply sinuous : dorsum straight ; cell compara- tively short ; upper discocellular much longer than the middle discocellular. Antennas slender, not quite half length of fore wing ; club slight, gradual. § . Occasionally in one form, always in the other forms, with a broad spatulate tail at apex of vein 4. Key to the forms of the Memnon group. 3 c?. <i. Hind wing upperside : ground-colour throughout dark indigo-blue black. a! ' . Hind wing upperside : without any distinct continuous transverse medial blue baud, but with internervular streaks of blue scales, sometimes entirely absent, wing then uniform blue-black. a2. Such streaks absent or present, when present not heavily marked, not outwardly pointed, extended nearly to terminal margin P. memnon, race agenor, b2. Such streaks always present, heavily fp. 47. marked, pointed outwardly, and well short of terminal margin .... P. polymnestoroid.es, p. 52. b'. Hind wing upperside : with a prominent continuous transverse broad medial blue band P. mayo, p. 49. b. Hind wing upperside : ground-colour basal third black, remainder more or less pale blue. «'. Hind wing upperside: outer portion entirely pale blue with black mark- ings P. polymnestor, p. 50. b'. Hind wing upperside : outer portion pale blue with a very strong yellow tint P. polymnestor, race \_parinda, p. 51. a. Hind wing tailed. a. Tail uniform black, without a red spot near apex P. memnon, race agenor V. Tail not uniform black, with a red (tailed form), p. 49. spot near apex P. mayo, p. 49. PAPILIO. 47 b. Hind wing not tailed. a'. Hind wing: with a large black-centred red tornal spot on upperside //. Hind wing : without a red tornal spot on upperside. a2. Hind wing upperside : with a medial series of outwardly pointed inter- nervular blue streaks as in male . . 43. Hind wing : upperside with ground- colour and markings as in respec- tive males . . P. memnon, race agenor (tailless forms), p. 48. P. polymnestoroides, p. 52. P. polymnestor, p. 50. P. polymnestor, race \_parinda, p. 51. oil. Papilio memnon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 460. Race agenor. Papilio agenor, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 460, £ ; Hilbner (Iliades), Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89; Aurivillius, Kongl. So. Vet.- Akad. Handl. xix (5) 1882, p. 18 ; Moore (Iliades), Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 194, pis. 446-449. Papilio androgeos, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, 1776, p. 142, pi. 91, figs. A, B, c? ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 428. Papilio memnon agenor, Eothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 316, rf $ . Race agenor, Linn. — An extremely variable polymorphic form, described originally from a tailless $ . The common form of the d1 is the one figured as androgeos by Cramer. The tailed form of the $ seems to be more common than the tailless forms, but both tailed and tailless forms of the $ occur throughout its range. c? . First form. — Upper- side : deep indigo-blue black ; fore wing with or without a short dark red streak at base of subcostal cell ; both fore and hind wings with more or less well-marked silvery-blue adnervular streaks that do not reach the terminal mar- gin ; these are most promi- nent on the hind wing where they extend into the apex of the cell ; on the fore wing they are confined to the outer half and become obsolescent towards the costa. Underside : fore wing ground-colour dull black ; the adnervular silvery-blue streaks as on the upperside but much broader, more prominent and extended well into the cell ; a broad dark red patch at base of the latter. Hind wing dull opaque black with broad velvety-blacker streaks in the interspaces, each broadened Fig. 9. — Papilio memnon, race agenor, Linn., $. f. 48 towards the apex but not extended to the terminal margin ; in interspaces 1-4 the apical portion of these streaks is separate and forms a large oval spot ; base of wing and tornal area red, on the former traversed by the black veins, on the latter very variable in extent, more or less formed into rings round the subterminal black spots in interspaces 1 and 2, sometimes in 3 also ; finally a postdiscal shading of blue scales more or less lunular in each interspace. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black; the abdomen brownish beneath. tf . Second form = ab. depelchini, Robbe. — Upperside: the ad- nervular blue scaled streaks more or less obsolescent, sometimes completely obsolescent on the fore wing, or obsolescent on the fore and strongly marked on the hind wing. Underside: fore wing like that of the typical form ; hind wing with red markings at the tornal angle that extend to interspace 4 ; one or more postdiscal red lunules also in the anterior interspaces. I have seen specimens of this form from Sikhim, Assam and strange to say, from Great Nicobar also. (5 . Third form = ab. primigeniiis, fiothsch. — " Upperside: hind wing in the anal region with a series of four (Khasia Hills spscimen, type), or two (Sikhim specimen), black spots wholly encircled with almost white scaling ; bluish-grey streaks much whiter than in the usual form of the rf . Underside : hind wing with an anal and three submargiual complete grey rings, the anal ring and a grey subdiscal lunule between the two lower median nervules (veins 2 and 3) tinged with red at their basal sides ; in the Khasia Hill specimen there is a second grey lunule before the middle median nervule (vein 3) and in each of the three anterior cellules stands, close to the white marginal fringe, a grey spot, which is partly joined to a submarginal indistinct lunule so as to form an incomplete submarginal grey ring ; the subdiscal series of blue spots is incomplete ; in the Sikhim specimen these spots are rather well-defined.''' (Rothschild, t. c.) $ . First form : tailless. — Upperside: fore wing, the basal third of the cell vermilion-red touched outwardly with white, a speck of vermilion-red at base of interspace 2, the basal third of inter- spaces 1 and 2 velvety black, remainder of the wing grey with the veins and medial internervular streaks dusky black. Hind wing : basal half of wing indigo-blue black ; terminal half white, the white traversed by black veins, broadly bordered on each side by black ; terminal margin also somewhat broadly black; inter- spaces 1 to 7 with a series of large velvety-black oblong spots on the white, those in the interspaces 1 to 3 encircled by a diffuse shading of reddish or ochreous scales, those in the anterior interspaces confluent outwardly with the black terminal margin. In some specimens the white does not extend above interspace 5, the basal and anterior portions of the wing are black with a dusting of bluish scales. In others the black terminal margin is very narrow and the subterminal spots distinct from it up to inter- space 6. Underside very similar to the upperside, with similar PAPILIO. 49 markings ; in a few specimens with an inner postdiscal row of dark diffuse spots on the white of the hind wing; the base of this wing red, the terminal margin with a grey edging traversed by the black veins. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brownish black. $. Second form: tailless = ab. butlerianus, Eothsch. — Upper- side : fore wing as in the typical form but paler, often with a whitish patch posteriorly. Hind wing indigo-green, streaks of bine scaling as in the $ ; interspace 1 whitish, outwardly merged into a reddish shading round a subterminal velvety-black spot. Underside : fore wing as in the typical $ but paler. Hind wing as in many of the males, bnt with a broad white streak nearly from base in interspace 1. $. Third form: tailed = ab. alcanor, Cramer. — Upperside, fore wTing : basal third of cell and a minute spot at base of inter- space 2 vermilion-red ; a velvety-black patch at bases of inter- spaces 1 and 2 ; rest of the wing brown or greyish-brown with black veins and internervular black streaks. Hind wing black, apical third to apical half of cell (ab. distantianus, Eothsch.) and broad streaks at bases of interspaces 1 to 6 white, the latter tinged outwardly with vermilion-red and very variable in length, sometimes entirely absent in one or more of the interspaces mentioned ; lastly a terminal series of vermilion-red admarginal spots that decrease in size from interspaces 1 to 7 ; the red in interspace 1 lengthened, occupying half the interspace but it is generally interrupted by a large subtermiual black spot ; cilia black alternated with white in the interspaces. Underside similar, ground-colour of fore wing paler ; base of hind wing red, terminal spots vermilion-red, markings paler, the anterior admargiual spots ochraceous to greyish-white. Antennae, head, thorax and a line on the abdomen above brownish black, a broad baud on the sides of the abdomen bright ochraceous ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen dusky black. Exp. J $ 120--16G mm. (4-T4-6-56"). Hab. India (excluding the North- West, Central India, and Ceylon) ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay Peninsula ; China and Japan. Pound alike in the hills and the plains. In the Himalayas, Southern India, Assam, Burma, and Tenasserim up to 5000 ft. Both sexes are entirely inodorous. 512. Papilio mayo, Atkinson, P. Z. S. 1873. p. 736, pi. 63, fig. 1 ; W.-M. S> de N. J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 237, & 1881, p. 252 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 322 ; Moore (Ileades), Lep. Lid. v, 1901-1903,. p. 201, pi. 450, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, rf $ . Papilio cliaricles, Hewitson, A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 356 $ ; W.-M. $ de N. J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 237. c? • Upperside rich velvety black. Tore wing with a subter- minal series of greenish-yellow irrorated internervular streaks, sometimes more or less obsolescent. Hind wing : a very broad VOL. II. E 50 PAPILIONID,E. discal band pale blue, composed of broad outwardly more or less emarginate streaks in interspaces 1 to 7 ; cilia : fore wing black, hind wing black alternated with white in the interspaces. Under- side opaque blue-black. Fore wing with a dark red streak at base and the subterminal internervular streaks as on the the upperside but grey and more prominent. Hind wing with 4 or 5 small patches of dark red at base, a complete dark red ocellus in inter- spaces 1 and 2, and indistinct subterminal very variable markings of red in the other interspaces, sometimes formed into half ocelli in interspaces 3 and 4 ; within this line of markings there is an incomplete discal lunular series of mixed red and blue scaling. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black. — § closely resembles the tailed form of the $ of P. memnon, race agenor, but on the disc of the fore wing the internervular broad pale streaks are nearly white, and on the hind wing the white streaks in the interspaces beyond and outside the cell shorter and strongly tinged with red along their edges, while the dark red is more extended, especially in the tornal area where it covers the terminal three-fourths of interspaces 1 and 2, interrupted in 1 by a comparatively round oval black spot and in 2 by a broad elongate black patch ; apical half of tail vermilion-red, whitish at apex. Exp. rf $ 132-152 mm. (5-22-6-3"). Hub. The Andarnans. 513. Papilio polymnestor (PI. XII, fig. 85), Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, 1775, p. 83, pi. 53, tigs. A, B ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 101, pi. 3, tigs. 1, 1 a, larva & pupa ; JJaoidson Sf Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. U. Soc. v, 1890, p. 3«6; Rothsch. Nov. Zool, ii, 1895, p. 329 ; Moore (Iliades), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 203, pi. 452, tigs. I, I a, I b, larva & pupa, tf $ . Eace parinda. Papilio parinda, Moore (Iliades), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1857, p. 148, pi. 60, tigs. 1, 1 a-\ b, <S $ , larva & pupa. Papilio polymnestor parinda, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 330. J . Upperside rich velvety black. Fore wing with a postdiscal band composed of internervular broad blue streaks gradually shortened and obsolescent anteriorly, not extended beyond inter- space 6. Hind wing : the terminal three-fourths beyond a line crossing the apical third of the cell pale blue, or greyish blue, with superposed powtdiscal, subtermiual and terminal series of black spots — the postdiscal spots elongate, inwardly conical ; the subterminal oval, placed in the interspaces, the terminal irregular, placed along the apices of the veins and anteriorly coalescing more or less with the subterminal spots. Underside opaque black. Fore wing with an elongate spot of dark red at base of cell ; the postdiscal transverse series of streaks as on the upperside but grey tinged with ochraceous and extended right up to the costa; in some specimens similar but narrow streaks also in the cell. Hind wing with five irregular small patches of red at base, the PAPILIO. 51 outer three-fourths of the wing grey touched with ochraceous, but generally narrower than the blue on the upperside ; the inner margin of the grey area crosses the wing beyond the cell ; the post- discal and subterininal black spots as on the upperside. In some specimens this grey area is greatly restricted, its inner margin crossing the wing well beyond the apex of the cell ; the subtermiual spots merged completely with the terminal spots and form a comparatively broad terminal black band. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen blackish brown. — 2 very similar but the inte.r- nervular streaks on the fore wing paler, extended into the cell both on the upper and undersides. Hind wing : the pale blue area on the upperside and the corresponding grey area on the underside paler. In some specimens there is a diffuse short crimson streak at the base of the cell of the fore wing on the upperside. Rep. <S 2 131-156 mm. (5-48-6-14"). Hab. Sikhim ; Lower Bengal ; Central and Southern India. Larva and pupa. "We noticed this butterfly at Matheran in the month of March laying its eggs on a lime tree in the garden. In Karwar we reared a great many in September and October on a common w ild orange (Atalantia, sp. ?). Another favourite food appears to be Garcinia xanihochymus. In form, colour and markings the larva is very similar to that of the last two (P. demoleus and P. polytes\ but the enlargement of the 4th and 5th segments is much exaggerated, especially after the last moult. In the pupa the head-case and its two projecting points are more elongated." (Davidson &f Aitken.) Race parinda, Moore. — I have, following Eothschild, regarded this form as a distinguishable race, but the males are very similar to the typical form, though the females can always be descrimi- nated. It might well stand as polymnestor with a dimorphic 2 iu Ceylon. cJ . Differs in the broader postdiscal blue band on the uppei'- side of the fore wing and the greater extent of the blue area on the hind wing. — 2 has the same band on the fore wing and the blue area on the hind wing much paler and invariably tinged (sometimes very strongly so) with yellow. On the underside both the band on the fore wing and the outer area on the hind wing are generally ochraceous-yellow without a touch of blue ; the former much broader than in the typical form. Rvp. J 2 130-156 mm. (5-16-6-14"). Hab. Confined so far as is known to Ceylon. Larva. " Smooth, glossy green ; with a whitish lower lateral band from 6th to anal segment, a broad similar coloured band obliquely ascending the 8th and 9th and a similar band on the 10th segment ; anterior shield edged with white, its posterior dorsal end bordered by a transverse blackish-marked crest, a similar crest also across the 4th segment ending on each side in a large ocollated spot. Feeds on Citrus decumana" (Moore.) Pupa. " Green or olive-brown." (Moore.} 52 PAPILIONIDJ. 514. Papilio polymnestoroides, Moore (Iliades), Leo. Ind. v, 1001- 1903, p. 202, pi. 451, figs. 1, 2, rf $ . d1 $ . Differs from P. polymnestor, Cramer, as follows : — $ • Upperside, fore wing : the adnervular streaks on outer portion of wing not so broad. Hind wing : basal portion to apex of cell black, beyond this a series of adnervular blue streaks that do not reach the outer margin, each pair coming to a point outwardly on the veins ; these are followed by a series of very obscure large subterminal spots of a shade darker than the ground-colour in interspaces 1 to 4. Cilia black, touched with white in the inter- spaces. Underside opaque black, a patch of dark red at base of wings. Fore wing as on the upperside but with the greyish-blue streaks broader. Hind wing with a discal and a subterminal series of large oval black spots, the former surrounded by a broad grey margin ; tornus narrowly i-ed. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in polymnestor. — 5 . Upperside : fore wing with pale greyish adnervular streaks on outer half narrower than \n polym- nestor ; base of cell entirely filled with a broad red streak ; a very short streak above base of vein 1. Hind wing : ground-colour dull velvety brown, with discal, subterminal and terminal rows of black spots as in polymnestor, only more obscure ; the medial area with a series of broad blue outwardly pointed adnervular streaks as in the c?; the black spot at tornns bordered with grey. Under- side : differs chiefly from the underside of polymnestor in the grey internervular streaks on the outer portions of the fore wing that are longer and produced to the bases of the anterior interspaces inwardly and outwardly almost to the terminal margin ; on the hind wing the discal series of spots are closer to the subterminal series. Exp. S $ 127-148 mm. (5-5-86"). Hab. Recorded only from Eastern Bengal and Assam. I have provisionally followed Moore in keeping this form distinct from P. polymnestor, but it is probably only a rare aber- ration of that insect. PBOTENOR GBOUP. c? 5 alike. Fore wing somewhat elongate ; costa arched, apex produced but rounded ; termen oblique, slightly concave ; tornus rounded ; dorsuni straight, about half length of costa ; cell broad and long, more than half length of wing. Hind wing : costa and termen to apex of vein 2 form one long continuous curve, the termen broadly scalloped ; dorsum to tornal angle straight, below the latter the termen emarginate ; cell narrow, comparatively short ; subcostal vein and upper discocellular subequal. J with a white costal streak on the upperside of the hind wing. Antenna not half length of fore wing, slender; club elongate, gradual, slight. .Represented within our limits by the typical form only : two PAPILIO. 53 others, P. demetriits, Cramer, and -P. macilentus, Janson, are recorded from Japan and China. 515. Papilio protenor, Cramer, Pap. J5.rot. i, 1775, p. 77, pi. 49, figs. A, B ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 98 ; Rolhsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 331 ; Mackinnon fy de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 592, pi. w,fig. 23 ; Moore (Sainia), Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 188, pi. 444, figs. 1, la-Id, larva, d" . Upperside velvety indigo-blue black, duller on the fore wing than on the hind wing. Fore wing with pale adnervular streaks broadened along the terminal margin and extended well into the cell. Hind wing : a broad pale yellowish-white subcostal streak ; interspaces 4 to 6 irrorated with bluish scales ; tornal angle marked with red. Underside : fore wing dull black ; adnervular streaks distinctly grey and much broader than on the upperside. Hind wing : ground-colour as on the upperside, a large irregularly- shaped patch at the tornal angle that extends into interspace 2, and subterrninallunules in interspaces, 2, 6, and 7 dull pinkish-red, cell irrorated more or less with a sprinkling of blue scales ; the tornal patch with a black, outwardly blue-edged, round medial spot, and inter- spaces 4 and 5 with subterminal irrora- tions of blue scales. Antennae black ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black. — $ similar. Upperside : ground- colour deep brownish black ; adnervular streaks on fore wing yellowish; irroration of blue scales on outer portions of hind wing more dense ; no white subcostal streak ; red patch at tornal angle large with an oval medial black spot ; another similar black spot subterminally in inter- space 2 posteriorly bordered by a crescent- shaped red mark. Underside similar to that in the male, differs in the adnervular streaks on the fore wing that are broader and paler ; on the hind wing the torual red patch is paler and larger, and is ex- tended broadly anteriorly and outwards towards the termen into interspace 2 : in the latter it coalesces with a broad subterminal black-centred red ocellus ; the irroration of blue scales in interspace 5 with a small subterminal red lunule below it. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the c? • Exp. 6 ? 100-133 mm. (3-95-5-35"). Hob. The Himalayas, from Mussoorie to Sikhim in the low hot valleys, but ascending up to 5000 ft. ; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserira, extending to W. China and Siam. Fig. 10.— Hind wing of Papilio protenor. 54 PAPILIONIDJE. Larva. " Green, with a yellow collar and brown lichen-like markings. Feeds on Zanthoxylum alatum." (Mackinnon.) Pupa. " Some pupae are coloured like rough bark, others are uniformly green." (MacJcinnon.) RHETENOH G-BOUP. c? . Fore wing elongate, costa widely arched ; apex produced and somewhat pointed ; termen very oblique ; tornus broadly rounded ; dorsum straight, very short, not nearly .half length of costa ; cell elougate, more than half length of wing. Hind wing elongate, costa and termen form a continuous curve, the latter broadly scalloped, abruptly curved upwards from apex of vein 3 to tornal angle ; dorsum straight ; cell comparatively short ; upper discocellular much longer than middle. $ . Similar, but the posterior portion of the hind wing below vein 4 broadly produced so as to give the appearance of a short broad spatulate tail at apex of vein 4. Antennae slender, not half length of fore wing ; club gradual, elongate, but well-marked ; abdomen comparatively short and not massive. A single form known. 516. Papilio rhetenor (PI. XII, fig. 86 £ ), Westiouod, Arcana Ent. i, 1842, p. 59, pi. 16, fi-?s. I, la, c? ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C. i, 1857, p. 98 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 333 ; Sioinh. (Sania) Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 812; Moore (Panosmiopsis), Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 191, pi. 445, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, tf $ . J . Upperside black with, in some lights, an obscure dark indigo-blue tint. Fore wing : a series of pale adnervular streaks not extended to the base or quite to the termen but that reach well into the apical half of the cell, and a short slender streak of red rarely absent at the extreme base of the subcostal nervure. In certain specimens also the apical half or interspace 1 a and of the posterior portion of interspace 1 are diffusely white. Hind wing uniform, towards the terminal or outer half sprinkled with bluish scales ; an irregular incomplete white ring at the tornal angle that encloses a black spot bordered above by red. Underside : fore wing similar, but with the pale adnervular streaks broader and much more prominent so that the wing has a general grey appearance ; a patch of dark red at base traversed by the black veins. Hind wing deep indigo-blue black ; a dark red patch at base as in the fore wing, but continued along the dorsum, nearly filling interspaces 1 and 2 ; superposed on the red in the former are two Fig. 11.— Underside of hind wing of Papilio rketcnor, <$ . PAPILIO. 55 black spots and some irregular white scaling, and in the latter three large black spots in succession from the base ; in some specimens the apical two spots coalesce anteriorly, in others there is also a red lunule near the apex of interspace 3 • lastly, a diffuse spot of blue scaling near apices of interspaces 6 and 7. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, paler beneath. — $ • Upperside : ground-colour duller black. Fore wing : the udnervular streaks broader, paler, more prominent than in the J ; the short red streak at base of subcostal vein broader. Hind wing : a medial patch of white that consists of an elongate spot at base of interspace 4, and a short streak that fills the basal half of interspace 5, extended diffusely into the apex of the cell and above into interspace 6 ; beyond this white patch is a discal series of three small red crescentic marks in interspaces 2, 4, and 5, or 2 and 4 only, followed by larger red lunules in interspaces 2 to 5, aimarginal^large red spots in 2 and 3, and a more or less large rectangular red spot centred with black at the tornal angle ; cilia touched with white in the middle of the interspaces. The lunular red markings are very variable in number and are admarginal in interspaces 4 to 6. Underside, fore wing : ground-colour dull olivaceous black with the veins and internervular streaks velvety black, a red patch at base of cell. Hind wing : ground-colour black; markings more or less similar to those on the upperside, but both the white and the red more extensive, the latter so disposed as to form a patch at base of wing and a broad dorsal border below the median vein and vein 3 ; in interspaces 1, 2, and 3 it is inter- rupted bv large black spots. Antenna? black ; head, thorax and abdomen dull dark ochraceous brown. E.vp. rf $ 127-141 mm. (5-1-5-52"). Hob. Sikhim ; Nepal ; Bhutan ; the hills of Assam ; Upper and Lower Burma ; Tenasserim. In the Himalayas this insect is recorded from the'level of the Terai to 6000 ft. In Burma I took it on Mooleyit at 4000 to 5000 ft., and Col. Adamson on the Taoo plateau at about 4000 ft. BOOTES GROUP. J $ . Fore wing elongate ; costa straight for basal two-thirds, then widely arched to apex ; apex well-marked ; termen very oblique ; tornus broadly obtuse ; dorsum short, not half the length of the costa : cell elongate, more than half the length of the wing ; vein 8 from basal third of 7, 9 from upper apex of cell, 10 and 11 from apical half of subcostal vein. Hind wing very long and narrow; costa short, arched; termen verydeeplv scalloped, produced at apex of vein 4 into a broad spatulate tail, curved upwards from apex of vein 2 ; tornus well-marked ; dorsum straight ; abdominal fold in $ slight ; cell comparatively short ; upper disco- cellular much longer than middle. 56 PAPIL1OMD.E. Key to t7te forms of the Bootes Group. a. Hind wing underside : red patch at base not produced along dorsurn P. bootes, p. 56. b. Hind wing underside : red patch at base pro- duced along dorsum P.janaka, p. 57. 517. Papilio oootes, Westicood, A. M. N. H. ix, 1842, p. 36 ; Eothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 335 ; Moore (Bvasa), Lep. Ind. v, 1901- 1903, p. 168, pi. 432, figs. l,Ia,lb, rf"? . d1 . Upperside velvety black. Fore wing with pale internervular streaks that do not reach the terminal margin and only obscurely extend into the cell. Hind wing with similar streaks in inter- spaces 5 and 6, but the ground-colour of the cell and of the lower and posterior portions of the wing uniform ; interspaces 3 and 4 with elongate somewhat oval white spots at base, an admargiual red spot at tornus and at apex of interspace 2, and similar white spots intermixed with afew reddish scales as follows : — one at apex of interspace 3, two near apex of tail, one on each CL Fig. 12.— a. Hind wing : P. bootes, b. Hiudwing: P.janaka, <$ . side of vein 4, and a fourth at apex of interspace 4 ; the cilia black, touched with white in the middle of the interspaces ; over the red tornal spot is a minute crescentic mark of the same colour. Underside similar ; the pale aduervular streaks on the fore wing are more prominent and extend well into the cell ; two or three red spots at extreme base of costa. Hind wing : ground-colour as on the upperside, but in interspaces 6 and 7 silky black with a slight greenish lustre : markings as on the upperside, but the base of the wing dark red crossed by the black veins, the tornal red spot witk a much broader lunular mark above it, and similar lunules above the admarginal spots in interspaces 2 and 3, that in 3 sometimes confluent with the admarginal spot. Antennae, PAPILIO. 57 thorax posteriorly and abdomen black ; head and thorax in front red : beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen red, the latter two with black markings. — $ . Similar. Upperside : ground-colour brownish black ; fore wing with the internervular pale streaks broader and more prominent, a small spot of red at base of wing; hind wing with an additional oval white spot in the interspace below the white spots in interspaces 3 and 4, and postdiscal lunular markings in interspaces 1 to 4. Of these the lunules in 1 and 2 are red, in 3 white irrorated with a few red scales, and in 4 pure white. Underside similar to that in the c? , the red at base of wings more extended, the white discal spot in interspace 2 very small, irrorated with red scales ; the postdiscal, lunular and admargiual spots larger, with a white postdiscal lunule in interspace 4. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of the d1 , but the red of a paler tint. Evp. 6 2 118-133 mm. (4-28-5-25*). Hob. Eecorded only from Assam. A race, P. bootes niyricans, Bothsehild, is recorded from "Western China. It is easily recognized, as the white spots on the tail are always absent. 518. Papilio janaka, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 97 : Ehues, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 426; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 336; Moore (Byasa), Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 169, pi. 433, fijrs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, J <? . Papilio sikkiinensis, Wood-Mason, A. M. N. H. (o) ix, 1882, p. 103, rf. c? $ . Closely resembles P. bootes, differs as follows : — tf * Upperside : ground-colour a duller more greyish-black, the outer half of the hind wing darker ; the elongate discal white series of spots extended into interspace 2, sometimes also into interspace 5 ; beyond these the dark red markings are as in P. booties, but there is in addition a postdiscal series of red luuules, that at the torual angle coalesces with the admarginal spot. Underside -. similar to that of P. bootes, but with the additional white spots as on the upperside, these however in many specimens are much irrorated with red scales ; the red at the base of the wings more extended than in P. bootes and continued along the dorsal margin of the hind wing in a long streak. — $ . Similar to the J , but the ground- colour oil the upperside paler, a spot of red at the base of the fore wing ; the postdiscal markings on the hind wing white, only tinged with red. Underside similar to the upperside ; the red at the base of the wings continued along the dorsal margin as in the rf • Exp. <S $ 116-125 mm. (4-6-4-93"). Hab, The Himalayas from Mussoorie to Sikhim. " A rather rare species in Sikhim, where it is found from 3000 to 5000 ft. elevation in May and June/' (Elwes.) I saw it frequently at Eungarun near Darjeeliug, 5000-6000 ft., in April 1900, but only managed to secure one on two specimens iu bad condition. 58 PAPILIOXID^E. NEPHELUS-POLYTES GROUP. Some of the members of this group, cJiaon, prexaspes, and noblci, bear a superficial resemblance to some of the lielenus group, but they are all structurally different, as they lack the clothing of hair- like scales on the upperside of the fore wing so conspicuous in helenus, daJcsha, &c. Two rare forms, P. sakontala, Hewitson, and the still rarer P. walkeri, Janson, I have placed in this group with some doubt : the fore wing in both is more produced at apex than in P. polytes &c., and the shape of the club of the antennae is also different. 6 $ . Fore wing broadly triangular, dorsum at least two-thirds length of costa. Hind wing elongate ; costa slightly arched ; termen scalloped, produced at apex of vein 4 into a broad spatuiate tail. Venation of both wings much as in the Helenus group. In the two aberrant forms mentioned above, the tail at apex of vein 4 of hind wing is shorter and less spatuiate. Key to the forms of the Nephelus-Potytes Group. A. Hind wing- upperside : discal markings white. rt. Hind wing upperside : discal markings con- fined to anterior portion of wing. rt'. Hind wing upperside: discal markings ex- tended from interspaces 3 or 4 to 7. «2. Hind wing underside : no postdiscal markings placed between discal and subterminal markings .............. P. chaon, p. 59. I'2. Hind wing underside : a more or less incomplete series of postdiscal diffuse blue lunules between discal and sub- terminal markings ................ P. fuscus. race pre- V . Hind wing upperside : discal markings ex- [.vaxpes, p. 59. tended from interspaces 5 to 7 only .... P. noblei, p. 60. b. Hind wing upperside: discal markings not confined to anterior portion of wing, but extended right across wing. a '. Hind wing upperside : discal band of nearly even width ; medial spots that compose it not conspicuously longer than the others ............ ". ................. P. polytes, p. 61. b'. Hind wing upperside : discal band conspi- cuously broadened in the middle ...... P. pitmani, p. 63. B. Hind wing upperside : discal markings bluish. «. Hind wing upperside : no postdiscal markings beyond, some diffuse scattered bluish scales. P. siikontala, p. 04. b. Hind wing upperside : a conspicuous post- discal transverse series of oehraceous-white subquadrate spots ...................... P. walkeri, p. 64. 519. Papilio chaon, Westtcood. Arcana Ent. ii, 1845, p. 97, pi. 72, figs. 1, 1 o, d; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 102; Rotlisch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 291: Moore (Sadengia), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 213, pi. 457, figs. 1, la-Id, rf $. c? $ . Superficially closely resembles P. Jielemts. The differences are, however, both of structure and of colour. c? • Fore wing uppei'side : entirely without tbe thick coating of short hairs on the outer half. Upperside : black with a sprinkling of yellowish-brown scales on the fore wing, that form four longitudinal streaks on the cell and internervular streaks on the outer half. Hind wing : the upper discal white patch larger, formed of elongate broad streaks in interspaces 4 to 7 (not 5 to 7) : no tornal nor subterminal markings. Underside: ground-colour duller brownish black ; fore wing with the diffuse scaling so disposed as to form grey cellular and internervular streaks, the streaks in interspaces 1 a and 1 generally white, not diffuse. Hind wing : basal area sprinkled with yellow scales that form three longitudinal slenderjines in the cell ; the upper white discal patch as on the upperside, but the elongate white markings that compose it well divided by tbe black veins ; below the discal white patch there is a small series of white spots in interspaces 1 to 3, the spot in 1 generally, in 2 very often, tinged with ochraceous yellow ; a subterminal complete series of ochra- ceous-yellow lunules followed by adrnarginal narrow white spots. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath: a line of white on the palpi, the thorax with some linear white markings. — $ . Similar. Upperside : ground-colour browner ; fore wing : cellular and internervular streaks more prominent ; in many spe- cimens an obscure diffuse whitish subcostal shading just beyond apex of cell. Underside paler. Fore wing with the cellular and internervular streaks and subcostal postcellular whitish patch more prominent ; the posterior three internervular short streaks on the outer half of the wing white, not diffuse; in a few specimens there is a series of more or less conspicuous admarginal white spots, one in the middle of each interspace. Hind wing markings similar to those in the d" , but larger and more prominent. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen as in the 3 , but the abdomen beneath with lateral white markings. Exp. 8 $ 124-134 mm. (4-80-5-30"). Hab. ]S"epal ; Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to Siam and China. 520. Papilio fllSCUS, Goese, Ent. Beytr. iii, 1, 1779, p. 87. Race prexaspes. Papilio prexaspes, Fetter, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1864, p. 320; id. Reise Novara, Lep. i, 1865. p. 107. pi. 15, fig. d ; Wood-Mason fy de NicevMe, J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 254 : Moore (Sadengia), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903,- p. 215, pi. 458, figs. 1, 1 a-l c, rf 9 . Papilio fuscus prexaspes, RotJtsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 297. Race prexaspes, Felcler. — Closely resembles P. chaon, from which 60 PAPILIOXTD.E. it differs as follows : — J § . Smaller ; fore wing more produced, its terrnen concave, tf . Upperside : ground-colour a more brownish sooty-black. Hind wing with the upper discal white patch extended into interspace 4, most usually very slightly so, often represented only by a very small spot of white scaling, a white spot also above the torual angle. Underside, fore wing : the internervular brownish-yellow streaks limited to the apical area of the wing. Hind wing : the upper discal patch extended to the dorsurn in a series of three pure white not ochraceous-tinted spots, a more or less incomplete postdiscal series of lunules formed of diffuse blue scales, and the subterminal series of ochraceous luuules of a darker colour and smaller than in chaon ; the rest as in cliaon. — 5 . Upperside : ground-colour paler than in cliaon. Fore wing with an ill-defined broad pale discal band perceptibly widened and becoming whitish opposite apex of cell. Hind wing: the extension into interspace 4 of the upper discal white patch more pronounced than in the d1 , the small white spot above the tornal angle followed in some specimens by a blue ill-defined lunule and an ochraceous spot. Underside, fore wing : the transverse discal band white and much more prominent than on the upperside. Hind wing : the postdiscal series of blue lunules generally complete and \\ell- mai-ked ; the rest as in the cT . Exp. d1 $ 108-112 mm. (4-26-4-44"). Hah. Within our limits found in the Andamans. Occurs in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. 521. Papilio noblei, dc Niceville, J.A. S.S. 1888, p. 287, pi. 13, fig. 2 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 189-5. p. 284 ; Moore (Sadeiigia), Lep. Lul. v, 1901-1903. p. 217, pi. 459, figs. 2, 2 a, rf; Fruhstorfer, Iris, 1901, p. 268, $. c? . Upperside black. Fore wing with or without a quadrate white spot in the middle of interspaces 1 a and 1 ; when present the portion of vein 1 that divides the interspaces also white; four slender lines in the cell and the veins paler than the ground- colour. Hind wing : a dark ochraceous incomplete ring at the torual angle, with an enclosed deep black oval spot ; above this an upper discal cream-white patch that consists of a quadrate spot in inter- space 7, an elongate rectangular spot in interspace 6, and a trape- zoidal spot in interspace 5. In one specimen that I have examined the spot in interspace 6 extends slightly into the cell. Underside : fore wing similar to the upperside, ground-colour duller brownish black ; cellular lines greyish white and very prominent ; a small white discal spot iu interspace 2 followed by a terminal series of short white lines in the interspaces. Hind wing : basal third dull brownish black irrorated with greyish scales, the upper discal white patch as on the upperside but slightly larger, below it is a white elongate mark in interspace 1 and a subterminal complete series of broad ochraceous-orange lunules ; the lower discal area, the tail, and the ground-colour before and behind the upper sub- terminal lunules velvety black. Antennae, head, thorax and PAPILIO. 61 abdomen black ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen marked with greyish white. Kep. 106 mm. (4-80"). Hob. Burma; Tonkin. A rare insect ; recorded from Taungoo and the Karen Hills in Lower Burma ; from Katha and the Ruby Mines district in Upper Burma. Fruhstorfer took it in Middle Tonkin. 522. Papilio polytes, Linn. Si/st. Nat. ed. x,1758, p. 460, $ ; Davidson # Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 366, larva & pupa ; Hothsch. Nov. Zool. ii. 1895, p. 343, rf £. Papilio pammon, Linn. Si/st. Nut. ed. x, 1758, p. 460, tf; Moore (Laertias), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 223, pis. 462, 463, & 464. Papilio romulus, Cramer, Pap. E.iot. i, 1776, p. 67, pi. 43, tig. A, ? ; Moore (Laertias), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1857, p. 150, pi. 59, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, 8 £• Papilio cyrus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii (1), 1793, p. 7. A polymorphic form. The <$ varies slightly, but is fairly constant throughout its range ; the $ generally with two forms, in Southern India and Ceylon with three, strikingly different in appearance. <3 $ . Upperside black. Pore wing : cell and apical area with not very prominent irrorated lines of pale yellowish scales, and admarginal white spots along the termen. Hind wing : a trans- verse discal series of elongate white spots in the interspaces from the dorsum to 7, these spots divided by the black veins and succeeded by diffuse ill-defined sparse blue scaling on the post- discal area ; an obscure spot of a deeper black than the ground- colour at the torual angle sur- mounted by a lunule of blue scales. Underside similar ; ground-colour of a duller more opaque black. Fore wing : the cellular and inter- nervular irrorated streaks more prominent. Hind wing: the discal series of white spots and blue scaling succeeded by a sub- terminal more or less incomplete series of dingy white lunules, and a row of small admarginal spots in the interspaces along the termen ; the tornal spot divided from the blue scaling by an ochraceous line. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; head and thorax anteriorly on the upperside. and head, thorax and abdomen beneath spotted with white, the last with lateral white lines. The d1 of the cyrus form differs as Fig. 13. — Papttio polyte V---- 62 follows: — Upperside: the white markings larger, more neatly defined, the tornal spot with an ocbraceous line above it. Under- side : the subterminal series of lunules are complete, well defined, and vary from white to deep ochraceous-red. Certain specimens from the Nicobars have a subterminal baud of white lunules on the upperside also. $ . Cyrus form. — Similar to the rf , the subterminal series of lunules on the underside ochraceous. $ . Polytes form. — Upperside fuliginous-black on fore, somewhat darker and velvety on the hind wing. Fore wing with the base, the internervular. streaks that extend into the cell, and terminal margin darker. Hind wing : apex of cell and elongate marks from base of interspaces 2, 3, 4, and 5 white ; lower half of interspace 1 dark red irrorated with blue scales and with a super- posed black tornal spot : the red extends into interspace 2, below the elongate white mark ; finally, a complete subterminal transverse curved series of red lunules, and admarginal paler red spots in the posterior interspaces. Underside similar ; a complete series of admarginal spots along the termen of the hind wing, the anterior spots white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the abdomen with lateral rows of white specks. The specimen described above is typical, and agrees with Linnaeus' diagnosis, and also with the figures in Cramer's Pap. Exot. iii, pi. 265, figs. A, B, but this insect varies a good deal. Ordinarily the cell of the hind wing is uniform black to the apex, and the number of elongate white markings in the interspaces beyond varv from 2 to 6. J. Romulus form. — Eesembles the ordinary polytes 5 form, but differs as follows : — Fore wing crossed from the middle of the cell obliquely to the tornal angle by a broad white baud somewhat as in P. hector, the margins of the band ill-defined ; this is followed by an ill-defined white patch beyond the apex of the cell. Hind wing with all the discal as well as the subterminal and terminal markings red, including a round red spot at apex of cell. Exp. 6 $ 92-114 mm. (3-64-4-12"). Uab. Almost throughout our limits, including the Andamans and Nicobars ; extending to Siarn and the Malayan subregion to Sumatra. Larva and pupa. " The larva of this is not easy to distinguish from that of the last (P. demoleus}, though of course it grows to a larger size. The pupa also is similar, bnt can be recognized at once, being proportionally much broader. This species also feeds on various species of orange and lime. We have never got it on rue." (Davidson $ Aitken.) I have seen two remarkable aberrations of the d1 of this form. One (PI. XVI, fig. 105), now in the Zoological Museum, Tring, differs from typical specimens as follows : — Upperside, fore wing : the admarginal white spots along the termen much larger and extended into interspace 8. Hind wing : the transverse discal series of elongate white spots replaced by a series of velvety-black spots darker than the ground-colour of the wing, bordered on the PAPILIO. 63 inner side narrowly, on the outer side much more broadly, by ill- defined diffuse blue scaling ; the black spot at the tornal angle in interspace 1 centred by an irregular deep ochraceous-red spot, above this is a quadrate white spot and in line with it in inter- space 2 a similar but narrower white spot ; there is a minute white discal spot also in interspace 5. Underside similar to the upperside, the ground-colour duller ; the markings on the fore wing similar, but the terminal white spots still larger. Hind wing : a discal series of extremely elongate streaks in the interspaces beyond the cell ; these streaks a.re rich ochraceous-red mixed with white, but turn to pure white without any red in the anterior interspaces ; the streaks in interspaces 1 to 5 interrupted along their inner halves by a row of spots of a shade darker than the ground-colour of the wing, which spots are outwardly bordered by diffuse blue scaling. Ea?j). d 98 mm. (3-88"). Hub. Procured at Coimbatore, S. India. The other aberrational specimen, also a J, from Southern India, closely resembles typical specimens but on the hind wing the white spots of the transverse discal series are wanting in inter- spaces 1, 2, 3 and 7. This gives the insect a superficial resem- blance both to P. chcton and P. castor. 523, Papilio pitmani, Ehces $ de N. (Papilio-Laertias), J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 434, pi. 20, fig. 1 d ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. i, 1894, p. 685 ; id. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 343 ; Moore (Sadengia), Lep. 2nd. \, 1901-1903, p. 216, pi. 459, figs. 1, 1 a, rf. c? . Yery closely resembles P. polytes tf , from which it can, however, be distinguished as follows : — Upperside of a more brownish-black than in polytes. Fore wing more thickly irrorated with yellowish scales ; an obscure yellowish-bi-own spot (not always present) in interspaces 1 a and 1 close to the tornal angle : the admarginal spots along the termen so conspicuous in polytes entirely absent ; cilia black, with a few touches of white on posterior half of wing. Hind wing : the postdiscal band of elongate white markings as in polytes, but the posterior one or two brownish yellow; the tornal ocellus generally obscure and ill- defined. Underside similar ; ground-colour a duller brownish black, the irroration of yellowish scales more prominent, formed into lines in the cell of the fore wing and internervular broad streaks on the anterior half of the same ; a transverse subterminal series of diffuse white spots on the fore wing that vary from a single spot in interspace 1 a to double spots in interspaces 1 to 4. Hind wing : the postdiscal band of white spots as on the upper- side, followed by a subterminal series of yellow lunules. Cilia black irregularly alternated with white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dull brownish black. — $ unknown. Exp. ^ 90-94 mm. (3'58-3-69"). Hob. Recorded only from the hills of South Tenasserim below Tavoy and Siatn. 64 PAPILIOMD^:. 524. Papilio sakontala, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (2) ii. 1852, p. 24, pi. 5, fig. 1 ; Doherty, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 250 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 343 ; Mackinnon $ de Niceville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 593; Moore (Laertias), Lep. Ind.v, 1901-1903, p. 232, pi. 465, figs. 1, 1 «, d . c? . Upperside dull, somewhat brownish black. Fore wing very sparingly irrorated with yellowish scales, that form ill-defined cellular and interuervnlar streaks. Hind wing with a discal series of very diffuse greenish-white spots in interspaces 1 to 7 and an ill-defined tornal reddish lunule ; the spots in interspaces 5 and (> are the most diffuse, and beyond the whole series there is a postdiscal slight irroration of whitish scales. Underside : fore wing opaque dark brown, the internervular streaks broader, more prominent than on the upperside. Hind wing black ; the discal series of elongate spots dingy white, larger and more clearly defined than on the upperside, followed by a large tornal more or less vermilion-red spot with a black centre and a subtertninal series of similarly-coloured lunules ; the discal spot in interspace 2 bordered outwardly by an outwardly-curved lunule. Cilia black alternated with white. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black. — cj> unknown. Exp. S 107 mm. (4-23"). Hob. Mussoorie ; Sikbini ; Assam ; Sylhet and the Xaga Hills. I have followed Rothschild in keeping this form distinct, but both c? and $ seem to me to be only occasional aberrations of P. polytes, or possibly, as suggested by de Xiceville, atavistic forms of that insect. 525. Papilio walkeri (PI. XVI, fig. 105), Jamon, Cist. Ent. ii, 1879, p. 433, pi. 8, fig. 2 J ; Jtothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 338 : Moore (Laertias), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 233, pi. 465, fig. 2 rf . S . Upperside sooty-black. Fore wing : cell with four, inter- space 1 with three and each of the interspaces 2 to 8 with two short longitudinal lines or narrow bands of ochraceous scales, those in the interspaces postdiscal ; terminal margin with small white spots at the apices of the veins. Hind wing : a broad transverse discal band of blue scaling, somewhat diffuse at the edges, followed by a transverse postdiscal series of ochraceous- white quadrate spots, those in interspaces 5 and 6 more or less lunular, and a terminal series of similarly-coloured very slender lunules in the interspaces. Underside : ground-colour duller on the fore wing, more sooty-brown than black. Fore wing as on the upperside, but the lines or bands of the postdiscal series more elongate in the anterior interspaces. Hind wing : ground-colour slightly darker than in the fore wing, the blue transverse discal band replaced by short very broad streaks of inwardly ochraceous, outwardly blue scales in interspaces 1 to 4, and indications of similar streaks in the interspaces above, the ochraceous and blue PAPILIO. 65 scaling in the streaks separated by a black spot ; the transverse postdiscal series of spots and the terminal series of narrow lunules as on the upperside but larger ; finally, an intervening transverse series of velvety-black spots between the discal and postdiscal markings. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen sooty- black, a few white specks on the thorax below. Exp. <$ 113mm. (4-06"). Hob. Southern India. This extremely rare form is only known through the type which is contained in the Zoological Museum, Tring. Through the courtesy of the Honourable Walter Rothschild and Dr. Jordan I have been able to describe and figure this. CASTOR GEOUP. c? $ . Fore wing : costa widely but distinctly arched, apex obtuse ; termen straight, not concave or convex, slightly oblique ; tornus rounded ; dorsum straight, two-thirds or more the length of costa ; cell elongate, longer than half the length of the wing ; vein 8 from basal third of vein 7. Hind wing : costa slightly arched, apex obtusely rounded, or costa and termen form one continuous bold curve ; termen scalloped ; dorsum somewhat elongate, straight ; abdominal fold in c? narrow ; cell moderately long ; subcostal vein and upper discocellular subequal. Antennae not quite half the length of the fore wing ; club slight, gradual, curved ; head, thorax and abdomen moderately long, not massive. Key to the forms of the Castor Group. a. Fore wing upperside without subterminal white markings. a'. Hind wing upperside with discal white markings. a2. Hind wing upperside : discal markings not complete, composed of broad white streaks in interspaces 4 to 7 ........ P. castor, p. 6(5. b-. Hind wing upperside : discal markings complete, composed of elongate broad white spots or streaks in interspaces 1 I P. castor, race mehala, to 7. ............................. | [p. 67. b'. Hind wing upperside without discal but with postdiscal white markings ........ P. mahadeva, p. 67. b. Fore wing upperside with a prominent subter- minal series of white markings .......... P. dravidarum, p. 68. $ $. a. Hind wing upperside : apex of cell with an ill- defined patch or streaks of white scales . . P. castor, p. 66. b. Hind wing upperside : cell uniform, without markings. «'. White spots of subterminal series on fore ) P. castor, race mehala, wing gradually larger towards costa . . } [p. 67. VOL. ii. r 66 PAPILIONID^E. b'. White spots of subterminal series on fore wing not larger towards costa, all equal or subequal. a'2. These spots minute P. maJtadeva, p. 67. b2. These spots much larger P. dravidarum, p. 68. 52G. Papilio castor,' Westwood, A. M. N. H. ix, 1842, p. 37, d ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 93 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 357 ; Moore (Tamera), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 74, pi. 496, figs. 1, la-le, & pi. 497, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, <J $ . Race mehala. Papilio mehala, Grose-Smith, A.M.N.H. (5) xviii, 1886, p. 150, rf $ : id. 8f Kirby, Rhop.E.rot. i, 1888, Pap. pi. 2, figs. 1 & 2, rf $ ; Moore (Tamera), Lep. Ind, vi, 1903, p. 76, pi. 498, figs. 1, la-lc, <J $. Papilio castor mehala, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 358, $ 2 • d . Upperside black, more or less irro rated with yellowish-brown scales that form on the fore wing somewhat indistinct longitudinal cell-lines and internervular streaks. Hind wing : an upper discal Fig. 14. — a. Papilio castor, tf . b. Venation of anterior portion of fore wing of P. castor. c. „ „ „ „ P. clytia. cream-coloured patch composed of an oval spot in interspace 4, a more elongate mark broadened outwardly in interspace 5, a similar elongate mark in interspace 6, and a much smaller broadly oval spot above it in 7 ; these markings not coalescent but distinctly divided by the black veins. Cilia of fore and hind wings black alter- nated with white. Underside duller, more opaque ; brownish- black apical area of fore and base of hind wing thinly sprinkled PAPILIO. 67 with yellowish-brown scales. Fore wing : a small white spot on middle discocellular and a subterminal and terminal row of small white specks that do not extend to thecosta. Hind wing: markings similar to those on the upperside but smaller, more widely divided one from the other by the veins which are edged with black ; a subterminal more or less well-defined series of small white lunules and a terminal series of white specks. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath : a spot behind the eyes and spots and specks on the thorax and abdomen white. — $ . Upperside a duller more opaque black than in the tf , but more densely irrorated with yellowish- or reddish-brown scales. Fore wing : markings as in the c? , with in addition postdiscal and terminal series of small white spots that generally do not extend to the costal margin. Hind wing : a discal series of diffuse broad whitish streaks in the inter- spaces that extend into the apex of the cell, followed by a complete transverve curved subterminal series of white lunules ; the ground- colour beyond each lunule devoid of the irroration of yellowish- brown scales ; this gives the appearance of a row of terminal black spots impressed on the wing. Cilia black alternated with white. Underside similar, the white markings larger and more prominent. Fore wing : diffuse whitish streaks in interspaces lr/, 1 and 2, and the subterminal and terminal series of \vhite spots complete. Hind wing with diffuse whitish streaks that extend up to the base of the wing. Antennae black ; head, thorax and abdomen dull brown spotted with white. Exp. J $ 88-126 mm. (3-50-5"). Hab. Sikhim ; Assam ; Upper Burma, extending to Siam. Found at low elevations in Sikhim at from 1000 to 3000 feet. Race meliala, Grose-Smith. — <3 . Upperside velvety dark brown ; a minute white spot on the middle discocellular and a series of terminal white specks in each interspace. Hind wing : a discal series of seven elongate, more or less inwardly conical, outwardly emarginate cream-coloured spots, followed by a subterminal series of lunular small white spots. Cilia black, alternated with white in the interspaces. Underside brownish-black, markings similar. Fore wing with the terminal series of white specks elongated inwards. Hind wing : the markings somewhat larger. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brownish black ; head, thorax and abdomen speckled with white. — $ . Similar to the c? , but on the upperside a subterminal series of white spots on the fore wing, sometimes with the anterior ones enlarged, sometimes with the series incomplete. Hind wing as in the <$ . Exp. <$ $ 110-120 mm. (4-34-473"). Hab. Lower Burma ; Tenasserim. 527. Papilio mahadeva, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 840, pi. 51, fig.'f; .Eoihsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 359 ; Moore (Tamera), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 77, pi. 499, figs. 1, la-lc, rf $ . d" . Upperside black, sprinkled somewhat closely with reudish- 68 PAPILIONIDjE. brown scales that give the whole ground-colour a rich brown tint. Fore wing uniform ; a line of ciliary white specks that do not reach the apex. Hind wing : a conspicuous postdiscal complete series of inwardly conical white spots, followed by a complete series of slender well-defined white lunules and a ciliary row of linear white specks ; between the latter two the ground-colour is devoid • of the irroration of brown scales, this gives an appearance as of a ter- minal row of more or less distinct black spots impressed on the wing. Underside duller black, much more densely irrorated with reddish- brown scales. Fore wing : a small TO- ic T> -7- 7 j f quadrate white spot across the Fig. 15. — Pandio ninluidd-a. <$ . ^ . . ,, ,. „ , r , middle discocellular and transverse series of subterminal and terminal white specks, the former series anteriorly more or less obsolete. Hind wing with the white markings as on the upperside, but in some specimens the postdiscal series of conical white spots has some of the anterior spots ill- defined or absent. — $ similar to the d" , but the ground-colour on both upper and undersides paler with the markings on the whole slightly larger. In some specimens the outer half of the fore wing on the upperside is conspicuously paler than in any specimen of the rf. Exp. J $ 93-100 mm. (3-68-3-87"). Hub. Upper and Lower Burma ; Tenasserim, extending to Siam. 528. Papilio dravidarum, Wood-Mason, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 144, <5 $ , pi. 8, fig. Id"; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 359 ; Feryuson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 446; Moore (Tamera), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 79, pi. 500, figs. 1, la-lc, <J $ . Papilio abrisa, Kirby, Proc. Roy. Dub. Soc. (2) xi, 1880, p. 338; Davidson, Bell $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x. 1897, p. 583. S . Upperside velvety black. Fore wing : outer half and four somewhat indistinct longitudinal lines in the cell irrorated with yellowish-brown scales ; a small white spot across the middle discocellular ; a subterminal series of inwardly conical white spots and a terminal series of white spots that decrease in size towards the costa, most often the spots do not extend beyond interspace 6 ; following each subterminal spot are spots of the black ground- colour formed by the absence of the irroration of yellowish-brown scales. Hind wing : posterior three-fourths irrorated with yellow- ish-brown scales ; a very prominent discal series of inwardly PAPILIO. 69 conical, outwardly emarginate, elongate white spots followed by a subterminal series of white lunules with spots of the black ground- colour that succeed them as on the fore wing. Cilia black, largely alternated with white in the interspaces. Underside similar with similar markings, but the ground-colour a rich hair-brown, the markings larger ; the irroration of yellowish-brown scales confined to the apical area on the fore wing but spread all over the hind wing except on the white markings. Antenna3, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black, head and abdomen minutely speckled with white ; beneath, the white specklings larger and more numerous. — $ closely resembles the 6 but the ground-colour is distinctly paler, the white markings larger, and the irroration of yellowish- brown scales more conspicuous. Exp. 6 $ n 6-124 mm. (4-18-4-88"). Hab. Southern India : Kanara ; Mysore ; the Mlgiris and Tra- vancore. Larva fy pupa. " A larva found feeding on Glycosmis pentapliylla, Correa, was taken for a dull specimen of P. polytes, Linn., and only when it became a chrysalis did we note that it was different. The chrysalis differs from that of P. erithonius, Cramer ( = P. demoleus, Linn.) chiefly in that it is more bent back in the thorax, and that the apex of the thorax is produced into a short blunt parallel apipedal process ; it is coloured like that of P. polytes, Linn." (Davidson, Bell $• AitTcen.) AGESTOR GROUP. c? 2 . Fore wiug elongate ; costa straight for two-thirds of its length from base, then curved to apex ; apex obtuse but well- marked; termen very oblique, from very slightly concave or sinuous to convex ; tornus broadly rounded ; dorsum straight, about two- thirds the length of the costa; cell long, well over half length of wing ; vein 8 out of basal fourth of 7. Hind wing : costa long, equal in length to the dorsum, slightly arched ; apex obtuse ; termen slightly arched and sinuous ; tornus rounded or angulate ; cell more or less rounded at apex : upper discocellular comparatively short, about half the length of the subcostal vein. Antennae very short, about one-third the length of the fore wing, club slight, gradual ; head, thorax and abdomen comparatively long, not massive. The forms in this and in the Clytia group are wonderfully like some of the protected Danaine forms. It is remarkable that the difference in the markings on the upperside of the hind wings in Euplcea dione, Westwood, and Papilio slateri, Hewitson, from Sikhim and Assam and their respective races, E. limboryi, Moore, and P. tavoyanus, Butler, should be identical; the subterminal series of elongate white spots on the upperside of the hind wing is barely indicated or wanting in the former two, but present and conspicuous in the latter two. 70 PAPILIO^IB^B. Key to the forms of the Agestor Group. a. Fore wing upperside : ground-colour black with bluish-grey or white markings. a'. Hind wing: ground-colour chestnut -red, markings bluish-grey. a'-. Hind wing upperside : postdiscal series of bluish-grey spots not complete, not ex- tended as a rule below interspace 5 P. agestor, p. 70. fr. Hind wing upperside: postdiscal series of bluish-grey spots complete, extended from | P. atjestor, race interspaces 1 to 7 ] i/ovindra, p. 71. V. Hind wing : ground-colour black ; markings white or greyish-white P. ppycides, p. 71. b. Fore wing upperside : ground-colour black, mark- ings brilliant blue with a violet tint. «'. Hind wing upperside : no subterminal series of short white streaks or such only faintly seen by transparency from underside P. slateri, p. 72. b'. Hind wing upperside : a prominent subterminal j P. slateri, race series of short white streaks always present'. ) tavoyanus, p. 73. 529. Papilio agestor, Gray, Zool. Misc. i, 1832, p. 32 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 18-57, p. 91 ; id. (Cadugoides) -P. Z. S. 1882, p. 260 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 360 ; Moore (Cadugoides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 101, pi. 508, figs. 1, la-lc, J $. Race govindra. Papilio govindra, Moore, Ent. Month. Mag. 1864-Q5, p. 101 (footnote), (S; id. (Cadugoides) P. Z. S. 1882, p. 261 ; id. (Cadu- goides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 103, pi. 509, figs. 1, la-Id, larva & pupa, c? $ . Papilio agestor govindra, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 361 ; Mac- kinnon $ de Niceville, Jour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 594, pi. 5, fig. 22, a-d, larva & pupa. c? $ . Upperside : fore wing black with the following blu- ish-grey markings : — a very slender line along costal mar- gin, a broad streak from base in cell that does not reach the apex of the same, two spots on the black area at apex, a long streak in interspace la ; two elongate broad streaks in interspace 1 divided by a slender black ill-defined line ; broad rectangular streaks in interspaces 2, 3, 4 and 6 ; a Fig. 16. narrower inwardly obsoles- Papilio agestor, <$. cent streak in interspace 5, and elongate spots in interspaces $, 9, and 10; the streaks in interspaces 1 to 4 crossed transversely PAPILIO. 71 near their apices by a Hue of the ground-colour; fiually a complete subterminal series of small whitish spots. Hiud wing rich chest- nut-red ; cell filled by a trifid bluish - grey streak, followed at the bases of interspaces 2 to 6 by elongate bluish-grey spots ; a narrow streak of the same colour from base in interspace 1 ; a postdiscal series of spots in interspaces 5, 6 and 7 and a more or less obsolescent snbterminal series of dots also bluish-grey ; the veins on the wing conspicuously paler than the ground-colour. Underside : fore wing similar to the upperside except that the ground-colour on the apical area is dull brown not black. Hind wing also as on the upperside, but the ground-colour on the disc of the wing of a darker deeper shade of chestnut; the postdiscal series of spots more or less obscurely complete from interspace 1 to 7 ; and the subterminal series of spots of the upperside formed into lunules. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black, the head and thorax variegated with bluish-grey spots, the abdomen with lateral transverse bars. Exp. 3 2 94-102 mm. (3- 7-4-0-1"). Hab. Sikhim ; Nepal ; Assam ; Burma; Tenasserim; extending to the Malay Peninsula. Race govindra, Moore. — d* $ . Very closely resembles the typical form but can always be distinguished by the presence of a complete series of postdiscal bluish-grey spots on the upperside of the hind wing. It is generally also smaller in both sexes than typical af/estor, and on the upperside of the hind wing the ground- colour in the anterior interspaces is broadly centred along the middle with very dark brown, almost black. The $ frequently has the ground-colour of the hind wing a much brighter chestnut {almost ochraceous) than in any specimen of $ of agestor that I have seen. Exp. d $ 93-102 mm. (3'65-4"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon. " The 2 lays her eggs on the young leaves of Macldlus odoratissimus trees, Natural Order Laurince, about the end of April. The larva is at first of a reddish colour but very soon turns black and white, and lies on the upper surface of a leaf where it greatly and protectively resembles a bird's droppings." Adult larva : brown with two subdorsal and two lateral rows of fleshy- pointed tubercles, each with a spot of red at its base ; anterior, middle and posterior lateral patches of dull ochraceous, the latter two meeting on the dorsum ; the rest of the larva spotted with black and red. " Pupa dark brown with lines of dull ochraceous, roughened, with the anal end truncate." (Described from plate to Mackinnon & de Nice vi lie's paper.) -330. Papilio epycides, Hewitson, Exot. Butt, iii, 1864, pi. 6, fig. Ehves, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 432, rf $ ; Rothsch. AOL: ii, 1895, p. 361 ; Moore (Cadugoides), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 104, pi. 510, tigs. 1, la-ltf)tj. J. Upperside dull black, with the following somewhat dingy 72 PAPILIONIDJE. white markings that resemble in their disposition the markings in P. agestor. Fore wing : cell with two streaks from base that diverge outwardly and reach the apex, three shorter streaks between and above them at apex ; interspace 1« with an elongate streak that does not reach the termen; two- streaks in interspace 1 divided by a black line as in agestor ; a series of more or less rectangular broad streaks in interspaces 2 to 6 with elongate spots in 7 and 8 ; a very slender costal streak from base ; finally a series of subterrninal spots in inter- spaces 1 to 5 succeeded above in interspaces 6 and 7 by ill-defined subterminal streaks. Hind wing : cell white traversed longitudinally by Fig. 1". two short black lines, the upper one Papilio epyddes, rf. forked near apex ; a discal series of broad white streaks from the dorsal margin in the interspaces 1 to 7, the streaks in interspaces 2 to 6- short and more or less rectangular; transverse series of postdiscal and subterminal white spots beyond, the postdiscal spots in inter- spaces 6 and 7 coalescent with the discal streaks in those interspaces ; finally, a tornal prominent ochraceous-yellow spot. Underside similar, the ground-colour outwardly on the fore wing and over the whole of the hind wing more or less of a chestnut- tint ; markings similar to those on the upperside but broader and on the fore wing diffuse towards the apex ; on the hind wing the discal streak in interspace 7 is absent and there is an edging of white anteriorly in the yellow spot at the tornal angle. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; the head and thorax spotted with white ; the abdomen with three rows of white spots along the sides. — £ " has the markings larger than the c? and mostly of a much paler colour; the submarginal spots of the hind wing are specially enlarged. The fore wings have often some minute linear spots between the outer margin and the submarginal series of rounded markings in both sexes. The yellow anal spot is slightly variable in size." (Rothschild.) Exp. c? 2 80-84 mm. (3-14-3-3"). Hob. Sikhim ; Nepal ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Upper Burma. 531. Papilio slateri, Hewitson, Exot. Butt, ii, 1859, pi. 4; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 429, rf $; Rotlisch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 362 ; Moore (Menamopsis). Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 106, pi. 513, ngs.l,la-lrf,rf$. Race tavoyanus. Papilio tavoyanus, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) x, Novr. 1882, p. 373 ; Moore (Menamopsis), Lep. Lid. vi, 1903, p. 107, pi. 514, figs. 1, Irt-lrf, cf. PAPILIO. 73 Papilio claree, Marshall, J. A. S. B. Deer. 1882, p. 42, pi. 4, fig. 5. Papilio slateri tavoyanus, Rothsch. Nov. ZooL ii, 1895, p. 363. cf . Upperside : fore wing rich velvety black, slightly paler towards apex and along the terminal margin ; two or three some- what obscure spots or short streaks in apex of cell followed by an internervular series of slightly clavate, outwardly truncate, blue streaks that in certain lights have a violet tint ; outwardly the ends of these streaks form a curve at some distance from the terminal margin and inwardly they do not reach the bases of the interspaces. Hind wing : dark chocolate-brown, the subtermiaal series of short white streaks of the underside show though very faintly ; a comparatively large ochraceous tornal spot inwardly margined with black. Underside dull chocolate-brown. Fore wing : the cellular and internervular blue streaks of the upperside faintly represented by diffuse white patches of scales. Hind wing : a small white spot at extreme base of wing ; a subtermiual series of inwardly diffuse white streaks in the interspaces and an ochraceous tornal spot as on the upperside. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; the thorax beneath sparsely speckled with white ; the abdomen with two lateral rows of small spots. — 2 . Similar to the c?; the blue intercellular and internervular streaks on the upperside of the fore wing slightly more prominent. Exp. <j £ 96-114 mm. (3-80-4-5"). Hob. Sikhim ; Assam : the Kbasia and Naga Hills. Race tavoyanus, Butler. — <$ . Very similar to the typical form but sufficiently different to be considered a well-marked geographical race. Upperside, fore wing : the ground-colour of the terminal margin broadly rich chocolate-brown, the internervular blue streaks more irregular, not clavate nor with their outer ends truncate. Hind wing: a very prominent subterminal series of short white streaks ; the ochraceous tornal spot as in typical slateri. Under- side : ground-colour paler than in the typical form, the fore wing uniform with no faint patches of whitish scales. Hind wing as in slateri, but the subterminal series of white streaks longer than in that form, also longer than on the upperside. Antenna-, head, thorax and abdomen as in typical slateri. — $ . So far as I know not yet discovered. Exp. <f 94-100 mm. (3-7-3-95") Hal. Burma : the hills of both Upper and Lower Burma ; Tenasserim, extending to Siam. CLYTIA GROUP. c? £ . Sexes alike. Hind wing not tailed. Tore wing broad, apex scarcely produced ; costa slightly arched ; termen straight, subequal with dorsum ; tornus broadly rounded ; cell longer than half the length of the wing ; vein 8 from basal fourth of 7, vein 9* from upper apex of cell, 10 and 1 1 free, from apical half of subcostal vein. Hind wing comparatively short and broad, pear-shaped 74 PAPILIONID^E. costa slightly arched ; terinen strongly arched, slightly scalloped ; tornus well-marked ; clorsum straight ; abdominal fold in d very slight ; cell narrow, about half length of wing, upper discocellular obviously longer than middle and slightly longer than subcostal vein. Antennae short, not half the length of the fore wing ; club long, gradual ; abdomen elongate, nearly extended up to the torual angle of the hind wing. The forms in this group have nearly all a wonderful resemblance to forms of Euploea and Danais, and it requires a quick eye and some experience to discriminate between Euploea godarti and PapiUo clytia race panope, and between Danais limniace and the dissimilis form of P. clytia, especially when on the wing. Key to the forms of the Clytia Group. A. Fore wing upperside : not glossed with blue, or if blue-glossed, then wing uniform without other markings. a. Basal half or more of both fore and hiud wing uniform without white markings. a . Fore wing upperside : no blue gloss at base. a'2. Fore wing upperside with prominent subterminal and terminal, sometimes also a postdiscal, series of white spots. «3. These spots not elongate, not coales- cent towards apex and not formed into a prominent apical white patch. P. clytia, p. 75. towards apex and there form a pro- , „ , . minent white patch ..... . . . \R <*»**> race _ b~. Fore wing upperside without or with ' panope. p. /«. only mere or less obsolescent series of subtermiual and terminal white spots ; such spots when present always very , r> » ^ • small/. ...... .... .......... J.... P-'/^;"'mce .. V. Fore wing upperside with a more or less '. p tankeswara, P- 77. obvious blue gloss at base ............ \P' c^tw' yar" 77 b. Basal half of fore and hind wing not uniform, ' pupone, p. / with a streak in cell and in posterior inter- spaces. «'. Hind wing upperside: discal series of white streaks broad and long ; underside : terminal series of ochraceous - vellow , n , ,. ,. , spots not remarkably large .......... P" ^ w'.dn.norPh b'. Hind wing uppenide: discal series of 1 &**&** '«• white streaks short and narrow ; under- side: terminal series of ochraceous-yellow . T) , ,. spots remarkably large ........ . ..... \l-f!/tia, race B. Fore wing upperside : richfy glossed with blue. ' favohmbatus^. ^. a. Hind wing : $ without, § with, whitish streaks in cell and interspaces that extend . n , up to base of wing ...... .............. \R P^f^ ™ce - ' tekarchm, p. ,8. b. Hind wing: J $ with white discal mark- ings, but none that extend up to base of . p caunug race W1U ' ............................. | ' danisepa, p. 79. PAPILIO. / i> 532. Papilio clytia, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1/58, p. 479; Awiv. Konyl. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl. xix, 5, 1782, p. 96 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 364 ; de Niceville $• Mackinnon, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 594 ; Moore (Chilasa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 82, pi. 601, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, <$ $ . Papilio dissimilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 479; Doubleday, in Dblday., Westiv. Sf Hewitt. Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1846, p. 21 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 91 ; Davidson $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 368 ; Moore (Chilasa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, [p. 89, pi. 506, figs. 1, 1 a-1 d, larva & pupa, d?. Papilio clytia, ab. dissimilis, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 365., Papilio papone, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 94, pi. iii, fig. 2cJ; Moore (Chilasa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 88, pi. 505, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, rf $ . Papilio clvtia, ab. papone, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 367. Papilio casyapa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 143; id. (Chilasa) Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 84, pi. 502, figs. 1, 1 a-\ b, larva & pupa, <$ $. Papilio clytia, ab. casyapa, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 367. Papilio clytia, ab. commixttis, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 367. Chilasa commixta, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 89, pi. 505, figs. 2, 2 a, S . Race laukeswara. Papilio lankeswara, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 143 ; id. (Chilasa) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 154, pi. 56, figs. 2, 2«, 26, S $, larva & pupa ; id. (Chilasa) Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 86. Chilasa clytioides, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 154, pi. 56, fig. 1 S - Papilio clytia lankeswara & P. clytia laukeswara ab. clytioides, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 368. Race panope. Papilio panope, Linn'. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 479. Papilio onpape, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 840 ; id. (Chilasa) Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 86, pi. 503, figs. 1, 1 a-1 e, c? 2 . Papilio clytia panope, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 369. Papilio clytia, ab. janus, Fruhstorfer, Sitzuny. Berl. Ent. Ver. 1901, p. 22. Chilasa ja.nus, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 87, pi. 504, figs. 1, 1 a-1 e, rf $ . Race flavolimbatus. Papilio dissimilis, var. flavolimbatus, Oberthilr, Etudes Ent. iv, 1879, p. 101. Papilio clytia flavolimbatus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 370. Chilasa flavolimbata, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 93, pi. 507, figs. 1,1 a-1 b, rf$. c? $ . First form. — Upperside velvety black or soft dark brown. Fore wing: a subterminal series of outwardly truncate oremarginate white spots ; the spot in interspace 4 shifted inwards out of line ; those in interspaces 6, 7 and 8 oblique to the costa, the lowest and the upper two spots elongate ; this is followed by a terminal series of smaller white spots, two in interspace 1, one above the other, and two in interspace 8 ; lastly, a single spot between the subterminal and terminal series. Hind wing : a discal series of inwardly conical and outwardly emarginate, triangular, elongate rr, PAPILIONID^. white spots in interspaces 1 to 5 ; a subtermiual series of four white lunules in interspaces 2 to 5, the series continued on in interspaces 6 and 7 as transversely oblong white spots ; a pro- minent tornal yellow spot broadly divided across the middle by a bar of the ground-colour. The cilia touched with white in the interspaces ; sometimes one or more of these specks on the cilia are broad and prominent and yellow in colour. Under- side •. from soft pale brown to rich dark velvety-brown. Fore wing with the mark- ings as on the upperside. Hind wing : the markings also similar to those on the upperside, but the ter- minal margin beyond the subterminal series of white markings bears a row of comparatively large very conspicuous yellow spots, separated from the white lunules by a series of short a. Papilla dfcfi^J . ' f . transverse detached spots b. Apical portion of fore wing : P. clytia, of the ground-colour. An- race pavope. tenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black, the thorax anteriorly and beneath and the abdomen on the sides spotted with white. c? $ . Second form (dissimilis, Doubleday). — Differs from the first form as follows: — Upperside, fore wing : cell with four streaks coalescent at base and four spots beyond at apex, a long streak in interspace 1 a, two streaks with two spots beyond which are more or less coalescent with them in interspace 1, a broad streak with an outwardly emarginate spot beyond in interspace 2, similar spots, one at base and one beyond, in 3, a single similar spot in 4, elongate streaks in 5 and 6, and much smaller elongate spots in interspaces 8 and 9. All these streaks and spots cream-white with diffuse edges ; subterrninal and terminal markings as in the first form. Hind wing : markings similar to those in the first form with the following differences :— discoidal cell entirely white, discal white streaks longer that reach quite up to the outer margin of the cell and are continued anteriorly to the costa by elongate streaks in interspaces 6 and 7, two spots in interspace 8 and a slender streak along the costa ; the subterminal and terminal markings as in the first form. Underside similar to the upperside, the cream-white markings slightly larger, the terminal series of yellow spots on the hind wing as in the first form. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the typical clytia form ; the head, thorax and abdomen with more prominent white spots. Exp. c? $ 108-121 mm. (4-26-4-76"). PAPILIO. 77 Hab. The Himalayas from Kangra and Simla to Sikhim ; Assam ; Central and Southern India. The larva and pupa are stated by Mackinnon (t. c.) to resemble closely the larva and pupa of P. agestor. Messrs. Davidson and Aitken's description of them is as follows : — Larva. " Not unlike the larva of the Ornithoptera group in form, having similar rows of fleshy processes, but it is by far the handsomest Papilio larva we know, being of a dark umber-brown colour with a bright red spot at the base of each process, a dorsal row of large irregular yellow patches and a partial lateral row ending in a diagonal band which connects the two." Pupa " is unique, exhibiting one of the most remarkable instances of protective resemblance we know. It exactly re- sembles a dead twig about an inch long and less than a quarter of an inch in diameter, broken off irregularly at one end. The last segment is so modified that the pupa is not attached by one point, but appears as if it had grown out of the branch to which it affixes itself." Found on Tetranthera apetala and Alseodaphne semicarpifolia. Yar. casyapa, Moore. — " Fore wings, besides the marginal and submarginal markings, with a third discal series of one to five markings." (Rothschild.) A7ar. papone, Westwood.— " Fore wings black, with an obvious bluish tint in certain lights ; the white spots absent from the fore wings or only faintly indicated." (Rothschild.) Var. commivtus, .Rothschild. — "Fore wings black or bluish black, with a marginal, submarginal and a subdiscal series of most t'eebly-jmarked spots, and with two faint spots behind the cell and a streak along the inner margin Tdorsum] white ; the discal markings are often indicated by a few white scales, or are entirely absent. Hind wings with apical half of the cell, seven long discal streaks reaching the bases of the respective cellules [interspaces ?] (the first and the last reach the base of the wing) and a marginal and submarginal series of spots white as in ab. ditsimilif, L. This aberration and examples intermediate between it and clytia I received from the Khasia HiDs." (RotJischild.) Race lankeswara, Moore. — " Differs from P. clytia in the umber-brown colour of the wings and in the small submarginal spots of the fore wings ; from P. clytia panope, Linn., it is distinguished chiefly by the longer discal sagittiform spots of the hind wings. This subspecies has been described from slightly aberrant specimens in which the submarginal spots of the fore wings are partly obliterated ; in most individuals the series of these spots is complete, and on such specimens Moore's clytioides is based." (Rothschild.) The dimorph or dissimilis form of this race is identical with that of P. clytia. Eacp. 6 ? 108-124 mm. (4-26-4-88"). Hab. Ceylon. 78 PAPILIOKIDjE. Race panope, Linn. — "The discal sagittate spots of the hind wings are shorter than in P. clytia, sometimes they have almost disappeared from the upperside. Most frequently the marginal and submarginal markings of the fore wings are more or less merged together, and form in the apex of the wing three large patches." (Rothschild.) The dimorph or dissimilis form of this race also resembles that of the typical form. Exp. <5 $ 105-118 ram. (4-24-4-66"). Hob. Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to Siam and the Malay Peninsula. \7ar. janus, Fruhstorfer. — The subterminal and terminal white markings on the fore wings only faintly indicated or replaced by small black spots centred sometimes with obscure white. The white sagittate subterminal markings on the hind wing are in most specimens small and obscured by an irroration of dark scales. Race flavolimbatus, Oberthiir.— Closely resembles the dissimilis form of ctytia ; differs as follows : — J § distinctly larger, the white markings similar but proportionately larger, with the exception of the streaks in the discoidal cells of both fore and hind wings, which are narrower and less firmly defined ; on the hind wing there is a terminal row of ochraceous-yellow spots on the upper as well as on the underside, while those on the under- side are very much larger than in P. clytia, dimorph dissimilis. Exp. d 2 124-130 mm. (4-9-5-12"). Nab. The Andamans. The dark form clytia or any race of it is apparently unknown in the Andamans. 533. Papilio paradoxus, Zinken-Sommer, Nov. Act. Ac. Nat. Cur. xv, 1832, p. 162, pi. 15, figs. 9, 10. Race telearchus (PI. XII, fig. 87 $ ). Papilio telearchus, Hewifson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (2) ii, 1852, p. 22, pi. 6, fig. 3 cJ ; Ekces $ de Niceville (Papilio— Euplceopsis), /. A. S. B. 1886, p. 433 ; de Niceville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. iv, 1889, p. 109, pi. A, fig. 5 ; Moore (Euplceopsis). Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 96, pi. 511, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, rf $ . Papilio paradoxus telearchus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 375. Race telearchus, Hewitson. — <3 . Upperside. : fore wing dark brown richly shot with blue, a short oval streak or large spot and a postdiscal and subterminal complete series of spots bluish white ; both the series curve inwards on the wing anteriorly, the inner series of spots elongate. Hind wing rich hair-brown, with or without a subterminal series of white specks that increase in size anteriorly. Underside rich chocolate-brown. Fore wing : the cellular short streak faintly indicated, the postdiscal series of spots of the upperside not present, the subterminal series white, the spots much reduced in size. Hind wing : markings as on the upperside. Cilia dark brown alternated sparsely with white. PAPILIO. 79 Antennae black ; head, thorax and abdomen velvety brown, the head and anterior portion of thorax and the thorax and abdomen beneath sparsely spotted with white. — $ , Upperside, fore wing : basal half dull brown, apical half brown shot with brilliant blue ; markings as in the & , but larger and whiter, the spots in the postdiscal series more elongate. Hind wing brown, a series of comparatively broad whitish streaks in the cell and in all the interspaces, those in the latter end in a postdiscal series of whitish spots ; beyond these a prominent subterminal series of whitish spots. Cilia brown, white in the middle of the interspaces. Underside : pale dull brown markings much as on the upperside, but larger, more diffuse, with the addition on the fore wing of whitish streaks in the cell and in the interspaces posteriorly. Antennae black ; head, thorax and abdomen blackish brown, more fully spotted with white than in the rf . The second and rarer form of the $ closely resembles the c? , but is larger and paler, with the pale blue-glossed spots on the upperside of the fore wing elongate and more prominent and the ground-colour lighter than in the c? . Exp. d1 $ 120-150 mm. (4-74-5-92"). Hab. Assam ; Burma : Tenasserim, extending to Siam. 534. Papilio caimus, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. 1848, p. 20, pi. 9, figs. 2,2*, cf. Race danisepa. Papilio danisepa, Sutler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, p. 343 ; de Nictville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Sov. ix, 1895, p. 366, pi. Q, fig. 48 ; Moore (Euplceopsis), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 98, pi. 512, figs. 1, la-le, c??- Papilio caunus danisepa, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 377. Eace danisepa, Butler. — <S . Upperside rich velvety brown shot with blue. Fore wing : apical third of cell, four short streaks beyond in interspaces 4, 5, 6 and 9 and a subterminal series of spots curved inwards opposite the apex, bluish white. Hind wing : the cell, a series of streaks from the bases of inter- spaces 1 to 7 and an incomplete subtermiual series of minute spots, white ; the streaks in interspaces 4 and 5 short, those in the interspaces above and below gradually longer. Underside brown, without the blue gloss ; markings as on the upperside, bub the subterminal markings on the hind wing complete. Antenn®, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the thorax and abdo- men with a few white spots. — $ . Besembles the d , but the blue gloss on both fore and hind wing is more restricted, the ground- colour paler brown, somewhat of a rich golden-bronze, and the white markings are fuller and broader. Exp. c? $ 110-132 mm. (4-34-5-2"). Hab. The hills of Assam ; Arrakan ; Upper and Lower Burma ; Tenasserim, extending to Siam. I first came across this magnificent butterfly on the Tannjah Pass, 1000 feet, over the Dawnat Mountains in Tenasserim, and SO PAPILIONID.I:. until I had caught and examined it, mistook it for an extra- ordinarily large specimen of Euplcea rliadamanthus. It is appar- ently sometimes, notwithstanding its disguise, attacked and preyed on by the Pigmy Falcon (Microhierax casrulescens), as in the nest-hole of a pair of these birds I once found the fragment, of a fore wing of a butterfly which was identified by the late Mr. de Niceville as belonging to this form of P. caunus. ELEPHENOR GBOTJP. c? 5 . Shape of wings and neuration somewhat as in the Protenor group, but termen of hind wing more deeply scalloped and proportionately somewhat broader. Fore wing in <5 with secondary sexual characters on the upperside in the form of woolly adnervular stripes in the lower interspaces. Key to the forms of tJie Elephenor Group. a. Hind wing upperside : \vithout any subterminal series of lunules P. ekphenor, p. 80. b. Hind wing upperside : with a subterruinal series of purplish -blue lunules P. doddsi, p. 81. 535. Papilio elephenor, Doubleday, A.M.N.H. xvi, 1845, p. 305; Woodc-Mason 8f de N. (Papilio— Pangeranopsis), J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 374 ; Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1889, p. 130; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 378 ; Moore (Pangeranopsis), Lep. Ind. \i, 1903, p. 59, pi. 489, fig. 2 cJ . rf . Upperside : dull black. Fore wing with an irroration of brilliant green scales that form cellular and internervular streaks. Hind wing : anterior half to nearly the median vein and above vein 5 irrorated with brilliant blue scales that become gradually sparse towards and cease entirely along the costal margin ; posterior half irrorated with brilliant green scales ; tornus with a small claret-red patch touched above with a few violet scales and also with an admarginal dusky black spot. Cilia brown alternated with white. Underside black. Fore wing with very broad and prominent cellular and internervular pale streaks, the costal margin and the basal half of interspaces 1 a and 1 distinctly black. Hind wing : a series of claret-red subterminal lunules, two side by side in each interspace, all more or less irrorated inwardly with violet scales ; at the tornal angle these lunules form a conspicuous oblong patch that stretches a short way along the <lorsum and bears a subbasal and a subapical black spot. Antennae, the thorax and abdomen narrowly along the middle black ; head pinkish red ; abdomen on the sides buff-coloured. — $ . " Agrees with the d1 . The anal (tornal) red mark on the hind wings above is larger, rounded, marginal, and includes a small black spot, the outer margin (termen) of the hind wing is distinctly sinuate between the median veins (veins 2, 3, 4), and at the end of the PAPILIO. 81 upper median nervule (vein 4) produced into a short but obvious tooth as at the extremity of the lower discoidal vein (vein 5)." {Rothschild.} Exp. J 128-138 mm. (5-04-5-42"). Hub. The hills of Upper Assam. 536. Papilio doddsi (PI. XIII, fig. 88), Janet, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1896, p. 186 ; de Xiceville (Papilio— Sarbaria), J. A. S. B. 1897, p. 566, pi. 4, fig. 30 c?; Moore (Pangeranopsis), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 60, pi. 489, fig. 3 rf. c? . Differs from P. elephenor J as follows : — Wings pro- portionately slightly broader ; termen of hind wing more deeply scalloped, more or less produced into broad teeth at the apices of the veins. Upperside (in the solitary specimen I have been able to examine) similar to the colouring in elephenor. Fore wing : anterior half velvety black without any irroration of green scales. Hind wing : the tornal ocellus as in elephenor but larger, a sub- terminal series of more or less purple-scaled lunules in interspaces 1 to 7. Underside as in elephenor, but on the hind wing the tornal red patch more restricted, with a single large black ad- marginal spot, the subterminal series of double red lunules more irregularly formed. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen as in elephenor. Exp. S 120 mm. (4-75"). Hah. Tipper Burma : Southern Shan States ; Tonkin. BIANOR GBOUP. <$ $ . Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa widely arched ; apex produced but not acute, bluntly rounded ; termen slightly oblique, tornus rounded ; dorsum sinuous ; cell slightly more than half length of wing. Male with well-marked woolly scent-streaks on outer portions of veins 1 to 4, or on some of them (always present on vein 1); these streaks not extended to the termen. Hind wing broad : costa arched ; termen scalloped, produced at apex of vein 4 into a broad spatulate tail ; tornal angle distinct ; dorsum straight ; abdominal fold moderate ; cell comparatively short and narrow ; subcostal vein and upper discocellular subequal. Antenna? not half length of fore wing, club gradual. Sexes alike, with con- spicuous green and blue coloration on the upperside ; an upper discal patch but no continuous broad green or blue band across hind wing. Key to the forms of the Bianor Group. a. Fore wing upperside : -with no trace of a sub- terminal glistening green band P. bianor, p. 82. b. Fore wing upperside : with a subterminal glis- tening green band, often more or less obsoles- cent anteriorly, but always indicated in the tornal region. VOL. ii. a 82 a'. Fore wing underside : without any prominent internervular greyish-white streaks except just near torn us P. polyctor, p. 82. V. Fore wing underside : with very prominent internervular greyish-white streaks, short near tornus, but gradually longer towards costal margin P. polyctor, race yanesa, p. 84. 537. Papilio bianor, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, 1777, p. 10, pi. 103, fig. C ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 110; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 378. Papilio gladiator, Fruhstorfer, Iris, xi, 1901, pp. 370, 371 ; id. Berl. ent. Zeit. 1902, p. 184; Moore (Sarbaria), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 58, pi. 489, fig. 1. c? $ . Upperside dull brownish black, much darker on the hind wing than on the fore wing. Tore wing irrorated somewhat sparsely with green scales, which in the cf tend to form green internervular streaks. Hind wing : basal three-fourths irrorated on the posterior half of the wing with green, on the anterior half with blue scales that leave a broad and uniform terminal and costal margin devoid of the irroration of blue or green scales ; a sub- terminal series of lunules often incomplete, the anterior ones of blue scales, the posterior ones claret-red traversed by short inner lines of blue ; the tornal lunule the widest. Cilia brown, in hind wing alternated with white. Underside : fore wing chocolate- brown ; the cell with a slight irroration of yellowish scales ; the outer half of the wing with broad pale internervular streaks that increase iu length from the tornal angle to the costa, but do not reach the terminal margin. Hind wing deep brownish black, the base, cell and the disc partially with thin irroration of pale yellow scales ; a conspicuous subterminal complete series of broad claret- red lunules traversed by short lines of violet-blue, and a series of terminal narrow transverse ochraceous spots in the interspaces. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen chocolate-brown ; the head, thorax and abdomen above thinly sprinkled with green scales. $ similar, but larger and altogether paler. Exp. 3 $ 124-150 mm. (4-98-6-9"). Hab. China, except in the extreme north and south, extending within our limits into Burma and Tenasserim. I have seen only two specimens of this form from Burma which, after careful comparison, I find can be exactly matched by specimens from China. It is a variable insect, however, and the points relied upon for separating it (under the name gladiator, Fruhst.), as a race of the Chinese bianor, are eminently variable. 538. Papilio polyctor (PI. XIII, fig. 89, 3 ), Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 205 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. JE. I. C. i, 1857, p. 109 ; Rothsch. 37or. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 381 ; Mackinnon & de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 594, pi. VV, figs. 24 «-24 c, larva & pupa ; Moore (Sarbaria), Lep. InJ. vi, 1903, p. 51, pi. 485, figs. 1, la, Ib, larva & pupa, d $ , and pi. 480, figs. 1, la, U, 3 $ . 83 Race ganesa. Papilio ganesa, Doublcday, Grains Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 73 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. JE. I. C. i, 1857, p. 107 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 428; Moore (Sarbaria), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 56, pi. 487, figs. 1, 1 a, J 2 • Papilio polyctor ganesa, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 383. Papilio polvctor, subsp. triumphator, Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent. 1902, p. 66. Sarbaria triumphator, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 57, pi. 488, fifr.l 6- Papilio polyctor, subsp. significans, Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent. 1902, p. 66. Sarbaria sisrnificans, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 57, pi. 488, fig.2,<?. c? $ . The sexes are very nearly alike, and the difference slight between the dry-season and wet-season broods. Ujtperside dull black thickly irrorated with golden-green scales. Fore wing : a broad subterminal golden-green band that varies in length, but In all specimens is more or less diffuse and obsolescent towards the costal margin ; in specimens of the wet-season broods this band is slightly broader than in those of the dry-season, also broader in the $ than in the $ . Hind wing : the irroration of golden-green scales less dense, turning to blue on the anterior portions of the wing ; a broad bright blue upper discal patch that stops well short of the termen, and has its outer margin uneven, occupies the base of interspace 4 and the outer portions of inter- spaces 5, 6, and 7 ; below, this patch is continued in interspaces 1 to 3 by much smaller diffuse quadrate spots of brilliant golden- green scales, that are prominent in wet-season forms, more obscure in the dry. The discal patch itself is variable in size ; in some speci- mens there is only a trace of it in interspace 4. Tornus with a conspicuous subterminal claret-red lunule, traversed inwardly by an obscure blue line and edged above the Innule, narrowly, by velvety black; indications generally of a similar lunule in interspace 2; finally a terminal series of large velvety-black markings that form •on the tail broad borders to the green irroration down its middle. Cilia broadly edged with white in the interspaces. Underside chocolate-brown, somewhat thinly irrorated with yellowish scales, which are absent however, from a more or less triangular patch in the middle of the fore wing posteriorly, but coalesce and form an ill-defined very short subterminal band just above the tornal angle of that wing. Hind wing : a conspicuous subterminal series of claret-red lunules each traversed inwardly by a line of purplish blue, followed by velvety-black spots and broad white terminal lunules. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brownish black ; the head, thorax and abdomen above, thinly irrorated with green scales. Exp. c? $ 98-124 mm. (3-86-4-90"). Hob. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon ; Nepal. Larva. Dull green with some yellowish markings, thorax with a G 2 84 remarkable shield-like covering projecting a little over the head and marked with slender involute black lines ; 7th to the 12th segments with lateral obliquely placed pale yellowish lines. Pupa. Pale green with yellow and white markings. Head cleft, back strongly arched ; " sides flattened out with a hard sharp ridge running longitudinally round the whole insect." (Harford, as quoted by Moore.) Race ganesa, Doubleday. — The Eastern race as a whole is larger and typically differs as follows : — Upperside : ground- colour slightly darker, irroration of green scales not so dense. Fore wing : the subterininal bright golden-green transverse band very incomplete, often merely indicated from near the tornus to not further than interspace 3. Hind wing : the upper discal patch not continued to the dorsum, the red subterininal lunules on the posterior half of the wing more generally present. Under- side : ground-colour darker than in the Western race. Fore wing with very prominent internervular whitish streaks on the outer half, these streaks increase in length towards the costa but do not reach the terminal margin. Hind wing : the irroration of yellowish scales less dense and more restricted, the series of sub- terminal red and of terminal whitish lunules as in polyctor but variable, especially the latter series, in width and prominence. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in polyctor. Exp. c? $ 123-140 mm. (4-84-5-5"). Hab. Sikhim; Nepal; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenas- serim. The Assam and Burmese specimens have been separated as subspecies or races by Fruhstorfer under the names triumpliator and significans ; the points relied upon for distinguishing them are, howrever, eminently variable, such as the width or entire obsoles- cence of the subterminal green band on the upperside of the fore wing, the size of the upper discal patch and the presence or absence of red subterminal lunules on the upperside of the hind wing. These all vary greatly in Sikhim as well as in Assam and Burmese specimens. The presence of a somewhat obscure shining white spot on the upperside of the fore wing near the tornal angle in significans^ if constant, may possibly entitle it to racial separation. PARIS GEOUP. c? $ . In arrangement of pattern and in venation closely resembles the Bianor group, but the males are devoid of the cottony scent-streaks on the upperside of the fore wing. Key to tJie forms of tlie Paris Group. a. Fore wing underside : subterminal greyish- white band sharply defined, narrow, of 'even width throughout ." -P. krislna, p. 80. PAPILIO. 85 b. Fore wing underside : subterniinal greyish-white band not sharply defined, broad and gradually widened anteriorly. «'. Hind wing upperside : without a subterniinal series of claret-red limules. <r. Hind wing upperside : upper discal blue or green patch does not extend down to vein 3 . P. paris, p. 85. &2. Hind wing upperside : upper discal blue or green patch larger, extends down to vein Jj P. paris, race tami- V. Hind wing upperside : with a prominent \lana, p. 86. subterniinal series of claret-red lunules' .... P. arcturus, p. 87. 539. Papilio paris (PI. XIII, fig. 90, rf ), Linn. Sy*t. Sat. ed. x, 1758, p. 459 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 107 ; Shoes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 427 ; Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 535 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 384 ; Moore (Achillides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 64, pi. 491, figs. 1, 1 «-l c, d $ . Race tainilana. Papilio tamilana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 313 ; Davidson, Bell fyAitken,Jou>: Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. x, 1897, p. 581 ; Moore (Achillides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 65, pi. 492, figs. I, la, <$ $ . Papilio paris tamilana, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 385. d • Upperside black, irrorated with dark green scales, which on the outer portion of the fore wing coalesce and form an incom- plete postdiscal narrow hand more erect than the subterminal similar band on the fore wing of P. polyctor. Hind wing : the irroration of dark green scales does not extend to the costal margin and is interrupted posteriorly by a broad postdiscal area, on both sides of which the green scales coalesce to form narrow diffuse hands ; a conspicuous upper discal shining blue patch occupies the base of interspace 4 and outer portions of inter- spaces 5 and 6 ; this patch is variable in size, and in many specimens extends narrowly below and above into interspaces 3 and 7 respectively, its outer margin is uneven, its inner margin evenly arched ; a prominent claret-red largely black-centred ocellus at the tornal angle, its' inner margin with a transverse short violet-blue superposed line ; in many specimens an obscure claret-red subterminal lunule in interspace 7. Underside opaque black ; bases of both fore and hind wings, up to basal half of cell in fore and up to apex of cell in hind wing, with an irroration of yellowish scales ; also present more obscurely on the subterminal area in both wings. Tore wing with a very broad elongate triangular pale area that does not extend to the termen, formed of inter- nervular broad very pale ochraceous-white streaks, short near the tornus, gradually longer up to the costa. Hind wing : a prom- inent subterminal series of oc-hraceous-red lunules traversed by short violet-blue lines; in interspaces 1,2, and. sometimes in 3, these lunules are formed into more or less complete largely black- 86 PAPlLIONJDvE. . centred ocelli by the addition of an adtnarginal portion of the red ring. Cilia conspicuously white in the interspaces. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, the latter three sprinkled with green scales above. — $ . Similar, somewhat paler and duller. Upperside : fore wing with the green postdiscal band shorter and still more incomplete. Hind wing with the upper discal patch smaller, often green and not blue, the red subtermiual lunule in interspace 7 always present and more prominent than in the c? . Underside : similar to that in the J , but the tornal and subtornal markings generally formed into more or less complete ocelli. Exp. 6 $ 106-132 mm. (4-18-5-2"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kuinaon to Sikhim, Nepal and Bhutan ; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending to China, Siam and the Malay Peninsula. A common insect in Sikhim, where it is found from the Terai up to 5000 feet. It is rare in Burma and Tenasserim, where I have taken it in the Thaungyiu and Ataran Valleys from May to October, but it has been recorded from various places from Bbamo to Tavoy. Race tamilana. Moore. — Very closely resembles the typical form, but on the upperside the upper discal patch on the hind wing is of a paler more metallic blue and very considerably larger, it extends from interspace 3 well into interspace 7, from the apex of the cell into interspaces 3, 4, and 5, and from the middle of interspace 6 much further towards the termen than iu paris. Underside similar to that of the typical form, but the transverse postdiscal pale band on the fore wing is conspicuously narrower and curved inwards towards the costa. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in paris. Exp. <* $ 116-134 mm. (4-58-5-28"). Hab. Southern India : Kanara, Nilgiris, Travancore. Mr. Bell " observed the female laying eggs on Erodia rox- buryhiana." 540. Papilio krishna, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 108, pi. 2«, fig. 6 3 ; Ehces, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 427 ; Ilothscli. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 384; Moore (Achillides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 63 pi. 490, fig. 2 <?. c? $ . Eesembles P. paris generally, but differs in many points as follows : — Upperside : ground-colour more of a brownish black, irrorated similarly to paris with green scales, but the scales smaller and more sparsely spread. Fore wing : the postdiscal transverse band well-defined, complete, formed of white scaling with only a thin sprinkling of green scales on its inner margin, generally erect or slightly curved, rarely slightly sinuous. Hind wing : upper discal patch metallic greenish blue, .smaller than in paris, but the portions of it in interspaces 6 and 7 more extended towards the termen, the metallic golden-green baud that joins the patch on its inner side to the dorsal margin more conspicuous than in paris; the tornal ocellus as in paris, but above it a sub- PAPIHO. 87 terminal series of claret-red lunules in interspaces 2, 3, 4 and 5, followed by a series of ochraceous-red obscure terminal narrow lunules in the interspaces, the cilia on the outer margin of each conspicuously white. Underside : fore wing as in paris but an erect ochraceous-white postdiscal band as on the upperside limits ; the series of internervular pale streaks on the outer half of the wing. Hind wing : a well-defined discal ochraceous- white band formed of a series of somewhat lunular marks in the interspaces, these increase in width anteriorly ; a subterminal series of claret-red hmules traversed by violet scaling on the inner side as in paris, but much broader and more prominent ; finally a terminal series of ochraceous-yellow lunular marks in the inter- spaces ; the cilia that border each lunule white. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen as in P. paris. Exp. tf $ 108-121 mm. (4-24-4-75"). Hdb. Recorded from Sikhim and Bhutan only. In Sikhim. it is recorded by Mr. Elwes as common " in some seasons at certain places, and found from 3000 to 9000 feet elevation." I procured several specimens at Eungarun, near Darjiling, in May. It was difficult to catch, and only one or two of the specimens were. in good condition. 541. Papilio arcturus, Westwood, A. M. N. H. ix, 1842, p. 37 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 108 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895. p. 383; Moore (Achillides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 61, pi. 490, fig. Irf. 3. Upperside brownish black, somewhat paler on the fore than on the hind wing. Fore wing irrorated with brilliant golden-green scales that on the posterior halt' of the wing form a broad, not well-defined subterminal band ; the veins and elongate streaks between them on the outer half of the wing velvety black. Hind wing : posterior three-fourths irrorated with brilliant golden-green scales as on the fore wing but towards the base anteriorly these turn to blue ; a conspicuous brilliant blue patch somewhat irregular in shape occupies the apex of the cell and the bases of interspaces 5 and 6, prolonged as a broad streak in the latter interspace up to the terminal margin ; below this a more or less triangular patch on the disc and above it the whole of the costal margin broadly are devoid of the irroration of green scales ; a subtermiual generally incomplete series of large claret-red lunules terminates at the tornal angle in a large conspicuous black- centred red ocellus ; "the latter is encircled above and anteriorly by a narrow band formed by a conflux of the green irrorated scales ; the lunules are bordered outwardly by spots of the ground-colour that are devoid of the green scales ; finally both the lunules and the tornal ocellus are tinged more or less with bluish-purple on their inner margins. Underside dull black, with a somewhat sparse irroration of yellowish-white scales confined on the fore wing to the base and apex, and on the hind wing to the posterior 88 PAPILIONIDJE. two-thirds, not extended to the termen except along the tail. Fore wing : a broad ill-defined subterrainal pale transverse area, crossed by the black veins and internervular streaks, and elongated pale cellular streaks. Hind wing : a large somewhat quadrate terminal black-centred claret-red patch in interspaces 1 and 2, and a subterminal series of broad claret-red lunules that extends from interspaces 3 to 7, followed by ill-defined anteciliary red spots in each interspace. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white, alternated with black. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen brownish black ; the head, thorax and abdomen at base on the upperside sprinkled with golden-green scales.— £ similar, the markings more prominent. Upperside : on the fore wing the subterminal golden-green band broader, on the hind wing the subterminal series of claret-red lunules more complete. Exp. <$ $ 119-126 mm. (4-70-4-98"). Hah. The Himalayas from Murree to Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim. This lovely butterfly is rare in Tenasserim. Mr. Hauxwell and I procured it on the Taoo plateau at 4000 feet. PALINVEUS GROUP. <$ $ . Differs from the Bianor group, in that the males, except in one form (P. crt'no), are devoid of the cottony scent-streaks on the upperside of the fore wing. Even in the exceptional form these streaks are only sometimes present in the males ; when present such streak is invariably absent from interspace 1. Both fore and hind wings on the upperside crossed by bright bluish-green bands ; the band on the fore wing from the costa obliquely out- wards, that on the hind wing from the costa obliquely inwards. Key to the forms of tJie Palinurus Group. a. Hind wing upperside : tail without any green scaling on spatular portion «'. Fore wing upperside : green band across wing comparatively narrow ; measured on dorsum less than one-third length of latter : expanse 92-102 mm P. palinurus, p. 88. b'. Fore wing upperside : green band across wing comparatively broad, measured on dorsum considerably more than one-third length of latter : expanse 107-115 mm P. buddha, p. 89. b. Hind wing upperside : tail with a patch of green scales on spatular portion P. crino, p. 90. .542. Papilio palinurus (PL XIII, fig. 91), Fair. Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 2; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 387; Moore (Harimala), Lep. Ind. vi, 19C3, p. 71, pi. 495, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, <J ?. Papilio brama, Gutr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 43, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4 ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B.M. i, 1852, p. 18; Dist. Rhop. Malay. 1885, p. 338, pi. 32, fig. 4 j. <3 . Upperside black, closely irrorated with brilliant green scales. Fore wing with a slightly excurved, oblique, bright green cliscal band that extends from the middle of the costa to the dorsum a little before the tornal angle ; measured on the dorsum the width of this band is nearly equal to one-third of the length of the dorsal margin; anteriorly the band passes through the apical fourth of the cell and is narrowed slightly at the costa. Hind wing : costal margin broadly, termen including the tail more narrowly, devoid of the irroratiou of green scales ; a broad discal bar, elongate-oval in shape, extends from the dorsum a little above the tornus to the middle of interspace 6, its outer margin diffuse ; this is followed by a postcliscal area where the irroration of green scales is sparser than at the base, and a subterminal series of very broad lunules formed of scales of similarly metallic coloration ; finally a dark ochraceous-brown ocellus centred with black and surmounted by blue at the tornal angle, and a paler ochraceous-yellow lunule subapically in interspace 7. Underside velvety brownish-black; bases of both fore and hind wings somewhat thickly, the outer portions more thinly, sprinkled with pale yellow scales. Fore wing : apical half obliquely pale brownish white, darkening to dusky black at the apex and narrowly along the ternien ; the pale area very narrow at the tornal angle, gradually broadened up to the costa, traversed by the black veins. Hind wing : uniform ; an outer narrow pale band traversed by a subterminal series of ochraceous-brown lunules that are bordered on both inner and outer sides by velvety black, the black on the innerside crossed by diffuse short lines of bluish-white scales ; the lunule in interspace 7 broadly and conspicuously bordered inwardly with white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen velvety black, the head and thorax above overlaid with green. — $ . Differs from c? in the discal transverse bands on the upperside of the fore and hind wings, which are conspicuously narrower, and on the hind wing by the brighter ochraceous colour of the tornal ocellus. Exp. rf $ 92-102 mm. (3-62-4"). Hob. Within our limits the hills of Burma and Tenasserim. Found also in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. Hare in Burma and Tenasserim. I took one specimen in the Ruby Mines district in Upper Burma at 5000 ft. elevation, and others in the Tunzalin and Haungtharaw Valleys in Tenasserim. Mr.Hauxwell records the following note : — " This butterfly has the habit of bathing in shallow water in hill streams. It skims the surface of the water like a swallow and dips its body into the water, giving itself a shake as it comes out and then flies on again." (Jour. Bomb. K H. Soc. xii, 1899, p. 335.) 543. Papilio buddha, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 86, pi. 3, fi£. 1 J1 ; Rotlisch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 389 ; Davidson 8? Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 581, pi. 6, %s. 2, 2 a, larva & pupa ; Moore (Hariuiala), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 69, pi. 494, figs. I, 1 fl-1 c, cf , larva & pupa, c? $ . d $ . Eesembles P. palinurus but is larger and also differs as 90 PAPILIONID^. follows: — Upperside: irroration of green scales more restricted, the outer half of the fore wing except a triangular patch from apex of wing downwards, and the outer third of the hind wing except a subterminal series of ill -formed luuules, devoid of green scales; discal transverse bands on both fore and hind wings similar to those in P. palimtrus but very much broader ; the discal band of the fore wing measured on the dorsurn occupies considerably more than one-third of the dorsal length, while the discal band of the hind wing is as broad posteriorly as it is anteriorly (in P. palinurus it is much narrower posteriorly) ; the ochraceous tornal ocellus brighter, not surmounted with blue ; the subapical ochraceous lunule in inter- space 7 also brighter and much larger. Underside similar to the underside in P. palinurus, but on the hind wing the ochraceous lunules in the subterminal series proportionately narrower and much more conspicuously bordered on their innersides with silvery white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in P. palinurus. Exp. 6 $ 107-155 mm. (4-2-4-5"). Hob. Southern India. Larva. Thoracic segments with a shield. G-reen, the shield laterally and posteriorly narrowly edged with white ; segments 5 to 11 with a broad white line and above it a series of minute white spots one on each segment. Pupa. Much curved ventrally, head cleft, the processes long and upturned, back and sides keeled ; colour dark green ventrally, pale green dorsally. (After Davidson $• Aitlcen.) 544. Papilio crino, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii (1) p. -5 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. C.i, 1857, p. 109; 'Eothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 389; Moore (Ilarimala), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 67, pi. 493, figs. 1, 1 a-1 d, larva & pupa, <$ $ . Papilio criuo, var. montanus, Folder, Verli. zool.-bot. Ges. Wicn, xivr 1864, pp. 3-22, 370. Harimala inontanus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 146, pi. 61, %1 $. c? $ . Besembles P. palinurus, but the d1 generally has on the upperside of the outer half of the fore wing cottony or hairy scent-streaks similar to those in P. polyctor, only the streak in inter- space 1 is always wanting. Other differences are as follows : — d1 $ • Upperside, fore wing : the discal transverse bluish-green band slightly sinuous, narrower, more curved and more distinctly decreasing in width towards the costal margin ; in the $ more sinuous than in the 3 . Hind wing : the transverse bluish-green band very variable in width but with its inner margin much straighter than in P. polyctor ; this band that in P. polyctor stops short of vein 7, is in the present form continued to the costal margin, it is however much and abruptly narrowed above vein 7 ; tornal ocellus claret-red with a large black centre inwardly edged with blue ; the bright ochraceous subapical lunule of P. polyctor replaced by a dull whitish spot ; the subterminal diffuse green lunules restricted to interspaces 2, 3, and 4 ; the spatular apex of the tail with a small patch of bluish-green scales. Underside dull PAPILIO. 01 pale brown to blackish brown irrorated with scattered yellowish scales, which, however, on the fore wing are absent from a large triangular discal patch that lies betw-een the dorsuin, the median vein, vein 5 and a line of white lunules that crosses the wing in an outward curve from the upper third of the costa to just before the tornus ; these white lunules are outwardly diffuse and merge gradually into the brow7n ground-colour. Hind wing : the tornal ocellus much as on the upperside ; an obscure ill-defined highly arched postdiscal narrow whitish band from above the tornal ocellus to the costa, ends near apex of interspace 7 in a broad white lunule ; beyond this a double subterminal row of somewhat straight ochreous-white lunules in the interspaces, each lunule of the inner row bordered outwardly with blue, this bordering very faint in many specimens. Cilia of both fore and hind wings brown alternated with white. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black ; the head, thorax, and abdomen above with a sprinkling of glittering green scales. Exp. <j $ 100-116 mm. (3-98-4-6"). Hab. Lower Bengal; Central and Southern India ; Ceylon. Var. montanus, Felder, was founded on specimens devoid of the cottony scent-streaks on the upperside of the fore wing. Larva. " Somewhat lirnaciform ; anterior segments convexly scutellated ; furnished with a pair of short fleshy tubercles on anterior and two on anal segments." (Moore.) Pupa. " Curved backward anteriorly ; head broad in front ; green." (Moore.) PAYEXI GROUP. <$ 2 • Fore wing more or less strongly falcate ; costa much arched, apex acute or subacute, produced ; termen concave ; tornus well marked, angular ; dorsum sinuous ; cell broad, upper disco- cellular about half the length of middle, middle concave ; veins 9, 10 and 11 very close to each other, out of subcostal. Hind wing subtriangular ; costa slightly arched, apex rounded ; termen slightly convex to vein 4, prolonged into a long spatulate tail, slightly curved upwards at vein 4 ; tornus oblique, not well marked ; dorsum straight ; cell very long, more than two-thirds of length of wing to apex. Antenna? comparatively short, not half length of fore •wing ; club well marked, oval. Anal valves in tf distinct. Key to the forms of the Payeni Group. a. Upperside ground-colour ochraceous yellow P. evan, p. 91. b. Upperside ground-colour brown P. gyas, p. 92. 545. Papilio evan (PI. XIV, fig. 92), Doubkday, A. M. N. H, xvi, 1845, pp. 235 & 304 ; Moore (Meandrusa), New Ind. Lep. Ins. 1888, p. 284 ; id. (Meandrusa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 47, pi. 483, figs. 1, la-le, cJ $ . Papilio payeni evan, Rotlisch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 401. c? . Upperside bright ochraceous, with a darker shade towards 92 PAPILIONIDjE. the base o£ the wings. Fore wing : two or three spots obliquely across the cell, a larger spot at its upper apex, the costal margin from base (the collar broadened towards the apex), and the terminal margin very broadly, dark brown ; on the inner side of this broad brown terminal edging there is a transverse incomplete discal series of dark brown spots, followed bv an irregular trails- verse series of brown lunules, both these merge anteriorly and posteriorly into the brown on the terinen ; lastly superposed on the brown terminal edging is a more or less complete, transverse, subterminal series of lunules of the ochraceous ground-colour, reduced in some specimens to only two or three lunules above the tornus. Hind wing : terminal half or more dark brown, with an inner postdiscal and an outer subterminal series of more or less lunular spots of the ochraceous ground-colour; the postdiscal series consists of only four spots in interspaces 1 to 4, the subtermiual series is complete to interspace 7, the spots larger, that in inter- space 3 elongate, outwardly conical ; tail tipped with ochraceous. Underside : ground-colour a deeper richer ochraceous. Pore wing : cell and basal area with a number of irregular cinnamon-brown spots, followed on the terminal half by three transverse series of more or less irregular and incomplete lunular cinnamon-brown markings and a narrow brown terminal edging. Hind wing : basal area with a transverse series of three spots, a large spot at apex of cell, the bases of interspaces 1, 2 and 3, followed by three more or less complete but irregular series of lunular markings, cinnamon-brown ; superposed on the inner discal row of brown lunules is a transverse series of snow-white crescents, conspicuous only in interspaces 1 and 2, but barely indicated anteriorly. Antennae dark ochraceous brown ; head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous, the thorax posteriorly and basal half of the abdomen olivaceous ; beneath : head, thorax and abdomen brighter ochraceous. — 2 . Ground-colour paler, base and cell of fore wing on upperside shaded with bright very pale cinnamon ; markings similar both on the upper and under sides, but less clearly defined ; the costal margin of fore wing on the upperside ochraceous almost to apex, not brown ; the subterminal series of ochraceous lunules on the upperside of the hind wing very large, separated from one another only by the brown along the veins. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar, but paler. Exp. d $ 108-146 mm. (4-23-5-72" ). Hab. Sikhiin ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim. 546. Papilio gyas, Westwood, Arcana Ent. i, 1841, p. 41, pi. 11, fig. 1. c?; Moore, Cat: 'Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 110; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii. 1895, p. 401 ; Moore (Dabasa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 49, pi. 484, figs. 1, la, Ib, d $ . <$ . Upperside opaque brown, the basal ai-ea and the terminal third of both fore and hind wings of a darker shade than the broad medial area, due to the dark markings of the underside that show through by transparency ; fore and hind wings with a sub- PAPILIO. 93 terminal series of largish yellow lunules that curve upwards pos- teriorly on the hind wing and end in a diffuse transverse bluish- white mark across interspace 1. Underside, fore wing : basal third and a large spot on the discocellulars, that is widened anteriorlv, rich dark cinnamon-brown ; medial third lilacine, pale towards the dorsum, widened anteriorly and extended into the apex of the cell, and on the costa from the discocellulars to near the apex of the wing ; interspaces 2, 3 and 4 with paler lilacine lunules ; terminal third of the wing dull brown, with a postdiscal and a subtermiual trans- verse series of somewhat obscure olivaceous-yellow lunules. Hind wing : basal third rich dark cinnamon-brown in continuation of that colour on the fore wing ; remainder of the wing lilacine, with a large posterior discal patch of cinnamon-brown, margined inwardly by a diffuse broad irregular white band, and outwardly by a series of white lunules ; a subterminal somewhat obscure row of olivaceous-yellow markings ; the tail and terminal margin dark cinnamon-brown. Antennae dark brown, head, thorax and abdomen brown with an olivaceous tinge ; beneath ; similar, the abdomen more brightly olivaceous yellow. — $ . Upperside : ground-colour similar to that in the tf ; markings differ as follows : — a very broad discal ti-ansverse lilacine white band across both fore and hind wings that extends from vein 5 and from within the apex of cell of fore wing to the dorsal margin of the hind wing. Tore wing : a yellowish- white costal spot in upper third of cell, a larger spot beyond that turns to yellow at base of interspace 6, an anterior postdiscal transverse series of yellow more or less lunular spots, and a subterminal similar series of spots. Hind wing : the lilacine white colour of the discal band spreads to the base of the wing, but is thickly irrorated with brownish scales, as is also the outer margin posteriorly of the same band ; the rest of the wing dark brown, with the margins of the tornus and of the tail broadly bright cinnamon-brown ; lastly, superposed on the brown area is a sub- terminal series of large, yellow, well-defined more or less lunular spots. Underside similar to that of the c? , the ground-colour and markings on the outer two-thirds of both fore and hind wings paler. Antennse, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d1 • Exp. <3 $ 120-126 mm. (4-73-5-0"). Hob. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserirn. GLYCEIUON GEOUP. <$ $ . Pore wing broadly triangular ; costa somewhat broadly arched ; apex obtuse ; term en straight ; tornus rounded ; dorsum straight, considerably more than half length of costa ; cell longer than half length of wing, upper discocellular more than twice as long as middle; vein 11 very short, anastomosed with vein 12 very soon after its origin. Hind wing broad ; costal and terminal margins subequal, the latter sinuous, with a delicate and very slender non-spatulate tail at apex of vein 4 ; the wing posterior to the tail produced inwardly, lobed and emarginate below the tornus ; S4 PAP1LIOXID.E. dorsum straight ; cell narrow, upper discocellular very much longer than the middle. Antennae short, not half length of fore wing ; club well marked, thick, but gradual ; head tufted in front, thorax and legs hairy. — d" abdominal fold of hind wing narrow, without -any cottony scent-hairs within. 547. Papilio glycerion, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 32; id. Lep. Ins. yep. 1840, p. 4, pi. 3, tig. 2 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i 1857, p. 110; Heron, A. M. N. If. (7) iii, 1899, p. 119; Moore (Pazala), Lep. Ind. vi, 3903, p. 33, pi. 479, figs. 1, la, \b. Papilio paphus, de Niceville, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 254, pi. 11, fig. 6, 5; Ehces, Trans. Ertt. Soc. 1888, p. 432. Papilio inandarinus paphus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 408. cf $ . Upperside dead-white or very pale cream-colour. Fore wing: cell partially, and interspaces between the dusky black outer discal markings more or less semitransparent ; cell crossed by five black bauds, the basal two of which extend to the dorsal margin, the subapical to a little below the median vein ; a black band along the discocellulars, joined at costal margin and above lower apex of cell to the band traversing the cell near its apex ; a broad transverse postdiscal black band from near tornal angle to <;osta ; this band double above vein 5, forms three well-marked loops ; subterminal and terminal narrower transverse black bands, the former joined on to the postdiscal band near tornal angle ; lastly, the postdiscal band outwardly and the terminal band inwardly, broadly and diffusely bordered with dusky black. Hind wing : a narrow black line from base along the dorsum, a broader black line along vein 1, joined below the cell by a broad black band that crosses the latter subbasally, a black patch on the produced posterior portion of the wing, studded at the tornal angle with two conspicuous yellow spots, below which there is a triangular white dorsal mark ; the black patch with three somewhat obscure blue subterminal lunules ; the tail narrowly edged with white ; a narrow black medial line from costa that crosses near apex of cell and terminates on the median nervure; at the upper and lower ends of this are loops formed of slender black lines, in the 5 well marked, in the cT seen only by transparency from the underside ; finally, discal, postdiscal and subterminal slender black transverse lines from the costa terminate in the black anal patch. Underside similar, with similar but much more heavily defined black markings, the upper or costal loop on the short medial transverse black line tinged with yellow ; the whole of the median vein and the discocellulars broadly defined in black. Antenna black ; head, thorax and abdomen black, with some white pubes- cence, the head anteriorly tufted with black ; head, thorax and abdomen beneath whitish yellow. Exp. 6 $ 77-90 mm. (3-3-52"). Hob. Sikhim ; Nepal ; Upper Burma : N. Chin Hills ? It is, I think, probable that the one specimen procured in the Chin Hills by Capt. AVatson belonged to the Eastern race of the -closely allied P. kashmirensis, Botbsch., and not to P. glycerion. 95 548. Papilio kashmirensis, Rothschild. Papilio glycerion, S. Robson (nee Gray), Jour. Bomb. N, H. koc. ix 1895, p." 497, larva & pupa. Papiiio elycerion cashmirensis, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. li. 1895, p. 407; MacKinnon $ de Niceville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 595, pi. W, figs. 25a-25c, larva & pupa. Papilio caschmirensis, Heron, A. M. N. H. (7) iii, 1899, p. 120 ; Moore (Pazala), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 36, pi. 480. figs. 1, la-Id, larva & pupa, <5 $ • llace sikhiniica. Papilio glvcerion, de Niceville (nee Gray], J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 254, pi. 11, fig- 5 ; Ehves (nee Gray), Tram. Ent. Soc. 1888, Papilio "caschmirensis, subsp. sikkimica, Heron, A. M. AT. H. (7) Pazala sikkima,"' Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 35, pi. 479, figs. 2, Closely resembles P. glycerion, bureau be distinguished as Hows : — Upperside, fore extended to dorsum, but follows •'— Upperside, fore wing: postdiscal transverse band not but terminated above vein 1 ; all the black transverse markings narrower. Hind wing : the black patch on the produced posterior portion of the wing proportionately of less extent ; the black band that crosses the cell subbasally and the lower portions only of the discal, postdiscal and subterminal black lines as in P. glycerion; the rest of the trans- verse black linear markings obsolete, seen only by trans- parency from the underside. Underside, fore wing : markings as on the upperside but more heavily defined. Hind wing « ith an additional black trans- verse line beyond the medial line, connected with it by lines of black along the veins, that form a series of loops which are more or less tinted with pale yellow. Antennas, head, thorax and abdomen as in P. glycerion. Exp. d $ 66-71 mm. (2-6-2-8"). Hob. The Himalayas : Kashmir to Mussoorie. Larva. " When full-fed Ig-lj inches in length : 4th and 5th segments thickest ; from 5th segment to 13th the larva tapers. Colour green covered with minute black dots except on anal segment. Third segment bordered anteriorly by a narrow ochreous ridge, which surmounts the head when drawn in, and is Fig. 19. — Hind wing undersides : A. Papilio glycerion. B. Papilio kaslt/nirensis. 96 PAPILIONID/E. continued in unbroken spiracular lines to the tail. This ridge or hood is furnished with two short, blunt, black subdorsal spines. The 4th and 5th segments are furnished each with two subdorsal vermilion tubercles armed with a short black spine. Last segment bifurcate, the points yellow, tipped with black Legs, claspers and abdomen of a whitish green." {Mrs. S. Itobson.) Pupa. " One inch long ; brighter green than the larva, marked longitudinally with four ochreous-yellow curved bars." (Mrs. S. Robson.} Race sikhimica (PI. XIV, fig. 93, rf ), Heron.— A very slightly- differentiated race. Can be distinguished by its generally larger size and more heavily defined black markings. On the upperside of the fore wing the fourth transverse black band from base crosses the cell and extends beyond the median vein, as in P. f/tycerion. In all specimens of Tcaslimirensis that I have seen the above band stops short at the median vein ; again, the postdiscal transverse black band extends in sikhimica to vein 1. The markings on the hind wings on both upper and under sides, except that they are broader, are as in P. kashmirensis. Exp. rf $ 62-7G mm. (2-46-2-95"). Bab. Sikhim ; Assam. According to Elwes this form in Sikhim inhabits a lower zone, 2000 to 4000 feet, than does P. gJycerion, which extends up to 7000 feet. ANTIPHATES GROUP. c? $ . Characters similar to those of the Glycerwn group, but in the fore wing the upper discocellular is only a little longer than the middle ; the apex of the wing is on the whole more produced ; the termen more oblique and slightly concave in the middle. " The light bands in the apical region with hair-like scales " (Rothschild). As in the Glycerion group the males have a narrow abdominal fold on the hind wings, but are devoid of any scent-organ within it. Key to the forms of the Antiphates Group. a. Fore wing upperside : postdiscal and terminal black bands that coalesce below vein 3 and extend to tornus. «'. Hind wing upperside : bnsal three-fourths uniform white ; black markings of under- side show through by transparency P. antiphates, p. 97. V. Hind wing upperside: basal three-fourths not uniform white, a subbasal transverse black streak and some upper discal black ( r> , • , . markings distinct ™ P" S ""* b. Fore wing upperside: postdiscal and terminal ' <'Pam black bauds that do not coalesce, but are , distinct and do not extend to tornus j 97 549. Papilio antiphates, Cramer, Pap. E.vot. i, 1775, p. 113, pi. 72, figs. A, B ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 410. Pathysa naira, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 22, pi. 475, figs. 1, Race epaminondas. Papilio epaminondas, Oberthiir, Etudes d'Ent. iv, 1879, p. 62, pi. 4, fig. 1 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 414 ; Moore (Pathysa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 23, pi. 475, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, <$ $ . Papilio laestrygonum, Wood-Mason, Proc. A. S.B. 1888, p. 102. Race alcibiades (PI. XIV, fig. 94). Papilio alcibiades, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 8 ; Moore (Pathysa) Lep. Lid. vi, 1903, p. 19, pi. 474, figs. 1, 1 a-l e, larva & pupa, c?$. Papilio antiphates, Moore (nee Cramer), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 116, pi. 3, figs. 10, 10 a, larva £ pupa; id. (nee Cramer) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p.l42, pi. 63, figs. 1, 1 a, tf; Davidson $ Aitken (nee Cramer), Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 579, pi. 6, figs. 1, 1 a, larva & pupa. Papilio nebulosus, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) vii, 1881, p. 33, pi. 4, fig. 3. Papilio itamputi, Butler in Forbes, Nat. Wand. 1885, p. 276. Papilio antiphates continentalis ft P. antiphates ceylonicus, Eimer, Artbild. Schmett. 1889, pp. 137 & 149. Papilio antiphates alcibiades, Rothsch. Nor. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 411. <S $. Upperside white. .Fore wing: cell crossed by five short black bands, of which the basal extends to the dorsum, the sub- basal into interspace 1, the medial and preapical up to the median vein, and the apical or fifth along the discocellulars ; this last ex- tends broadly on both sides of the veinlets and terminates at the lower apex of the cell ; beyond these are broad postdiscal and terminal black transverse bands from costa to tornal angle ; the two bands coalesce below vein 4 and terminate in a point at the tornus ; the white portions of the cell anteriorly overlaid with pale green ; short macular hyaline green bands between the black cellular apical band and the discal band and anteriorly between the latter and the ter- minal band. Hind wing : basal three-fourths uniform white, with black markings on the underside that show through by transparency ; terminal fourth Fig. ^.-Papilio antiphates. <jark grey traversed by a curved irregular subterminal series of black hmules that ends in a black tornal spot and a terminal black VOL. II. H band that follows the indentations of the wing ; the emargination below the black tornal spot edged with ochraceous; the tail blackish-grey, edged and tipped with white. Underside : fore wing similar with similar markings, but the green shading over the white portions in the basal half of the cell more decided ; the discal and terminal transverse black bands separate, not joined posteriorly, the former edged posteriorly on both sides by dark grey due to the black on the upperside that shows through by transparency. Hind wing : basal half green, outer half white ; a large black tornal spot ; a black line along the dorsum that curves above the tornal spot outwards to vein 2 ; a straight subbasal black band from costa across cell that terminates on vein 2, where it joins the dorsal black line ; a broader black band from costa across apex of cell extended into base of interspace 3 ; an irregular discal series of black markings curved inwards posteriorly towards the tornal spot ; a subterminal series of very small slender black lunules in pairs, the ground-colour on the inner side of these darkened to rich ochreous-yellow ; lastly, a series of short terminal black bars in the interspaces so arranged as to follow indentations of the termen ; tail dusky black edged with white. Antennae black ; head and thorax anteriorly with a broad black medial band, rest of thorax bluish ; abdomen white, marked beneath on each side by a black stripe. Exp. 90-104 mm. (3-55-4-1"). Hab. Within our limits recorded only from Travancore. This form was first described from China. Race epaminondas, Oberthiir. Differs from the typical form chiefly in the greater width of the black markings on the upper- side, especially of the basal and subbasal bands that cross the fore wing, both of which also ex- tend to the dorsum. On the hind wing the black markings of the underside on the basal and discal areas are not only seen bv trans- parency from below, but are actually represented, though only partially, by black scaling ; the width of the dark grey terminal portion is also greater, and it has a tendency to turn to dusky black anteriorly, so that the sub- terminal series of black lunules are obscured anteriorly and are difficult to make out. Underside : markings similar to those of the typical form, but broader ; fore Fig.2\.—Papilioanfiphate!s, ™R with tbe dl'scal transverse race ejMamioiidas. baud that reaches from costa to- PAPILIO. 99 vein 1 ; hind wing : the black bands that cross the cell broader and proportionately closer together. Exp. <$ $ 94-100 mm. (3'7-3'94"). Hob. The Andamans. Race alcibiades, Fabr. — This is the most widely spread race of antiphates, from which it differs as follows : — <S $ • Upperside : all the black markings shorter and narrower. Pore wing : the discal and terminal bands separate, the former rarely extended below vein 3, the latter in no specimen reaches the dorsal margin. Hind wing : the broad grey area on the terminal margin reduced to a small patch of grey at the apices of inter- spaces 2 to 4 ; the subterminal black markings rarely present anteriorly, generally confined to the limits of the grey patch. Underside : the extent of the black markings similarly reduced, otherwise as in the typical form. Exp. J $ 82-94 mm. (3-24-3'7"). Hub. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Central and Western India ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to Siam, China, and tar into the Malayan Subregion. The width and length of the transverse black markings on the upperside of the fore wing, also the extent of the grey terminal area and the presence or absence of the black subterminal markings on the upperside of the hind wing, are all very variable. Var. nebulosus, Butler, is a melanistic variety recorded from Sikhim. Var. continentalis, Eimer, has the caudal area of the hind wing on the upperside suffused with black. Var. itamputi, Butler, has the postdiscal and terminal black bands on the upperside of the fore wing united posteriorly, but neither band extends up to the tornus. Var. ceylonicus, Eimer, has the basal two bands on the upper- side of the fore wing extended beyond the median nervure, the preapical cellular band not triangular and extended to the median nervure. The larva and pupa figured by Messrs. Davidson and Aitken (1. c.) were probably those of P. antipJiates, race alcibiades. Larva. " The most unusual feature of the larva is that in its early stages it is pure white marked only with thin transverse lines of black or dark green. At the last moult but one it becomes yellow with thicker lines, and after the last moult attains the colour shown in the figure, showing a distinct resemblance to the larva of P. nomius." (Davidson <Sf Aitken.) The figure represents a white caterpillar about 1| inch long, shaded with dusky green along the dorsum, the divisions of the segments marked with green and a prominent green lateral line. The head in the figure is apparently tucked in below, but the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments have a patch of dark green above. Papa. " Supported by an uncommonly long band, and from its green colour would seem to be normally found on the plant (Unona laivii) and not under stones." (Davidson $ Aitken.) IE 2 100 AGETES GHOUP. <5 $ . Characters like those of the Glycerion group, the out- line of the wings and venation //-I-/* 10 similar, but the males have the abdo- minal fold in the hind wing well developed, with a well-marked cot- tony scent-organ within. The light- coloured portions of the fore wing anteriorly subhyaline, with hair-like, not normal, scales. The typical form alone is found within our limits. In Borneo an allied form, P. strateotes, occurs along Fig. 22.— Venation of fore wing : with a slightly differentiated race of Papilio agetes, Westw. the typical agef^ 550. Papilio agetes (PI. XIV, fig. 95), Westwood, Arc. Ent. ii, 1843, p. 23, pi. 55, figs. 1, 2 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 116; Ehoes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 433; Rothsch. NOD. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 417; Moore (Deoris), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 31, pi. 478, figs.2,2«,26;tf$. S $ • Upperside white. Pore wing : cell crossed by three comparatively broad, oblique black bands, the innermost produced across interspaces 1 and 1 a to the dorsal margin, the next to vein 1, sometimes a little beyond into interspace 1 a, the third to the median vein ; these are followed by a triangular costal black spot above the upper apex of the cell ; a postdiscal oblique band similar to the others that extends from the costa to just above the tornus, where it joins a broad black terminal edging that lies between the apex of the wing and the tornus ; the costal margin edged with a black thread which widens slightly beyond the post- discal band. The white ground-colour in the anterior half of the cell, beyond the apex of the latter to the postdiscal black band, and in the area between the postdiscal and terminal bands, is hyaline with a greenish-yellow tinge. Hind wing : a spot at the tornal angle, the anal lobe, tail and terminal margin black ; above the tornal spot is a short, comparatively broad, red band edged anteriorly by a fine black line that joins the spot to the black on the anal lobe ; superposed on the black of the terminal margin there are some obscure white scalings ; a triangular transverse subterminal white spot in interspace 3 and occasionally a sub- terminal short white line in interspace 4 ; also the anterior edge of the tail at base is touched with white. Seen by transparency from the underside are two convergent transverse black bands, the outer one of which is traversed by short transverse lines of red in interspaces 2, 6, 7 and 8. Underside similar ; hind wing with the addition of the two black bands mentioned above, which coalesce above the tornal area. Antennae, head, thorax and PAPILIO. 101 abdomen black, the head marked with red, the thorax on the sides with greyish pubescence ; abdomen with lateral white stripes ; beneath, white. Exp. d $ 71-84 mm. (2-80-3-30"). Sab. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay Peninsula and Tonkin. ARISTEUS GKOUP. c? 2 . Characters similar to those of the Glycerion and AntipJiates groups ; neuration and shape of wings as in the latter, but the light-coloured bands in the apical region of the fore wing are normally scaled, and in the male the abdominal fold of the hind wing has a well-marked cottony scent-organ within. Key to the forms of the Aristeus Group. a. Fore wing upperside: anterior four spots of subterminal series rounded, posterior spots elongate but not linear. «'. Hind wing underside : no black interior edging to precostal spur P. nomius, p. 101. b'. Hind wing underside : a conspicuous black , 7, interior edging to precostal spur P'JSB 10S b. Foie wing upperside : all spots of subterminal ' 'oet> ^ 1U series linear. a'. Fore wing upperside : a short black trans- verse band along discocellulars, not coales- cent below apex of cell with postdiscal ,p a).jsteus race transverse band \ ' . • ..„+' _ T(\A ,, T-, • .-, i , ii i antio ates. p. 1U4. o . .tore wing upperside : snort black transverse ' band along discocellulars, coalescent below apex of cell with postdiscal transverse , p arfsfeuSt race band \ hermocrates, p. 104. 551. Papilio nomius, Esper, Ami. Schmett. 1785-1798, pi. 52, fig. 3; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 115 ; id. (Pathysa) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 142, pi. 62, fig. 2 ; Davidson $ Aitken, Jour. Bomb, N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 364, pi. E, figs. 1, 1 a, larva & pupa ; Moore (Pathysa), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 26, pi. 477, figs. 1, 1 «-l e, larva & pupa, c? $ ; Kothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 421. Eace swinhoei. Papilio swinhoei, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 697. Papilio nomius swinhoei, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 422. Papilio nomius,/orm temp, pernomius, Fruhstorfer, Berl. ent. Zeit. xlvii, 1902, p. 202. Pathysa pernomius, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 29, pi. 478, tigs. 1, la, 16, d. tf $ . Upperside bluish-white. Fore wing : cell with five broad transverse black bauds, the basal and subbasal bands produced to 102 PAPILIONID^E. Fig. 23. A. Papilio nonius, f . B. Underside : anterior portion of hind wing. the dorsum, the medial band generally extended into interspace 2, the preapical ended on the median vein, and the fifth or apical from costa along the discocellulars extends on both sides of these and terminates at lower apex of cell ; beyond the fifth band is a short macular transverse bar of the ground-colour that terminates on vein 5, followed by a very broad black terminal band that occupies about one-third of the width of the wing and is traversed by a transverse subterminal series of rounded spots of the ground-colour. Hind wing : ground-colour along dorsum and above vein 7 whitish ; a streak along the dorsum, a subbasal and an inner discal transverse band from costa across cell, and a very broad terminal band, black ; the former two joined near the torn us by cross lunular black marks, the terminal band traversed by a series of slender lunules of the ground- colour ; a small black spot in inter- space 1 above tornus and another at base of interspace 4 ; the black at the apices of interspaces 2 to 4 and the lunules of the ground-colour thereon suffused with grey ; tail black, edged and tipped with white. Underside white, the black markings very similar but of a bronze-brown with the following exceptions : — Fore wing : extensions below the median vein of the basal, subbasal, and median transverse bands crossing the cell, and the inner portion below vein 4 of the terminal broad band, black : on the hind wing the inner discal band is broken, irregular and black, and is bordered by a series of red spots outwardly edged with black ; the subterminal series of lunules of the ground-colour are broadly edged on the outer side with black ; the grey patch in the caudal region is replaced by ochraceous grey. Antennae black ; head, thorax and abdomen creamy white, with a medial broad longitudinal stripe ; beneath, the abdomen with lateral black stripes. Exp. 3 5 68-95 mm. (2-68-3-7S"). Hob. Sikhim ; Central and Southern India ; Ceylon. 1 have, following Rothschild, kept this form as distinct from P. aristeus, Cramer, but in my opinion, like anticrates, Doubleday, and hermocrates, Felder, it is merely a geographical race of aristeus. Larva. " Not so thick proportionally at the fourth segment as those of the last three (i. e. agamemnon, sarpedon, doson\ and is somewhat quadrangular. It has four pairs of spines which are small but sharp. The most usual colour is black, banded on the sides with narrow white stripes, except on the first three PAPILIO. 103 or four segments and the last, on which there is more or less rusty red ; but the shade varies very much, and in some the ground- colour is green." (Davidson &f Aitken.) Pupa. " Has the usual horn which characterizes this group, and also two short processes on the head, and is of some shade of earthy-brown. It is attached by the tail and a close band in crevices or under stones or roots." (Davidson <$• Aitken.) Race swinhoei, Moore. — Differs from typical nomius as follows : — - c? $ . Upperside : all the black markings distinctly broader. Fore wing: the transverse band that crosses the cell before apex generally extends beyond the median vein ; hind wing : the terminal black band much broader, extended inwardly right up to and coalesced with the black lunules that connect the subbasal and discal \ Fig. '2-i. — A. Papilio nomius, race swinhoei : underside. B. „ „ „ „ apical half, upperside of fore wing. transverse bauds ; the grey subcaudal patch absent or obsolescent. Underside : similar to that of nomius. On the fore wing the extension below the median vein of the transverse band that crosses the cell preapically, brown not black ; on the hind wing the precostal spur edged narrowly on the inner side by black ; the red macular discal band broader and the black edging to the subterminal series of lunules better defined. Exp. (J $ 74-86 mm. (2-92-3-3811). Hob. Recorded from Sikhim ? ; Burma ; Tenasserim. Described originally from Hainan, and later by Fruhstorfer under the name pernomius from Siam. 104 PAP1LIONIDJE. 552. Papilio aristeus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv, 1782, p. GO, pi. 318, figs. E, F. Race hermocrates. Papilio hermocrates, Felder, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wieti, xiv, 1864, p. 302 : id. Heine Nov., Lep. i, p. 57, pi. 12, figs. E, F ; Elwes $ de N. J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 437. Papilio aristeus hermocrates, Rothschild. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 420. Race anticipates. Papilio anticipates, Doubleday, A. M. N. H. xviii, 1846, p. 371 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 115; Elwes. Tram. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 434; Moore (Pathysa), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 24, pi. 470, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, J $ . Papilio aristeus anticrates, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 419. Race hermocrates, Felder. — Very closely resembles P. nomius, from which it differs as follows : — J $ . Upperside : the black markings very much broader, slightly broader even than in swinlioei, the eastern form of P. nomius. Pore wing : the transverse short black band that crosses the cell before the apex (i. e. 4th band) narrowed posteriorly and terminated as in nomius on the median vein ; the black terminal band very broad, covers more than the outer third of the wing, coalesces with the black band on the disco- cellulars, and encloses the short macular bar of ground-colour beyond the cell ; the subterminal band of spots of the ground- colour that traverse the black margin linear, not rounded. Hind wing similar to the hind wing in nomius race swinhoei, but the grey subcaudal patch as in typical nomius. Underside : similar to the underside in nomius, with the differences in the width of the markings as seen on the upperside, and in the shape of the subterminal line of spots on the fore wing; the precostal spur is as in nomius and not as in swinhoei. Exp. <$ $ 74-84 mm. (2-93- 3-28"). Hob. Within our limits recorded from. Burma and Southern Tenas- serim. Described originally from the Philippines ; occurs throughout the Malayan Subregion. Race anticrates, Doubleday. — 3 $ . This race of aristeus more closely resembles nomius than does hermocrates. From nomius, however, Fig. 25. — Papilio aristeus, it can be distinguished as follows :- — race anticrates. Upperside : ground - colour whiter with the very faintest tinge of green in fresh specimens. Fore wing : subbasal transverse black PAPILIO. 105 band somewhat attenuate posteriorly ; in the cell the preapical band subtriangular, sometimes not extended to the median vein ; the terminal series of spots of the ground-colour linear as in hermocrates, posteriorly these become lunular in shape. Hind wing : the discal black band obsolescent, only faintly defined near costa and at posterior end ; terminal black band and terminal lunules of the ground-colour as in nomius but narrow ; grey subcaudal patch as in nomius. Underside : similar to the underside in nomius with the following exceptions — the black markings of the upperside entirely replaced by a bronze-brown : the discal series of red spots are edged with black, and the outer edgings to the sub- terminal series of white lunules are prominently and broadly black. Exp. rf 2 77-84 (3-03-3-28"). Nab. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Assam. EURYPYLUS-AGAMEMXOX GBOUP. <3 $ . Venation similar to that of the Glycerion group. Fore wing : costa widely arched, apex produced, obtuse ; termen straight or at the most slightly concave and sinuous ; tornus rounded ; dorsum very short, not nearly one-half the length of the costa, thus the wing forms a high and narrow triangle if the dorsum is taken as the base. Hind wing : costa long, slightly arched ; termen slightly scalloped, generally, but not in all the forms, tailed at apex of vein 4 ; tail when present narrow, short, scarcely spatulate, usually with a very slight upward curve ; dorsum straight ; abdominal fold in the <S rather broad, with a well-marked elongate tuft of scent-hairs. Antennae about half length of fore wing, club well-marked. Key to the forms of the Eurypyl us- Agamemnon Group. A. Fore wing upperside : ground-colour black, cell with markings of green or bluish- green. a. Fore wing upperside : cell with these markings all single. a. Hind wing underside : with more or less conspicuous crimson spots. a2. Fore wing upperside : discal band of spots narrow; hind wing underside: . I2. Fore wing upperside : discal band of ' spots broad ; hind wing underside : crimson spots very prominent, well- I P. ewypylus, race denned ........................ | aaion, p. 107. b'. Hind wing underside : with conspicuous ) P. latJtycles, race ochreous-yellow spots .............. | chiron, p. 108. 106 TAPILIONID.E. b. Fore wing upperside : cell with the medial markings double, formed into paired spots. a'. Hind wing underside : without crimson red spots in interspaces 2, 3 and 4 .... P.agamemnon,^. 110. b'. Hind wing underside : with more or less c. Fore wing upperside : cell with a long and oa, . 108. broad subhyaline bluish streak in its lower half and a large quadrate spot beyond at apex ...................... P. cloantlms, p. 110. B. Fore wing upperside : ground-colour black, cell without any markings. a. Upperside : medial bluish band on both fore and hind wing broad, anterior spots that compose it only slightly greenish ...... P. sarpedon, p. 111. b. Upperside ; medial bluish band on both fore and hind wing comparatively narrow, anterior spots that compose it on fore wing strongly tinged with green, in , D marled contrast to posterior two spots . . j R 553. Papilio eurypylus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 464. Race Jason (PI. XIV, fig. 96). PPapilio jason, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 485. Papilio jason, Esper, Ausl. Schmett. 1796-1798, pi. 58, fig. 5; Moore (Zetides), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 1, pi. 467, tigs. 1, 1 a-1 c, larva & pupa, 3 $ . Papilio telephus, Felder, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864, p. 305 ; Moore (Zetides), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 144, pi. 63, fig. 3. Papilio doson, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864. p. 305 ; Moore (Zetides), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 145, pi. 61, fig. 3; Davidson SfAitken, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. \, 1890, p. 364, pi. E, figs. 2, 2a, larva & pupa. Papilio eurypylus jason, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 432. Race axion. Papilio axion, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864, pp. 305 & 350; Moore (Zetides), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1903, p. 4, pi. 468, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, larva & pupa, d $ . Papilio acheron, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, p. 120. Papilio eurypylus axion, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 433. Race jason, Linn. — <$ $ . Upperside black. Fore wing : three slender, oblique, short pale green streaks in basal half of cell and two irregular small similarly-coloured spots near its apex ; a discal band composed of pale green spots that gradually diminish in size anteriorly, the spot in interspace 5 the smallest, the two in the inter- spaces above it slightly larger ; a spot at base of interspace 7 and a sinuous complete subterminal series of spots similarly coloured. Hind wing : a transverse band that extends as far as interspace 2 posteriorly and is a continuation of the discal band on the fore wing; PAPILIO. 107 the upper portion of this band white, the lower pale green ; this is followed by a sinuous subterminal series of small pale green spots as on the fore wing. Underside: brownish-fulvous black; markings similar, larger, their edges diffuse and all of a silvery white, slightly tinted with pale green. Hind wing in addition has a white basal streak that extends halfway down the dorsal margin ; another shorter white subbasal streak from costa to the subcostal vein coalescent with the white of the discal band in the cell, the streak of ground-colour that lies between this subbasal and the discal band jet-black, interrupted where it crosses vein 8 by a crimson spot ; finally, quadrate black spots near apex of cell and at bases of interspaces 1, 2 and 3, all outwardly margined with crimson. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen touched with white, the abdomen with dingy white lateral lines. — <5 . Abdominal fold within grey, with a fringe of white hairs. Exp. c? ? 76-90 mm. (3-02-3-56"). Hab. Southern India ; Ceylon. Larva. " Very like that of P. agamemnon, but the second pair of spines is entirely wanting and the third pair, Avhich in ayamem- non is rather long, curved and sharp, is reduced in this species to mere knobs encircled with a black ring. The colour is generally black or smoky until the last moult and then dull green, inclining to rusty brown on the sides, but some of our specimens remained quite black to the end." {Davidson fy Aitken.) Papa. " The distinguishing mark of the pupa is again in the frontal horn, which is straight as in ayamemnon, but directed forward instead of being almost erect. Its colour is normally green, but varies with that of the object to which it is attached." {Davidson 6f Aitken.) liace axion, Felder. — J $ • Can be distinguished from P. eury- pylus race jason as follows: — The markings that compose the discal band very much broader; all the spots and markings of pale green and white conspicuously larger, especially in the spring broods (acheron, Moore). Underside of hind wing: crimson spots mere conspicuous, a line of crimson along the posterior portion of the dorsal margin ; in most specimens the short subbasal narrow band of white that runs from the costa to the subcostal vein does not coalesce with the white of the discal baud where it crosses the cell. Exp. <$ $ 78-102 mm. (3-10-4"). Hab. The Himalayas under 5000 ft. from Kumaon to Sikhim and Bhutan ; Eastern Bengal ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; the Andamans ; extending southwards into the Malayan Subregton as far as Borneo and Java, and eastwards to Siam and China. Larva and pupa. Very similar to those of the race jason, but the former, as figured by Moore, has a red lateral spot on the 3rd segment. 108 554. Papilio Dathycles, Zinken-Sommer, Nov. Act. Ac. Nat. Cur. 183.1, p. 157, pi. 14, figs. 6, 7, d . Race chiron. Papilio bathycles, Dblday., Westw. fy Hew. (nee Zmk.-Som.) Gen Di. Lep. i, 1846, p. 14 ; Moore (nee Zink.-Som.), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. \, 1857, p. 114 ; Manders (nee Zink.-Som.), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 536. Papilio chiron, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv, 1865, p. 66, note ; Moore (Zetides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 6, pi. 469, figs. 1, 1 a, lc, c? $ . Papilio bathycles chiron, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 438. Race chiron, Wall. — 3 $ . Closely resembles in colour and in the disposition of the markings P. eurypylus, races jason and axion, more especially the latter, but on the upperside the anterior mark- ings are all strongly tinged with yellow and the spots or patches that compose the discal band on both fore and hind wing are well- separated one from the other ; on the hind wing, moreover, the apical spot of the subterminal series is invariably white, not pale green like the other spots of the series, and is very often elongate and diffuse. Underside : fore wing very similar to that of aa-ion. Hind wing : with the following silvery white markings : — a mode- rately broad basal band reaches from costa across the wing and along the dorsum to the tornal angle, broad elongate streaks in the cell and in interspaces 2 and 3, a small spot at base of interspace 4, an inwardly conical larger elongate spot at base of 6, a very large quadrate spot in 7, and an elongate spot like that in 6 in interspace 8 but outwardly not inwardly conical, interior to the two latter spots are two broad lunular spots in interspaces 7 and 8 ; all the anteriorly basal markings are strongly tinged with silky yellow ; on the outer half of the wing there is a postdiscal series of orange-yellow and a subterminal complete series of silvery white spots, the upper two of which have further short narrow similarly- coloured streaks below them in the interspaces. Antenna?, head and thorax black, the thorax with dark greyish pubescence, abdomen brownish-black ; beneath and the abdomen laterally marked and streaked with white. Exp. $ $ 86-100 mm. (3-40-3-94"). Hob. Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma : the Shan States ; extending to Siam, Annam and W. China. 555. Papilio agamemnon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 462; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 114, pi. 3, figs 9, 9 «, larva & pupa ; Moore (Zetides), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 145, pi. 63, fig?. 2, 2 «, J , larva ; Davidson fy Aitken, Joum. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 363; Rothsch. Nov. Zool, ii, 1895, p. 447; Moore (Zetides), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 7, pi. 470, figs. 1, 1 a-l c, larva & pupa, c? $ . Itace decoratus. Papilio agamemnon decoratus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 452. c? . Upperside : black. Fore wing with the following green markings : — a spot at the extreme base of the costal margin, a 109 transverse short bar near base of cell and seven spots beyond, two and two except the apical spot which is single ; two spots beyond apex of cell ; a spot at base of interspaces 1 a and 1, followed, by two oblique short macular bands; a discal series of spots decreasing in size towards the costa, and a postdiscal series of smaller spots that begins with two in interspace 1 ; the spots in interspace 7 in both series are out of line, placed outwards. Hind wing: three series of similarly-coloured markings that run transversely across the wing more or less parallel to the dorsal margin, the upper markings . (i. e. those in interspace 7) white; a short greenish stripe at the extreme base of the wing. Underside : fuliginous brown or brownish-black, more or less suffused with pink along the costal margin, on apical area and along the outer margin of the discal markings on the fore wing, broadly along the dorsal and terminal margins and at base of interspaces 6 and 7 on the hind wing ; markings similar to those on the upperside but less clearly denned arid somewhat more grey in tint. Hind wing black, in- wardly red-margined spots super- posed on the pink area in interspaces 6 and 7. Cilia very narrow, pale pink. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, thorax above and the abdomen on the sides streaked with greenish grey ; beneath : ochreous grey touched on the thorax with pink. — $ similar, but with a streak of greenish white along the dorsal margin on both upper and under sides. Exp. 3 $ 90-102 mm. (3-56-4-04"). Hob. More or less throughout our limits except in the desert tracts and regions of scanty rainfall ; extending to China and through the Malayan Subregion to the Philippines. The ground-colour of the underside is somewhat variable, this in some specimens is much paler than in others and varies also in the amount and the tint of pink suffusion. Burmese specimens gene- rally have indications of a more or less complete curved series of red spots on the underside of the hind wing in continuation of the red spots at base of interspaces 6 and 7 ; in this they approximate to the Andaman and Nicobar race. Larva. "Prom the head, which is moderately large, the body increases in thickness rapidly to the 4th or oth segment and then tapers gradually down to the tail. It has four pairs of spines. The colour is at first smoky-black, but at the last moult becomes a light clear green faintly marked with lines of a darker shade." (Davidson $" Aitken?) Pupa. " Normally of a pale watery green, the horns being broadly tipped with rusty brown which continues in an irregular Fig. 26. — Pcqnlio agamemnon. 110 PAPILIOKID.E. line along the outside edge of the \ving-cases." (Davidson $• Aitken.) Race decoratus, Eothschild. — Very similar to the typical form, from which it can be distinguished as follows : — cf $ . Upperside : green spots smaller, especially the cliscal series on the fore wing. Underside hind wing : " the red postcostal spot is relatively small but the red part has much increased against the black part ; besides the large red anal mark and the mark before the first disco- cellular veinlet, there is a large red spot in the lower median cellule [interspace 2], a smaller red spot in each of the three preceding cellules [interspaces 3, 4, 5] and a streak-like spot at the base of the lower median cellule." (RotliscJiild.) Exp. J $ 84-98 mm. (3-32-3-86"). Hab. Andamans ; Kicobars. 556. Papilo cloanthus (PI. XIV, fig. 97), Westicood, Arcana Ent. i, 1841, p. 42, pi. ] 1, fig. 2 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 112; Kothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 445; Kobson, Jouni. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix, 1895, p. 497, larva ; MacKinnon 8> de N. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 595, pi. W, figs. 27 a-27c, larva & pupa ; Moore (Dalchina), Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 16, pi. 473, figs. 1, 1 fl-lc, larva & pupa, <$ $ . <S $ . Upperside, fore wing : costal margin up to a line through the anterior half of the cell to the apex of the wing and the terminal margin broadly black ; the medial portion of the wing pale hyaline greenish-yellow interrupted anteriorly by the following irregular black bands that join the black on the costa to the black on the termen : — a band across middle of cell and along vein 4, another at apex of cell and along vein 5, and two shorter and more oblique nearer the apex of the wing ; the hyaline spot left close to the apex much smaller than those below; lastly, a pale subterminal, somewhat obscure broad line. Hind wing : an even black band along the dorsum in continuation of the black on the costal margin of the fore wing, joined below to a very broad black band on the terminal margin ; the remaining triangular medial portion of the wing and a transverse subterminal series of large spots hyaline greenish-yellow ; the dorsal margin of the wing with long soft pale hairs and touches of grey scaling on the tornal area. Underside : similar, with on the hind wing a series of slender crimson markings at extreme base of wing along vein 1, broadened at the tornal angle and in interspaces 2 to 5; lastly, admarginal white slender lines at the tornal angle and in interspaces 2 and 3. Antennas, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black, the thorax with lateral dark grey pubescence ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen touched with dingy white, the abdomen with three lateral whitish stripes. — d1 . Abdominal fold within grey, studded with a brush of long white hairs as in sarpedon. Exp. 6 $ 79-102 mm. (3-12-4-04"). Hab. The Himalayas at no great elevations from Kashmir to Sikhim and Bhutan ; Assam ; Burma : 'the Shan States. PAPILIO. Ill Larva. " Widest at the 5th segment, from which it tapers gradually to the 13th segment. The ridge over the head is furnished with two tubercles, black in front, white posteriorly. The 5th segment has a yellow bar which projects on each side beyond the body and has the appearances of a yoke. The points of the yoke are black. Colour green. The 13th segment is of a pale transparent blue-green. A pale yellow subdorsal line and an almost white spiracular line are the only markings. Head of a greenish-yellow. Legs, claspers and abdomen of the same colour as the 13th segment. The 13th segment ends in two sharp points which join at the end, so that the division between them is visible only on a close examination." (Eobson.) 557. Papilio sarpedon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 401 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 113, pi. 3, fig. 8, larva ; liothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 440; Moore (Dalcliina) Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 12, pi. 471, tigs. 1, 1 a-1 c, larva & pupa, rf $ . Eace teredon (PI. XV, fig. 98). Papilio teredon, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv, 1864, p. 305 • Moore (Dalchina), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 143, pi. 62, tigs. I, 1 a-1 b, c? $ , larva & pupa; id. (Dalchina) Lep. Ind. vi, 1903, p. 14, pi. 472, figs. 1, la-1 c. larva & pupa, rf 9. Papilo sarpedon, Davidson <§• Aitken (nee Linn.), Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 364. Papilio sarpedon teredon, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 442. c? $ • Upperside opaque black. Fore and hind wings crossed from above the tornal area on the hind to near the apex of the fore wing by a semi-hyaline broad pale blue medial band which is broadest in the middle, more or less greenish and macu- lar anteriorly ; the portion of the band that crosses interspaces 6, 7 and 8 on the hind wing white ; beyond the band on the hind wing there is a subterminal line of blue slender lunules. Underside similar, ground-colour dark brown. Hind wing: a short comparatively broad subbasal band from costa to subcostal vein, and the postdiscal area between the medial blue band and the subterminal lunules velvety black traversed by the pale veins and transversely, except in interspaces 6 and 7, sarpedon. by narrow crimson lines ; lastly, a crimson spot near the tornal angle with an admarginal yellowish-white spot below it. Antenna, 112 PAPILIONIDJE. head, thorax and abdomen brown, the head and thorax suffused with greenish grey ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen touched with dingy white, the abdomen with two whitish lateral lines. — c? . Abdominal fold within grey, furnished with a tuft of long, somewhat stiff white hairs. Exp. rf $ 81-95 mm. (3-20-3-76"). Hab. The Himalayas at comparatively low elevations ; South- western India ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenusserim ; extending to the Malayan Sub region, China and Japan. Larva. " Smooth, thickened from the second to the 5th segment and thence decreasing to the end; with two short subdorsal fleshy spines on the 4th segment, between which is a transverse pale yellow line, two shorter spines also on the 2nd and 3rd and two on the anal segment; colour green, with a longitudinal posterior lateral and lower pale yellowish line." (Moore.) Papa. " Conical, truncated in front ; thorax produced into a lengthened obtusely-pointed frontal process." (Moore.) Eace teredon, Felder. — A slightly differentiated x-ace, distin- guishable in both sexes by the narrower medial band that crosses both fore and hind wing. Colour brighter, the contrast between the green of the upper and the blue of the lower portion of the medial band more vivid. Hind wing more produced posteriorly at apex of vein 3, where it forms an elongate tooth or short tail. Exp. rf $ 74-90 mm. (2-92-3-56"). Hab. Southern India ; Ceylon. Larva. " Very like that of ayamemnon but prettier, being of a soft dark green, inclining to emerald and passing into a pale bluish on the last segment and the underparts." (Davidson $• Aitken.) Papa. " Easily distinguished from that of agamemnon by one mark, viz. the horn is not straight but curves slightly backwards." {Davidson fy Aliken.) MACAREUS GROUP. $ 5 . The forms of this group bear a sufficiently close resem- blance to the bluish-white striped Danaids, that are protected by a disagreeable odour and taste, to be themselves to a certain extent protected from the attacks of insectivorous birds. The neuration of the fore wing is more or less like that in the Glycerion. Antipliates and other groups. Vein 31 anastomosed with vein 12, but the hind wing is not tailed in any member of this group, though the abdominal fold in the hind wing of the male is always present. Key to the forms of the Macareus Group. a. Hind wing underside : ground-colour along a broad terminal baud much darker than and contrasting with ground-colour on basal and discal areas of wing. a'. Upperside bluish grey ; stripes very broad, tilling cell and interspaces; tornal yellow spot on hind wing very large P. .renodes, p. 113. PAPILIO. 113 b'. Upperside bluiah grey, stripes narrow; tornal yellow spot on hind wing absent or , „ if present very small ........ . ......... P> m ' . ......... ma™reus, ™* b. Hind wing underside : ground-colour over ' Adieus, p. 114. entire wing of uniform tint .............. P. megarus, p. 115. 558. Papilio xenocles, Doubleday in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 74 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 90 ; Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii, p. 458 ; Moore (Paranticopsis), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1904, p. 113, pi. 516, figs. 2, 2 a, rf $ . Papilio (Paranticopsis) phrontis, de Niceville, J. A. S. B. Ixvi, 1897, p. 568, rf $ ; Moore (Paranticopsis), Lep. 2nd. vi, 1904, p. 112, pi. 516, figs. 1, 1 a, <$ $ . Papilio xenocles, form temp, neronus, Fruhstorfer. Soc. Ent. 1902, p. 74. Pararanticopsis neronus, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 114, pi. 517, figs. 1, la, J. (3" . Upperside : black. Fore wing with the following greenish or bluish-white streaks and spots : — cell with three transverse, very oblique, broad streaks and two elongate spots near apex ; in the type as described the outer two of the three streaks coalescent ; broad streaks from base in interspaces la to 3 ; a series of four rounded spots beyond apex of cell in interspaces 4, 5, 6 and 8, followed by five short streaks that are outwardly truncate or emarginate, in interspaces 4 to 8 ; lastly, a complete subterminal series of comparatively large rounded spots. Hind wing with similar greenish- or bluish-white streaks and spots as follows : — a broad curved streak in cell ; broad streaks from base in inter- spaces 1 to 7, these streaks vary in length but invariably leave a comparatively broad margin of the ground-colour beyond ; the streak in interspace 7 white, that in interspace 1, and in some specimens in interspace 2 also, with a large yellow spot beyond the apex ; lastly, a subterminal series of spots some or all of which may be absent, but when present the posterior three always somewhat lunular. Under- side : fuliginous brown, paler towards the apical area of tore wing ; markings as on the upperside, but duller and less clearly denned. An- tennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; two spots on the head, the thorax and abdomen laterally, white ; beneath : the thorax and ab- domen white, the latter with a medial and a lateral narrow stripe.— $ . Similar to the rf with similar markings : those on the TOL. II. Fig. 28.— Papilio xenocles. 114 PAPILIONID^. hind wing in the few females I have seen vary in width more than they do in the males ; the ground-colour also of the hind wing is generally of a chestnut-red, not black or fuliginous. Exp. c? 2 92-124 mm. (3-64-4-9"). Hob. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; the hills of Assam, Burma, and Tenasserim ; extending through the Shan States to Siam. The type was from Assam. De Niceville separated the Sikhim form under the name pJirontis, and Fruhstorfer the Eastern Burmese and Siara form as neronus ; but the distinguishing characters, viz., in phrontis, the shade of the ground-colour and size and extent of the bluish-white markings in the £ only, and in neronus, the absence of the subterminal series of spots on the hind wing, seem to me eminently variable in specimens from all parts of the insect's range. 559. Papilio macareus, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix, 1819, p. 76. Race indicus. Papilio macareus indicus, Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 457. Papilio (Paranticopsis) polynices, de Niceville, J. A. S. B. Ixvi, 1897, p. 568. Paranticopsis polynices, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 109, pi. 515, figs. 1, : or, 3 $ . Paranticopsis indicus, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 110, pi. 515, figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, J $ . Race indicus, Eothsch. — S • Upperside : ground-colour and markings very similar to those of P. xenocles, but the former is of a more brownish-fuliginous tint and the latter are all very much narrower ; also there are distinctly two well-divided streaks in interspace 1 of the fore wing ; on the hind wing there is never any tornal yellow spot, while the bluish-white streak in the cell is very often divided. Under- side : similar to the upperside both in ground-colour and markings, only the latter are much broader than on the upperside. It differs from the underside of P. xenocles by the ab- sence in most specimens of the yellow tornal spot on the hind wing ; also the terminal brown margin on the same wing is proportionately much broader and much darker. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen coloured as in P. xenocles. — $ . Dimorphic or trimorphic. First form similar to c? , with similar but proportionately broader markings (typical polijnices). Second form similar to rf with similar markings, but on the fore wing the inner portion of the Fig. 29. — Papilio macareus, race indicus. 115 cell-streaks and the upper of the two spots at apex of cell, also the upper and lower of the four spots beyond the cell, obsolete or very faintly indicated; on the hiud wing the streaks are very much narrower and there is a very small ochraceous-yellow tornal spot. Third form (indicus $ , Eothschild) : " Pore wings devoid of all markings except the submarginal ones ; the hind wings pro- vided with all the markings of the c? , though these markings are shorter and less well-defined than in that sex." (Rothschild.) Exp. <s $ 83-101 mm. (3-26-4"). Hob. Sikhim ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenasserim ; extending through the Shan States to Siam. Polynices, de Niceville, was separated from P. macareus indicus, Eothschild, on one sex ( $ ) only. The females of P. macareus race indicus seem to be exceedingly rare, and it seems to me probable that polynices, de Niceville, will prove to be the normal form of the $ , while the other two described above will turn out to be aberrations. 560. Papilio megarus, Westwood, Arc. Ent. ii, 1845, p. 98, pi. 72, fig. 2 ; Moore, Cat. Lep. Mm. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 90 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 430 ; Rothsch. Nov. Zool. ii, 1895, p. 460 ; Moore (Paranticopsis), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 114, pi. 517, figs. 2, 2 a, <?$. c? . Upperside: black with the following white streaks and spots — Fore wing : cell with a small spot at base followed by three obliquely transverse streaks in middle, none extended to either the subcostal or median veins, and two spots near apex ; single slender narrow streaks in interspaces 1 a and 2, and two streaks in inter- space 1 ; above these a spot at base followed by a streak in each of the interspaces 3, 4, 6 and 8, an outer spot only in interspace 5, and a basal spot in interspace 7 ; finally, a complete series of small subterminal spots. Hind wing : a streak in cell with a spot above its outer apex ; a streak followed by a spot in each of the interspaces 1, 6 and 7 ; three elongate spots in interspaces 2 and 3 and two in interspaces 4 and 5 ; finally, a series of four slender subterminal lunules in interspaces 2 to 5. Underside similar, with similar but slightly broader markings. — 5 . Similar, ground-colour duller, more fuliginous black ; markings similar, on the fore wing slightly broader, on the hind wing slightly narrower, than in the d1 . Exp. <$ $ 58-88 mm. (2-28-3-5"). i2 Fig. 30.— Papilio megarus. 116 PAPILIONIDjE. Hob. Sikhina ; Bhutan ; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim ; extending through the Shan States to Siam. The markings are variable in size, and in the c? are in many specimens almost completely absent from, or barely indicated in, the cell of the fore wing. Genus PARNASSIUS. Parnassius, Lair. Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins. xiv, 1805, p. 110. Doritis, pt., Fdbr. in Illiger's Mag. vi, 1807, p. 283. Tadumia, Kailasius, Koramius, Moore, Lcp. Ind. v, 1901-1903, pp. 116, 118, & 120. Type, P. apollo, Linn., European. Range. Europe, Asia, aud North America at high elevations. c? $ . Wings broad, sernidiaphanous ; character of markings very similar throughout the forms. Fore wing : costa very slightly arched, apex broadly rounded; termen very convex; dorsum straight ; cell generally about half length of wing or a little shorter ; upper discocellular short or obsolete, middle con- cave, more than twice length of lower, lower sloped obliquely Fig. 31.— Anal pouches of fertilized females of Parnassius. a. P.jacquemonti. b. P. epaphus. c. P. hardwickei. inwards ; veins 6 and 7 from apex of cell or very close together at base, 8 wanting, 9 out of 7 closer to apex of cell than to apex of wing ; 10 from just before or from apex, or out of 7 from just beyond apex of cell, typically free, but in some forms anastomosed with 11 ; 11 from apical half, of subcostal vein. Hind wing : more or less irregularly pear-shaped ; costal and terminal margins in a continuous curve, apex therefore not well marked ; tornus pro- minent, obtusely angular ; dorsum concave or slightly excavate. Body very hairy; antennae short, robust, about a third of the length of the fore wing ; club stout, gradual ; palpi short, oblique, not adpressed as in Papilio, thickly fringed with hair anteriorly ; eyes smooth. The female after fertilization with an extended corneous anal pouch that varies in shape. PARNASSIUS. 117 Key to the forms of Parnassius. A. Fore wing : vein 10 not anastomosed with vein 11. a. Hind wing upperside : spots of the sub- terminal series lunular. a'. <5 $ . Cilia of fore wing typically pure white ; anal pouch in fertilized 5 with a strong posterior carina .......... P. jacquemonti, p. 118. V. c? $ • Cilia of fore wing white, always conspicuously alternated with black ; anal pouch in fertilized $ without carina. a2. d $ . Expanse over 60 mm ....... P. epaphus, p. 120. b2. c? 2 . Expanse under 55 mm ..... P. epaphus, race b. Hind wing upperside : spots of the sub- sikhunensis, p. 121. terminal series rounded. a'. Hind wing underside with a con- spicuous basal series of red or crimson spots ............................ P. hardv:ickei, p. 121. b'. Hind wing underside without a basal series of red spots. a2. Termen of hind wing with a more or less well-defined edging of dusky subhy aline black. a9. Hind wing upperside : series of subterminal spots complete. a*. Hind wing upperside: subter- minal spots not centred with blue no red or crimson sub- ( p rfrffc. upper*:' 'sub^ > "*»*""•* P- »«• minal spots centred with blue, subtornal red or crimson spots , D , , , . present, large and prominent . . * ***2 ™? -, 9. Hind wing upperside : series of ' ******* P- 125. subterminal spots not complete. a4. Fore wing upperside : discal transverse black band short, typically not extended below vein 5 ; in Indian specimens extended to vein 1, but always . . . A4. Fore wing upperside : discal ' hunza> P' 124' transverse band long, extended to dorsal margin, bent inwards below apex of cell, never joined . p jol^-lt> to postdiscal band ..... ..... \ P' delPhtus> race b\ Termen of hind wing without a sub- ' 'tenosemus, p. 125. hyaline black edging, white-scaled , n , , ,. 4ht up *„ «S£ *..... ...... { p- **"5^p. 126. B. Fore wing : vein 10 anastomosed with vein 11 towards apex. a. Hind wing upperside : spots of subterminal series formed into large conspicuous pseudocelli. 118 PAPILIONID.E. a'. Hind wing upperside : subterminal series of spots or pseudocelli complete . P. charltonius, p. 126. V. Hind wing upperside : subterminal series of spots or pseudocelli not com- ( P. imperator, race plete, posterior two only present . . . . ) augmtm, p. 127. b. Hind wing upperside : spots of subter- minal series lunular. «'. Termen of hind -wing with a more or less well-defined edging of dnsky sub- hyaline black. a?. Cilia of both fore and hind wings conspicuously yellowish white .... P. acco, p. 128. b2. Cilia of fore wing conspicuously black, of hind wing white P. simo, p. 129. b'. Termen of hind wing without a sub- hyaline dusky black edging, white- ( P. simo, race scaled right up to margin j moelleri, p. 130. 561. Parnassins jacquemonti (PI. XV, fig. 99), Boisduml, Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 400, tf only ; Blanch. Jacq. Voy. 2nd., Ins. 1844, p. 16, pi. 1, tig. 4 nee fig. 3 ; Oberthur, Etud. Ent. iv, 1879, p. 23, pi. 2, fig. 5 rf ; id. torn. cit. xiv, 1891, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 11 rf ; Mackinnon $ de N. Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 596; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 105, pi. 406, figs. 1, la-le, c?$. Parnassius actius, var. himalayensis, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 30. Parnassius jacquemontii, var. impunctata, Austant, Lc Naturaliste (2) xiii, 1899, p. 154. Parnassius chitralensis, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 107, pi. 406, figs. 2, 2 «, cf . S . Upperside : pale creamy white ; both wings irrorated with diffuse black scales ; body, base of the wings and the dorsum of hind wing clothed with long white hairs. Pore wing: the irroration of black scales most dense along the costal margin and at base of cell, more sparse on the disc ; the apical two thirds of the cell, a portion beyond the middle of interspace 1, and the bases of interspaces 4, 5, 8 and 9 markedly free of the diffuse black scales ; a transverse short bar across the middle of cell, another along the discocellulars, and a diffuse transverse series of postdiscal lunules, black ; three or four crimson spots encircled with black arranged as follows :— one midway in interspace 1, two, sometimes three, beyond apex of cell in an oblique line from the costa ; the terminal margin broadly hyaline, with minute black specks at the apices of the veins ; cilia white. Hind wing : base and dorsal margin beneath the white hairs densely and broadly irrorated with black scales, the inner edge of this border irregular, rest of the wing with more diffuse black scaling ; five or six black- encircled crimson spots as follows: — two, sometimes three, ob- liquely above the tornus, these or one of them occasionally white- centred ; one in the middle of interspaces 5 and 7 respectively, these are generally centred with white ; and one pure crimson spot PARNASSIUS. 119 at the extreme base of the wing ; the postdiscal series of black lunules are as on the fore wing, but the lunules are not so well defined and generally separate from one another ; finally there is no distinct hyaline border to the wing, but the cream-white scaling extends to the termen ; termiual black specks to the veins and white cilia as on the fore wing. Underside : shining, with more or less of a glazed appearance; markings much as on the upperside, but indicated as much by those of the upperside which show through as by actual scaling ; in addition on the hind wing there is a subbasal transverse series of four dull crimson spots while the crimson spots beyond are all more or less white-centred. Antennae deep brownish black, rarely with a few white specks on the under- side ; head, thorax and abdomen beneath the covering of white hairs, black. — $ . Similar, generally darker with the irroration of black scales more dense ; the crimson spots are often larger and more brilliant. Anal pouch after fertilization " ovally scoop- shaped in front, convex beneath," furnished with a sharp high cariua posteriorly. Exp. J $ 66-80 mm. (2-6-3-15"). Hob. The Himalayas from Chitral and Kashmir to Kumaon, at elevations from 11,000 to 13,000 feet. The above description is taken from as nearly typical specimens as I had access to, but P. jacquemonti is an exceedingly unstable form and varies in size, in shade of ground-colour, in the amount and distribution of the black scaling on the wings, and in the number and size of the red or crimson spots, which may or may not be centred with white. These differences are probably partially seasonal. P. cliitralensis, Moore, is perhaps the most distinct of the varieties, but the genitalia in the d1 and the anal pouch in the fertilized $ are identical with the same organs in typical spe- cimens of P. jacquemonti (fig. 31 a, p. 116). P. chitralensis, Moore, differs from the typical form as follows: — Larger, the ground-colour on the upperside much whiter, the amount of black diffuse scaling on the wings generally much less, the cilia of the wings more or less speckled with black. In many specimens the postdiscal blackish series of lunules on the upperside of the fore wing is very incomplete and does not extend clearly across the wing ; in most the antennte are distinctly ringed with white. Exp. c? $ 70-85 mm. (2'75-3'34"). Hah. Chitral ; Kashmir. Var. impunctata, Austant. — " Compared with the typical figure of P. jacquemontii as given by Oberthiir (torn, cit.) this variety is larger in size, equal to delius (i. e. 70 mm.) ; of a very pure opaque white on which the spots and dusky black shadings on the disc of the front wings show up strongly. The maculae of the subterminal band are reduced in size and disjointed especially on the hind wing, where they have a tendency to become obsolete. The two costal spots and the internal spot are not centred with red, there are no carmine markings either at the base of the hind wing or on 120 PAPILIONID^E. the anal spot. Antennae black ringed with grey ; cilia as in the typical form, grey without any well-marked intersections of black. Ocelli (on the wings) of a dark red widely encircled with black and without white centres." (Austant.) Hob. Sikhim Mountains. Unknown to me. 5G2. Parnassius epaphus, Oberthiir. Parnassius jacquemontii, Boisdwal, Spec. Gen. Lep. i, 1836, p. 400, $ only; Blanch. Jacq. Voy. 2nd., Ins. 1844, p. 1C, pi. 1, fig. 3 nee tig. 4 ; Gray (nee Boisduval), Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap. 1852, p. 75, pi. 1'2, tigs. 1 , 2, <J $ ; Elwes (nee Boisduval), P. Z. S. 1886, p. 36, pi. 2, fig. 1, $ anal pouch. Parnassius epaphus, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. iv, 1879, p. 23 ; Ehoes, P. Z.S. 1882, p. 399; Oberthiir, op. cit. xiv, 1891, p. 12, pi. 1, figs. 4, 5, cf $ ; Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 109, pi. 407, figs.2,2a, rf$. Parnassius epaphus, vat: cachemiriensis, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. xiv, 1891, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 6, 7 <3 2 , 7 a $ anal pouch. Parnassius nirius, Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. 108, pi. 407, figs. 1,1 a, rf$. Race sikhimensis (PI. XV, fig. 100). Parnassius epaphus, var. sikkimensis, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 399, pi. 25, figs. 4, 5, rf £ ; Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. xiv, 1891, p. 13. Parnassius sikkimensis, Moore, Lep. 2nd. v, 1901-1903, p. Ill, pi. 407, figs. 4, 4 «, rf$. Superficially this form closely resembles P. jucquemonti, but besides the structural differences of the anal pouch in the fertilized 5 (fig. 31 6), in markings it differs as follows : — S • Upperside, fere wing : the crimson black-encircled spots reduced to a minute subcostal dot in the black mark beyond the cell ; the subhyaliue terminal margin much narrower, with dentate white spots in the interspaces along the actual margin ; cilia white, markedly alternated with black at the apices of the veins. Hind wing : the dusky black along the dorsal margin comparatively much broader, its inner border more irregular, deeply bi-emarginate, the crimson centre to the black mark above the tornal angle entirely absent. In no specimens that I have seen are the crimson spots centred with white. Underside : with the same glazed appearance as in jacquemonti ; markings as on the upperside, but on the fore wing the white dentate spots in the terminal row are larger, which give to the wing the appearance of having a subterminal as well as apost- discal transverse series of dusky-black lunules. On the hind wing the row of basal and the obliquely-placed pre-tornal spots are as in jacquemonti but of a duller shade, while as in that form all the crimson spots are broadly centred with white. Antenna? differ from those of jacquemonti as they are conspicuously ringed with white. — $ differs from the d" iu the dusky black markings on the upperside that are broader, especially the postdiscal series on the fore wing : this generally forms a diffuse band and so often restricts the lunules of the white ground-colour beyond it, blending PABNASSIUS. 121 as it does diffusely with the subhyaline terminal margin. Anal pouch of fertilized $ (fig. 31 b) differs conspicuously from that of jacquemonti $ in the complete absence of the posterior high keel or carina. Exp. rf $ 62-73 mm. (2-43-2-83*). Hah. N.W. Himalayas from 12,000 to 17,000 feet. Var. cacJiemiriensis, Oberthiir, is probably a seasonal variation from the typical form. On the upperside the ground-colour is whiter, the red markings more pink than crimson, and the black diffuse scaling much restricted in both sexes. Var. nirius, Moore. — The type specimen of the $ is now in the British Museum as well as several other females that closely resemble it. I have, however, only seen a single d1 , in which the markings are very similar to those in the r? figured by Dr. Moore. All forms of Parnassius are so variable that 1 do not think that nirius can be separated from epaphus, even as a race. It differs in both these cases from typical epaphus chiefly in the absence of the white dentate terminal markings and in the more continuous, transverse, postdiscal, diffuse, dusky-black band on the fore wing ; the latter is more of a connected band than a series of lunular markings. In the fertilized 5 the anal pouch is identical with that of epaphus. Race sikhimensis, Elwes, is very similar, but so far as the specimens I have seen, some fifty or sixty, is without exception smaller, though it differs slightly if at all in markings from the typical form. On the whole, perhaps, the wings are more copiously irrorated with black scales, the postdiscal dusky-black series of lunules on the upperside of the fore wing is more evenly curved, and the red spots on the hind wing are more brilliant ; in a few specimens the lower discal spot is minutely white-centred ; the cilia of the fore wing also are more prominently alternated with black ; while the antennae are less conspicuously ringed with white than in typical epaphus. Genitalia in the d and anal pouch in the fertilized $ identical with those of the typical form. Exp. rf 2 50-54 mm. (1-98-2- 13"). Nab. The Chumbi Valley, Sikhim, at and above 16,000 feet, extending to Tibet. 563. Parnassius hardwickei (PI. XV, fig. 101), Gray, Zod. Misc. i, 1832, p. 32 : id. Lep. Ins. Nepal, 1846, pi. 4, figs. 1, 1 « ; id. Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap. 1852, p. 76, pi. 12, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11 ; Ehves, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 38, pi. 2, fig. o 2 anal pouch ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. Ill, pi. 408, tigs. 1, la-la, rf $, pi. 409, figs. 1, 1 a-1 a, S 2 , > & Pi- 410, figs. 1, 1 a-1 a, rf $ . Parnassius jacquemontii, Kollar (nee Boisduval), Hiit/eCs Kaschmir, iv, 1844, p. 407, pi. 2, figs. 3, 4, <$ . Parnassius charino, Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap. 1852, p. 76, pi. 12, figs. 13, 15. Parnassius hardwickii, var. albicans, Fruhstorfer, Iris, xi, 1898, p. 147 ; id. (abr. afer) Stett. ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 354. 122 PAPILIONID.E. d" Upperside: creamy-white. Fore wing: base and costal margin densely irrorated with black scales ; a broad short velvety black bar across middle of cell, another along the discocellulars and a third beyond apex of cell, this last with superposed spots of crimson where" the bar crosses the bases of interspaces 5 and 8 ; a crimson-centred black spot in middle of interspace 1 ; an irregularly curved prominent postdiscal series of dusky-black spots, so arranged as to leave a narrow edging of the creamy-white ground-colour beyond, which is traversed by the black veins ; the upper four spots of the postdiscal series fused to form a broad, continuous, but short, curved band ; the terminal margin broadly dusky black ; the cilia white. Both the dusky-black band and the postdiscal dusky-black markings subhyaline. Hind wing : base and dorsal margin broadly dusky black, the inner margin of the black coloration on the latter deeply but irregularly bi-emarginate ; a crimson-centred black spot near base of interspace 5, another just beyond the middle of interspace 7, followed by a very conspicuous curved postdiscal series of five dull blue ocelli ringed with black and centred with white, and a narrow diffuse dusky black terminal band ; cilia as in the fore wing. Underside : similar, with a glassy appearance. Fore wing : with the markings of the upperside visible by transparency ; the white scaling of the upperside replaced by scale-like hairs of the same colour ; the only scaled markings are the medial and apical transverse black bars in cell, three small crimson spots beyond and the black-encircled crimson spot in middle of interspace 1. Hind wing : the white scaling along the basal half of the costal margin nearly as on the upperside, the rest hair-like as on the underside of the fore wing ; a broad basal band of four crimson or vermilion-red spots followed by a discal irregular series of five similarly-coloured spots, the lower three formed into a short obliquely transverse band above the tornal angle ; all the crimson spots encircled more or less obsoletely by black rings, and the following prominently centred with white : the spot in interspaces 2 and 5 and the basal and medial spots in interspace 7. — ? . Similar ; the dusky black irroration on the upperside of the fore wing more extensive and formed into a narrow irregular band below the cell, which runs between the crimson spots beyond the cell-apex and the crimson spot in inter- space 1 ; the crimson spots are larger, with an additional spot in interspace 6 of the fore wing and a pretornal spot on the hind wing. Underside: similar to that of the d but all the red spots much larger and with white scaling in the centre. Antennae nearly black, with only a few white specks, head with brownish-yellow pubescence ; rest of the thorax and abdomen covered densely with long white hairs which also clothe, more or less narrowly, the dorsal margin of the hind wing. Eacp. <S $ 60-66 mm. (2-3S-2-6"). Hob. The Himalayas from Kashmir and Kulu to Nepal and Sikhim, at from 7500 to 15,000 feet. Like all forms in the genus this is largely variable ; the black irroration and crimson markings are, in many specimens, much 123 reduced in extent and size ; in some also the crimson is replaced by pink. This may be partly seasonal or due to either a drier or a damper habitat. The form named charino by Gray is most probably a wet-season or autumn form. It differs from typical hardivickei as follows : — c? $ • Upperside : more or less completely and densely irrorated with dusky black, from which on the fore wing two bars that cross the cell, a short oblique bar beyond its apex, a postdiscal spot near the costa beyond the crimson spots, and a subtermiual series of spots stand out conspicuously white ; on the hind wing the interval between the basal and postmedial crimson spots in interspace 7 is also prominently white. Underside : markings as on the upperside chiefly seen through by transparency, the apex broadly and terminal margin of fore wing and the whole of the hind wing suffused conspicuously with greenish yellow. 564. Parnassius delphius, JSversm. (Doritis) Sufi. Mosc. 1843, p. 541, pi. 7, figs. 1 #, 1 b, c$ . Race stoliczkanus. Parnassius stoliczkanus, Feldcr, Novara JRcise, Lep. ii, 1865, p. 138, iii, 1867, pi. 69, figs. 2, 8, rf ; Ehves, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 40 ; Moore (Koramius), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 120, pi. 412, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 b, d $ • Parnassius dolphins, var. stoliczkanus, Gr.-Gr. Rom. Mem. iv, 1890, p. 148 et seq. Race hunza. Parnassius delphius, var. hunza, Gr.-Gr. Hoi: Soc. Ent. Ross, xxii, 1888, p. 303 ; id. Rom. Mem. iv, 1890, p. 205, pi. 10, figs. 1 a, 1ft, d?- Race stenosemus. Paruassius delphius, var. stenosemus, Honrath, Ent. Nachrtcht. xvi, 1890, p. 127. Koramius stenosemus, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 122, pi. 412, tigs. 3,3«-3c, cf $. Race atkinsoni. Koramius atkinsoni, Moore, Lep. Ind.v, 1901-1903, p. 121, pi. 412, fig. 2 $. Race whitei. Parnassius delphius, race whitei, nov. st. Typical delphius has not been recorded from within our limits, but the varieties described below seem fairly constant in coloration, and may be ranked as races of one protean form. Race stoliczkanus, Felder. — d . Upperside : dull white. Fore wing : base and costal margin irrorated with black scales ; cell with the usual medial and apical short black transverse bars, the former not. extended down to the median vein in typical specimens ; 124 discal and postdiscal dusky black sinuate bands, the former atten- uated below vein 6, stops short of the dbrsum, the latter extends right down to the dorsal margin ; beyond these bands the terminal margin is more or less shaded with dusky black which atthetornus coalesces with the postdiscal band. Hind wing : dorsal margin broadly dusky black, this colour narrowed towards the tornus ; a postdiscal black-encircled red spot in interspace 5 ; termen some- what broadly dusky black, with a subterminal series of darker spots in the interspaces and the dorsal margin fringed with long white hairs. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white. Underside : like the upperside, the ground-colour with the glassy appearance common to all forms in the genus ; markings similar, apparent however more by transparency from above than formed by actual scaling. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, the tufted hairs on the head in front fuscous ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen clothed with fuscous hairs. — $ . Upperside : the ground- colour differs from that of the c? in its duller somewhat yellowish tint ; the markings are similar but on the hind wing the spots in the subterminal series are centred with blue, the postdiscal red spot is paler, often absent, while in some specimens there is asubtornal red spot. Underside : similar to that of the c? . In both sexes the basal red spots on the underside of the hind wing so general in the forms of this genus are usually, if not always, lacking. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d" . Anal pouch in the fertilized $ as in race hunza, fig. 32 a, b. Exp. rf $ 50-59 mm. (1-97-2-33"). Hah. N. VV. Himalayas ; Ladakh : the Bara Lacha Pass north of Lahaul at 18,000 feet; Runang and Hungruny Passes at 16,000 feet. Race hunza, Gr.-Gr. — This race closely resembles the preceding but is somewhat variable. d ? . Upperside : ground-colour duller, more sullied white. Fore wing : the discal band in typical specimens very much shorter, not extended below vein 5, but in all specimens that I have seen that have been taken within our limits, the discal band reaches vein 1, and where it crosses interspace 3 is joined on to the postdiscal transverse band by a broad cross-bar, that extends right up to the base of that inter- space. Hind wing : the sub- terminal series of dark spots reduced to one or two near the toruus, the anterior spots (except the spot in interspace 7) replaced by a curved band of somewhat luuular spots that extends unbroken between the Fig. 32. Paniassius delphius, race htmea, a, b. Anal pouch. PARNASSIUS. 125 spot in interspace 3 and that in interspace 7. Underside : similar to the underside in race stoliczkanus, with no red spots at the base of the hind wing ; in a few specimens a discal and a sub- costal black-encircled red spot are present. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in stoliczkanus. Anal pouch in the fertilized $ as in fig. 32 a, b. Exp. <? $ 68-72 mm. (2-70-2-82''). Hab. Within our limits : Chitral, extending northwards into the Hindu Khush. Eace stenosemus, Honrath. — <$ $ . Upperside : ground-colour as in stoliczkanus and hunza. The markings differ from those of stoliczkanus chiefly as follows : — Upperside: the discal transverse band on the fore wing more strongly sinuate, in most specimens bent inwards beneath the apex of the cell ; both discal and post- discal bands comparatively broader, more heavily marked ; in no specimen that I have seen is there any broad diffuse band of dusky black scaling joining the two bands as in the Indian form of hunza. Hind wing : the red spot in interspace «5 placed more inwards, closer to the apex of the cell and more heavily encircled with black, sometimes the red is absent and the spot is entirely black ; beyond this there is a comparatively broad postdiscal dark band on which is superposed a nearly complete series of black spots, the posterior four of which are centred with blue ; this is followed by a very narrow band of the ground-colour, sometimes complete, more often indicated by white lunular more or less detached markings, and a narrow dusky-black terminal edging bounded by an anticiliary jet- black line. Underside : glassy, more or less like the upperside, the markings indicated more by transparency from above than by actual scaling. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, and in the fertilized $ the anal pouch, as in the races stoliczkanus, hunza, &c. Exp. <5 ? 66-74 mm. (2-60-2-92"). Hab. Ladakh : Kutie Pass, 17,000 feet. Eace atkinsoni, Moore. — $ . Similar to stenosemus, Honratb, but can at once be recognized by the very large and conspicuous tornal and discal red spots, which are encircled with black, on the upperside of the hind wing. The subterminal series of spots on the same wing is complete and all the spots are centred with blue. Exp. $ 60 mm. (2-37"). Hab. The Pir Pingal range, N. Kashmir. Male unknown. Eace whitei, nov. st. — tf- Upperside: dusky greyish black. Pore wing : basal fourth white with a slight irroration of black scales ; a preapical broad transverse bar in cell, a short similar obliquely- placed bar beyond, that reaches from just below the costal margin to base of vein 4, and transverse discal and subterminal complete bands, white ; the latter two are crossed by the black veins, and 126 PAPILIONID.J;. thereby have the appearance of two transverse series of spots ; the discal band anteriorly curved inwards, the subterrainal band feebly bisinuate ; the black scaling is very dense and sharply defined on the dark medial and discocellular areas in the cell, and therefore appears like black transverse bars ; terraen with a very slender jet- black anticiliary line. Hind wing : dorsal half clothed with recumbent long white hairs ; a discal prominent red spot in inter- space 5, and a similar spot in interspace 7, round each of which the black scaling of the ground-colour is very dense and forms a more or less conspicuous ring ; terminal third of the wing dull white with a sub- terminal black spot in interspace 2, another slightly larger similar spot that is centred with a minute spot of blue scales in inter- space 3, and above the latter a bisinuate Fig. 33.— Parnassius dusky-black transverse sinuous streak that delphius, race whitei. extends to and broadens at the apex of the wing. Cilia of both fore and hind wings prominent and yellowish white in colonr. Underside with the usual glassy glazed appearance ; the markings similar, but seen chiefly by transparency from the upperside; only the red spots, an additional similar spot at base of interspace 7 on the hind wing, and a black spot on the discocellulars of the fore wing marked by actual scaling, not merely seen by transparency from above. Antennae black with a few scattered minute yellow specks : head, thorax and abdomen covered with long black hairs ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen yellowish white. Hub. Sikhim, 16,000 to 19,000 feet. This is one of the many races '? or varieties ? of P. delphius, Eversrnanu, and is closest to the race? or var. ? staudingeri, Bang-Haas. The type and only specimen was procured by Mr. Claude White and was sent to Mr. F. Moller of Darjiling for identification, Mr. Moller kindly forwarded it to me. This race of P. delphius, Eversmann, differs from its nearest ally P. delphius, race staudingeri, by the form of the markings on the fore wing, and notably by the white scaling on the hind wing, which is carried right up to the terminal margin from apex to tornus. In staudingeri and, in fact, in all the many races of P. delphius, the terminal edging to the hind wing is markedly dusky subhyaline black. 565. Parnassius charltonius. Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap. 1852, p. 77, pi. 12, fig. 7 $ ; Moore, Sci. Res. Sec. York. Miss., Lep. 1879, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 3 c?5 Elwes, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 43, pi. 3, fig. 5 $ anal pouch; 'Moore (Kailasius), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 118, pi. 411, figs. 3, 3o, 3b, d1 ? • c? . Upperside : creamy-white. Fore wing irrorated with black PAKNASSIUS. 127 scales at base, along costal margin narrowly and below the upper half of cell at base of interspaces 2 and 3 ; cell with the usual medial and apical short broad transverse black bars ; a short broad, similar, but obliquely placed bar beyond apex of cell from costa to vein 4, its lower portion below vein 5 narrower and bent inwards at an angle ; a postdiscal transverse black bar attenuated towards the dorsum and dislocated inwards below vein 5 ; fol- lowed by a broad, posteriorly narrowed, subhyaline terminal edging; cilia white. Hind wing: base and dorsal margin, for four-fifths of its length, broadly and densely irrorated with black scales; a short oblique pretornal dusky-black bar, rarely centred with pink or carmine; a very large pink to deep crimson ocellus, ringed with black and centred with white, in interspaces 4 and 5, crossing vein 5, and a much smaller black spot sometimes centred minutely with pink or crimson in middle of interspace 7 ; beyond this a postdiscal curved series of five velvety-black spots, each touched inwardly with silvery, superposed on a broad subhyaline dusky transverse band, which is broadest in the middle and is followed by a subterminal, somewhat narrow, dusky-black band, interrupted at the veins ; cilia white. Underside similar, with a glassy appearance and similar markings, seen chiefly, however, bv transparency from the upperside. Antenna?, head, thorax and abdomen black, antennae with some few minute white specks ; beneath : head and thorax anteriorly with olivaceous pubescence, thorax posteriorly and abdomen covered with long white hairs, which also clothe the dorsal margin of the hind wing. — $ . Upper and under sides similar to those in the c? ; differs in the black markings which are broader, the red ocelli on the hind wing that are considerably larger, and in the obliquely placed pretornal short bar that is always centred with red. Exp. c? $ 74-96 mm. (2-91-378"). Hab. Ladakh, Chitral, extending into Tibet, at elevations from 9,000 to 15,000 feet. The range of variation in diarltonius is more limited than in most of the forms belonging to Parnassius. The width and extent of the black markings and in a lesser degree the size of the red ocelli on the hind wing are the chief variable points. There seems to be little or no seasonal variation. 566. Parnassius imperator, Oberthur, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1883, p. 79. Race augustus (PI. XV, fig. 102). Parnassius imperator augustus, Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent. xviii, 1903, p. 113. Race augustus, Fruhstorfer. — 6 $ . Upperside : creamy-white. Tore wing : costa and base closely irrorated with black scales ; the usual short transverse medial and apical black bars across the cell, followed bv irregularly sinuous, broad, transverse, dusky-black 128 PAPILIONIDJ3. discal and postdiscal, complete bands that extend from the costa to the dorsum ; the discal band very broad, below the apex of cell bent inwards and almost completely filling the base of interspaces 2 and 3 ; the terminal margin broadly dusky hyaline black. Hind wing : the dorsal margin up to the subcostal vein and downwards to a little above the tornus densely irrorated with black scales and with scattered long white hairs ; an upper basal black-encircled crimson spot ; another in the middle of interspace 7 and a third in interspace 5, the latter two centred with white ; beyond there is an irregular, sinuous, postdiscal dusky -black transverse band from costa to vein 4, posterior to which in interspaces 2 and 3 are two prominent round black stibtornal spots, broadly centred with blue; lastly, the terminal margin narrowly dusky black. Cilia of both fore and hind wings prominently yellowish white. Underside similar ; glassy markings similar, but mostly seen by transparency from above: faint indications of an additional crimson spot at base of cell and base of interspace 1. Antennae brownish black, obscurely annulated with brown ; head, thorax and abdomen black, the latter two studded with long white hairs. Exp. <$ $ 79-84 mm. (3-1-3-35"). Hah. Eastern Himalayas, on the boundary between Sikhim and Tibet, at altitudes between 15,000 and 16,000 feet. This smaller and darker fovm of P. imperator, Oberthiir, from Eastern Tibet, just enters into our limits. 567. Parnassius acco, Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap. 1852, p. 76, pi. xii, figs, 5, 6, $ ; Bates, in Henderson 8f Hume's 'Lahore to Yarkand,' 1873, p. 305, fig. ; Ehces, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 35 ; Moore (Tadumia). Lap. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 116, pi. 411, figs. 1, 1 a-1 c, <J$. c? $ • Upperside: dull greyish white. Fore wing: costal margin and base with an irroration of black scales, the white scaling clearest and most dense in the cell, this last crossed by a medial and an apical short, broad, transverse jet-black band ; beyond apex of cell an irregularly sinuous dusky-black discal band that usually extends from costa to vein 3, but in some specimens right up to the dorsal margin, in most it bears an anterior crimson spot ; this is followed by less irregular and, in most specimens, slightly broader postdiscal and terminal similar transverse bands and a pre-ciliary slender continuous line on termen and dorsum. Hind wing : dorsal half of the wing dusky black, the outer or upper margin of this colour, irregularly indented ; a discal, a sub- costal and a basal black-encircled spot that varies in colour from crimson to pinkish yellow, followed by a subterminal series of black lunular spots and a narrow terminal band, crossed and inter- rupted by the white veining. Cilia of both wings conspicuously white. Underside with a glassy appearance. Fore \ving nearly as on the upperside, but the black markings, except the two bars across the cell, only seen through by transparency from the PAENASSIUS. 129 upperside. Hind wing : ground-colour white, the discal, costal, and basal pink or crimson spots also apparent by transparency only from the upperside ; a discal double ill-defined series of black lunular markings, followed by a subterminal series of similar markings like those on the upperside, but of a duller black and less clearly defined. Antenna dull brownish black, with a more or less copious covering of scattered white scales ; abdomen black, clothed with somewhat sparse, long, fine white hairs. Exp. J $ 52-70 mm. (2-06-2-78"). Hob. The Himalayas from the Karakoram to Sikhim, at eleva- tions of over 16,000 feet ; Tibet. 568. Parnassins simo, Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mm., Pap. 1852, p. 76, pi. 12, figs. 3, 4, rf $ ; Elwes, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 35 ; Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. xiv, 1891, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 8, 9. Race moelleri. Pamassius simo, race moelleri, nov. st. d . Upperside : dull white, the veins black. Fore wing at base and along the costal margin lighfcly irrorated with black scales ; a black medial transverse bar with even parallel sides across the cell, and a broader black bar on the discocellulars, this latter with a more or less outwardly curved exterior edge ; beyond this a bisinuate discal and an outwardly curved postdiscal transverse black band, both extended from the costa to vein 1 ; the discal band generally more or less obsolescent and ill-defined below veins 3 or 4, but well marked between veins 1 and 2 ; the outer edge of the postdiscal band with a tendency to be very narrowly continued outwards along the veins ; terminal margin dusky subhyaline black, bounded by an anticiliary jet-black slender line : cilia dusky black. Hind wing : base and dorsum broadly and heavily shaded with black, sparsely covered with long recumbent white hairs that become fuscous along the extreme edge of the dorsum ; the black occupies the basal half of the cell and extends along the lower margin of its apical half to base of vein 4, from whence it narrows and is carried obliquely down to near the tornal angle ; beyond the cell there are two black-encircled red spots, one in interspace 5, the other in interspace 7; these are followed by a postdiscal, generally complete, curved series of black lunular marks and a narrow terminal dusky-black band, bounded by an anticiliary jet- black line as on the fore wing; cilia yellowish white. Underside : with the usual glassy appearance, the markings of the upper- side showing through by transparency ; the following, however, are marked more or less by actual scaling :— the medial and apical black cellular bars on the fore wing ; the red black-encircled spots on the hind wing, with three additional red spots outwardly mar- gined with black at the base of the same wing, the posterior two of these basal red spots are large and somewhat pear-shaped. 130 FAPILIONIDJE. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black ; the head above fuscous ; beneath : the palpi, thorax and abdomen with dusky fuscous pubescence, mixed on the thorax and abdomen with long white hairs. — $ . Similar, but in the specimen in the collection of the British Museum marked as the type, on the upperside of the hind wing the red in the discal spot in interspace 5 has disappeared, the same colour in the spot in interspace 7 is reduced to a minute speck, and on the underside the middle red spot of the basal three only is present, much reduced in size. Antennas, head, thorax and abdomen as in the <3 . Exp. <$ $ 48-50 mm. (1-89-1-99"). Sab. Ladakh, 16,000 feet (Major Charlton} ; Tibet. This seems to be an extremely rare form. Mr. Elwes in 1886 remarked (t. c.) :— " Of this species almost nothing is known ; there exists in all museums to my knowledge but four specimens — two in the British Museum, collected by Major Charlton in Ladak, and two others, of which one is in the Hewitson and one in M. Oberthur's collection." There are now in the British Museum the original types named, described and figured by Gray, the specimen from the Hewitson collection, and a fourth according to the information on the label from Tibet, taken in July 1896 at an elevation of 18,000 feet, and presented to the Museum by Mr. A. Pike. Race moelleri, nov. st. — Closely resembles the typical form, from which, however, it is distinguished as follows : — Upperside — fore wing : the postdiscal transverse dusky-black band broader and situated closer to the termen than in typical simo • between this band and the black terminal edging is a transverse band of the ground-colour, divided by the crossing of the veins into a prominent series of spots. Hind wing : no black edging to the termen, the Avhite scaling extended right up to the margin, bounded by the slender anticiliary black line. Underside : Fig. 34. similar ; the markings as in the typical Parnassius simo, form, with the exception chiefly of the red race moelleri. spots seen more by transparency from the upperside than indicated by actual scaling. Exp. c? $ as in the typical form. Hob. Sikhim, at elevations of 16,000 feet and over. Several specimens were taken by Mr. Claude White, and kindly sent to me by Mr. F. Moller of Darjiling, after whom 1 have named this well-marked race. HYPERMNESTHA. 131 Genus HYPERMNESTRA. Ismene, Nickerl (nee Swainson), Stett. ent. Zeit. 1846, p. 207. Hypermnestra, Menetries, Cat. Mus. Petr., Lep. Pt. i, 185-5, p. 7. Type, H. Mios, Nick., from Turkestan. Range. Turkestan, Persia, Baluchistan. S $ • Fore wing : costa almost straight for three-fourths of its length from base, the apical fourth arched ; apex blunt ; termen straight or very slightly convex; tornus broadly rounded; dorsum straight ; cell slightly longer than half length of costa ; vein 6 and 7 closely approximate at base, upper discocellular therefore very short, barely indicated ; middle discocellular concave, long ; veins 4 and 5 also closely approximate, lower discocellular there- fore very short ; vein 8 absent ; vein 9 from apical half of 7, terminating below apex of wing; veins 10 and 11 free, 10 from just below upper apex of cell, 11 from upper third of subcostal; vein 12 terminates on costa well beyond upper apex of cell ; veins 12, 11, and 10 run very close together towards their apical halves, but neither anastomose nor touch. Hind wing elongate, irregu- larly pear-shaped; costa slightly arched, the curve continued abruptly and strongly along the termen, tornal angle distinct ; dorsum widely emarginate ; cell somewhat longer than half the wing ; veins 4 and 5 more or less approximate, but not closely so, the discocellular between their bases erect ; precostal vein curved outwards. Antennae short, about one-third the length of costa of fore wing; club short, abrupt, spatulate ; head hairy in front, eyes smooth ; palpi suberect, with a thick fringe of hairs anteriorly ; thorax and abdomen moderately stout. This genus, or possibly only subgenus, is very close to Par- nassius, from which it differs in the venation of the fore wing. In Hypermnestra veins 6, 7, 10 and 11 in the fore wing are closely grouped together and emitted near the upper apex of cell, the discoidal cell itself is proportionately narrower and the middle discocellular is obliquely placed. The chief difference, however, between the two genera is in the shape of the club of the antennae. In Parnassius this is elongate, gradual and rounded ; in Hypermnestra short, abrupt and flattened. 569. Hypermnestra helios, Xickerl (Ismene), Stett. ent. Zeit. 1846, p. 208 ; Menetries, Cat. Mus. Petr., Lep. i, 1855, p. 7. Doritis ismene, Herr.-Schiiff. Schmett. Eur. vi, 1851, p. 35. Hvpernmestra helios, var. maxima, Gr.-Grshim. Rom. Mem. iv, 1890, p. 141. Parnassius balucha, Moore, A. M. N. H. (7) xviii, 1906, p. 47. c? . Upperside : white, with a slight cream-yellow tint. Fore wing : base densely, costal margin lightly, irrorated with black scales ; cell with a transverse black median and a black apical K2 132 PAPILIONIDJE. spot, the latter extends from the costa along the discocellulars almost to the lower apex of cell ; beyond the cell an oblique, short black bar, widened posteriorly and with three superposed red spots, the middle spot minute, sometimes absent ; this is followed by an irregular subterminal black band, widened at the veins, widest near the costa, and gradually narrowed to a faint line posteriorly. In many specimens this band is not extended below vein 5, in others it reaches or almost reaches the tornal angle and is joined in its extension downwards to a prominent black transverse spot in interspace 3. Beyond this band the apex Fig. 35. — Hyper, nnestra helios. fl. Venation of apex of fore wing. 1>. Club of antenna; of Hypermnestra. c. „ „ Parnassius. is marked with a small diffuse black patch, and the apices of the veins with black spots that are extended inwards to the subter- minal band. Hind wing : base and dorsal margin broadly irrorated with black scales ; a black upper discal and a subcostal spot, both generally centred with red ; a subterminal series of slender black lunules, followed by a terminal row of transversely linear black spots ; the middle and postdiscal areas of the wing darkened bv the markings of the underside that show through by transparency. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white alternated with black. Underside : ground-colour similar. Fore wing : markings as on the upperside, but the cellular spots, the spot in interspace 3 and the short bar beyond apex of cell larger, more intensely black, the red spots on tlie last also larger ; the subterminal and terminal markings paler, more diffuse. Hind wing with basal, median and subterminal broad transverse bands of irrorated black scales, all the bands with their margins uneven and zigzag; the outer margin of the basal band with four transversely placed red spots, and transverse red discal spots edged with black in interspaces 1, 2,. 5 and 7 ; the termen margined with a fine, more or less inter- rupted, black line. In a few specimens the red spots are more or less obsolescent. Antennae pale yellowish white, the shafts obscurely ringed with black head, thorax and abdomen black, the HYPERMXESTBA.. 133 Taead and the thorax anteriorly with long greyish-white hairs ; beneath : the palpi, thorax, legs and basal portion of the abdomen similarly clothed. — $ . Differs from the d1 as follows : — -Upperside : all the markings larger and more conspicuous ; an additional large black spot in the middle of interspace 1. Underside: similar to that of the J , but with the additional black spot as noted Above. Exp. <$ £ 52-66 mm. (2-02-2-60"). Hab. Baluchistan, within our limits, and northwards through Persia to Turkestan and the western shores of the Caspian Sea. The above descriptions are drawn — that of the c? from a c? from Baluchistan, type of Moore's Parnassius balucha, which is now in the British Museum ; that of the $ from a specimen in my own collection from Southern Persia. Both belong to the larger form, var. maxima, Grr.-Gr., a series of which from Turkestan is in the British Museum. The difference between this variety and typical Jielios is chiefly one of size, though the markings in typical -helios are possibly duller and smaller, but these characteristics are very variable. In the British Museum collection also there is a single prepared specimen of a larva from the Christoph collection, labelled helios. This is 38 mm. in length, cylindrical, of a pale yellowish-white colour, with four longitudinal rows, two medial and one lateral on each side, of rather large yellow spots ; the head is a darker yellow, and each of the succeeding segments bears a transverse series of small black spots, the middle two round and sharply defined, the others irregular, some minute and mere dots, others slightly elongate ; each transverse row ends on either side with a spot -above the spiracles. 134 PIEKlD.t. Family Egg. " Ampulliform, shaped like a soda \vater-bottle, twice as high as wide, forming a short neck or stalk close to the apex ; radiate, with strong anastomosing ribs." (l)oherty .) Larva. More or less cylindrical, depressed, very slight, tapered towards each end : pubescent, the hairs short and fairly dense, each from a minute tubercle ; occasionally the hairs are long and sparse ; prothoracic segments without protrudable tentacles, like those in the Papili<mida>. Colour generally green. Feeds chiefly on plants that belong to the natural orders Leguminosce and Capparidacece. Pupa. Angulated, the head pointed, sometimes produced into a long snout ; suspended perpendicularly and sustained by a single silken girth. Imago. Wings comparatively ample ; their terminal margins entire, very exceptionally angulated at the apices of one or more of the veins ; discoidal cells of both fore and hind wings closed ; in a few forms the discocellulars attenuated, but never absent. Among the Pieridce specialization in the veining of the wings seems to have been directed more to the fore than to the hind wing. In the former wing the median series of veins has been most affected. In the Indian genera of the Pieridce, vein 6 is very exceptionally emitted from the cell ; in most it has shifted up and is thrown off from the lower side of vein 7 beyond the apex of the cell ; thus the upper discocellular veinlet is absent. In one genus (Baltia) vein 5 even has been similarly moved forward and is emitted from* vein 7, so that in this genus there is only one disco- cellular veinlet. The radial system of veins has'also been modified. In only two of the Indian genera is vein 8 present. In the others it has been shifted up and crowded out at the apex of the wing. The point at which vein 9 is emitted from vein 7 is very variable, and in more than one genus it forms a minute fork with vein 7, very close to the apex of the wing, so that it is merely rudimentary, while in one or two other genera it has completely disappeared. The position of vein 10 is similarly variable, but in no Indian genus has it completely disappeared, a'nd only in two genera is it shifted up and emitted beyond the cell. Specialization in the veining of the hind wing is not so con- spicuous. In one or two genera the precostal vein or spur is absent, but in all there is one vein more than in the Papilionidff. This vein, 1 a, gives peculiar breadth to the dorsal margin of the wing, which is channelled to receive the abdomen. Antenna? elongate with a more or less ovate club, or short and thickened gradually to the apex. Legs: all six present and functional: tibiae of the fore legs without the pad so conspicuous in the Papilionidcc ; PIERID.E. 135 claws of the tarsi bifid ; pulvilli and paronychia generally present. Coloration in the vast majority chiefly or partially white, whence the forms in the family have acquired the distinctive appellation of " the whites." A summarized account of the habits of the Indian Pieridce in the larval state has been given by Messrs. Davidson, Bell, and Aitken in the ' Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,' vol. x, 1896, p. 569. I venture to quote it in full here : — " All the larvae of this subfamily lie, when full-grown, on the upperside of the leaf, and when solitary (some of them are grega- rious) along the mid-rib, coating the leaf where they lie with a bed of silk. The eggs are generally laid singly on the upperside of the leaf or on young shoots ; exceptions to this are *Teracolus amata, J'abr., Appias liippoides, Moore, and Delias eucharis, Drury (this last is aberrant also, in that the eggs are laid on the under- side of the leaf where the larvae herd together), Behnois mesen- tina, Cramer, Terias silhetana, Wallace, which lay their eggs in clusters ; the larvae of these when young are gregarious, but generally when full-grown separate where the food is plentiful." Of the eggs these authors say : — " The egg of the subfamily is spindle-shaped, standing on one end, and is also more or less strongly ridged longitudinally and striated finely transversely ; in colour it is generally pure white, turning to yellow or orange ; that of Nychitona (Leptosia) xiphia, Fabr., is blue and that of Haphina blotched with red." The remarkable habit in butterflies of this family of migrating in large numbers together, has attracted the attention of travellers and naturalists in all parts of the world. No satisfactory explana- tion of the reason for these migrations has yet been offered. It is a wonderful sight — the clouds of butterflies, chiefly Pierids and by far the greater number of them belonging to the genera Appias and C'atopsilia, stream past for hours at a time, all going in one direction, and in all instances that I have witnessed flying against the Avind. One effect, of these migrations is wide dispersal and the consequent breaking-down of distinctions between local races, for any little peculiarity due to isolation and environment stands little chance of perpetuation, swamped as it is by the continual arrival of forms from other localities. A long series of Appias, for example, from widely-separated localities shows variation to a limited extent, and that unstable in itself and scarcely to be denned in words. Much attention has been paid to the phylogeny of the Pieridce, perhaps more than to that of any other group of the diurnal Lepidoptera. In butterflies, however, as in all living things, specialization has taken an irregularly-radiating rather than a linear course, so that any arrangement of genera in sequence can * In this work the names of the butterflies mentioned stand as Colotis amata, Fabr., Appias hippo, Cramer, Delias eucharis, Drury, Anaphceis mesen- tina, Cramer, Terias silhetana, Wallace, and Leptosia xiphia, Fabr. 136 PIE11ID.E. never be a true indication of the actual line of descent. The following key to the genera of the Pieridce is therefore purely artificial. Key to tlie Genera of the Pieridae. A. Fore wing: vein 8 absent. a. Fore wing : vein 9 absent. «'. Fore wing : vein 10 emitted from subcostal vein L,EPTosiA,p.l37. b'. Fore wing : vein 10 emitted from vein 7 DELIAS, p. 139. b. Fore wing : vein 9 present in tf and with one exception in 5 also. [p. 150. a'. Fore wing : costa serrated PRIONERIS, b'. Fore wing : costa not serrated. «'2. Fore wing : vein 11 anastomosed with [p. 155. vein 12 ANAPHJEIS, b2. Fore wing : vein 11 not anastomosed with vein 12. «3. Fore wing : vein 5 emitted from vein 7, only one discocellular present BALTIA, p. 158. ft3. Fore wing : vein 5 emitted from cell. a*. Fore wing : vein 6 emitted from vein 7. a5. Fore wing : vein 10 emitted from subcostal vein. «G. Hind wing : precostal vein pre- sent. n7. Hind wing : termen rounded, not angulated at apex of vein 4. «s. Fore wing: vein 6 emitted ' from about middle of vein 7. APORIA, p. 160. ^". Fore wing : vein 6 emitted from vein 7 closer to its base than to its apex, «9. Fore wing : vein 1 1 emitted from subcostal vein closer to its apex than to its base. rt10. Fore wing : vein 9 emit- ted from vein 7 very close to its apex, some- times absent PIERIS, p. 167. fe10. Fore wing : vein 9 emit- ted from vein 7 further from its apex and always present. a11, c? without specialized tufts of stiff haii-s on anal segment. «12. Fore wing: apex not falcate. a13. Fore wing: bases of veins 6 and 10 equidistant from apex of cell. Hind wing: lower disco- [p. 181. cellular straight . HUPHINA, LEPTOSIA. 137 bi3. Fore wing : base of vein 6 closer to apex of cell than is base of vein 10. Hind wing: lower discocellular con- cave IXIAS, p. 192. br~. Fore wing : apex falcate LADE, p. 216. bl\ $ with specialized tufts of stiff hairs on anal segment. a1-. Fore wing : vein 9 present in both sexes, emitted from apical fourth of vein 7 APPIAS, p. 197. b1'2. Fore wing: vein 9 present iii c? , absent in $ , emitted when present very close [p. 217. to apex of wing .... SALETABA, bn. Fore wing : vein 11 emitted from subcostal vein about equidistant from its base [p. 218. and apex CATOPSILIA, b~. Hind wing: termen not rounded, strongly angulated at apex of vein 4 DEBCAS, p. 225. b*. Hind wing : precostal vein absent. a1. Hind wing : termen more or less acutely angulated at apex of [p. 228. vein 4 GONEPTEBYX, b~. Hind wing : termen evenly rounded TEBIAS, p. 244. b5. Fore wing : vein 10 emitted from vein 7 COLIAS, p. 232. b4. Fore wing : vein 6 from upper apex of [p. 259. cell COLOTIS, c4. Fore wing : vein 6 from junction of [p. 273. upper and middle discocellulars .... HEBOMOIA, 13. Fore wing : vein 8 present *. [p. 276. fl. Fore wing : vein 6 from upper apex of cell .... PABEBONIA, b. Fore wing : vein 6 from vein 7 SYNCHLOE, [p. 179. Genus LEPTOSIA. Leptosia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 95 ; Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1885, p. 287 : Kirby in Allen's Nat. Libr. ii, 1896, p. 176 ; Moore, Lep. 2nd. vii, 1906, p. 19. • Nychitona, Sutler, Cist. Ent. i, 1870, pp. 34, 41 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. \ 1881, p. 117. Type, L. xiphia, Fabr., from India. Range. Indo-Malayan Eegion ; China. * Absent in one of the two forms of SyncJdoe found within our limits. 138 PIElilD-S. J $ . Fore wing : costa slightly arched, apex very broad and greatly rounded ; terraen convex ; tornus obtuse ; dorsum straight, only a little shorter than the costa ; cell long, more than half length of wing ; veins 5 and 7 closely approximate at base, vein 6 from lower side of vein 7, upper and middle discocellulars there- fore both absent, lower discocellular strongly concave ; apical portion of median nervure between veins 3 and 4 bent upwards at an obtuse angle ; veins 8 and 9 both absent, vein 10 from just before apex of cell, vein 11 from middle of subcostal. Hind wing : costa very slightly arched ; termen strongly arched ; dorsum straight or slightly arched ; cell elongate, more than half length of wing ; lower discocellular long, concave ; vein 7 from apical third of subcostal ; vein 8 slightly curved at base, then straight. extended very close along the costal margin ; precostal vein or spur short, inclined inwards. Antennae slender, not quite half the length of the fore wing ; club long, gradual, slightly flat- tened ; palpi slender, third joint fusiform ; eyes naked ; body slender. Only a single form of this genus is known, a delicate creature of feeble flight that slowly flutters about the undergrowth and brushwood in the localities where it occurs. In India, according to the MS. notes left by the late Mr. de JS^iceville, it has acquired the trivial name of the " wandering snowflake." 570. Leptosia xiphia, Fabr. (Papilio) SZKC. Ins. ii, 3781, p. 43 ; Moore (Nychitcma), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 118, pi. 46, figs. 6, 6 a ; Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1885, p. 288, pi. 20, tig. 8 ; Davidson, Bell, $ Aitken (Nychitona), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 5(59 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, 1906, p. 20, pi. 559, figs. 1, la, 1 b, <$ $ . Leptosia nicobarica, Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, 1906, p. 22. d . Upperside : white ; base of wings very slightly powdered with minute black scales. Pore wing : costa speckled obscurely with black ; apex black, the inner margin of this inwardly angulate ; a very large somewhat pear-shaped post- discal spot also black. Hind wing white, uniform ; in most specimens an obscure, extremely slender, ter- minal black line. Underside : white ; costal margin and apex of fore wing broadly, and the whole surface of the hind wing irrorated with trans- verse, very slender, greenish strigte and minute dots ; these on the Fig. 36.— Leptosia xiphia. hind wing have a tendency to form subbasal, medial and discal obliquely transverse obscure bands ; fore wing : the postdiscal black spot as on the upperside ; terminal margins of both fore and hind wings with minute black, short, transverse slender lines at the apices of the veins, that have a tendency to coalesce and form a terminal LKPTOSIA. DELIAS. 139 continuous line as on the upperside. Antennae dark brown spotted with white, head slightly brownish, thorax and abdomen white.- — $ . Similar, the black markings on the upperside o£ the tore wing on the whole slightly broader, but not invariably so. Exp. cf $ 25-53 mm. (1 -00-2-10"). Hob. The lower ranges of the Himalayas from Mussoorie to Sikhim ; Central, Western, and Southern India, but not in the desert-tracts ; Ceylon ; Assam ; Burma and Teuasserim ; extending to China and the Malayan Subregion. Larva. " Green, with a pale glaucous tinge about the bases of the legs and slightly hairy. Feeds on capers." Pupa. " Sometimes green, but oftener of a delicate pink shade* Both the larva and pupa are very like those of Terias hecabe, but more delicately formed." (Davidson, Bell $• Aiiken.) Mr. Moore has separated the Nicobar specimens under the name nicobarica, but in a long series from nearly all parts of its range I have found the characters relied upon for distinction eminently variable. Genus DELIAS. Delias, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 91; Moore, Lep. In<L vi, 1904, p. 163. Pieris, pt., Doubleday 8>- Heivitson, Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1847, p. 44. Thyca, pt., Wallengren, K. Vet.-Ak. Fbrh. xv, 1858. p. 76. Piccarda, Grote, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. xxxix, 1900, p. 32 ; Moore? Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 175. Type, D. egialea, Cramer, from Java. Range. Indo- Malay an and Australian Eegions. <3 $ . Fore wing : costa nearly straight, very slightly arched ; apex very broadly rounded; termeu oblique; tor- nus obtusely rounded; dorsum straight, from slightly over the half to two-thirds the length of the costa ; cell about half length of wing ; upper discocellular absent,, middle oblique, shorter than the lower, lower slightly con- cave; vein 6 shifted up, given off 7 beyond apex of cell : veins 8 and 9 absent ; vein 10 out of 7 considerably beyond apex of cell, vein 11 from upper third of subcostal. T-,. t , . Hind wing — cell : a regular Fig. 37. — Delias euchans. , ,. , P i !<• i I. Venation of fore wing. oval fHg^tlj over half length II. Ditto of hind wing. of wing ; vein 7 closer to 6- 2 40 PIEKID.E. than to 8, vein 8 strongly curved. Antennae about half length of fore wing, slender, with a gradual but well marked club ; eyes naked ; palpi short, subporrect ; abdomen moderately long. Key to the forms of Delias.* A. Hind wing underside : with either hasal or ter- minal red markings. a. Hind wing underside : these red markings terminal. a. These red markings inwardly margined with black. «2. Hind wing upperside : with a transverse curvod postdiscal black band I), eucharis,^. 141. 62. Hind wing upperside: without any trans- j I), hierta, race Averse black band .' | metarete, p. 143. //. The red markings not margined inwardly with black. «2. Upperside : J , black margins to veins broad ; $ , interspaces on fore wing be- yond postdiscal oblique black band not tinged with yellow -D. hierta, p. 142. &2. Upperside : $ , black margins to veins narrow; $, interspaces on fore wing beyond postdiscal oblique black band \ D. hietia, race decidedly tinged with yellow | ethirc, p. 143. b. Hind wing underside : red markings basal. a'. Red markings restricted to whole of inter- space 8 D. dcseombesi, V . lied markings arranged so as to form a [p. 144. patch transversely across base of wing. a2. Hind wing upperside : basal area dusky, red markings seen through only by transparency from underside D. aylaia, p. 145. b2. Hind wing upperside ; basal area red . . 1). tliysbe, p. 146. K Hind wing underside : without basal or terminal red markings. «. Hind wing underside : ground-colour uniform yellow. «'. Fore wing upperside : $ , apex broadly shaded with black, with a clearly denned superposed transverse series of white spots ; $, entirely shaded with dusky black scales ; transverse series of white spots as in c? • • • • D- ayostina, p. 1 47. b'. Fore wing upperside : <$ , apical third to half shaded with black ; transverse series of superposed spots not clearly defined, blurred ; £ , less densely shaded with dusky black scales ; transverse series of white J D. agostina, race spots not well denned | ayoranis, p. 148. * D. thyiJ><?, race kandha, is not included in this key, as that form is unknown to me. DELIAS. 141 b. Hind wing underside : ground-colour white to deep dusky brown. a'. Hind wing upperside : dorsal margin broadly greyish, its apical half yellow. a-. Upperside ground-colour dusky brownish [p. 148. black to deep black I), belladonna, b2. Upperside ground-colour white shaded ) D. belladonna, var. more or less with black scales | jftai-alba, p. 149. b'. Hind wing upperside : dorsal margin less broadly greyish, its apical half without any I D. belladonna, var. tinge of yellow | ithiela, p. 149. 571. Delias eucharis (PI. XVII, fig. 109), Drury (Papilio), 111. Ex. Ent. ii, 1773, p. 16, pi. 10, figs. 5, 6)C?; Moore, Lep. Ceul. i, 1881, p. 140, pi. 54, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, $ $ , larva & pupa ; Davidson S)~ Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 358 ; id. t. c. 1896, p. 569 ; MacKinnon, Jour. Bomb. JV. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 586 ; Moore (Piccarda), Lep. Ind. vi, 1904, p. 175, pi. 534, figs. 1, 1 a- 1 d, larva & pupa, <S $ . <S . Upperside : white. Fore wing : the veins broadly black, thi& colour broadened triangularly at the termination of the veins, costal margin narrowly black ; a broad black postdiscal transverse band from costa to dorsum sloped obliquely outwards from costa to vein 4, thence parallel to termen. Hind wing with the veins similar but for three-fourths of their length much more narrowly black ; a postdiscal transverse black band as on the fore wing but much narrower, curved and extended only between veins 2 and 6 ; beyond this the veins are more broadly black and this colour as on the fore wing broadens out triangularly at the termination of the veins ; the interspaces beyond the postdiscal black band pink, due to the vermilion coloration of the underside showing through. Underside : fore wing similar but the black edging to the veins much broader, the upper two interspaces beyond the postdiscal transverse band tinged with yellow. Hind wing : ground-colour bright yellow, the veins aud transverse postdiscal band as on the upperside but much more broadly black, the latter extended from the costa to vein 2 ; the interspaces between the veins beyond the postdiscal fascia with a series of broadly lanceolate or cone- shaped vermilion-red spots, each spot very narrowly edged with white ; the basal portion of interspace 6 white, in contrast to the bright yellow of the ground-colour. Antennae black ; head, thorax and abdomen white, the apical joint of the palpi black ; the head and thorax with a mixture of black hairs that gives these parts a grey-blue appearance. — $ . Upper and under sides similar to those in the d , but the black edging to the veins and the post- discal transverse bands on both fore and hind wings very much broader. Exp. 3 $ 80-85 mm. (3-18-3-35"). Hab. The Himalayas up to 7000 feet ; the whole of continental India except the desert tracts ; Ceylon. 142 PIEBID&. Larva. " Long, cylindrical and smooth with an oily gloss. Two subdorsal rows of long white bristles springing from minute white tubercles ; head, sides and back sparsely clothed with short white bristles: colour brown, head and feet black. It may be found from the beginning of August everywhere