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THE CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
VOLUME VIII
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I THE CYCLOPEDIA
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AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
KKW KJSfLARGKD EDITION OF
APPLETON'S CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
OBIQIlfALLT XOSTED AT
James Grant Wujm>n asd John bii^ic^
. / ^^,U .. iOMANS
\vriil AM laiTSODVCTION BY
RcJijsiTER Johnson, Litt. D.
JoBfN W. Fay, Managing Editor
VOLUME VIII
NON^ALPHABETICAL WITH INDEX
NEW YORK TVIE PRESS ASSOCIATION COMPiLEKS, T\
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THE CYCLOPAEDIA
■■ OF
AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
NEW ENLABGKD EDITION OF
APPLETON'S CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
ORIGINALLY EDITED BY
James Grant Wilson and John Fiske
EDITED BY
James E. Homans
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
RossiTER Johnson, Litt. D.
John W. Fat, Managing Editor
/. I',
VOLUME VIII
non-alphabetical with index
NEW YORK THE PRESS ASSOCIATION COMPILERS, INC.
1918
1/. 2
CoPTBiGHT. 1886, 1887, 1894, 1898, 1900
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
Revised and Enlarged Edition
[COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY THB PRESS ASSOCIATION COMPILBBS, INC.]
J$tu€d by special arrangement with D Appleton <& Co., wTio have granted the present publishers the use of their plates and copyrighted material.
INTRODUCTION TO THE EIGHTH VOLUME
When The CYCLOP.ia)iA op American Biography was completed by the publication of the sixth volume, it was the most extended and most perfect work of its kind that ever had been made in America. It was the product of expert editors with a specially chosen and carefully trained staff of writers, backed by one of the oldest and most liberal publishing-houses in the country. Every source of authentic information — printed, manuscript, or oral — was laid under contribution. Every subject treated was shown at his best, with mention of his most interesting and most significant work, but with no taint of fulsome eulogy — nothing extenuated, nothing set down in malice. Every page was made up of honest work; every square inch was carefully edited.
But any book of reference is impaired by age — not because it becomes untrue, but because the world moves continually. The schoolboy of yesterday is the vigorous man of to-day, and may be the gray-haired sage of to-morrow. The youth who drives a team on the towpath may become President, and the newsboy in the train may turn out to be the greatest inventor of the age. One man passes into history, and another springs into prominence. There comes a time when it seems as if art, literature, statesmanship and economic invention had arrived at their zenith, and there is nothing to do but close the record and bind up the work. Then pessimistic critics talk complacently about degeneracy and the ''twilight of the gods." But suddenly a new genius arises, and creates a new school ; or there is a scientific or economic development that calls for new energies, and the new energies are forthcoming, and it seems as if a greater sun had risen upon the earth. The electric telegraph appeared to be the ultimate thing for transmission of intelligence, until the telephone came, and after that the wireless. Tennyson's vision of ''the nations' airy navies grappling in the central blue" was only a poet's dream till the astronomer Langley and the Wright brothers made it a possibility, and the great war in Europe made it a reality.
The cardinal principles of any science remain unchanged, while the dis- coveries and materials with which it must work are new. As with the original volumes, so in preparing the new volumes of this work the same general course has been followed — the same careful choice of writers, the same wide but dis- criminating search for subjects, the same nice scrutiny of all the work. One strong feature of the original volumes was recognition of the fact that the Americans are the most inventive people that ever lived, and their notable and
INTRODUCTION TO THE EIGHTH VOLUME
successful inventions outnumber those of all other nations together. In view of this, the editors of that work took especial pains to record the lives and achievements of American inventors. In all earlier works of the kind, while statesmen, clergymen, authors and artists had been looked after, inventors had been neglected.
Similarly to that, the editors of the Seventh and Eighth volumes have recognized the fact that ours is the richest and most powerful nation on the globe, and have also recognized the fact that it has been made so largely by our oaptains of industry and other foremost men of business. These, therefore, are well represented; so that when one looks upon our evidences of prosperity and asks: "Who brought this about?" these volumes will answer his question. How much and how rapidly events have moved may be comprehended if but a few names are recalled of men and women who were not mentioned in the six volumes, but have since risen to such eminence that no such work can now omit them. These include: Presidents and vice-presidents of the United States; numerous governors of states who have risen to national prominence; several now noted statesmen and former candidates for the Presidency; numerous army and navy officers, whose names are now constantly before the public; several prelates already historic for their good works; great scientists, inventors, captains of industry, authors, artists and men of affairs.
These later volumes are enriched with an unusual number of excellent portraits; so that the reader may not only learn of a distinguished man's achievements but meet him face-to-face and exercise whatever he possesses of the art of physiognomy.
ROSSITER JOHNSON.
SOME OF THE CHIEF CONTEIBUTORS
TO APPLETONS' CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
Adams, Charles Kendall,
President Cornell University.
Agassiz, Alexander,
Author and Professor.
Allen, Joseph Henry, D.D.,
Author " Hebrew Men and Times."
Allibone, S. Austin,
Author " Dictionary of Authors."
Amory, Thomas C,
Author " Life of General Sullivan," etc.
Bancroft, George,
Author " History of the United States."
Barrett, Lawrence,
Author " Life of Edwin Forrest."
Bayard, Thomas F.,
Secretary of State.
Benjamin, Samuel G. W.,
Late U. S. Minister to Persia.
Bigelow, John,
Author " Life of Franklin," etc.
Boker, George H.,
Poet, late Minister to Russia.
Botta, Mrs. Vincenzo, .
Author and Poet.
Bradley, Joseph P.,
Judge United States Supreme Court. Brooks, Phillips,
Author " Sermons in English Churches."
Buckley, James Monroe, D.D.,
Methodist Clergyman and Editor.
Carter, Franklin,
President Williams College.
Chandler, William E.,
Ex-Secretary of the Navy.
Clarke, James Freeman,
Author " Ten Great Religions " etc.
Conway, Moncure D.,
Miscellaneous Writer.
Cooper, Miss Susan Fenimore,
Author '* Rural Hours," etc.
Coppee, Henry,
Professor Lehigh University, Pa.
Coxe, Arthur Cleveland,
Bishop Western New York.
CuUum, Gen. George W.,
Author " Register of West Point Graduates,' etc.
Curry, Daniel, D.D.,
Author and Editor.
Curtis, George Ticknor,
Author " Life of James Buchanan," etc. Curtis, George William,
Author and Editor.
Custer, Mrs. Elizabeth B.,
Author " Boots and Saddles."
Didier, Eugene L.,
Author " Life of Edgar Allan Poe."
Diz, Morgan,
Rector Trinity Church, New York.
Doane, William C,
Bishop of Albany.
Drake, Samuel Adams,
Author " Historic Personages of Boston," etc.
Draper, Lyman C,
Secretary Wisconsin Historical Society.
Du Pont, Col. Henry A.,
U. S. Senator from Delaware. Egan, Maurice, F., LL.D.,
U. S. Minister to Denmark. Fiske, John,
Author and Professor..
Frothingham, Octavius B.,
Author " Life of George Ripley." Gayarre, C. E. A.,
Author " History of Louisiana." Gerry, Elbridge T.,
Member of New York Bar. Gilder, Jeanette L.,
Editor and Critic.
Gilman, Daniel C,
President Johns Hopkins University. Goodsell, Rev. D. A.,
Methodist Episcopal Bishop.
Greely, A. W., U. S. A.,
Author " Three Years of Arctic Service." Hale, Edward Everett,
Author " Franklin in France," etc.
Hart, Samuel, D.D., ^
Professor in Trinity College.
Hay, Col. John,
Late U. S. Secretary of State.
Haydon, Rev. Horace E.,
Author " Pollock Genealogy " etc. Higginson, Col. T. W.,
Author " History of the United States," etc. Hilliard, Henry W.,
Ex-United States Senator from Georgia.
vii
THE CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, M.D.,
Phytician and Poet.
Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward,
Author •• Later Lyric*," etc. Howe, Bt. Bev. M. A. de Wolfe,
Protestant Episcopal Bishop. Isaacs, Abraxn S., Ph. D.,
Editor " The Jewish Messenger." Jay, John,
Late Minister to Austria. Johnson, Oen. Bradley T.,
Member Maryland Bar.
Johnson, Bossiter,
Author " History of the War of 1812," etc.
Johnston, William Preston,
President Tulane University.
Jones, Bev. J. William,
Secretary Southern Historical Society.
Kendrick, J. Byland, D.D.,
Ex-President Vassar College.
Kobbe, Oustav,
Musical Editor of New York " Mail and Express."
Lathrop, George Parsons,
Author *' A Study of Hawthorne," etc. -Lincoln, Bobert T.,
Ex-Secretary of War.
Lodge, Henry Cabot,
Author " Life of Hamilton."
Lowell, James Bussell, LL.D.,
Poet and Author.
MacVeagh, Wayne,
Ex-Attorney-General, U. S.
Harble, Manton,
Late Editor " The World."
Ilathews, William,
Author " Orators and Oratory," etc.
McMaster, John Bach,
Author " History of the People of the United Sutes."
Mitchell, Donald G.,
Author " Reveries of a Bachelor," etc. Norton, Prof. Charles Eliot,
Professor Harvard University.
O'Neal, Edward A.,
Governor of Alabama.
Parker, Cortlandt,
Member of the New Jersey Bar.
Parkman, Francis,
Author " Frontenac," " French in Canada," etc.
Parton, James,
Author and Essayist.
Phelps, William Walter,
Member of Congress from New Jersey. Porter, David D.,
Admiral United States Navy.
Porter, Gen. Horace,
Ex-U. S. Ambassador to France.
Preston, Mrs. Margaret J.,
Author and Poet.
Bead, Gen. J. Meredith,
Late Minister to Greece.
Beid, Whitelaw,
Editor of New York " Tribune." Bobinson, E. G.,
President Brown University.
Bomero, Mattias,
Mexican Minister to United States.
Boyce, Josiah,
Professor California University. Sanborn, Miss Kate,
Miscellaneous Writer.
Schurz, Carl,
Ex-Secretary of the Interior.
Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, ^
Professor in Harvard College.
Sherman, William T.,
Late General of the Army.
Sloane, Prof. T. O'Conor,
Electrical Expert and Author.
Smith, Charles Emory,
Editor Philadelphia " Press."
Spencer, Jesse Ames,
Author and Professor.
Stedman, Edmund C,
Author " Poets of America," etc.
Stoddard, Bichard Henry,
Author " Songs of Summer," etc.
Stone, William L.,
Author " Life of Red Jacket," etc.
Strong, William,
Ex-Judge U. S. Supreme Court. Todd, Charles Burr,
Author " Life of Joel Barlow." Tucker, J. Bandolph,
Member of Congress from Virginia. Waite, Morrison B.,
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Warner, Charles Dudley,
Author and Editor.
Washburne, E. B.,
Late Minister to France.
Welling, James C,
President Columbian University.
Whitman, Walter,
Author " Leaves of Grass," etc.
Whittier, John Greenleaf,
Poet, Essayist and Reformer. Wilson, Gen. Jas. Grant,
President Genealogical and Biographical Society. Winter, William,
Poet and Theatrical Critic. Winthrop, Robert C,
Ex-United States Senator.
Young, John Russell,
Late U. S. Minister to China.
viii
NEW REVISED EDITION OF THE CYCLOPEDIA- OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
For kind assistance in the preparation of the present revised edition of the Cyclopaedia of American Biog- raphy, special acknowledgments are due to the following for suggestions, revisions of articles, or for original contributions. .'"^
Abbott, Rev. Lyman, D.D., LL.D., L.H.D.,
Editor "The Outlook"; Author.
Adams, Oscar Fay,
Critic, Poet and Lecturer.
Ade, George,
Author and Playwright.
Bacon, Edwin Munroe,
Former Chief Editor Boston " Post."
Bailey, Liberty Hyde,
Author and Horticulturist.
Baldwin, Simeon E.,
Ex-Governor of Connecticut.
Bartlett, Robert A.,
Arctic Explorer.
Bates, Lindon W.,
Civil Engineer and Author.
Bigelow, Poultney, ,
Author and Traveler.
Bolton, Charles Knowles,
Author; Librarian Boston Atheneum. Bowker, Richard R.,
Editor and Author.
Brashear, John Alfred, Sc.D., LL.D.,
Chairman Educational Fund Commission, Pitts- burgh; Scientist.
Brigham, Johnson,
Librarian Iowa State Library.
Brown, Elmer Ellsworth, Ph.D., LL.D.,
Chancellor New York University.
Burrell, Rev. David James, D.D., LL.D.,
Pastor Marble Collegiate (Reformed) Church, New York; Author.
Burroughs, John,
Naturalist and Author.
Caffey, Francis Gordon,
Lawyer.
Cameron, Charles E., M.D.,
Historian and Surgeon.
Carus, Paul, Ph.D.,
Editor, Philosopher, Orientalist.
Casson, Herbert Newton,
Journalist and Author.
Cattell, James McKeen, Ph.D., LL.D.,
Professor Columbia University, New York.
Chambers, Julius,
Journalist, Author, Playwright.
Church, William Conant,
Journalist, Soldier and Author.
Clark, Champ,
Speaker United States House of Representatives. Clarke, Joseph I. C,
punia/Mt and Playwright.
Coffin, William Anderson,
Artist and Author.
Coley, William Bradley, M.D.,
Professor Cornell University Medical School.
Cook, John Williston,
President N. Illinois State Normal School.
Coolidge, Hon. Louis Arthur,
Ex-Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. Connor, Robert Digges Wimberly, Ph.D.
Secretary N. C. Historical Commission.
Crandall, William S.,
Journalist and Historian.
Davenport, Charles Benedict, Ph.D.,
Biologist, Carnegie Institution.
Day, Rev. James Roscoe, D.D., LL.D., S.T.D., D.C.L.,
Chancellor Syracuse University.
De Land, Frederic,
Director Volta Bureau, Washington, D. C.
Dixon, Hon. Joseph Moore,
Ex-Senator from Montana, Lawyer, Editor.
Doane, Rt.-Rev. William Croswell, D.D- LL.D., D.C.L.,
Late Episcopal Bishop of Albany, N. Y. Author.
Ettinger, F. Sumner,
Editor and Historian,
Eitel, Edmund H.,
Author and Biographer.
Fackenthal, Frank Diehl,
Secretary Columbia University.
Farley, Most Rev'd John Cardinal,
Cardinal Archbishop of New York, N. Y.
Farwell, Arthur,
Journalist and Composer.
Fay, John W.,
Editor and Historian.
Finley, John Huston, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D.,
Ex-President College City of New York. Foster, William Eaton, A.M., Litt.D.,
Librarian Public Library, Providence, R. I. George, Henry, Jr.,
Congressman and Author.
Gilbert, Henry Franklin Belknap,
Musician and Composer.
Gilman, Lawrence,
Musical Critic and Author.
Goethals, George W., LL.D.,
Major-General United States Army; Builder of the Panama Canal.
Gore, Hon. Thomas Pryor,
U. S. Senator from Oklahoma.
Grosvenor, Gilbert H.,
Director National Geographic Society.
iz
THE CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
Hamilton, J. O. d« Boulhac,
Trofckftor UniverMly of North Carolina.
Hanna, Hon. Louia Benjamin,
Governor of North Dakota.
Hazard, Caroline, A.M., Litt.D., LL.D.,
I'roidcnt WclloJey College, Mass.
Henderson, Archibald, A.M., Ph.D.,
I'rofcssor University of North Carolina.
Henry, Horace Chapin, C.E.,
Railroad Builder.
Hill, Bev. John Wesley, D.D., LL.D.,
Clergyman. Lecturer and Reformer.
Holland, William Jacob, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D.,
Zoologist, Director Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.
Hooper, William L., Ph.D.,
Professor Tufts College, Mass.
Howard, Herbert S.,
Naval Constructor, U. S. Navy.
lies, George,
Author and Editor.
James, Henry, Jr.,
Manager Rockefeller Institute, New York.
Jenks, George Charles,
Author and Journalist.
Johnson, Bossiter,
Editor and .\uthor.
Kelley, William Valentine, D.D., LL.D., L.H.D.,
Clergyman, Author and Editor.
Kennelly, Arthur Edwin, A.M., Sc.D.,
Professor Harvard University.
Kenyon, James Benjamin, Litt.D.,
Poet, Author, Editor.
Lawrence, Bt.-Bev. William, S.T.D., LL.D.,
Bishop of Massachusetts.
Lodge, Hon. Henry Cabot, Ph.D., LL.D.,
U. S. Senator from Massachusetts, Author.
MacCracken, Bev. Henry Mitchell, D.D., LL.D.,
Former Chancellor of New York University.
McGill, William A.,
Editor and Historian.
McGovem, Hon. Francis Edward,
Governor of Wisconsin.
Mantle, Lee,
Former U. S. Senator from Montana.
Markham, Edwin,
Poet, .Author and Reformer.
Martin, Frederick Boy,
Assistant General Manager Associated Press.
Marvin, Bev. Frederick Bowland, D.D.. M.D.
Clergyman, Author and Essayist. Maxim, Hudson, Sc.D.,
Inventor and Author.
Mead, William Butherford, LL.D.,
Architect.
Meany, Edmond Stephen, M.S., Litt.M.,
Professor University of Washington.
Miller, Marion Mills, Litt.D.,
Editor and Poet.
Mitchell, Silas Weir, M.D., LL.D.,
Physician and Author.
Moore, Hon. Miles Conway,
Last Governor Washington Territory.
Morgan, Forrest, A.M.,
Asst. Librarian Watkinson Library, Hartford. Moss, Frank, LL.D.,
Asst. Dist. Attorney, New York City.
Muir, John, A.M., LL.D., L.H.D.,
Geologist, Naturalist, Author.
Munroe, Charles Edward, Ph.D.,
Dean Corcoran Scientific School. Washington.
Nelson, Bt.-Bev. Charles Kinloch, D.D.,
Bishop of Atlanta.
Norris, Hon. Edwin Lee,
Ex-Governor of Montana.
Parkinson, Arthur E.,
Educator and Historian.
Penrose, Bev. Stephen, B.L., D.D.,
President Whitman College, Washington.
Piper, Edgar Bramwell,
Mng. Editor " Morning Oregonian," Portland,
Porter, Gen. Horace, LL.D.
Soldier, Diplomat, Author.
Bajrmond, Bossiter Worthington, Ph.D., LL.D.,
Mining Engineer, Editor, Author.
Boberts, Brigham Henry,
Ex-Congressman from Utah; Author.
Sargent, Charles Sprague,
Arboriculturist and Author.
Seward, Hon. Frederick William, LL.D.,
Lawyer, Statesman, Author.
Simmons, Dr. George H., M.D., L.M. LL.D.,
Physician, Medical Writer and Editor. Sheer, Bev. Thomas Boberts, A.M., D.D.,
Pastor All Souls' Church, New York; Author. Smalley, Frank, A.M., LL.D.,
Dean College Liberal Arts, Syracuse University,
Sonnichsen, Albert,
Author, Journalist, Economist. Spencer, Frederick W.,
Educator and Historian.
Stewart, Hon. Samuel Vernon,
Ex-Governor of Montana.
Stuart, Hon. Granville,
Librarian Public Library, Butte, Mont.
Taft, Hon. William Howard, LL.D.,
Ex-President of the United States. Taylor, Charles Henry,
Editor " Boston Daily Globe."
Turner, Hon. George,
Ex-Senator from Washington.
TJpham, Warren, A.M.,
Secretary Minnesota State Historical Society. Van Dyke, Hon. Henry, D.D., LL.D.,
U. S. Minister to Holland.
Van Dyke, John Charles, L.H.D.,
Professor in Rutgers College.
Wakefield, Hon. W. J. C,
Lawyer and Jurist.
White, Hon. Andrew Dickson, LL.D.. L.H.D., D.C.L., *
^°Educ t^* ^" ■'^'"'^*^'" *° Germany; Author; Wood, Charles Erskine Scott,
Soldier, Lawyer, Author.
Woodberry, George Edward, Litt.D., LL.D.,
Professor Columbia University.
APPLETONS'
CYCLOPJDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY
CHOATE
CHOATE, Joseph Hodges, lawyer, b. in Salem, Mass., 24 Jan., 1832; d. in New York City, 14 May, 1917, son of George and Margaret Man- ning (Hodges) Choate. His first paternal American ancestor, John Choate, emigrated from Colchester, England, in 1643, and settled in the town that is now Ipswich, Mass. His son Thomas was the first of the family to occupy Choate Island. Thomas's son Francis (1701- 77 ) was a farmer. William, son of Francis (1730-85), was a sea captain. His son George married Susanna, daughter of Judge Stephen Choate. Their son George, a physician (1796- 1880 ) , married Margaret Manning, daughter of Gamaliel Hodges, of Salem. He was a graduate of Harvard, and to that institution he sent his sons William Gardiner and Joseph Hodges, who were graduated in 1852, William being valedictorian and Joseph ranking fourth in the class and delivering the Latin oration. Joseph studied two years in Dane Law School, then for one year in the ofhce of Leverett Saltonstall in Boston, and in 1855 was ad- mitted to the Massachusetts bar. In that year he went to New York, bearing a letter of introduction from his father's cousin, Rufus Choate, to William M. Evarts. In 1856 he was admitted to the New York bar and en- tered the office of Butler, Evarts and South- mayd. In 1859 he became a member of the firm of Evarts, Southmayd and Choate and in 1884 this firm became Evarts, Choate and Beaman. By his habit of close study, his fine presence, his masterly oratory, his wide reading, his marvelous memory, and his keen wit Mr. Choate rapidly attained high rank in his profession and was known as one of the ablest and best-equipped lawyers of the New York bar. It was said that he was " a spe- cialist in every branch of the law." This was due to the fact that when he entered upon a case he carefully studied everything connected with it, so that in some instances he might be said to have mastered a science in order to apply his knowledge of it to the case in hand. It was notable that his talents were not always arrayed in defense of the same general principles. He might at one time plead for the rights and privileges of the fed- eral government, against the encroachments of corporations, and again push to the utmost the^ claims of individuals or corporations against the government. His justification may
CHOATE
be found in some of his public utterances. In his speech when he unveiled the statue of Rufus Choate he said : " His theory of ad- vocacy was the only possible theory consistent with the sound and wholesome administration of justice: that, with all loyalty to truth and honor, he must devote his best talents and attainments, all that he was and all that he could, to the support and enforcement of the cause committed to his trust." And of James C. Carter he said : " He was very far from limiting himself to causes that he thought would win, or to such as were sound in law or right in fact. No genuine advocate that I know of has ever done that. He held that an advocate may properly maintain either side of any cause that a court may hear." Mr. Choate appeared probably in more trials of note than any of his contemporaries; in fact, his services were sought in all the cele- brated cases of his time. Among his memo- rable cases was the income tax case, probably the one of widest interest, involving the con- stitutionality of the Income Tax Law of 1894. He appeared before the Supreme Court in May, 1895, to argue against the law; and though he was opposed by James C. Carter and other eminent counsel, the court decided in his favor. Maj.-Gen. Fitz John Porter, accused of gross disobedience of orders at the second battle of Bull Run, 29 Aug., 1862, was tried by court-martial, cashiered, and " forever dis- qualified from holding any office of trust or profit under the .government of the United States." This led to a long and acrimonious controversy, with petitions for a reversal. President Hayes appointed an advisory board of three major generals, and Mr. Choate ap- peared as advocate for General Porter. The board recommended annulment of the sentence, but a bill to that effect failed to pass Congress. It was passed later, but was vetoed on a tech- nical objection by President Arthur. When it was passed a second time, President Cleve- land signed it. This was perhaps the most famous case of the kind that ever occurred. The circumstances of the battle were so pecul- iar, and the testimony so conflicting, that there was room for honest difference of opin- ion. Mr. Choate's chief credit was due to the minute and patient care with which he studied the campaign in its every element — military, topographical, psychological, legal — and made
CHOATE
CHOATE
himself complete master of the problem; and Mr. Choate not onlv succeeded in establishing Porter's innocence, but in having him restored to rank. Another unique and intricate case was that of Luigi di Cesnola, who, while Ameri- can consul at Cyprus, exhumed a great num- ber of antiquities in thiit island, and brought them to the MetroiK)litan Museum of Art. Certain critics questioned their genuineness, declaring that many of them were either wholly spurious or patched up The newspapers were fiercely partisan, and the matter was sub- mitted to a committee of five well-known citi- zens, who pronounced in Cesnola's favor. Then a lil)el suit was brought against him, and the jury disagreed Mr. Choate, as Cesnola's ad- voctite. made an extensive study of archaeology. It might be said that in such cases he was his own expert. Among other important cases in which he appeared were the contests over the wills of Commodore Vanderbilt and Samuel J. Tilden. In the test of the Chinese Exclu- sion Act he argued against the validity of the law. Another singular case was that of David Naegle. Da:vid S Terry, who had killed Sena- tor Broderick in a duel, had a grudge against Justice Field of the Supreme Court, because of a decision that disinherited his wife, and he threatened the life of the Justice. Therefore Naegle, a detective, was assigned to duty to protect him. When Terry found Field in a railroad restaurant in California, and struck him while Mrs. Terry ran back to the train for a revolver, Naegle promptly shot him dead. For this, Naegle was tried, the plea being that the fiKleral government had no right to author- ize such a proceeding in California. Mr. Choate argued for the supremacy of the gov- ernment, and Naegle was acquitted. The Pribilof Islands in Behring Sea, which belong to the United States, are the breeding-grounds of the very valuable Alaska seal herd; and serious complaints were made when Canadian boats from Victoria persisted in pursuing the seals on their way to and from the breeding- ground and killing them indiscriminately in the deep sea, which threatened destruction of the entire herd. The American contention in- volved the assumption that Behring was a closed sea and the seals belonged to the United States. The question was arbitrated, Mr. Choate con- ducted the case for the Canadians, and they won. He was counsel for David Stewart in his suit against Collis P. Huntington, one of the principal owners of the Central Pacific Railway, for recovery of a very large sum, claimed as the result of a stock transaction ; and he was counsel also for Riclmrd ^I. Hunt, the eminent architect, against Paran Stevens, for whom he built the Victoria Hotel. In the former case he was opposed by Roscoe Conk- ling, and in both cases his powers of ridicule were displayed liberally. But the most notable and picturesque case in this respect was that of Laidlaw against Sage. A lunatic had en- tered the office of Russell Sage carrying a bomb and demanding a million dollars. Pres- ently he dropped the bomb, which exploded, killing him and another man, and wounding Laidlaw, who was there on a business errand Laidlaw declared that Mr. Sage had seized him and used him as a shield to protect himself. Mr. Choate who appeared for the plaintiff, in his cross-questioning and his plea played
humorously upon Mr. Sage's reputation for penuriousness and won a verdict of $25,000 for his client. On appeal, the verdict was set aside, and a second trial gave the plaintill $43,000. This also was set aside on appeal, the higher court holding that ridicule of Mr. Sage's personal peculiarities should not have been allowed. Mr. Choate was engaged in two notable political cases. One was the prosecu- tion of the notorious Tweed ring in the city of New York; the other was known as the ♦* theft of the State Senate by the Hill ring," one Maynard being seated there on the strength of a spurious return. In the contest over the will of Mrs. Leland Stanford, Mr. Choate's success secured the establishment of Leland Stanford Junior University with a magnifi- , cent endowment. He also appeared in the Credit Mobilier case, involving the contract for the construction of the Union Pacific Rail- road ; several cases against the so-called Standard Oil Trust and the Tobacco Trust, involving millions of dollars; Gebhard vs. Canada Southern Railway Company, affecting the rights of holders of foreign railway bonds; Miller vs. Mayor, etc., of New York, con- cerning the lawfulness of the construction of the first New York and Brooklyn Bridge; the i Bell Telephone case, involving the validity of ' the basic Bell telephone patent; Philadelphia Fire Association vs. New York, involving the constitutionality of the reciprocal and retail- . atory taxation laws against foreign corpora- 1 tions enacted by many of the States; the de- 1 fense of Commodore McCalla, charged with alleged breaches of the naval regulations, be- fore the naval court-martial; the Kansas pro- hibition law case, in which was attacked the validity of the Kansas liquor law^; Hutchinson vs. the New York Stock Exchange and of Loubart vs. the Union Club, in each of which he succeeded in securing the reinstatement of the plaintiff to membership, and because of the novel questions involved, attracted great public interest. Among the sensational will contests in which he participated were the Cruger, A. T. Stewart, Hopkins-Searles, Hoyt and Drake, and he also conducted the investi- gation of the Defender-Valkyrie controversy, arising out of charges made by Lord Dunraven as to the conduct of the international yacht race between those boats. His audacity in the courtroom was not exhibited solely toward witnesses and opposing counsel; on occasion it struck toward the bench. To one judge who was listless he said : " Your honor, I have forty minutes in which to sum up, and I shall need every minute of it and your strict atten- tion besides." " You shall have it," said the judge. On another occasion the presiding judge was about to punish John W. Goff for alleged discourtesy to the court while defend- ing a prisoner. Mr. Choate denied that Goff had committed the offense. " But I saw him do it," said the judge. "Then," said Mr. Choate, " of course it becomes a question be- tween your honor's personal observation and the observation of a cloud of witnesses who testify to the contrary. Was your honor ever conscious of being absolutely convinced from the very outset of a trial, that a certain per- son was guilty? If not, you are more than human. W^as your honor ever conscious, as the trial proceeded, that it was impossible to
2
CHOATE
CHOATE
conceal your conviction? If not, you are more than human. That has happened in many courts, and when it does happen it rouses the spirit of resistance in every advocate who understands his duty." And Mr. Choate car- ried his point. His abounding humor, ready wit, and easy delivery made him a successful after-dinner speaker and he was called on for popular addresses on many public occasions. His published work consists of little else than such addresses, some of which were greatly admired. Among these were his tributes to Abraham Lincoln, Admiral Farragut, Benja- min Franklin, Rufus Choate, and the United States Supreme Court. He spoke also in favor of abolishing the exemption of American ships from tolls in using the Panama Canal. Though he sometimes took part as a speaker in po- litical campaigns, beginning with his speeches for Fremont in 1856, he was a candidate for political office but once. He had said that he would neither seek office nor decline it if it were offered. In 1897, Republicans who were dissatisfied with Senator Piatt attempted to replace him with Mr. Choate; but Mr. Piatt secured his re-election by control of the Re- publican caucus in the Legislature. Mr. Choate presided over the State Constitutional Con- vention of 1894, and headed the American dele- gation to The Hague Conference. He never saved up his wit for special occasions, but let it fly out whenever and wherever circumstances suggested it. Much of it came from his famil- iarity with classic literature and his ready knack of giving an unexpected application to a familiar passage. On an occasion when he was addressing a large audience, while the portly form of President Cleveland was beside him, after the famous witticism about the " Sun " and the " Post," and their alternative relations to vice and virtue, he pretended to increase the perplexity with, " We are puzzled, too, to know ' on what meat doth this our Caesar feed that he has grown so great.' " Many epi- grams and bits of unstudied humor have been popularly attributed to Mr. Choate, some of which he disowned; but he acknowledged the authorship of the most original and pleasing of them all. Being asked at a dinner who he would choose to be if he could not be Joseph H. Choate, he answered promptly, "Mrs. Choate's second husband." In 1899 President McKinley appointed Mr. Choate Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, to succeed Hon. John Hay, and he held that office six years. His great learning, ready wit, and geniality made him a favorite in England. And well he might be; for his interest was not confined to the Court and the attractions of London. Ac- companied by his daughter, he made frequent tours in the kingdom, entered into the spirit of village life, and especially visited the coun- try schools, where sometimes he catechized the children in a pleasantly humorous way, re- warding the best answers with a little money. In a Fourth-of-July speech in London he said that studies of English manners and institu- tions took him back to " the time when the dear mother country had not seceded from the common partnership," and he momentarily took away tlie breath of his auditors by add- ing gravely that the way was open for the mother country to come back. When his term of office was ended and he was preparing to
return home, every possible honor was con- ferred upon him. Oxford gave him the degree of D.C.L. as a matter of course; but, most notable of all, he was made a bencher of the Inner Temple, an honor that had not been presented to an American since it was given to five signers of the Declaration of Independ- ence. He received also the freedom of the city of Edinburgh. He was entertained by the Pilgrims Club, Lord Roberts presiding, and bench and bar united in an affectionate fare- well. Both of his law partners died during his absence, but on his return he resumed practice. He was now called upon for many public services. At various times he was presi- dent of the American Bar Association, the New York State Bar Association, New York City Bar Association, Harvard Law School Associa- tion, Harvard Alumni Association, the Union League and Harvard Clubs, the New England Society of New York, and the Pilgrim Society; a governor of the New York Hospital, a trus- tee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and of the American Museum of Natural History since the foundation of each, vice-president of the American Society for Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, foreign honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, member of the Colonial Society (Mass.), the American Philosophical Society, trustee of the Equitable Life Assurance Society, the New York Life Insurance Company, and director in the German Alliance Insurance Company and the German-American Insurance Company. He was also president of the New York Associa- tion for the Blind and of the Board of Man- agers of the State Charities' Association. On 24 April, 1917, he delivered a notable address at the annual meeting of the members of the Associated Press, in which he said : " If Lincoln were here today, his prayer would be verified and glorified into the prayer that all civilized nations shall now have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from any portion of the earth. Now I think it is not difficult to understand what this war is. It is a war for the preservation of free government throughout the civilized world. And I believe that I may include in that not only free governments of the allied nations and the neutral nations, but of Ger- many itself." This same speech contained a specimen of his high magnanimity. From the beginning of the war in Europe his sympathies were ardently with the Allies. Impatient at what was commonly regarded as delay on the part of the Administration, he became a severe critic of President Wilson, and his demand, " For God's sake, hurry up ! " echoed through- out the country. But relations with Germany had just been severed, and Mr. Choate re- marked : " But now we see what the President was waiting for and how wisely he waited." Mr. Choate was a lover of peace and of jus- tice secured by peaceful means. At the Second Hague Peace Conference, where he headed the American delegation, he was the champion of every method of abolishing war. In his proposal for compulsory arbitration, which succumbed to the fatal opposition of Germany, he had an impassioned burst about the alternatives to settlement of international disputes by judicial process — a burst which almost has a prophetic
CHOATE
PORTER
air, in view of what haa since occurred: "Let us resume all the savage practices of ancient tiroes. Let us sack cities and put their inhabi- tants to the sword. Let us bombard undefended towns. I^t us cast to the winds the rights of security that have l)een accorded to neutrals. Let us make the sulTerings of soldiers and sail- ors in and aftor l>attle as frightful as possible. Let U8 xvipt' out all that tlu' Red Cross has ac- coroplisheil at Geneva, and the whole record of the First Peace Conference at The Hague, and all the negotiations and lofty aspirations that have resulted in the summoning of the present conferenc<»." If since the war he displayed indignation against GtTnuiny's reversion to kKarlmroiH warfare, it was prompted by his in- stincts as an international lawyer and a friend of peace. In May, when the city of New York wehxmuHl and fettnl the French and British envoys— Marshal Joffre, M. Ren6 Viviani, and the Right Uonorable Arthur James Balfour — Mr. Choate, as chairman of the Mayor's Com- mittee, was the chief speaker at all the func- tions. Sunday, 13 May, he attended the serv- ices in the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, and on bidding farewell to Mr. Balfour at the close he said cheerily: '* Remember, we shall meet again, to celebrate the victory." Mon- day night he was taken seriously ill, and with the words, *' I think this is the end," he passed away. Although he had just recovered from an attack of grippe, he seemed in good health and entered with zest into the various re- ceptions tendered the French and the English war missions. His death, however, due to heart failure, was attributed directly to over- exertion incident to his participation in these many celebrations. It was a shock to the com- munity. Besides the countless tributes of af- fection and admiration and tokens of grati- tude by the civic and benevolent associations in which he was interested in America, it brought expressions of sorrow from every quar- ter of the globe. President Wilson in his message of sympathy to Mrs. Choate said: " May I not join in expressing what I be- lieve to be the grief of the whole nation at the death of your honored and distinguished husband. The news of it came as a great shock to me, and I wish to carry to you my most heartfelt sympathy." Among the con- dolences from abroad was one from King George to Mrs. Choate, which read : " The Queen and I are much distressed to hear of the sudden death of 'Sir. Choate, whom we knew so well and regarded with a strong feel- ing of friendsliip and respect. My people will join witli me in mourning the loss of your husband." There were many eulogiums in America. Tlie special memorial meeting of the Union League Club, of which he was a mem- ber for fifty years and president in 1873, vibrated with speeches of deep and personal feeling by many of its meml)ers, including Charles E. Hughes, president of the club, and Chauncey M. Depew. The resolutions which they adopted characterized him as " eminent in all his walks in life and pre-eminent in the hearts of all his fellow citizens. ... To Mr. Choate was given the supreme blessing of arriving at the wisdom and distinction of age without revealing the penalties of advancing years. Never did he stand more gracefully or more majestically in the public eye than dur-
ing those last days when he filled a part exacting and conspicuous in the civic cere- monials of welcome to the allied commissioners of France and England." The Merchants' Association in an extensive statement said: " For the benefit of those who give or will have the future opportunity to give personal service in civic aflfairs we earnestly commend a study of the life of Joseph Hodges Choate, distinguished lawyer, diplomat, statesman, companion, and friend." As a mark of honor all the official flags and those on many office buildings, clubs and private residences in New York were lowered to half-mast. Mr. Choate was interested in numerous charities, especially those devoted to tlie blind, in appreciation of which the school and workshop in Paris for soldiers blinded in battle was named in his honor — the Phare de France-Choate War Me- morial, of which he had become president of the committee at its organization soon after the war started. Not only did high officials of the European nations join in tribute at the funeral ceremony in America, but impressive memorial services in his honor were held abroad. In St. Margaret's Church, Westmin- ster, England, the Archbishop of Canterbury said : " Mr. Choate was a pre-eminently great American citizen, a conspicuous example of what is pure and without reproach in the pub- lic civil life of a great country." At the serv- ices in Temple Church, London, the Lord Chief Justice said: 'Mr. Choate was a lawyer above everything. He was cradled in the law, loved his profession, and his thoughts were influenced by the study of the law. He was not only an American lawyer but a bencher of the Inner Temple. He also was a great Ambassador and one of the most distinguished citizens of the United States. He is remembered as one who was graceful and eloquent in his orations and dignified and lofty in his more serious utter- ances. He had charm and humor in his lighter eff"orts, and throughout all there could always be traced one great ideal, co-operation between our two nations." Besides the host of distinguished men gathered within St. Barthol- omew's Church, New York, at the funeral serv- ice, thousands, with bared heads, kept silent vigil outside, while the school children in New York in special assembly were learning the life of their country's first citizen — the highest type of American culture. He was buried in his private cemetery at Stockbridge, and the ceremony was marked by the revival of an ancient burial custom: the body was carried to the grave on a farm wagon covered with branches of laurel and drawn by two horses from his estate, " Naumkeag." He was mar- ried, 16 Oct., 1861, to Caroline Dutcher Ster- ling, daughter of Frederick A. Sterling, of Cleveland, Ohio, and they were the parents of five children. He is survived by his wife and three children: George, Joseph Hodges, Jr., and Mabel Choate.
PORTER, Horace, soldier, author, and diplo- mat, b. in Huntingdon, Pa., 15 April, 1837, son of David Rittenhouse and Josephine (Mc- Dermett) Porter. His father was State sena- tor and twice elected governor of the State of Pennsylvania, and upon his retirement from public office engaged extensively in the manU' facture of iron at Reading, Harrisburg, and Lancaster, Pa. The first American ancestor
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was Robert Porter, who emigrated from Lon- donderry, Ireland, in 1720, and settled in Londonderry, N. H., afterward buying land in Montgomery County, Pa. His son, Andrew Porter, the grandfather of Horace Porter, was a man of great distinction in both State and military affairs. He early manifested talent for mathematics, and under the advice of Dr. David Rittenhouse opened, in 1767, an English and mathematical school in Philadelphia. On the outbreak of the Revolution he was ap- pointed, by Congress, a captain of the marines ; was transferred later to the artillery, where he was advanced through various promotions to the rank of colonel of the Fourth Pennsyl- vania Artillery, and held this command to the close of the war. In 1773 he declined the chair of mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1812, on account of the infirmities of old age, declined the offices of brigadier-general of the U. S. army, and of Secretary of War in President Monroe's Cabi- net. Gov. David R. Porter lived in Har- risburg, Pa., during his tenure of oflfice, and his son Horace there obtained his early educa- tion. Later he attended school in Lawrence- ville, N. J., preparatory to entering Princeton University; but having decided upon a mili- tary career, he entered the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University in 1854. He was appointed to West Point a year later, being graduated 1 July, 1860, in a class that was one of the only two that ever passed through a five-year term. He was third in rank among forty-one classmates, many of whom later be- came famous in military life. Horace Porter was unusually well equipped by nature and training for a successful career and his educa- tion was completed just at the time when his country stood most in need of his services. From his grandfather he had inherited a math- ematical turn of mind as well as a preference for military life, and when a boy had become thoroughly acquainted with machinery in his father's iron works. He early manifested great inventive genius and invented a water- test for boiling water, which was successfully employed in his father's furnaces. He is also the inventor of the ticket-canceling boxes in use on the subway and elevated stations in New York City. This peculiar mental com- bination of mechanical and military tendencies * strongly biased General Porter in the selection of his arm of service, and he adopted the ordnance, being appointed to a brevet second lieutenant, 1 July, 1861. He remained at West Point as inspector for the next three months, and then joined the expedition against
kPort Royal under General Sherman and Ad- miral Dupont. Later he received his appoint- ment as first lieutenant of ordnance, and in the next year acted as assistant ordnance officer at Hilton Head, afterward engaging as chief of ordnance and artillery, in the erection of batteries at Tybee Island, Ga., for the reduc- tion of Fort Pulaski. During the ensuing siege, which occurred 10 and 11 April, 1862, Lieu- tenant Porter was breveted captain, his com- mission having been granted " for gallant and meritorious services at the siege of Fort Pulaski." He was also presented with a sword captured from an officer of the enemy, bearing Captain Porter's name and the in- scription, " For gallant and meritorious serv-
PORTER
ice." Captain Porter was next connected with the James Island expedition, and during the assault on Secessionville, S. C, was wounded in the hand by a piece of shell. In July, 1862, he was made chief of ordnance of the Army of the Potomac under General McClellan; joined his new command at Harrison's Landing, on James River, and superintended the military transfer into Maryland. After the battle of Antietam, 29 Sept., 1862, he was made chief of ordnance of the Army of the Ohio; on 28 Jan., 1863, became chief of ordnance of the Army of the Cumberland; and 13 March was appointed as captain, and, until November, en- gaged in general staff duty on the field. At the battle of Chickamauga, 19 and 20 Sept., 1863, Captain Porter won particular distinc- tion. With 500 men, and without orders, he rode to the top of a hill that was partly screened by underbrush, and by keeping up a rapid fire, to give the impression of a much larger force, delayed the enemy for at least twenty minutes, so that a number of guns and provision wagons were saved for the forces of General Rosecrans, of whose staff Captain Por- ter was a member. Nearly all of his men were killed or wounded, and he himself was wounded by a fragment of a shell, but was the last to leave the hill. For his conspicuous gallantry and initiative on this occasion Captain Porter received the Congressional Medal of Honor. He was next assigned to duty at Chattanooga under General Thomas, who succeeded General Rosecrans as head of the Army of the Cum- berland. Here he first met General Grant, upon whom he made such an excellent impres- sion that the general shortly afterward wrote to Washington asking for the appointment of the young officer as brigadier-general in his own military division. \Vhen General Grant was made lieutenant-general of all the armies, he appointed Captain Porter an aide-de-camp upon his staff with the rank of lieutenant- colonel, the appointment dating April, 1864. In this capacity he served with General Grant in the field through the Wilderness and Peters- burg campaigns, and until the end of the war. At the battle of the Wilderness, he was bre- vetted major, " for gallant and meritorious service." During the four years of his mili- tary career he was promoted five times, always for " gallant and meritorious military serv- ice " in the field. After the explosion of the mine at Petersburg, when General Grant went to the front on foot to order the withdrawal of the assaulting columns, he took with him only one aide-de-camp. Colonel Porter. To- gether they climbed over the obstructions, passed through the artillery fire of the enemy, and successfully executed this heroic act which they would not have asked of any private. On 16 Aug., 1864, Colonel Porter was brevotted lieutenant-colonel of the U. S. army, and in February, 1865, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He was present with Grant at the capitulation of Lee at Appomattox Court House, and in recognition of his services was presented by General Grant with the head- quarters flag used on that occasion. On 13 March, 1865, he was brevettod a brigadier- general of the U. S. army. At the close of the war General Porter remained with General Grant at headquarters at Washington. His relations with General Grant continued to be
PORTER
PORTER
▼ery close, and on occaBiona when Grant was pr«8ent at receptions given in his honor, Gen- eral Porter always responded in behalf of hia old commander to the toasts and addresses made complimentary to him. On these occa- sions General Grant found a brilliant substi- tute in General Porter, whose eloquence and wit as an orator rank him among the great after-dinner speakers of the country, sUch as Joseph H. Choate, Chauncey M. Depew, James T. Brady. William M. Kvarts, Richard O'Gor- man. Ogden Ilotrman, and John Van Buren. Apropos of his ability as an orator is the following anoodole: " Ji>aeph II. Choate, in concluding one of his brilliant speeches at a dinner at which both General Porter and Chauncey M. IK^pew were present, extended to them a 'greeting that was warmly applauded: • I am sure,' he said, his face beaming with delight, * you would not allow me to quit this pleasing program if 1 did not felicitate you upon the presence of two other gentlemen with- out whom no banquet is ever complete. I mean, of course, General Porter and Mr. Depew. Their splendid efforts on a thousand fields like this have fairly won their golden spurs.' " At the close of Grant's first ad- ministration, in 1873, General Porter retired from active military life. He had been en- gaged in inspection of army posts from 1866; as Assistant Secretary of War, in 1868; and as private secretary charged with private busi- ness during Grant's term of office. General Porter later entered business life as vice- president of the Pullman Palace Car Company. Tliis connection brought him into contact with the promoters of the West Shore Railroad, and he became its first president, in 1883. He w^as also asstx'iated with a number of other, large ventures and was recognized as a pow^erful element in important financial operations. He became the first president of the New York, West Shore and Buflfalo Railroad Company; president of the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway Company; director in the Atlantic and Pacific Railway; Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway; Oregon Rail- way and Navigation Company; Ontario and Western Railroad; Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad; the U. S. Guarantee Company; Equital)le Life Assurance Company; Land and Improvement Company; and the Conti- nental National Bank. General Porter was not content to rest with his reputation as an army officer and a financier, but rendered im- portant public service in many ways. He personally collected the necessary funds, amounting to $600,000, for the erection of Grant's Tomb, in Riverside Drive, New York City. He spent $35,000 of his own money and the greater part of six years in France in locating and bringing to* the United States the body of John Paul Jones, receiving for his services, by unanimous vote, the thanks of Congress and the privilege of the floor of both Houses for life. The remarkable search which ultimately resulted in the finding of the body of John Paul Jones, not improperly considered the father of the U. S. Navy, was begun in June, 1890. The admiral had died in Paris, 18 July, 1702, during the most turbulent days of the French Revolution, which may, in ' a measure, account for the little interest that was taken in the event on this side of the
Atlantic. The place of his burial remained a mystery, not to be solved for more than 100 years. The account of General Porter's long search reads like a modern detective novel. His first task was to find some record of the burial. This had undoubtedly been registered, but the register, which had been housed in an annex of the Hotel de Ville, was burned dur- ing the days of the Commune, in 1871. The elder Dumas, in his romance " The Pioneer," indicates that John Paul Jones was buried in the Per6 Lachaise Cemetery. An examination of the old register of this cemetery soon proved that this statement was really not more than it pretended to be — fiction. An examination of the registers of other cemeteries which had existed at the time of Paul Jones' death proved equally unavailing. The first promis- ing clew that presented itself was an article in an old antiquarian magazine, written by Charles Read, an archeologist, who quoted what he declared was a copy of the registra- tion of the burial which had been burned with . the Hotel de Ville. This stated that John Paul Jones had been buried in the cemetery for foreign Protestants. Mr. Read added his personal opinion that this must have been the Cemetery of St. Louis, since the word " the " would indicate only one such a cemetery, and the Dutch ambassador had requested the French government that the Cemetery of St. Louis be reserved for this purpose. An in- vestigation of all old records bearing even indirectly on this point finally convinced Gen- eral Porter that Mr. Read's opinion had been based on sound logic. But the Cemetery of St. Louis had been closed in 1793, within six months after John Paul Jones' burial there. The space it had once covered was now in a very unpleasant quarter of the city, one of the slums, in fact, on which stood a block of build- ings of inferior class, the neighborhood being known as " Le Combat," from having been formerly the scene of dog and cock fights. Old plans of that section of the city were next consulted and the ancient boundaries of the cemetery were defined with some accuracy. From letters written at the time of John Paul Jones' death to his sister, by a friend who was with him during his last moments, it was known that he had been buried in a lead cof- fin, at the expense of a French police official. Thus there was hope that there might remain some means to identifying the remains. Gen- eral Porter now proposed to tunnel the old site of the cemetery, under the houses. After a delay of two years, on account of the ex- orbitant prices demanded by the house owners, this work was finally begun, under the super- vision of M. Paul Weiss, a member of the Paris municipal engineers, assigned to the work by the mayor. Several shafts were sunk, then began the tunneling, back and forth. That there had been no mistake in the loca- tion was indicated by the heaps of bones that were unearthed. On 22 Feb., 1906, the work- men unearthed a lead coffin, the first of five that were discovered during the operations. The copper plate fastened to this coffin, how- ever, proved its occupant to have been one Richard Hay. The second lead coffin also contained unmistakable proofs that the end of the search was not yet. On 31 March, the third lead coffin was discovered. This bore
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lie, or any other outer ruoans of identi-
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is and opened. A po" ^^ ' ' -mell of
1 escaped through the fi< e that
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r
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^ lis. A
» American squadron.
impressive ceremonies,
by the French government, the
,,ht aboard the American battle-
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iiich John Paul Jones had been the
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among the many historical occa-
1 which General Porter has been
s the inauguration of the Washing-
Nevr York, 1895; dedication of
, 1R97; inauguration of the
, Washington. I> C, May,
;o; cenLeiuiiai of the foundation of West
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of the body of John Paul Jones at An-
: lis, April, 1906; unveiling of the stattie
^ -1} Sheridan, in Washingum, 1). C,
1909; memorial services in Brook-
. . i., upon the death of General Sher-
tu; unveiling of the bust of General Ilan-
!•; unveiling of the Grant Equestrian
Mie in Brookl.'V'n; and the laying of the
:;iierft* and Saihirs' Memorial at Pittsburgh,
) , :;tr<< Porter has held many positions
"Gold Medal for Patriotism"; in h)04 the- French government conferred upon Mm the " Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor," the first time it was ever awarded to an American. While in Paris, General Porter delivertKl a number of notable orations in the French lan- guage. In PJ07 he was appointed delegate, with the rank of ambassador, to the Second Hague Peace Conference, where he aucceed^-d in having adopted by the nations the *' Prop- osition Porter," which prohibited the collec- tion by force of arms of contract debts, claimed to be due from one government to the citizens of another government, and he compelled re- sort to peaceful arbitration. General Porter is a fluent writer, a lover of books, and an accomplished linguist Hfi is the author of '* West Point Life" (1866); " Camrai^ntng ^ it" (1898>. and ha- ' ■'■-'^
; rl<^ of interest to th. <"«
)U-
of
.■at
^ ^vavv >-.uifeUw. X-ti'^nal
of ihe American I»e> olu-
of the International Law
norary m-ember of the So-
' ■■ . iu i. : :' Miiati; a member of the Xew-
SUte Bar Association; New York Cham-
,..., oi Commerce; Society of Foreign Wari?;
Literary Society of Princeton University; tlu?
Metropolitan, Century, University, Author-.\
Lotus, and other clubs; is commander of the
Georae Washington Post of the G. A. K., and
the Military Order of the Loyal Legion; and
is a patron of the Metropolitan Mur'tnnn uf
Art and the American Museum of NaiurrJ
Historv. New York City. He has rccoived th^
degree' of LL.D. from *\A' ill iams College, an-l
from 'Union, Princeton, and Harvard Univvr?;-
ties. On 23 Dec, 1863, General Porter ju:^y-
ried Sophie K., daughter of John McH;.rrr. *
Albany. N. Y. They had three sons nn.' (.;:■
daughter, of whom "two, Clar>Mici- and Llsin
Portff, sttrvive
ymiCK, Henry Clay, h in West Overton, Ps 19 Dec, 1849, son of .lohn Wilson and El- i beth (Overholt) Frlek His earllc-^ Amer. in anftestor came from Switzerland in IToo c., ^ . tling in we>!icrn Pennsylvania. the h's- «. ' descent 't^ then traced throngli his -^'Mi. Gc( i»« Frick, who establisiied himsolt on a far.
that region
lis son, DkTiiel Frick, h in ^'
who married Catherine Mil lev in ISUh their son, John W. Frick, b. in I ^-'22, \\h the father of the subject of tV.;^ r.-i'.u. mother was of (Tonuim Jincestry. il" -
In 1892 he was delcgjite to Ihe of Abraham Ovcrh(dt, a lar.downer iv
n Nominating Convention, 'ominating Whlrchnv Reid
.i.^, !?- ■Vo\cmber. 1S97, Gen-
P<»rter orgftnae<t tij«. " sonud UKiney "
id*' in New York (. '!y, \ud on ti-is oconsioi!
•.i:.'«hed at tlu' hrmd "f a *'>l!in;M of 13.">,0of^
/:»'nfi. He ai^" cinonunded Ih** ij.a\;gur..il
i..de in \V:» hin;.rton, O, (' on the occasion
■ McKinley'h hrsi inntJs?n».^ J<.)U. He was
A- I'uinted IT S; }i!nb;i>;-,a'lor to TriMife iri 1897;
[•••'i Kerved until ]"»(•,- V'or L<'V»'ral ycuvs al.-^n
h.. ,VHP honorary pi^'^idi. ti' "■ 'he \tn''ri;-3n
Chamber of Commen-o in I'liris In 190} Oie
Sultan of Turkey bc;-<')\v'd upon liiuj tht
ing miller and di-tillcr in w i»>^*' vania. Hcnrv Clav Frick enih'
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PORTER
FRICK
no plate, or any other outer means of identi- fication. It was, therefore, removed from the tunnels and opened. A powerful smell of alcohol escaped through the first aperture that was made, and as the work proceeded it was obvious that the body had been preserved in spirits, a custom by no means uncommon in those days. Finally the body was entirely un- covered, except for the winding sheet. When this was removed from the features of the corpse, the crowd of spectators gasped, for not only were they in a wonderful state of preser- vation, but those present who were acquainted with the appearance of John Paul Jones, through portraits and busts, had no difficulty in recognizing him. All the tests that science was able to apply were now brought into requisition. An autopsy showed unmistakable signs of the disease from which John Paul Jones had died; not only that, the lungs still bore scars of pneumonia, and it was known that he had suffered from pneumonia while in the Russian service, and that he had been com- pelled to leave Russia on that account. On 20 April, the body was carefully restored to its lead coffin, which was placed in a second and a larger lead coffin, then placed in the vaults of the American Church of the Holy Trinity, to await the disposition of the Ameri- can government. On receipt of the reports President Roosevelt immediately sent a battle- ship squadron to bring the body home, there to be interred in the crypt of the new chapel of the Naval Academy, at Annapolis. A French fleet welcomed the American squadron. With magnificent and impressive ceremonies, participated in by the French government, the body was brought aboard the American battle- ship, and so carried across the ocean under the flag which John Paul Jones had been the first to fly from the gaff of any warship. Included among the many historical occa- sions upon which General Porter has been orator was, the inauguration of the Washing- ton Arch, New York, 1895; dedication of Grant's Tomb, April, 1897; inauguration of the Rochambeau Statue, Washington, D. C, May, 1902; centennial of the foundation of West Point Military Academy, June, 1902; inter- ment of the body of John Paul Jones at An- napolis, April, 1906; unveiling of the statue of General Sheridan, in Washington, D. C, November, 1909; memorial services in Brook- lyn, N. Y., upon the death of General Sher- man; unveiling of the bust of General Han- cock; unveiling of the Grant Equestrian Statue in Brooklyn; and the laying of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial at Pittsburgh, Pa., General Porter has held many positions of public trust. In 1892 he was delegate to the National Republican Nominating Convention, making the speech nominating Whitelaw Reid for vice-president. In November, 1897, Gen- eral Porter organized the " sound money " parade in New York City, and on this occasion marched at the head of a column of 135,000 citizens. He also commanded the inaugural parade in Washington, D. C, on the occasion of McKinley's first inauguration. He was appointed U. S. ambassador to France in 1897; and served until 1905. For several years also he was honorary president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Paris. In 1901 the Sultan of Turkey bestowed upon him the
"Gold Medal for Patriotism"; in 1904 the* French government conferred upon him the " Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor," the first time it was ever awarded to an American. While in Paris, General Porter delivered a number of notable orations in the French lan- guage. In 1907 he was appointed delegate, with the rank of ambassador, to the Second Hague Peace Conference, where he succeeded in having adopted by the nations the " Prop- osition Porter," which prohibited the collec- tion by force of arms of contract debts, claimed to be due from one government to the citizens of another government, and he compelled re- sort to peaceful arbitration. General Porter is a fluent writer, a lover of books, and an accomplished linguist. I^e is the author of " West Point Life " (1866) ; " Campaigning with Grant" (1898), and has contributed many articles of interest to the newspapers and periodicals of the country. He is a mem- ber of many prominent military and social organizations; is president of the Grant Monu- ment Association, Union League Club, Society of the Army of the Potomac, Association of West Point Graduates, U. S. Navy League, National Society of the Sons of the American Revolu- tion; vice-president of the International Law Association, and honorary member of the So- ciety of the Cincinnati; a member of the New York State Bar Association; New York Cham- ber of Commerce; Society of Foreign Wars; Literary Society of Princeton University; the Metropolitan, Century, University, Authors', Lotus, and other clubs; is commander of the George Washington Post of the G. A. R., and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion; and is a patron of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Museum of Natural History, New York City. He has received the degree of LL.D. from Williams College, and from Union, Princeton, and Harvard Universi- ties. On 23 Dec, 1863, General Porter mar- ried Sophie K., daughter of John McHarg, of Albany, N. Y. They had three sons and one daughter, of whom two, Clarence and Elsie Porter, survive.
FRICK, Henry Clay, b in West Overton, Pa , 19 Dec, 1849, son of John Wilson and Eliza- beth (Overholt) Frick. His earliest American ancestor came from Switzerland in 1750, set- tling in western Pennsylvania. The line of descent is then traced through his son, George Frick, who established himself on a farm in that region; his son, Daniel Frick, b in 1796, who married Catherine Miller in 1819; and their son, John W. Frick, b. in 1822, who was the father of the subject of this review. His mother was of German ancestry, the daughter of Abraham Overholt, a landowner and a lead- ing miller and distiller in western Pennsyl- vania. Henry Clay Frick early gave evidence of the earnestness of purpose that distinguished his subsequent career. At the ago of ton he is found attending the district school and, dur- ing the summer holidays, gathering sheaves in the whoatfield and performing other light chores on the farm, thereby earning sufficient money to buy his clothes for the ensuing year. At the ago of fourteen he began his phe- nomenal business career as a clerk in a country store at Mount Pleasant, Pa., conducted by Overholt, Shallenborgor and Company. At nineteen, he left the store to become book-
FRICK
FRICK
Jceeper in his grandfather Overholt's flouring- mill and distillery at Broad Ford, Pa., the center of the Connellsville coal district. A survey of Prick's activities in the coke in- dustry is necessarily a history of the Connells- ville region. He has been the leading spirit in its development, and he alone effected the con- solidation of the industry as it now stands. With a foresight unusual in one of his years, he was the first to recognize the importance to the expanding iron industries of this rich de- posit of coking coal; he built roads for trans- porting it, and m some centers Connellsville coke is known only as Frick coke. In 1871 young Frick, with Abraham O. Tintsman, one of his grandfather's partners, and Joseph Hist, organ- ized the firm of Frick and Company. They had three hundred acres of coal lands and fifty coke- ovens. At this time there were not four hun- dred ovens in the whole Connellsville section, covering an area of one hundred square miles. In the following year Frick and Company erected one hundred and fifty more ovens. He was one of the projectors of the Mount Pleas- ant and Broad Ford Railroad, built about that time. During the financial panic of 1873 he displayed a capacity for business that made him supreme in the coke industry: he pur- chased or leased all the works and lands offered by frightened competitors, including the in- terests of his partners, and, in 1876, became sole owner of Frick and Company. By 1882, when Frick admitted the Carnegies into his business, it had acquired, under his masterful administration, 1,026 ovens and 3,000 acres of coal land. The company was then reorganized with a capital of $2,000,000, and a year later this was increased to $3,000,000 to keep pace with the growth of the trade. In 1889 the capital was further increased to $5,000,000, and the H. C. Frick Coke Company owned and controlled 35,000 acres of coal land, nearly two-thirds of the 15,000 ovens in Connells- ville, three water plants with a pumping capacity of 5,000,000 gallons daily, thirty-live miles of railroad track, 1,200 coke-cars, and gave employment to 11,000 men, and its ship- ments of coal and coke amounted to 1,100 car- loads a day. In 1895, when the capital of the H. C. Frick Coke Company was further in- creased to $10,000,000, it owned 11,786 ovens and 40,000 acres of Connellsville coal lands, with a capacity of 25.000 tons of coke a day — 80 per cent, of the entire production of the Connells- ville region. A little later its monthly out- put amounted to 1,000,000 tons, and the seem- ing miles of ovens, heaps of coal awaiting con- version, and the armies of workmen, were classed among the industrial wonders of Pennsylvania. By acquiring the interest of David A. Stewart, in 1889, Frick became sec- ond largest stockholder in Carnegie Bros, and Company, Ltd., was elected its chairman, be- came director in Carnegie. Phipps and Com- pany, and resumed the presidency of the H. C. Frick Coke Company, which he had previously resigned. As chairman of Carnegie Bros, and Company, Ltd., he immediately achieved the signal victory of the many Carnegie successes. Alert to the advantages to be derived from the acquisition of a rival organization, the Duquesne Steel Works, he succeeded by the most skillful financiering and management in absorbing this formidable competitor without
the outlay of a single dollar. Bought with nothing but a bond issue of $1,000,000, the plant paid for itself within one year. It soon became the most modern and best equipped steel works in the country ; and its labor-saving appliances cut the cost of labor per ton of iron produced to one-half that prevailing elsewhere. In 1892 all the Carnegie interests, except coke, were consolidated into the Carnegie Steel Com- pany, Ltd., and Frick was elected its chair- man. His plans of unification, long maturing in his mind, were now to be realized. They not only involved the concentration of the corporate strength of the company, but the assembling of the many scattered establish- ments into a perfect industrial unit. This he effected by building the Union Railway — a masterly conception; for, besides enabling the company to regain possession of its own yards — hitherto preempted by the railroad com- panies— it united the widely separated works and connected them with every important rail- ^ way in western Pennsylvania. As iron ore was now the only raw material purchased of outsiders, the acquiring of ore-fields next en- gaged his attention; and the Carnegie Com- pany, by Frick's initiative and promptitude in securing one-half interest in the Oliver Mining Company, obtained a supply of high-grade Bessemer ore for its furnaces by the com- paratively trivial arrangement of a $500,000 loan, secured by a mortgage on the properties, to be spent in development work. According to "The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company," a publication containing the most comprehensive statement of facts and figures upon the subject, this transaction met with the opposition of Carnegie, who prophesied its failure, not only in his letters from abroad, but also on his return from Europe, when he expressed himself so vigorously in condemna- tion of it that there ensued the first coolness between himself and Frick. Notwithstanding the successful working of the arrangement, Carnegie continued to place himself on record, with increasing emphasis, as opposed to the venture. It resulted, however, in a triumph for Frick; for the control of these great ore holdings gave the Carnegie Steel Company its impregnable position in the iron industry of the country. In 1896, when Oliver and Frick made a mining and transportation arrange- ment with the Rockefellers, these ore ven- tures resulted in a visible saving of $27,000,- 000;, and upon the organization of the United States Steel Corporation the value of the Car- negie-Oliver Company's mines, according to the estimate of Mr. Schwab, w^as upwards of $500,000,000. Having thus provided an un- failing supply of ore at the mere cost of mining, Mr. Frick next became interested in perfecting plans for its economical transporta- tion to the furnaces. Negotiations were ac- cordingly opened for the acquisition of the Pittsburgh, Chenango and Lake Erie Railroad — " little more than a right-of-way and two streaks of rust," but with valuable terminal facilities at Conneaut Harbor, These resulted favorably; and by a number of constructive and engineering triumphs, including a steel bridge across the Allegheny River tw^o-thirds of a mile long, its forty-two miles of road, now to be known as the Pittsburgh, Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad, was rebuilt. In
FRICK
FRICK
October, 1897, fifteen months after letting the first contract, ore trains consisting of thirty- five steel cars, each carrying 100,000 pounds, were running from the company's docks at Lake Erie over the company's ovi^n line to Bessemer. There they were distributed over the company's Union Railroad to the blast-furnaces at Brad- dock, Duquesne, and Pittsburgh. This great development likewise had cost nothing beyond an issue of bonds, made gilt-edged by the volume of traffic furnished by the Carnegie Steel Com- pany itself. The only gap that now remained in Frick's plans of unification was on the Great Lakes; and to fill it the company bought a fleet of six steamers, of 3,000 tons capacity each, which it operated under the title of the Pittsburgh Steamship Company. Thus, did Frick accomplish the immense task of uniting the varied and often conflicting Carnegie in- terests. He had assembled the disorganized parts into a complete industrial unit that now owned its own mines, dug its own ore with machines of amazing power, loaded it into its own steamers, landed it at its own ports, trans- ported it on its own railroads, distributed it among its many blast-furnaces, and smelted it with coke brought from its own coal mines and ovens and with limestone brought from its own quarries. From the moment the crude ore was dug from the earth until its final distribution as finished steel there was never a profit or royalty paid to an outsider. About this time Mr. Frick appointed a committee to report on a project he had formed for building a tube- works at Conneaut, the Lake Erie terminal of the Bessemer Railroad. Mr. Clemson, its chairman, after investigation, also favored the tube-works, but action was deferred be- cause of a contemplated sale of the steel com- pany to the Moore syndicate. Of course it was originally a simple business plan to build blast-furnaces and a tube-works at Conneaut that would call for Pittsburgh coal and coke and avoid the hauling of empty cars to the lake; but Carnegie, who as 6arly as 1889 had been desirous of selling his interest, revived this project in 1899, and utilized it to force the purchase of the Carnegie Company by the United States Steel Corporation. Summariz- ing results, Frick, during his tenure of office, increased the annual earning power of the Carnegie works from $1,941,555 to $40,000,- 000, and their annual production of steel from 332,111 tons to 3,000,000 tons. Wide publicity was given this achievement on the occasion of the equity suit arising out of the threatened confiscation of a large share of Mr. Frick's in- terest in the Carnegie Steel Company, and the public, amazed at the high degree of efficiency attained, accordingly recognized him as the world's industrial monarch. Upon Mr. Frick's assumption of the office of chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company on 1 July, 1892, there began the fiercest labor battle ever waged — the Homestead Strike. Seven strikes in one or other of the Carnegie works had preceded this one, all accompanied by the customary im- portation of labor or the employment of non- union men, the engagement of Pinkerton de- tectives and the usual disorder and violence. Since 1886, however, labor conditions had be- come greatly intensified. Carnegie's series of lectures and essays glorifying the toiler were given full publicity throughout the country;
and a liberal distribution of them by the labor leaders among the workmen rendered dissen- sion comparatively easy. That he had fur- nished the labor leaders with a powerful argu- inent Carnegie himself learned when he en- leavored to settle a strike at the Edgar Thomson Mill in 1888. Regarding this, we quote from " The Inside History of the Car- negie Steel Company " : " The usual strike re- sulted; but before it had gone far a committee of the strikers went to see Mr. Carnegie at the Windsor Hotel, New York. There he rea- soned with them, and talked them into a con- ciliatory frame of mind; and they agreed to sign the contract he put before them. The affair seemed to have reached a happy conclu- sion; and the labor leaders left for Pittsburgh in the best of spirits. As Mr. Carnegie bade them good-bye, he pressed into the hands of each a copy of his ' Foriun ' essay. This the men read on the train; and on their arrival at Braddock they promptly repudiated the agreement they had signed and continued the strike." Carnegie, chagrined at the complica- tions occasioned by the literal interpretation of his theories and unable to consider them free from the bias of self-interest, had Pinker- ton guards engaged to protect the non-union workmen; and after a five-months' strike, accompanied by disorder and loss of life, the company won the contest in May, 1888. Dur- ing the conflict Carnegie was in retirement in Atlantic City, where he was kept informed of its developments by his cousin, George Lauder. The cause of the Homestead Strike of 1892, which took on a militant aspect with opposing armed forces, pitched battles, sieges, night- surprises, and sharpshooting, was compara- tively insignificant in itself, but in its impli- cations was all-important. It involved the right of the Carnegie Company to conduct its own business, and grew out of the unfortunate settlement of a dispute at the same works in 1889 — three years before Frick was in full con- trol. The agreement then entered into, which expired in 1892, was productive of most irk- some conditions. It not only detracted from the efficiency of the business by permitting the interference of the unions in many details of operation, but based the wages of a small num- ber of the men on tonnage-output, which had since been so enormously increased by the in- troduction of new machinery and the adoption of improved methods that the " tonnage-men," as they were called, were receiving twice as much in wages as they themselves expected to get under the agreement, and which were far in excess of what competing manufacturers were paying for the same work. This prosperity enabled the tonnage-men to acquire great power in the labor organizations; and at their in- stigation the labor leaders refused to ratify a new agreement in which was reduced this excessive compensation of tonnage-men. Not- withstanding Carnegie's aversion to any con- ference with the workmen — as expressed in his letter from Europe, 10 June, 1892, when he said : " Of course, you will be asked to con- fer, and I know you will decline all confer- ences," and another, 17 June, in which he emphasized his uncompromising attitude to- ward the labor-union, saying: "Perhaps if Homestead men understand that non-accept- ance means non-union forever, they will ac-
0
FRICK
FRICK
cept " — Frick cherished the hope of an amicable adjustment of the dispute, and conferred for six hours with a large committee of the work- men on 23 June. It resulted in an important concession to the men on one of the points at variance, but neither side would yield on other matters involved. In view of the defiant attitude of the labor leaders, Mr. Frick, with equal determination, proceeded in accordance with the plans formulated by Carnegie in his notice of 4 April, 1892, before he left for Europe. At that time Mr. Carnegie said: •* These works, therefore, will be necessarily Non-Union after the expiration of the present agreement." Then the strike began and, not- withstanding the fact that out of over 3,800 men the wages of only 325 were affected, it soon involved not only the tonnage-men, but all other workers in the mill. The contest was characterized by great violence on the part of the workmen and a steadfast adherence to his own policy by Mr. Frick. The strikers formed a military organization, deposed the municipal authorities, and sent threatening letters to the company's officials, who, upon the failure of the sheriff to protect their property, attempted to land 300 watchmen from two barges. These being attacked with rifle shot and cannon, there resulted a serious loss of life on both sides. However, in extenuation of the hostility of the strikers — we quote from " The Romance of Steel " : " The workmen had a conviction, almost a religious belief, that no outsiders had a right to come in and take their places dur- ing a strike. Andrew Carnegie himself a few years before had said: 'There is an unwritten law among the best workmen. Thou shalt not take thy neighbor's job.' " To Carnegie's be- nevolent theories the workmen evidently at- tributed the happy condition of affairs dur- ing the existence of the old agreement; al- though as the time approached for its revision he made elaborate preparations to avoid a repetition of the former blunder. He was also in full accord with the manner in which the strike was being conducted, having cabled Whitelaw Reid, who was endeavoring to bring about a settlement of the affair, that no com- promise would be considered by him, and that he would rather see grass growing over the Homestead works than advise Mr. Frick to yield to the strikers. During all these exciting happenings at Homestead Mr. Carnegie, in order to elude the appeals of the workmen which it was foreseen his speeches and writ- ings would call forth, was in seclusion at Ran- noch Lodge, in Scotland, in accordance with plans made by him long before. In a cable- gram to Mr. Frick, he said: ". . . Use your own discretion about terms and starting. George Lauder, Henry Phipps, Andrew Car- negie solid. H. C. Frick forever! " But the workmen seemed to believe that Mr. Frick was preventing the adoption of the Carnegie ideal- ism. Much comment was provoked by Mr. Carnegie's inconsistency. The " St. James Gazette " reported that " Mr. Carnegie has preserved the same moody silence toward the members of the American Legation here; and all other persons in London with whom he is usually in communication have not heard a word from him since the beginning of the troubles at Homestead. . . . The news, of the shooting of Mr. Frick has intensified the feel-
ing of all classes against Mr. Carnegie." The " London Times " said : " The avowed cham- pion of trade-unions now finds himself in al- most ruinous conflict with the representatives of his own views. He has probably by this time seen cause to modify his praises of unionism and the sweet reasonableness of its leaders." Shortly after, a writer in the St. Louis " Post-Dispatch " wrote : " Say what you will of Frick, he is a brave man. Say what you will of Carnegie, he is a coward. And gods and men hate cowards." Incidentally, to this strike was attributed the defeat of Presi- dent Harrison for re-election; and Senator Depew said : " . . . The Republican leaders at- tempted early in the campaign to have the strike settled and cabled to Mr. Carnegie direct without consulting Mr. Frick." In both the reports of the Committee of Investigation of the House of Representatives and of the Sen- ate Committee, appointed to investigate the strike, there appeared quotations by the work- men of Carnegie's terse commandment to illus- trate the course which Mr. Frick ought to have followed in his treatment of them. Thus ap- pears the testimony of T. V. Powderly, gen- eral master workman of the Knights of Labor: "Does your organization countenance the pre- vention of non-union men taking the place of striking or locked-out men ? " Powderly's preg- nant reply was : " We agree with Andrew Carnegie, * Thou shalt not take thy neighbor's job.' " On 23 July, 1892, a Russian anarchist gained access to Mr. Frick's office, shot him twice and stabbed him repeatedly. With a magnificent display of courage, he struggled to his feet and helped Mr. Leishman to subdue the fanatic, whom Mr. Frick later saved from the summary punishment of a deputy sheriff who rushed in and seemed about to shoot him. "No, don't kill him," said Mr. Frick; "raise his head and let me see his face." Although in a critical condition himself, — the doctors at first expressed little hope of his recovery, — Mr. Frick's chief concern was for his wife, who was seriously ill. While the doctors were operating upon him, Mr. Frick, with remarkable fortitude, completed several ur- gent business matters, including a cable- gram to Mr. Carnegie stating that he was not mortally injured. Convinced of the fair- ness of the company's position in the strike — and subsequent events prove him to have been right — Mr. Frick did not permit this culmination of unbounded fury to influence his policy. Propped up in bed and swathed in bandages, he conducted the affairs of the strike until thirteen days later, when he un- ceremoniously returned to his office, having, the previous day, attended the funeral of his youngest child, born during the excitement. Despite the great efforts by which politicians and others sought to divert him from his course, Mr. Frick, with decency and firmness, kept steadily on and finally won the fight. When the troops were called out to quell the open reign of terror at Homestead, the Car- negie officials were put in possession of their property and the men returned to work. After less than a year's trial of the new scale of wages the men admitted the fairness of Frick's adjustment of the difficulties, and strikes and disagreements ceased. Having inherited a ter- rific labor conflict upon assuming the chail-
10
FRICK
FRICK
manship of the Carnegie Steel Company, an equally tempestuous situation threatened him upon his retirement, seven years later; and again there was no hesitation and no compro- mise. The trouble arose from certain diflfer- ences between himself and Carnegie, which gradually widened into personal antipathy. From what can be learned from the many pub- jiications upon the subject, it was due to the cumulative effect of their disagreements upon several questions, such as Frick's ore venture; the price the steel company should pay for coke ; Carnegie's chagrin at the failure to complete the sale of the business to the Moore Syndicate, and the company's contemplated purchase of land from Frick. Carnegie's insinuation concerning the profit Frick might have made from this last was the culminating factor in the clash. The company wanted to purchase this land, and Frick offered it at $500 an acre less than its appraised value; but upon learn- ing of Carnegie's criticisms, he withdrew his offer, and later sold it elsewhere for half a million dollars more than he had asked the Carnegie Steel Company. Mr. Frick indig- nantly resented this insinuation by an arraign- ment of Mr. Carnegie which he made official in an open minute, spread upon the records of the Carnegie Steel Company. To this Carnegie did not reply until the Board of Managers ap- proved the minutes at their next meeting. He then called the Board of Managers together and demanded that they request Mr. Frick's resignation. The junior partners were reluc- tant to comply, but by his power of majority Interest in the company Carnegie silenced all opposition; and Mr. Frick, in the interest of harmony, tendered his resignation. Messrs. Henry Phipps and Schwab tried to bring about a reconciliation, but failed; and Schwab, in a letter to I'rick, wrote : " . . . Under these circumstances there is nothing left for us to do but obey, although the situation the board is thus placed in is most embarrassing. . . ." Schwab had admitted his obligations to Frick, and frankly attributed his success to him. " If I have anything of value in me," he wrote, Mr. Frick's " method of treatment will bring it out to its full extent " ; and he " regarded with more satisfaction than any- thing else in life — even fortune — the conscious- ness of having won " Mr.. Frick's " friendship and regard." Having accomplished Frick's ex- pulsion from the chairmanship, Carnegie ap- parently seemed satisfied; but a month later he returned to the attack with an elaborate scheme which he had meditated for the com- plete " ejecture " of Frick. He called a meet- ing of the managers and urged them to go through the ritual he had prepared. This con- templated the forcible seizure of Frick's in- terest at book values, the inadequacy of which is shown by the fact that in the case of the Upper Union Mills, it was $91,857 less than the net profits actually made in the previous year; and the discrepancies in the value of the other works were almost as great. At this juncture Frick, desiring a peaceful solution, offered to sell his interests to Carnegie at a price to be fixed by arbitrators, or to purchase Carnegie's on the same terms. Carnegie, how- ever, declined to consider either offer, but pro- ceeded to effect Frick's " ejecture " and compel him to sell his interest in the Carnegie Com-
pany at $11,000,000 less than its value, to be paid in such small installments during a term of years of such duration, as would enable its being paid out of the profits earned by Frick's interest. In an effort to make this scheme effective, a minute on the books of the Carnegie Steel Company was expunged, to revive an agreement made thirteen years before by the members of an entirely different corporation — namely, Carnegie Bros, and Company. An attempt was then made to graft onto this Car- negie Bros.' agreement a " supplemental iron- clad " of the Carnegie Steel Company, eight years old, which had never been signed by the principal owners. To make this double-decked instrument applicable there were now added the signatures of Carnegie himself and of some members who had no connection with the enter- prise at the time the agreement was signed by Frick. It was on these proceedings that was based the greatest lawsuit ever commenced in the State of Pennsylvania. Henry Phipps and Henry M. Curry refused to sign the de- mand, and Phipps joined Frick in protesting against the action of the board; but of the many debtor partners, only one, F. T. F. Lovejoy, was bold enough to counsel re- sistance to Carnegie's wishes. He simply signed it in his official capacity, and filed a separate answer in the equity suit questioning the validity of his colleagues' act. The stu- pendous profits and amazing exhibition of industrial efficiency revealed by Frick's bill of equity attracted universal attention, and the promised disclosures were awaited with the greatest expectancy by legislators and pub- licists. These disclosures, however, were never made, for negotiations were at once entered into to stop the litigation; and five days after Carnegie's answer had been filed to Frick's citation, a settlement was effected by which Frick received more than $31,000,000 in securities which later yielded him $23,000,000 more than Carnegie tried to force him to sell for. Thus ended the second of the two most sensational conflicts in industrial history. Al- though possessed of a business acumen and mental alertness that made him transcendent in the business world and extorted wonder from his opponents and admiration from his associates, Mr. Frick's conceptions of right and wrong never permitted him to take advantage of another's mistake. His sympathies are broad and easily stirred, but his modesty causes him to conceal his frequent benefac- tions. Society functions do not appeal to him; his tastes are simple and his domestic life exemplary. He is without pretense of any sort; living his natural life as a quiet, un- assuming gentleman. His extensive interests at present (1017) fully occupy his attention. In 1901 he built the largest office building in Pittsburgh, the Frick Building, and later added to it the Frick Building Annex. In 1916 he built the still more beautiful Union Arcade Building, covering an area of 230 by 240 feet. Aside from being the largest owner of real estate in Pittsburgh, and constantly adding to his holdings, he is director in many impor- tant corporations, including the Pennsylvania Railroad Company; Chicago and Northwoslorn Railway; Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fo Rail- way; Norfolk and Western Railway Company; United States Steel Corporation; the Mellon
11
MORGAN
MORGAN
National Bank, and the Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh. Mr. Frick is a member of many clubs, among them the Union League, Metro- politan. National Arts, New York Yacht, Co- rinthian Yacht, Racquet and Tennis, City, Midday, Riding, Country, the Automobile Club of America, and the Union Club of Pitts- burgh. He married, in Pittsburgh, Pa., on 15 Dec, 1881, Adelaide Howard Childs, daughter of Asa P. Childs, of Pittsburgh. They were the parents of four children, of whom one son, Childs, and one daughter, Helen Clay Frick, survive. His handsome home at Seventieth Street and Fifth Avenue, New York, was given over to Marshal Joffre, ex-Premier M. Viviani, and the other members of the French W&r Mission during their visit to the United States, incident to this country's entry into the European War. The dinner in honor of the Commission, a private affair at which a number of prominent men participated, was an historic event. "The World" (N. Y.) characterized it : " As distinguished a gather- ing as ever sat down at one table in this city." Although it included many noted orators, no speeches were made, but at the close of the dinner Mr. Frick, who presided, proposed a toast " To France and our Guests." M. Viviani, of the French Com- mission, responded with a toast: "To the United States and our Host." Then Colonel Roosevelt proposed the third and last toast: "To the Presidents of the United States and France." Mr. Frick's home is destined to be regarded as one of the city's landmarks. It is designed to become a public museum, and arrangements have been made to present it and its magnificent contents, including one of the world's notable collections of paintings, to the city of New York after the death of Mr. and Mrs. Frick — an appropriate monument lo the magnanimous character of both. See "The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Com- pany," by James Howard Bridge ; " The Ro- mance of Steel," by Herbert L. Casson.
MORGAN, John Pierpont, banker and finan- cier, b. in Hartford, Conn., 17 April, 1837; d. in Rome, Italy, 31 March, 1913, son of Junius Spencer and Juliet (Pierpont) Mor- gan. His father (1813-00) w-as a native of West Springfield, Mass., and a descendant of Capt. Miles Morgan, a Welshman, who emi- grated to New England in 1636 as one of the company which founded Springfield, Mass. He and his immediate descendants fought the Indians and later the British, always figuring actively in the development of the new coun- try, which is now the United States. Junius S. Morgan was a man of energy and splendid business ability. He was at one time an asso- ciate of George Peabody, establishing a suc- cessful banking-house in London. His wife, the mother of the banker, was the daughter of Rev. John Pierpont, a noted clergyman, poet, and temperance worker. The first fourteen years of the life of J. Pierpont Morgan were spent in his native city. For a short period he attended a country school, but in 1851 the family removed to Boston, and the son became a student in the English high school. His mind inclined strongly toward the scholar's life, his special forte being mathematics. He completed the course at the Boston school at the age of seventeen, and for two years con-
tinued his studies at the University of Got tingen, Germany. Here he heard lectures history and political economy, and won dc cided distinction by his mathematical work.1 Before he left this historic institution he re-1 ceived the offer of a professorship. But he felt the call of his father's business in his blood, and returned home. At the age of twenty J. Pierpont Morgan began his career as a banker, entering the house of Duncan, Sherman and Company of New York City. In 1860, when twenty-three years of age, he was appointed the American agent for George Peabody and Company of London. Experience with the risks and responsibilities of great business transactions then became familiar to him. Af- ter four years he organized the firm of Dabney, Morgan and Company. In 1871 he entered a business relationship with the Drexels of Phil- adelphia. The elder Morgan died in 1890, leaving his London house and connections all over the world to his son. In 1895 Drexel, Morgan and Company became J. P. Morgan and Company, and all the vast financial inter- ests were then under the sole dictatorship of J. Pierpont Morgan. In 1901 the house of Morgan was commonly reported to represent $1,100,000,000, if not more. Its creator was regarded as a Midas whose touch turned every-- thing into gold. Few persons possess a clear idea of the Morgan firm and its operations. Frequently Mr. Morgan was compared with speculators, railroad men, and real estate own- ers. He was none of these. He was primarily a banker, and, as such, acted as an agent for wealthy clients in the investment of money. Some people would call him a practical rail- road man, a steel manufacturer, a coal opera- tor, because he was interested in such things and dealt in them. But Mr. Morgan was essentially a worker with money — a master of finance. While his business was a partner- ship, and not a corporation, he was its domi- nant factor. No man had greater influence in financial and industrial circles, nor was any individual more trusted. He has been called the statesman of the business world — a builder of a gigantic industrial empire. He was a director in numerous railroad companies, in- cluding the New York Central and Lake Shore systems. The foremost railroad system of the Southern States, with over 8,000 miles of track, was veritably his creation. Only within recent years his power in the so-called " coal roads " of Pennsylvania was exhibited during the miners' strike. Mr. Morgan was also a director in the Western Union Tele- graph Company, the Pullman Palace Car Com- pany, the ^^tna Fire Insurance Company, and the General Electric Company. Reorganizing and reconstructing bankrupt corporations has been such a marked feature of Mr. Morgan's career that the process in Wall Street has be- come known as re-Morganizing. On 12 Dec, 1900, Charles M. Schwab delivered an address on the steel and iron industry of America, at a dinner at the University Club, which Mr. Morgan attended. He was much impressed with Mr. Schwab's address, and at once con- ceived the idea of a gigantic combination of steel interests, and the result was the organi- zation of the biggest corporation on earth. The swiftness with which he accomplished this financial masterpiece astonished the world. In
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MORGAN
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three months he had overcome all obstacles, and in the spring of 1901 formed the United States Steel Corporation. It was capitalized at $1,404,000,000, and consolidated ten of the largest steel corporations in America. This immense achievement attracted the attention of both hemispheres, and J. Pierpont Morgan loomed up as the most notable financier and organizer that modern business had produced. The United States Steel Corporation owns as much land as is contained in the States of Massachusetts, Vermont, and Rhode Island; it employs 180,000 workmen, with a pay roll of nearly $128,000,000 yearly; it owns and op- erates a railroad trackage that would reach from New York to Galveston, possessing 30,000 cars and 700 locomotives; it has 19 ports and owns a fleet of 100 large ore-ships; it pro- duces one-sixth of all the iron ore in the world, and makes more steel than either Great Britain or Germany. Soon after the success- ful launching of this enormous corporation, Mr. Morgan went to England and purchased one of the largest English steamship com- panies, the Leyland line. His movements were regarded with intense interest by Lombard and Wall Streets. The ultimate result was the organization of the International Mercantile Marine, controlling several of the most im- portant American and foreign steamship lines plying between American and European ports. Both England and Germany owe much of their latter-day growth to iron and steel manufac- ture, and Mr. Morgan represented the formida- ble arch-ironmaster, contracting the greatest and cheapest supply. J. Pierpont Morgan was first of all a creator, and not a destroyer, in spite of adverse criticism. He sought to con- serve force and economize time and expense. Very often he has come to the aid of Wall Street in times of panic, and acted the part of financial balance-wheel. Furthermore, Mr. Morgan again and again relieved the United States government of serious fiscal stress. Drexel, Morgan and Company were chiefly re- sponsible in 1876 for placing this country on a gold basis after the fearful expenditure occa- sioned by the Civil War. Two years after the panic of 1893, when gold was flowing out of the country, Mr.- Morgan, together with other bankers, agreed to buy government bonds, pay- ing in gold. At that time President Cleve- land and the Senate were at odds, and there was a prospect of the country's financial sys- tem being changed to a silver basis. Mr. Mor- gan went to Washington, called on President Cleveland, and off'ered to sell the government $100,000,000 in gold. Within half an hour a contract was drawn up whereby the U. S. treasury obtained $60,000,000 in gold through a foreign syndicate, and, what threatened to be the greatest financial panic the world had ever witnessed, was in this way averted. Be- cause large pay was exacted for their services public prints unjustly poured forth torrents of abuse on Mr. Morgan and his associates. Until 1899 London had been the world's money center. In that year J. P. Morgan and Com- pany led in a most significant departure in finance. Up to that time the United States had been borrower, not a lender. Now, in 1899, the Morgan firm financed the first for- eign loan ever negotiated in this country. Supported by its connection abroad the Mexi- 1
can national debt of $110,000,000 was con- verted. Great Britain was supplied with war money by the Morgan firm in 1900. Since that time it has taken a prominent part in several other foreign loans. In 1903 Mr. Mor- gan acted as fiscal agent for the U. S. gov- ernment in the purchase of the stock of the French Panama Canal Company, a $40,000,000 transaction in which he did not derive one cent of profit. During the "panic" of 1907, when the question of closing the N. Y. Stock Exchange was under advisement, he secured $25,000,000 which he passed out to loan- seekers at 6 per cent., thus alleviating the general depression. Business did not consume all of Mr. Morgan's time or energy. Doubt- less his first passion, outside of work, was the collecting of rare books and manuscripts, as well as other works of art. He possessed many famous canvases. Rare china, especially Limoges ware, was one of his leading hobbies. Hardly a day passed that he did not buy some art object worth a prince's ransom. His pri- vate library was a bibliophile's paradise. It contained a notable array of old Caxton edi- tions among others, and original manuscripts from all parts of the world. It is estimated that his art treasures represented an expendi- ture of nearly $50,000,000. Mr. Morgan was extremely liberal in donating art collections to public institutions. Cooper Union has on display a collection of fabrics which he gath- ered. Both the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Museum of Natural History possess rare gifts from him: the former a priceless cabinet of Greek coins and Egyptian scarabs, rare engravings, also a porcelain col- lection valued at $500,000; the latter has on exhibition the collection of Tiffany gems worth a million dollars. It was largely due to the efforts of Mr. Morgan that Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke came to the United States and accepted the office of director of the Metropolitan Mu- seum of Art. Not long before his death Mr. Morgan had a curious experience in his search for art objects. Unwittingly he purchased a precious cope, once the property of Pope Nicholas IV that had been stolen from the cathedral at Ascoli in 1902. Upon learning the state of affairs he returned the cope at once to Italy. In recognition of this act King Victor Emmanuel conferred upon him the Grand Cordon of Saints Mauritius and Lazarus, which made Mr. Morgan " a cousin of his majesty." Pope Pius X gave him audi- ence, and later the Italian Academy of Twenty- four Immortals presented him with a medal commemorating his generous act. After his death the objects of art left by him were pub- licly exhibited for the first time in the Metro- politan Museum of Art, in New York City. Later, many of his collections were sold to wealthy purchasers. Though a member of many clubs, Mr. Morgan had little time to be a club man in the ordinary sense of the word. He was, however, an active member of the New England Society and an active church worker. As senior warden of St. George's Church in Stuyvesant Square, he took especial interest in the boys there. His chief concern was to keep them off the streets and have them taught useful trades. Two of his best known philan- thropies have been the establishment of the New York Trade School, at the cost of over
13
PUTNAM
PUTNAM
$500,000, and a similar but smaller trade school for the boys of St. George's Church. Mr. Morgan may be ranked among the world's great givers. His charitable work was ex- tensive. Hia yearly donations easily amounted to $1,000,000. Among other gifts Mr. Mor- gan gave Harvard University $1,000,000 for a medical school ; for a lying-in hospital near Stuyvesant Square, New York, $1,350,000; toward completing St. John's Cathedral, $500,- 000; to the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, $100,000; to the Loomis Hospital for Consumptives, $200,000; for a library at his father's birthplace, Holyoke, Mass., $100,000; for the preservation of the Hudson River Pali- sades, $125,000; for a new parish house for St. George's Church, $350,000; for a department of natural history at Trinity College, Hart- ford, $70,000. Mr. Morgan was a large con- tributor to the Queen Victoria memorial fund and to the Galveston relief fund. He installed a complete electric plant in St. Paul's Cathe- dral in London, and built a hospital at Aix-les- Bains in France. Many of his private chari- ties were unknown, even to his closest friends. On 7 Jan., 1913, three weeks after he had testified before the Pujo committee investigat- ing the so-called " Money Trust," Mr. Morgan sailed from New York for Egypt. He had been complaining for some time that he was far from well, suffering greatly from indigestion. After a ten-day trip up the Nile, Mr. Morgan returned to Cairo apparently benefited in health, but in reality a failing man. So seri- ous was his condition that fresh eggs and but- ter were rushed to him halfway round the world from his New York farm. Because of the uncertain condition of his health, he went to Rome, Italy, landing there on 13 March, 1913. He grew rapidly worse, and for several days prior to his death, he lay in a comatose state. Mr. Morgan was recognized as a co- lossal figure in the world of finance, and his counsel and presence were always influential. His breadth of vision, keenness of conception, and ability to immediately grasp and under- stand the most difficult problems made him a giant power among financial men in all parts of the world. By many prominent financiers and business men he was looked upon as the greatest financier the world has produced for at least a century. It was an obvious conclu- sion after even a bird's-eye view of such a life that here we have an extraordinary man — a Titan of industrial and financial achievement. He has played a big role in the drama of civi- lization and in the history of this country's phenomenal progress. Like every leader of men, he passed through the white heat of public opinion, and was trusted, respected, and loved by those who knew him best. Mr. Mor- gan was twice married, first in 1861 to Amelia Sturges, daughter of Jonathan and Mary Cady Sturges. She died in 1862, and in 1865 he married Frances Louise Tracy, who survives him. By this union he had one son and three daughters, all of whom are living.
PUTNAM. Frederic Ward, geologist, ethnol- ogist, and anthropologist, b. in Salem, Mass., 16 April, 1839; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 14 Aug., 1915, son of Ebenezer and Elizabeth (Appleton) Putnam. His grandfathers were Ebenezer Putnam (1768-1826) and Nathaniel Appleton (1779-1818): his grandmothers, be-
fore marriage, were Elizabeth Fiske and Elizabeth Ward. His father (1797-1876) for a short time after leaving college engaged in fitting young men for college, but soon ■ embarked in business in Cincinnati as a 9 commission merchant, a line in vvhich he was ■ successful. Recalled to Salem by his father's death in 1876, he married there and never after engaged in business, devoting himself to the study and cultivation of plants and fruits, and in the study of politics and the management of the Democratic party in his county. Although frequently offered office he never accepted, except to serve as alderman in the so-called " model -government " of Salem when that town was first chartered as a city, and as postmaster of Salem. His first Ameri- can ancestor was John Putnam who settled in that part of Salem now called Danvers in 1640-41, having previously lived in Aston Abbots, a Buckinghamshire parish adjoining Wingrave, one of the early homes of the family, and close by Puttenham in Hertford- shire, whence came the family name. The Putnam line is traced through many genera- tions of Putnams (or Puttenhams), an ar- morial family, and lords of the manor, to the twelfth century. From these early ancestors Professor Putnam inherited the blood of Bro- cas, Warbleton, Foxle, Hampden, Dammar- tin, Spigornell, etc., and of families still " more illustrious in the history of both Eng- land and France. (See the Putnam Lineage, by Eben Putnam.) On his mother's side he claimed descent from the Appletons of Suf- folk, England, another armorial family of dis- tinguished lineage and connections. A not re- mote ancestor was Nathaniel Appleton, D.D. (son of John by Elizabeth, daughter of Presi- dent Rogers of Harvard College ) , who mar- ried the daughter of Rev. Henry Gibbs (Har- vard, 1685), and who had a long and honor- able connection with the college, and whose patriotism during the Revolution was note- worthy. The Fiskes were also an ancient Suf- folk family, and some of his direct ancestors suffered religious persecution in the time of Queen Mary. Rev. John Fiske, who emi- grated to New England, was the ancestor of a long line of ministers, all of whom grad- uated from Harvard. Professor Putnam's great-grandfather, John Fiske, a noted sea- i man and merchant, was commander of the " Tyrannicide," the first armed vessel commis- ' sioned by Massachusetts in the Revolution, and after retiring from the sea became major-gen- eral of militia. Joshua Ward (great-grand- father, on his mother's side) was also a promi- nent patriot during the Revolution. Professor Putnam was also a descendant of Rev. Francis Higginson, Rev. Jose Glover, whom many es- teem as the prime mover in the foundation of the college at Cambridge. His ancestry in- cludes such famous names as Maverick, Ger- rish, Derby, Scollay, Pratt, Dennison, Dudley, Byfield, Whipple, Waldron, Sheaffe, Lander, Hawthorne, Brocklebank, Porter, all of them prominent in early New England history. ^ Professor Putnam's father, Ebenezer, 1815; his grandfather, Ebenezer, 1785; his great-grand- father, Ebenezer, 1739, were graduates of Harvard College. Nevertheless his first in- tentions were not to seek an education at Har- vard, but to go to West Point, to which he
14
PUTNAM
PUTNAM
had the promise of an appointment. His going to Cambridge was the result of a happy, and indeed fortunate, incident, the discovery of his genius by Louis Agassiz, then on a visit to Salem. His love for all things in nature had from early childhood and through his youth led him to study natural history, and in this study he had been warmly encouraged. As a boy he was a helper about home, worked with his father in cultivating and propagating plants, and considered that early training in work and in regular duties had much to do with making him handy in the use of tools, and ready in emergencies of after life. His mother's gentle ways had a marked influence on his intellectual, moral, and spiritual life. He had no obstacles to overcome in acquiring an education, except delicate health in early boyhood, which caused absence from school. The books he read and found of interest as well as helpful in life were upon natural science in various branches, in early years, also historical works, and in later life zoological, anthropological, and geological works. His preparatory instruction until 1856 was re- ceived in private schools, and at home under his father's tuition. He then entered the Lawrence Scientific School, under Prof. Louis Agassiz, and received the degree of B.S. His class is that of 1862. He was honored by Williams College, in 1868, with the degree of A.M., and by the University of Pennsylvania in 1894 with that of S.D. His active scien- tific life began at Salem, and in 1856 he was appointed curator of ornithology in the Essex Institute, and was assistant to Professor Agassiz at Cambridge in 1857. His deter- mination to devote his life to zoology arose from his unusual aptitude for research in natural history. His early inclination toward West Point, and his later studies under Dr. Jeff'ries Wyman, had both originated from his natural bent toward science, and what the en- gineering wing of the army or medical science may have lost, was to the ultimate gain of the natural sciences and eventually of the great science of anthropology. The influences which most helped him to success in life have been the home, early companionship, private study, and contact with men in active life. The pro- fessional positions he has held in corporations and institutions are as follows: Curator of ornithology, Essex Institute, Salem, 1856-64; assistant to Prof. Louis Agassiz, Harvard University, 1857-64; curator of vertebrata, Essex Institute, 1864-66; superintendent mu- seum, Essex Institute, 1866-71; superintendent museum. East Indian Marine Society, Salem, 1867-69; director museum, Peabody Academy of Science, 1869-73; curator of ichthyology, Boston Society of Natural History, 1859-68; permanent secretary, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1873-98; assist- ant, Kentucky Geological Survey, 1874; in- structor, Pennikese School of Natural History, 1874; assistant to United States engineers in surveys west of 100th meridian, 1876-79; assistant in ichthyology. Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, 1876-78; curator of the Peabody Museum, 1875-1909, honorary curator, 1909, honorary director, 1913 to his death, 14 Aug., 1915; Peabody professor of American Arch- eology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1886-1909, Peabody professor emeritus, 1910
to his death; State commissioner of fish and game, Massachusetts, 1882-89; chief of de- partment of ethnology. World's Columbian Exposition, 1891-94; curator of anthropology, American Museum, New York, 1894-1903; pro- fessor of anthropology and director of the Anthropological Museum of the University of California, 1903-09; professor emeritus of anthropology, 1909. He was also for a brief period a member of the School Committee of the city of Salem. Prior to entering the Scien- tific School, Professor Putnam was an active member of the Salem Light Infantry, and al- though he had no war record he ever main- tained his interest in military matters, and at his death was a member of the Salem Light Infantry, Veteran Association, and of the Cambridge Battalion. He was vice-president of the Essex Institute, 1871-94; Boston So- ciety of Natural History, 1880-87, and presi- dent, 1887-89; president American Folk-Lore Society, 1891, and of the Boston Branch of that society since 1890; president American Association for Advancement of Science, 1898, and permanent secretary, 1873-98; vice- president Numismatic and Antiquarian So- ciety of Philadelphia since 1896; vice-presi- dent for the United States at the International Congress of Americanists in New York, in 1902; chairman Division of Anthropology, In- ternational Congress of Arts and Sciences, at St. Louis Exposition in 1904; president of the American Anthropological Association in 1905-06. He received the cross of the Legion of Honor from the French government in 1896; Drexel gold medal from the University of Pennsylvania in 1903; both for services in aid of American archeology; and was made a member of the Phi Beta Kappa, Harvard University, 1892; and of the Sigma Chi of California University in 1903. Professor Put- nam has written more than 400 papers, re- ports, and notes on zoology and anthropology since 1855. He has also done a large amount of editorial work. (See Bibliography in the Putnam Anniversary Volume.) He has made extensive research and investigation in Ameri- can archeology. He considered the * greatest achievements of his life work to be: The es- tablishment and development of new depart- ments of anthropology in Harvard and Cali- fornia Universities; the development of anthropological museums; and the preserva- tion of prehistoric monuments in the United States. Since the year 1858 he has been a member of many societies at home and abroad. Prominent among those in the United States are the following: American Philosophical So- ciety; National Academy of Sciences; Massa- chusetts Historical Society; the Historical So- cieties of Maine, of Ohio, and of Minnesota; American Academy of Arts and Sciences; American Antiquarian Society; American Association for Advancement of Science; San Francisco Academy of Science; Archeological Institute of America (a founder) ; Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, of Daven- port, and of Washington; American Ethnologi- cal Society; American Anthropological Asso- ciation (a founder) ; Anthropological Society of Washington; American Folk-Lore Society (a founder) ; Boston Society of Natural His- tory. Among those abroad: honorary member of the Anthropological Societies of London,
15
DEPEW
DEPEW
I, and Florence; Geographical Society of Lima: and of the Royal Society of Edin- burgh. Honorary academician of the Museum of the National University of La Plata; Foreign Associate, Anthropological Societies of Paris and Stockholm. Corresponding member of An- thropological Societies of Berlin and Rome; of British Association for the Advancement of Science; the Society of Americanists in Paris; and the Academy of Belles-Lettres, History and Antiquities of Stockholm. He was a member of the following clubs: Cambridge Saturday Club; Harvard Religious Club; Har- vard Travellers' Club; Naturalists' Club; Thursday Club; Examiner Club, Boston; Ex- plorers Club, New York; Colonial Club, Cam- bridge; Century Association and Harvard Club, New York, and of the Society of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay. In politics he was independent, but with few exceptions in national elections cast his ballot for the Democratic electors. In re- ligious faith and church affiliations he was a Unitarian. For sport and relaxation in youth he enjoyed the study of nature, fencing, horse- back riding, and baseball; and was a member of the first regular baseball club organized in any of the departments of Harvard Uni- versity; in later years archeological explora- tion and research in the field. Professor Put- nam married, first, 1 June, 1864, Adelaide Martha, daughter of William Murray and Martha Adams (Tapley) Edmands, and granddaughter of John and Mary (Murray) Edmands, and of John and Lydia (Tufts) Tapley, and a descendant of Walter Edmands, who came from Norfolk County, England, to Concord, Mass., previous to 1639. Three chil- dren came of this marriage: Eben, actively engaged in genealogical and historical work; Alice Edmands; and Ethel Appleton Fiske, wife of John Hart Lewis (Harvard University, 1895), an attorney-at-law and referee in bank- ruptcy in North Dakota. He married, second, 29 April, 1882, Esther Orne Clarke, daughter of John L. and Matilda (Shepard) Clarke, a descendant of Rev. John Clarke, of Boston, and of Rev. Thomas Shepard, of Cambridge. No chil- dren were born of this marriage. Professor Putnam, from his observation and judgment, offered as suggestions to young Americans for strengthening sound principles, methods and habits in American life and most helpful to young people in gaining life success, the fol- lowing: High Ideals; Honesty; Charity; Courtesy; Hard Work. Frederic Ward Put- nam died at his home, 149 Brattle Street, Cambridge, Mass., 14 Aug., 1915. He was buried in Mount Auburn, the funeral services being held in Appleton Chapel, Harvard Uni- versity, 17 Aug.
DEPEW, Chauncey Mitchell, U. S. Senator and railroad president, b. in Peekskill, N. Y., 23 April, 1834, son of Isaac and Martha (Mitchell) Depew. Through his father he is descended from Francois Du Puy, a Huguenot refugee, who came to this country from France, in the middle of the seventeenth century, and settled in Brooklyn, where he married the daughter of a prominent Dutch burgher. His maternal ancestry is of English origin. In the light of his later career it is peculiarly interesting that Mr. Depew's father, together with his uncle, both prosperous and enterpris-
16
ing fanners and merchants, had almost com- plete control of the transportation of freight up and down the Hudson River. There were no railways in those days, but the New York and Albany steamboats engaged in an active traffic. The favorable situation of Peekskill on the east bank of the Hudson made it the market for the country back of it, as far as the Connecticut State line, and the shipping point of its produce to New York, about forty miles distant. Chauncey Depew received his elementary instruction from his mofher, a woman of unusual education and culture. He next attended a small school conducted by the wife of a local clergyman, for children under the age of ten. Even at this early age young Depew was an omnivorous reader, and possessed a fund of general information much broader than that of the average boy of his years. Yet he was ever a real boy, and the leader of his fellows in the sports and frolics familiar to all country boys. After his tenth year, until his eighteenth, Mr. Depew was a student in the Peekskill Academy, an old- fashioned institution, whose chief purpose was to prepare boys for a business career. It was Isaac Depew's intention that, as soon as his son had completed the course in this institu- tion, he should join him in his business, but the boy, influenced probably by his mother and his pastor. Dr. Westbrook, had visions of a career that should extend beyond the horizon of the little country river town. He desired a college education. To this the elder Depew was at first opposed, but he finally changed his opinion, being much influenced by the ad- vice of Judge Thomas Nelson, son of the Hon. William Nelson, who spoke strongly in favor of a collegiate training for the young man. After a period of thoughtful consideration, the father finally agreed and Mr. Depew entered Yale College in 1852, being graduated with the class of 1856, the " famous class," as it was subsequently called, because of the prominence attained by several of its members. In this class, numbering some 125 men, Depew at- tained distinction, not only through his mag- netic personality, but, especially through his gift as a speaker, which made him the orator of the class. After graduation, he became a student in the law office of the Hon. W^illiam Nelson, and, in 1858, was admitted to the bar. In the year following he began practice in his native town. Mr. Depew was destined, how- ever, to distinguish himself in other fields than that of the law. Already in his later boy- hood he had begun to take a keen interest in politics. He entered college a Democrat. Like his father and the other members of his family, he belonged to the conservative wing of the party, which was willing; to leave slavery, then becoming a burning question, in abey- ance, contrary to the policy of the "Free Soil " Democrats. There were three presiden- tial candidates in the field in Depew's first year in college: Franklin Pierce, the candi- date of the National Democratic party; Gen. Winfield Scott, of the Whig party; and John P. Hale, the nominee of the Free Soil Demo- crats. In the frequent debates on the campus over the Fugitive Slave Law, the Personal Liberty bills, and the question of the exten- sion of slavery, Depew at first argued for the traditional politics of his family. But, in
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his very efforts to be logical, he felt the weak- nesses of his own contentions, and gradually his opinions underwent a radical change. In 1853 the famous Kansas-Nebraska Bill caused the disintegration of the old parties, and a new alignment followed on the burning issue of slavery. Then, also, there came to New Haven such prominent and eloquent abolition- ist speakers as Wendell Phillips, William Lloyd Garrison, and George William Curtis, and their arguments made a deep impression on the young man. When, early in 1856, the Anti-Nebraska men adopted the name Eepubli- can, Depew enrolled himself as a warm sup- porter of the new party. Hardly had he re- ceived his degree when he threw himself heart and soul into the campaign in support of Fremont and Dayton, making speeches in their behalf, and thus beginning the political career in which he has achieved such prominence in every succeeding presidential campaign. As he has himself said, his defection from the political faith of his family almost broke his father's heart, causing him a bitter disappoint- ment, which reached its climax when the son addressed an audience in his native town from a Republican platform. On taking up his law practice, Mr. Depew lost none of his early en- thusiasm for politics; indeed, it began presently to interfere seriously with his business. In 1858 he was elected a delegate to the Republi- can State Convention. He was one of the four delegates-at-large from his State to the Re- publican National Conventions in 1888, 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904, and a delegate in 1908 and 1912. In 1860 Mr. Depew stumped the coun- try for Lincoln, and attracted a great deal of attention as a campaign speaker. In the fol- lowing year he was elected to the New York assembly from a district in which the Demo- crats were normally in a majority. In 1862 he was re-elected, and, at the commencement of the legislative session of 1863, was named in caucus as party candidate for speaker. But he subsequently withdrew in favor of the candi- date of the Independent Democrats. During part of the session he acted as speaker pro tem., was chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means and, as such, leader of the ma- jority on the floor. In that same year Mr. Depew was the candidate of his party for Secretary of State. The result was a notable victory, Mr. Depew being elected by a majority of 30,000. He declined a renomination for this office, owing to business interests. Dur- ing President Johnson's administration, Wil- liam H. Seward, who was then Secretary of State, secured the appointment of Mr. Depew as minister to Japan, which was confirmed by the Senate, but, after considering the mat- ter for a month, Mr. Depew declined the honor for family reasons. At about this same time, also, Mr. Depew became acquainted with Cor- nelius Vanderbilt, whose steamboat navigation enterprises had earned for him the title of '• Commodore." Already he had laid the foun- dation of that great railway system which was afterward associated with his name. One day Mr. Depew was surprised to receive from the ** Commodore " the offer of a responsible posi- tion in the company. He at once accepted the offer, and immediately applied himself to a thorough and detailed study of transportation. In 1866 he became attorney for the New York
and Harlem Railroad Company, and three years later, when this road was consolidated with the New York Central Railroad Com- pany, with Cornelius Vanderbilt at the head, Mr. Depew was chosen attorney for the new corporation. Soon after, he became a mem- ber of the board of directors. As the Van- derbilt system expanded Mr. Depew's responsi- bilities and interests increased in a correspond- ing degree. In 1875 he was appointed gen- eral counsel for the entire system, and was elected a director in each of the roads of which it was composed. In spite of the energy which he was now obliged to direct into these new business channels, Mr. Depew's keen in- terest in public affairs made it impossible for him to abandon politics entirely. In 1872, at the earnest solicitation of Horace Greeley, he permitted' the use of his name as a candidate for lieutenant-governor on the Liberal Repub- lican ticket, at the head of which was Greeley. Inevitably, however, he shared in the general defeat. The following year he acted with the Republican party, and has remained constant to this affiliation ever since. Two years later Mr. Depew was appointed by the State legis- lature as a regent of the State University, and also as one of the commissioners to build the State capitol at Albany. Meanwhile, William H. Vanderbilt resigned from the presidency of the New York Central, and a reorganization of the company followed, James H. Rutter being chosen president, and Mr. Depew as second vice-president. In 1885 Mr. Rutter died and Mr. Depew was chosen to take his place. This latter. office he held for thirteen years, acting, also, as president over most of the subsidiary companies, and as a director in twenty-eight additional lines. In 1898, on re- signing from the presidency, he was made chairman of the board of directors of the entire system. In 1888, when Mr. Depew was a delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention, he received seventy votes from the State of New York for the presidency. On subsequent ballots the vote was increased. At his own request his name was withdrawn in favor of Benjamin Harrison, who was finally nominated. After his election. President Har- rison showed his appreciation of this act of self-sacrifice by offering Mr. Depew any place in his Cabinet except that of Secretary of State, which had already been promised to James G. Blaine, but Mr. Depew felt compelled to decline. In 1892, at the Republican Na- tional Convention, held at Minneapolis, Mr. Depew again supported Mr. Harrison so strongly that the latter attributed his nomi- nation to the former's efforts, and after his re-election he again sought to show his grati- tude, this time by offering Mr. Depew the portfolio of the Secretary of State, left vacant by the resignation of Mr. Blaine. But, again, Mr. Depew decided not to accept office. In 1899, however, he allowed himself to be nomi- nated for U. S. Senator and was elected by the unanimous vote of the Republican majority in the legislature. In 1905 he was re-oleoted. Altogether he served in the Senate twelve years; he would have been given a third term had it not happened that the Republicans lost control of the legislature. As a candidate for U. S. Senator Mr. Depew has received the ballots of the members of his party in the
17
CLABK
CLARK
State legislature oftener than any other citi- zen of the country; sixty ballots, pne each day for sixty days in 1881, and sixty-four during forty-live days in 1911. Few men, in- dependent of the positions that they have held, have attained so wide a prominence in the country as Mr. Depew, and this is almost en- tirely due to his own personality. Partly, no doubt, his immense popularity rests on his abilities' as an orator. He has been considered the best after-dinner speaker in the United States. Even after their appearance in cold print his magnetism seems to cling to his speeches, so that it impresses itself even on readers who have never seen him personally. Aside from this, he has also found time to edit a series of the world's greatest orations in twenty-four volumes, and a massive work entitled, " One Hundred Years of American Commerce." In this latter work, as well as in his collected speeches, is shown the firm grasp that he has of the great questions, not only of his own time, but of those that have agitated the country throughout its history. In addition to his duties as the head of the New York Central and as a federal legislator, Mr. Depew has been very active as a director of many financial, fiduciary, and other cor- porations and trusts. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Yale University in 1887. Among the many societies of which he is a member may be mentioned the Huguenot Society, the Society of the Cincinnati, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Union League, the Metropolitan, and the Century Clubs, the Holland Society, the New England Society, and the Society of Colonial Wars. He is also a member of the American Bar Association, the New York Bar Association, and the New York Chamber of Commerce. He was for many years in succession elected presi- dent of the Yale Alumni Association, declin- ing re-election after ten years of service. For seven successive years he was president of the Union League Club, a longer term than has ever been filled by any other, and on declining further re-election, he was made an honorary » member. In 1871 Mr. Depew married Elise, daughter of William Hegeman, of New York City. She died in 1892, leaving one son, Chauncey M. Depew, Jr. In 1900 Mr. Depew married Mav, daughter of John Palmer, of New York City.
CLARK, William Andrews, U. S. Senator, b. near Connellsville, Pa., 8 Jan., 18.39, son of John and Mary (Andrews) Clark. His father, who had cultivated a farm under the discour- aging conditions of impoverished soil and poor markets, sold his farm in 1856, and seized a favorable opportunity to remove to Van Buren County, la. There ^ the family continued to reside for a number of years. In the mean- time, the future Senator, who had already laid the foundations of an education, began his active life; displaying even at the start the remarkable energy and achieving the conspicu- ous success that has been characteristic of his entire career. He drove a team across the plains in 1862 to Colorado, where he worked in the quartz mines at Central City for almost a year, and there, with three companions, pur- chased a team and traveled for sixty days to the recently discovered gold placer mines at Bannack, Idaho, now in the State of Montana.
Although he had studied law, Mr. Clark nevei practiced his profession, choosing rather ai active career along varied lines, in which h( has been so conspicuously successful. He worked in the placer mines for two years anc was quite successful, and then engaged in mer- cantile pursuits. Starting as a small but con- stantly growing merchant, he increased his fortunes gradually, by careful attention to de- tails, the exercise of an excellent judgment, which seems to be a native characteristic of his mind, and a tireless energy which ever seeks after new outlets, and is determined to make the best of the advantages which they offer. Like other enterprising spirits of the time, he afterward invested his capital in min- ing, principally copper at the start, although, later, in coal, silver, and other mining enter- prises, in all of which he has reaped a wonder- ful success, the result solely of his own efforts and industry. By virtue of his inborn and sedulously cultivated personal endowments, Mr. Clark stands alone among the great cap- tains of industry of our country in the fact that he has always been sole owner and man- ager of all his vast enterprises, and has so skillfully managed the affairs of all of them that of all the twenty-eight companies with which his name is associated not one share of stock or bonds is quoted upon any exchange in the world. All of them have been built up solely by his energy and industry, and in all of them he is entirely untrammeled by boards of directors, stockholders with their numerous interests and constant liability to produce em- barrassing situations, and of all stock market conditions. He has thus achieved the remark- able ability of weathering all panics, depres- sions, and other conditions of " tightness " in financial circles. For the reason, also, that all his companies are thus close corporations, little is heard of his industrial enterprises which render no public reports, and conduct their affairs without making the usual signs upon the surface of the business world. Through his vast holdings in both Montana and Arizona, Senator Clark is the largest in- dividual owner of copper mines and smelters in the world, and has always been entirely un- allied with any other copper interests what- ever. He owns nearly all of the stock of the United Verde Copper Company at Jerome, Ariz., which is conceded to be the greatest copper mine in the world. He has nearly com- pleted a large smelting and converting plant at Clarkdale, five miles below Jerome on the Verde River, which will cost over $3,000,000 and have a capacity of 6,000,000 pounds of fine copper per month. He also owns and operates large coal mines in Colorado, zinc mines in Montana, and silver mines in Utah. He was one of the first in America to enter the beet sugar business, Jiaving purchased a large tract of land near Los Angeles, Cal., established a large plant as early as 1898, which is one of the few sugar factories in the country wholly independent of the so-called sugar trust. He has, also, vast lumber in- terests in Montana, has developed and owns great water powder plants in Utah and Mon- tana for the generation of electric current and street raihvays in two large cities, Butte and Missoula. In the development of all his varied interests, it has been necessary for him to
18
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CLARK
enter, also, the field of practical railroad builder and operator. In addition to several freight lines for the carriage of the products of his mines and lumber regions, he is the projector, owner, and operator of the San Pedro, Los Angeles ,and Salt Lake Railroad, with its extensive system of feeders. Among his numerous other interests, Senator Clark operates a powder mill recently erected at Corry, Pa., for the manufacture of a new kind of blasting-powder, a large cattle ranch in Montana, a still larger coffee, sugar, and cattle ranch in Mexico, a big wire works in New Jersey, where a large part of his copper is made into wire, a bronze factory in New York, an influential daily newspaper in Butte, and a bank in the same city. This latter is one of the most remarkable financial institu- tions in the United States, inasmuch as it is a private ownership and partnership, started over thirty years ago, and owned by himself and brother. Being unincorporated, its lia- bility to its depositors is unlimited, except by the resources of its two owners. In all of Mr. Clark's varied interests two extraordinary things are to be noted: first, that he has com- plete technical knowledge of every one of these diverse industries, and, second, that there is no man in his employ in any department who is indispensable to him. He is even an expert mining engineer and a thoroughly informed metallurgist. He keeps the management of all his vast enterprises in his own hands, and al- though superintendents make reports daily, weekly, or monthly to him, as the importance of the particular undertaking may warrant, everything from the making of a contract for the paper used for his newspaper, to the buy- ing of equipment for his railroad, he does him- self. It is frequently declared that he is the greatest living master of detail in the world. If it were not for his exceptional faculty of taking a matter up, deciding it, and then dismissing it from his mind, he could not pos- sibly get through his daily routine of work, to say nothing of having time left for recrea- tion and social enjoyment. Yet, while han- dling all these great enterprises, he served the people of Montana most acceptably in the Senate of the United States from 1901 until 1907, where he brought to bear all his mar- velous ability and power of concentration, and made a record as one of the most diligent members and hardest workers in committee that ever entered that body. Soon after he entered the Senate, owing to his intimate knowledge of several languages, he was placed upon the Committee on Foreign Relations in which he served throughout his term. Al- though a ready thinker and fluent orator, he never addressed the Senate unless he had some subject of more than passing importance to speak upon, and when this happened his views were always given marked attention and car- ried exceptional weight. Few men have been more misunderstood by a large part of the public than has Mr. Clark. Many imagine that he entered public life through a desire to satisfy a purely personal ambition, when as a matter of fact nothing could be further from the truth. It was not by his own seek- ing that he came into active politics. He was forced into it at a time when a large class of citizens in Montana rebelled against
the domination of a powerful machine in their affairs. The insurgent leaders of the time canvassed the situation and came to the con- clusion that only one man could successfully lead their forces to victory. Mr. Clark was then in New York, and a committee was sent to urge him to take the leadership of the movement. At first he declined, but after re- peated solicitations of the committee, and an appeal to his love of his State, and his obliga- tion to the people of that commonwealth, he reluctantly consented to enter the fight. A political battle followed, which for unre- strained fierceness, bitterness, and malignity has never been equaled in this country. How- ever, a leading characteristic of Mr. Clark is tenacity of purpose. In all his industrial un- dertakings, the difficulties encountered seem only to have added to his determination. In- deed, the more stubborn the resistance, the more determined this man has been to conquer. So it was in politics. Although he had entered the field unwillingly enough, as he advanced and the road was beset by increasing obstruc- tions, he became all the more interested in fighting his way to success. For years this warfare waged, sometimes Mr. Clark was re- pulsed, but he never was routed and he never gave up until the goal was reached. With such a leader there could be but one termina- tion to such a fight. But people of the na- tion never knew how high and unselfish has been the purpose of Mr. Clark in undertaking the overthrow of conditions which had laecome intolerable to a large portion of people in his State. It has been said of him that he was the richest man who ever entered the United States Senate as a member, and, although that is undoubtedly true, he is the last man who would ever claim such distinction. The one thing he never mentions to his most intimate associates in his wealth. At no time has he ever sought notoriety on this account, but on the contrary it is the one subject he shuns in conversation, for he appears to have the highly creditable pride of wanting to be meas- ured rather by mental standards than by any other. He is as willing to match intellects with a man who has not a dollar as he was to try conclusions in industrial life with a genius like the late E. H. Harriman. Mr. Clark is a man whom wealth has not spoiled nor even changed. The humblest man in his employment can obtain easy access to him and a stranger listening to a conversation between them would never know from anything in Mr. Clark's manner which was the employer and which the employee. He keenly appreciates also the higher objects in life. His love of the beautiful is almost a weakness with him. Among his pictures, where he spends hours of enjoyment alone, he seems to give full play to the poetic side of his nature. Among art lovers both in Europe and this country he is recognized as an unerring judge of paintings. He has purchased, from time to time, some of the world's great masterpieces, solely because he appreciates their every beauty, and is in complete sympathy with the ideals expressed by the artist. He constructed and completed a few years ago, on Fifth Avenue, New York, what is considered the finest private residence in the world — a veritable palace — and has placed therein a collection of tapestries of
10
CLARK
ARCHBOLD
the fifteenth, sixteenth, and eighteenth cen- turies of the highest quality — also the greatest number of sixteenth century Persian carpets in any single collection. His collection of pictures comprises the finest examples of the great masters of all schools of painting, both ancient and modern, and more particularly of the Harbizon School, which is unsurpassed in the world. It is indeed remarkable that this man who can converse so technically and in- structively with men in all professions and walks of life can also in the company of the greatest artists and authorities in matters of that kind captivate them with the depth of his knowledge of their own departments. There is a marked love of humanity in Mr. Clark's nature which finds expression in intelligent works of charity. His generosity takes prac- tical forms. In giving to others he believes in exercising the mind as well as the heart. Do- nating money without seeing it put to the beat possible use does not appeal to him, but when he gives of his wealth, he also contributes his time and attention to the charitable objects in which he has been interested. In Butte he has built as memorial to his youngest son, who died at the age of sixteen, when prepar- ing to enter Yale University, the Paul Clark Home for Children. In this institution some eighty boys and girls who may have lost one or both parents have their loss made up to them so far as it is in the power of human love and kindness to do so. There is nothing suggestive of a charitable institution about this home, but it is a real home full of fun and laughter. Here the children not only have the advantage of a good common school educa- tion, but the boys are taught trades and the girls loam to sew and cook and become good housewives Mr. Clark maintains this insti- tution entirely alone, although, in order to dis- guise its charitable phase, those who are able to do so are allowed to pay something toward the board of their children, but the great ma- jority do not contribute, and no difference is made in the treatment of the children on this account. They are all members of one big happy family with as little restraint thrown around them as is foimd in any private home. No one appeals to Mr. Clark's heart like a child In one of the canyons near Butte years ago he established a beautiful breathing spot, known as Columbia Gardens. He employed the best landscape gardeners that could be ob- tained and these grounds were laid out in a manner that is the wonder of every visitor, and it is the one place to which every stranger in Butte is at once taken. Here i's found a thoroughly equipped playground for the children, with all kinds of swings, see-saws, ladders, sliding apparatus, and everything that can be imajrined to gladden the "heart of a child. Little streams fed by the eternal snows of the main range of the' Rocky Mountains, against which this beautiful spot nestles, me- ander through the grounds, and emptv into a lake, in which the children bathe and boat LaAvns and flower beds are laid out in a man- ner that is most captivating to the eye, and in the summer time the children are' turned loose in one portion of the gardens and allowed to pick all the flowers they want. Nearly all the different wild animals of Montana, includ- ing buffalo, elk, bear, and deer, are found in
20
another portion of the grounds, and at one side large greenhouses are located together with a fish hatchery. In the large grove tables and easy rustic seats are provided for the family parties who want to picnic under the trees. The unique feature of this institution is that each Thursday in the spring and summer every child in Butte and vicinity is Mr. Clark's guest, being carried to and from the gardens in street cars free of charge, and generally on these days he has 8,000 to 12,000 children as his guests. Many children owe it to Mr. Clark's kind heart that they are not destined to go through life crippled, for he has borne the expense of having notable medical experts treat these little folks and straighten their crooked or dislocated limbs. In addition to this Mr. Clark has educated at his expense many children who have shown talent along artistic lines, and who never would have had their gift cultivated without his aid. Recently in Los Angeles, as memorial to his mother, who died there a few years ago, he made a large donation for the erection of a home for working-girls, which is to be under the man- agement of the Young Women's Christian As- sociation of that city. This institution, which cost a large sum, now provides a comfortable home for 200 working-girls at a nominal cost. It is doubtful if there has been a church built in Montana, or any other good institution started in the commonwealth, that does not have to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to Mr. Clark. His power of mental concentration, his mastery of detail, and his unsurpassed expert- ness in a number of professions and technical knowledge of numerous complicated industrial lines in which he is interested, make him the marvel of everyone who has any intimate knowledge of the many-sidedness of his char- acter and the dynamic force of his tireless energy. He is a living example of the fact that it is possible for some minds backed by limitless will power to acquire the highest pos- sible knowledge upon any number of subjects, to obtain expertness in any one of which the average individual would consider a life's task. Farseeing, genial, and democratic in the ex- treme, his character and career stand forth as an inspiration to ambitious youth, while his remarkable achievements are the admiration and w'onder of his contemporaries.
ARCHBOLD, John Dustin. financier and in- dustrial leader, b. at Leesburg, Ohio, 26 July, 1848; d. at Tarrytow^n, N. Y., 5 Dec, 1916, son of Rev. Israel and Frances (Dana) Arch- bold The founder of the family in America was James Archbold, a native of County Kil- dare, Ireland, where he was born in 1766, migrating to America and landing in Balti- more on 16 Nov., 1787. Three years after his arrival from Ireland — in 1790 — he mar- ried Miss Ann Kennedy, of Prince George County, Md. He followed some scholastic call- ing. They had a large family, eight sons and four daughters, and moved from place to place through Maryland, Washington City, and Virginia, finally taking the trail to Ohio. James Archbold died on 20 Sept., 1819, in his fifty-third year. His widow, Ann, sur- vived him twenty-four years, dying in her seventy-fifth year in Moorfield, Harrison County, Ohio, 25 July, 1843. James Arch- bold came of a family settled in Ireland for
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tfiruf) and Frmn^e*? (Dana> Arch- • -in;!, r of the family in America > ' . i<i a native of County Kil- . ) < re ho n-nfi bi>rn in 1766, J.v America and 1'»ndin«f in Balti- 6 Nov.. 17R7. Thr. • years after I from Irfhmd — in KOi) — he mar- Ann Kennoily, of Prince George Mh fi>11o\vri] s'>n»e scholastic call- f) Iniiijc family, eiffht «on? and • . !*. ;ved from place to ;. \Vrt8hin£rtnn City, :«!- the trail -o Ohio. ■ '• S.-pt , )-'9, in -'j->vv. Attn, sur- ? ' in her flarrison • • tH^p Arch- l uj ^t eland for
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ARCHBOLD
ARCHBOLD
six hundred years and during all that time prominent in Wicklow and Kildare as gentle- men landholders, identified with one side or the other of the successive struggles that marked the history of the troubled island. They intermarried with the families of native chieftains, but there were always men of the family to carry forward the Archbold name. William Archbold was created baron of the Irish Exchequer in the late nineties of the fourteenth century and Henry IV appointed another William Archbold, in 1400, constable of the Castle of Mackinnegan in Wicklow. Richard Archbold of the family was elected prior of the noble Mitred House of Kilmain- ham in 1491. Under Queen Elizabeth some of the family estates were confiscated by the Crown to be restored under James I. In the Irish revolt of 1641 most of the family acted with the Irish lords to judge by the many attainders issued under Charles I against their lands and persons, some of these after- ward released. Six of the family fought on the side of James II — ofl&cers in Dongan's Dragoons — at the siege of Limerick. When the Jacobite Irish officers and regiments left Ireland for service in European armies, two of the Archbolds are found on the Spanish rosters, Don Diego (James) Archbold, lieu- tenant, and Don Miguel (Michael) Archbold, lieutenant-colonel of the regiment of Ultonia. At what time or what branch of the family became Protestant is obscure, but James Archbold, the emigrant of 1787, was probably of that faith. He is described as " a fine scholar," and wrote a fair hand as seen in the entries he made in one of the family Bibles. Two of his sons preached the Gos- pel in the Methodist Episcopal Church, one, his youngest, Noah, who, as the family Bible says, " having preached Christ departed in peace from this sublunary scene," on 13 Aug., 1836, in his twenty-seventh year. The other was Israel, father of John Dustin Archbold, born in Mount Prosperous, Harrison County, Ohio, 2 Nov., 1807. He lived a life of service rich in the esteem of his co-religionists. He married at Newport, Ohio, Miss Frances Dana, daughter of Colonel William Dana who trav- eled by wagon from Massachusetts to Mari- etta, Ohio — one of the true Ohio pioneers. For twenty-five years the Rev. Israel Arch- bold was a member of the Pittsburgh Confer- ence. He died in 1859. Thus we see that the gentle dominie's son, one of four orphaned children in the little Ohio town, was dowered by blood with high qualities from fighting, dominating, devoted forbears whether of Irish or New England strain. Of this the boy of eleven knew little or nothing: but these aids from the elder days were soon to be fighting on his side in a long and successful battle with the world. John Dustin was the third son. His eldest brother entered the church, his second brother went to the war: little John's the task then to look after his mother and his little sister. The family moved to Salem, Columbia County, and John after a short term at school went to work in a grocery store for an exceedingly modest wage. He soon showed his grit and his am- bition for before a year was out it is recorded that he was earning $5.00 a week — more than three times hie initial pay. Oil had first been
struck in the world's history on Oil Creek, near Titusville, Pa., on 26 Aug., 1859, not more than sixty miles from Salem, and the great stroke of Colonel Drake was all the talk in Schilling's grocery as well as in all others the country round. The story of the wells, the flowing oil, the fortunes made by farmers owning lucky " territory," the tale of huge sums of money won or lost in quick turns of the oil market or the gushing or shrinking of the wells, reached Salem as else- where. For long it tempted John who had ambitious dreams, but his duty to his mother and the intense interest he bestowed on Mr. Schilling's business still riveted him to Salem. He formed a plan. This was to increase his weekly gains by increased work, so as to be able to save something and next to' give every waking moment outside his task to increas- ing his knowledge. He was growing brighter, sharper, stronger, but his inches were not, so that when in 1864 and his sixteenth year, he resolved to go with his little hoard of savings to Titusville in search of fortune, he looked barely fourteen. Except in the depths of his heart, he had nothing of the minister's son about him. Bright, alert, fearless, quick at figures and bubbling over with high spirits he appeared in Titusville, which in a short five years had been metamorphosed from a sleepy village of 400 inhabitants, one store, and one little inn to the oil metropolis with 8,000 residents, banks, churches, hotels, pretentious stores, and a seething floating army of 2,000 adventurers and transients all seeking the road to wealth in petroleum. He found em- ployment with a typical Connecticut merchant, W. H. Abbot, who hired him as a clerk and was not long in discovering that the boy could do better things than office work. Mr. Abbot was' making money buying crude oil at the wells and shipping it in barrels — ^the best mode of transport of the time — to New York. The new railroad had been pushed down Oil Creek to Oil City, and twice a day Abbot traveled down and back, picking up bargains in oil. After a while he brought young John along, but so rapid had been the clerk's progress in learning the turns of the trade that Abbot shortly turned over the whole purchasing to " the boy." He was now earning largely. Keeping back $1,000 against contingencies, he spent his profits on buying a new home for his mother and send- ing his sister to college. Before he was nine- teen he was made a partner by Mr. Abbot. A contemporary, still living, Joseph Seep, first met John D. Archbold in 1869 and testi- fies to his cheerful humor, ready wit, and the whole-souled way he went about his work. " Well I recall my amazement at the large transactions the boy would carry through. He was about twenty years of age, but looked like sixteen. I remember on one occasion he sold to Jonathan Watson a line of 5,000 bar- rels a month, buyer's option, running through the year at $6.00 a barrel, amounting to $360,000 in money. Watson, a little sick of his bargain, told John that he wanted the oil delivered in barrels. John's reply was, ' I will put it in bottles if you furnish thorn.' " As a proof of John D. Arehbold's moral courage, Mr. Seep recalls that when the South Im- provement Company was started, excitement
21
ARCHBOLD
ARCHBOLD
ran high along Oil Creek, and he with other employees of the Standard Oil Company was threatened with a coating of tar and feathers and a ride out of town on a rail. Actually their resignation from the Titusville Oil Ex- change was demanded. There was a meeting with violent, menacing speeches in favor of ex- pelling them when, says Mr. Seep: "Little John D. Archlwld — one of the strongest op- ponents of the South Improvement Company — his boyish face aglow, rose out of that meet- ing of angry, bearded, husky men, and in his big, manly voice protested, saying, ' We should not l)e held responsible for the views or the doings of our employers.' " Two others fol- lowed John and the expulsion idea fell through. Two or three years later, the Abbot firm was dissolved and John D. joined an- other firm, Porter, Moreland and Company, which built a large refinery at Titusville. He was selected to attend to the sales and the financing of the business, and made his first entrance into New York in that capacity with offices in William Street. Joining the sales of other oil region refining concerns with his own he had great success. In 1870 he mar- ried Miss Annie Mills, daughter of Maj. S. M. Mills, of Titusville, a Civil War veteran who owned the chief hotel of the town. It was in this year that the Standard Oil Company of Ohio was born. The two brothers, John D. Rockefeller and William Rockefeller, with Henry M. Flagler and Samuel Andrews, were the incorporators, and with it a new power arose in the world of oil. This is not the place to dwell at length on the factors of the struggle in which it gained its mastery; but it was in open fight from the beginning with the producers and refiners of the " Oil Re- gion " of Pennsylvania, yet with scarce an exception in the five years from its start, it gathered into its fold the leading refiners of the country. With John D. Rockefeller this material growth of the company was best seconded by securing men of brains, capacity, and audacity to captain its forces, and when, in 1875, after John D. Archbold had been elected president of the newly reconstructed and vigorous Acme Oil Company of Titus- ville, the Standard Oil Company made pro- posals for its purchase on highly advan- tageous terms, perhaps the greatest asset it brought to the buyer was Mr. Archbold him- self. He was by this time master of the de- tails and the entire business from drilling and manufacturing to marketing and financ- ing. His rare talents were at once fully em- ployed. In the fall of 1875 he was elected a director of the Standard Oil Company of Ohio — and he was twenty-seven years old! Thirty-five years later John D. Rockefeller in his "Random Reminiscences" writes: "I can never cease to wonder at his capacity for hard work." From the period of Mr. Arch- bold's election to the directorate onward to the close of 1916, full forty-one years, Mr. Archbold's history is that of the Standard Oil Company, perhaps the greatest, certainly one of the greatest and most powerful busi- ness organizations the world has ever seen. His great mental force, his buoyant spirit, his sense of humor no less than his sense of justice and outreach after progress carried him forward and all with him. His capacity,
80 early ehowii, of instantly grasping the es- sentials of any business problem only broad- ened with the years. The uses of lubricating oils, the production of the vaselines, wax, and naphthas were so much added to his cares. Organizing for the spread of the company's activities in new fields, the pipe lines, the oil cars, the tank steamers — a great fleet of them — all came in the day's work. Finally the brunt of the long legal fights against the very existence of the company fell on no shoulders more heavily than on his. He seemed equal to it all. Henry M. Flagler practically re- tired from the company in the eighties: John D. Rockefeller in 1806. William Rockefeller too ceased active administration a few years later. With his great associate, Henry H. Rogers, Mr. Archbold never faltered under the greater load. And when, a few short years since, Henry H. Rogers passed away, John D. Archbold still manfully stood at the helm. As to official honors, Mr. Archbold was named as one of the nine trustees chosen to ad- minister the first Standard Oil Trust on 4 Jan., 1882. When the trust was dissolved ten years later and all the vast properties were vested in the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in 1892 with nominal capital of $100,000,000 representing a far greater actual value, he was elected to the director- '^ ate, and on the entire liquidation of the trust, he was elected vice-president, 18 June, 1899. This title he held until the dissolution in 1911 of the great company into its thirty-four subsidiary companies by order of the U. S. Supreme Court under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, after four years of harassing liti- gation. Then on the retirement of John D. Rockefeller, Mr. Archbold was elected presi- dent of the company and so remained till his death. Long before this his sagacity had made clear to him that under the existing corporation laws of forty-seven different states conflicting conditions were manifold and that there was no real safety in the transaction of a nation-wide business against running counter to the provisions of federal laws aimed blindly at the repression of the greater corporations. His judgment led him to favor a frank federal incorporation law which, under proper provision for penalties in case of violation of the principles of fair i competition, should permit the free function- ing of the largest companies. He did not overlook State rights of policing and taxa- tion in this, but pleaded for the simple right to run a large business under a proper fed- eral charter. He set this forth at length be- fore the Industrial Commission in 1899. It is a landmark in the history of American business. Mr. Archbold made New York his permanent home, and acquired the beautiful estate of Cedar Cliffs at Tarrytown in the early eighties where he raised his family , amid the most genial surroundings, and rested ': from his severe daily labors. He had nat- urally acquired wealth from the sheer incre- ment of his Standard Oil holdings. He never showed any disposition for outside specula- tion, but was assiduous in a philanthropy as wide as it was modest in operation. His deep religious convictions have been mentioned. They early led him to a close friendship with Rev. Dr. James Roscoe Day, pastor
22
-injraved iy tJ.iJ. Oaile.N'ew'YoTk:.
cytTn^jyj^
FLAGLER
FLAGLER
oi M Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church, then a conspicuous edifice on Fourth Avenue, New York. Mr. Archbojd l)ecame a iruHtee of the church, and when in 1894 Dr l^ay was translated to the chaacelJofship of {Syra- cuse (N. Y.) University, Mr. Archbold ac- cepted a trusteeship there also. In a sliort time he became chairman of tfit board of trustees. As long as he Jive<l be continued to give freely of his tirn ^?a counsel, and his monev t > ihr tu' It was a con-
timiovi!* l-.-t., vii-ijOf, )tr nther gifts
be •' ifuiitls Hall, a
lar; ior men, e<}uipped
the iiii " j*i^;t'M lu the col-
lege V.' stadium with its
seating ; ... , He was rewarded
by seeing ratty grow with giant
strides. To : i ;>rk*Kiudergarten he gave
its building, endowing it with half a million dollars in memory of his deceased daughter, Frances ( Mrs. Wolcott ) . He was a member of the Board of St. Christopher's Hojup and Orphanage. In ' " iirely igno.--^' ; Archbola Union ^ Iht; Ar
-ji\ (itt^fr >ii»a
(Mrs- M. M
yi (.Mrs. Annar D.
r. Fletcher Archbold.
i^ Morrison, capitalist and
>!iilroad financier, b. in Hopew6lI, N. Y., 2
hill., 1830; d. at his winter home, West Palm
Hch, Fla., 20 May, 1913, son of Isaac and
/abeth (Morrison) Flagler. The first of
family to come to this country wa.s Zacli-
;h Flegler (the original spelling), who erai-
• ed from German Palatinate througli Hol-
,-rt.ia i^jiu.Lv , j.<.uiii
1, landing in West Camp, Columbia County, -. Y., in 1710. Later, he removed to Dutchess County, N. Y., and settled in what is now the town of Beekman. Henry M. Flagler, the sub ject of this review, attended the distritt school until fourteen years of age, when he oonthid^^ that the meager $400.00 yearly salary whiclv his father received as Presbyterian clerg^-maii was inadequate for the needs of the family. He left home; walked nine milow to M«.diiia, where he boarded a freight boat on thi- Erie Cnnal for Buffalo, from which place he went bv vessel to Sandusky, Ohio, a three days' trip ritinuous storm. It was a harrowing ■ft of seasickness and loneliness for ' r, who, upon landing, staggered hnrf from exhaustion. He had bis mother had put in his !iis negotiable * possesijions ■,:• -.1 :. nv. Tr?uu' piece, a French coin the equival.njf nf a d/illar, Jhe conf!=» in silver, and four -opfHM- per.iiit'ft Th.' rivr franc piece he retaint-xJ litl hU death fU- nj.Micdiaft'ly ob- tained emph>, rnr-t as <lrrk in a rouTifrv .store at $.5.00 a nioi.Ji j.r ! )ii« I.-oard. .S....n nftor- ward, he n>inov..;i (,■ .'■•>,^,v,a. Ohio, then called Rome, wliJTo lu- ^x. .-<,.<{ tJu- em]Woy of tin- father of Charle.-, i'« - of Ohio and later S in President Harrison industry }oun^ Flagler money, and then romovid
xcaiTii" governor
joining county. Here he embarked in tlTe grain commission business, in which he soon displayed the talent that distinguished his subsequent career, and built up for his firm the largest grain shipping business in the city. It was in this capacity that he became acquainted with John D. Rockefeller, through whose firm, Clark & Rockefeller, commission merchants, he sold many carloads of wheat. In the mean- time, as an outlet for much of his grain, Mr. Flagler acquired an interest in a distillery. AH of his interests in Bellevue he later di's- po-i' ' 'ud his business activities tliere
n^ . .")0,000. He then located in Sagi-
nav. , ,1,. . , where he engaged unsuccessfiiily in the manufacture of salt. In this venture he dissipated his little fortun<', and wan left $50,000 in debt. However, he borrowed BUifi- cient money at 10 per cent, interest to liqui- date thest debts, and removed to Cleveland where he afrain entered the jrrain and produce C(n»' " ■ ' ■ Mjuent activities
.«'•' in his b<?com-
i^.K•kefeller and •il business, which the Stfti'idard Oil industrial enit^rcrlse in iribjite to Mr Flagler's ub.JUs U well outlined by his parriKt, Ro<!kefeller, in his book, " Random • .ejisij-i-^ccnces of Men and Events" (1900>, from which the following is taken: "The part played by one of my earliest partners, li. M. Flagler, was always an inspiration to me He invariably wanted to go ahead and accompii.>^h great projects of all kinds; he \\i!s alway.s on the active side of every question and to his wonderful energy is due much of the japid progress of the compaiij' in the e«rly "lays. It was to be expected of such a man luai he should fulfill his destiny by working oni some great problems at a time wlien most met! vMut to retire to a comfortable life of eas.*. ifus did not appeal to my old friend Hf uruU^r- took, single-handed, the task of building up t!ie Ka-t Coast of Florida. 1 first knew Mr. Fhi';:!'^r as ft young man who consigned produce t(> Clark *d Roi:ket..ih^r Be iva» a bri'^ht ar,d active yotiug feilow, full of vim and pu Ik About the time v.'e went into the oil h\J^i'.*•^■' Mr. Flagler established himself as a (orninis sion merchant in the t\ame hviilding wit'i "■ .• Clark, who took over and sueceedcd ti ■ ' • of Clark & Rockt-feller. A little lat.>r lu- "■ out Mr. Clark and combined the trade -vi own. Naturally I came to see more O' .■!,. The business relations winch began wii handling of pr/duee li'- (oiisi,:,'"'"d to firm grew into a bT.sin';.s friendshit*, people who lived in a eomparal ;\ ■ '^ jilace, as Cleveland was th<ni. w.-r. • gC'tlier )nueh more often than i- ',' e
as New York. When t!n> oil >•; ;-•-
veloping and we needed ni' r-.- .^i:-
thouf^ht of Mr. Fi.iult'i- .•■ ■ '■ • ■ "-.'J-^'
and made liini an oiler if .... ,<v- ^, .•
up ]\\a comnHssioii \>u-.. ai'V'pted, and so lifij-.in i • which h}i^ n.^cr lin.I . •.: ; • It wa.s a irieielsi;; . ■. ii;.'.'I u. I. lis* IMr. Klngl'-r uh-"! .•• :r> '.is a ;/<» ter {',■.•,':> ,.,-1:,. .V ; ! >■'.{ ,,. f.M..
1.,;,,,.;
I
"^Vf^A
FLAGLER
FLAGLER
of St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church, then a conspicuous edifice on Fourth Avenue, New York. Mr. Archbold became a trustee of the church, and when in 1894 Dr. Day was translated to the chancellorship of Syra- cuse (N. Y.) University, Mr. Archbold ac- cepted a trusteeship there also. In a short time he became chairman of the board of trustees. As long as he lived he continued to give freely of his time, his counsel, and his money to the university. It was a con- tinuous benevolence, but among other gifts he furnished the funds for Sims Hall, a large dormitory for men, built and equipped the fine gymnasium, the largest in the col- lege world, and the noble stadium with its seating capacity of 20,000. He was rewarded by seeing the university grow with giant strides. To the New York Kindergarten he gave its building, endowing it with half a million dollars in memory of his deceased daughter, Frances ( Mrs. Wolcott ) . He was a member of the Board of St. Christopher's Home and Orphanage. In his many charities he en- tirely ignored denominational lines. Mr. Archbold was a member of the Manhattan, Union League, Racquet and Riding Clubs, of the Ardsley Casino, and the Ohio Society whose annual banquets he loved to attend surrounded by a bevy of friends. He was survived by the wife of his early days and three of their children: Mary L. (Mrs. M. M. Van Beuren), Anne M. (Mrs. Armar D. Saunderson), and John Fletcher Archbold.
FLAGLER, Henry Morrison, capitalist and railroad financier, b. in Hopewell, N. Y., 2 Jan., 1830; d. at his winter home, West Palm Beach, Fla., 20 May, 1913, son of Isaac and Elizabeth (Morrison) Flagler. The first of the family to come to this country was Zach- ariah Flegler (the original spelling), who emi- grated from German Palatinate through Hol- land, landing in West Camp, Columbia County, N. Y., in 1710. Later, he removed to Dutchess County, N. Y., and settled in what is now the town of Beekman. Henry M. Flagler, the sub- ject of this review, attended the district school until fourteen years of age, when he concluded that the meager $400.00 yearly salary which his father received as Presbyterian clergyman was inadequate for the needs of the family. He left home; walked nine miles to Medina, where he boarded a freight boat on the Erie Canal for Buffalo, from which place he went by vessel to Sandusky, Ohio, a three days' trip in a continuous storm. It was a harrowing experience of seasickness and loneliness for young Flagler, who, upon landing, staggered along the wharf from exhaustion. He had eaten the lunch his mother had put in his carpetbag and his negotiable .possessions totaled a five-franc piece, a French coin the equivalent of a dollar; five cents in silver, and four copper pennies. The five-franc piece he retained till his death. He immediately ob- tained employment as clerk in a country store at $5.00 a month and his board. Soon after- ward, he removed to Fostoria, Ohio, then called Rome, where he entered the employ of the father of Charles Foster, who became governor of Ohio and later Secretary of the Treasury in President Harrison's cabinet. By thrift and industry young Flagler accumulated a little money, and then removed to Bellevue, an ad-
joining county. Here he embarked in the grain commission business, in which he soon displayed the talent that distinguished his subsequent career, and built up for his firm the largest grain shipping business in the city. It was in this capacity that he became acquainted with John D. Rockefeller, through whose firm, Clark & Rockefeller, commission merchants, he sold many carloads of wheat. In the mean- time, as an outlet for much of his grain, Mr. Flagler acquired an interest in a distillery. All of his interests in Bellevue he later dis- posed of, and his business activities there netted him $50,000. He then located in Sagi- naw, Mich., where he engaged unsuccessfully in the manufacture of salt. In this venture he dissipated his little fortune, and was left $50,000 in debt. However, he borrowed suffi- cient money at 10 per cent, interest to liqui- date these debts, and removed to Cleveland where he again entered the grain and produce commission business. His subsequent activities soon afterward (1867) resulted in his becom- ing associated with Messrs. Rockefeller and Andrews in their small oil business, which ultimately developed into the Standard Oil Company, the greatest industrial enterprise in history. A glowing tribute to Mr. Flagler's business ability is well outlined by his partner, John D. Rockefeller, in his book, " Random Reminiscences of Men and Events" (1909), from which the following is taken : " The part played by one of my earliest partners, H. M. Flagler, was always an inspiration to me. He invariably wanted to go ahead and accomplish great projects of all kinds; he was always on the active side of every question, and to his wonderful energy is due much of the rapid progress of the company in the early days. It was to be expected of such a man that he should fulfill his destiny by working out some great problems at a time when most men want to retire to a comfortable life of ease. This did not appeal to my old friend. He under- took, single-handed, the task of building up the East Coast of Florida. I first knew Mr. Flagler as a young man who consigned produce to Clark & Rockefeller. He was a bright and active young fellow, full of vim and push. About the time we went into the oil business Mr. Flagler established himself as a commis- sion merchant in the same building with Mr. Clark, who took over and succeeded the firm of Clark & Rockefeller. A little later he bought out Mr. Clark and combined the trade with his own. Naturally I came to see more of him. The business relations which began with the handling of produce he consigned to our old firm grew into a business friendship, because people who lived in a comparatively small place, as Cleveland was then, were thrown to- gether much more often than in such a place as New York. When the oil business was de- veloping and we needed more help I at once thought of Mr. Flagler as a possible partner and made him an oft'er to come to us and give up his commission business. This ofTcr he accepted, and so began that lifelong friendship which has never had a moment's interruption. It was a friendship founded on business, which Mr. Flagler used to say was a good deal bet- ter than a business founded on friendship, and my experience leads me to agree with him. For years and years this early partner and I
23
FLAGLER
FLAGLER
worked ghoulder to shoulder; our desks were in the same room. We both lived in Euclid Avenue, a few ro<iu apart. We met and walked to the office together, walked home to luncheon, back again after luncheon, and home again at night. On these walks, when we were away from the oflice interruutioiw, we did our think- ing, talking, and planning together. Mr. Flagler drew practically all our contracts. He has always had the faculty of being able to clearly express the intent and purpose of a contract so well and so accurately that there could bt« no misunderstanding, and his con- tracts were fair to lK)th sides. There are a number of persons still alive who will recall the bright, straiglitforward young Flagler of those days with satisfaction. At the time when we bought certain refineries at Cleveland he was very active ..." Mr. Flagler dis- played rareaptitude in the development of the oil business, and was actively connected with the management of the Standard Oil Company from the time of its formation, 18C7, till 1908, when he resigned from the vice-presidency, though continuing as a director until 1911. Standard Oil, however, is not the only monu- ment to his constructive genius. In 1885, at the age of 55, when most men are about to retire, his capacity for achievement impelled him to embark in the immense undertaking of developing the East Coast of Florida into an American Riviera. Upon his visit to Florida in that year, his power of quick discernment and accurate observation enabled him imme- diately to recognize its latent possibilities, and he conceived most elaborate plans for its de- velopment. So, with his money and ability, he devoted himself to transforming the East Coast from St. Augustine to Key West from a barren wilderness into a veritable paradise. He built the Florida East Coast Railroad and later erected the following hotels: Ponce de Leon and Alcazar at St. Augustine; Ormond at Ormond ; Royal Poinciana, and The Breakers at Palm Beach; Royal Palm at Miami; Conti- nental at Atlantic Beach, and the Colonial at Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas. In these stupendous undertakings, Mr. Flagler was not actuated by self-aggrandizement. He was not, at his age, influenced +o put $30,000,000 into it because of its attractiveness as a financial venture. He was fired with a great desire to do something for humanity, and he yielded to his boundless capacity for achievement. As fast as the wilderness was cleared, roads, houses, hotels, gardens, parks, and palaces dotted the landscape. St Augustine, Ormond, Daytona, Palm Beach, ]\Iiami, and the many beautiful villages were developed throughout the three-hundred-mile region. His extensive irrigation and drainage schemes gave addi- tional fertility, and the opportunity to move the crops afforded by the railroads established the prosperity of that section of the country. Not content with having virtually created an empire. Mr. Flagler rounded out his great cycle of achievements with the miracle of an " Over-Sea " railroad, an extension of the Florida East Coast Railroad from Miami to Key West, spanning the glistening keys, a dis- tance of 156 miles. For many years his plan was ridiculed as impracticable and was called " Flagler's Folly," but the seemingly insur- mountable obstacles with which it fairly
bristled fascinated him, and he launched into it with unusual enthusiasm. The length of the many bridges which span the keys varies up to seven miles, the Flagler viaduct, the longest bridge in the world, and from which no land is visible on either side. It spans the point where the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico meet, where the depth is from twenty-six to thirty-six feet. It is built with all concrete piers, some of which have con- crete arches. After the construction of the bridge had progressed for about four years, the engineers declared its completion impossible, and work was discontinued. Notwithstanding that many of Mr. Flagler's associates, who re- garded the project as purely visionary, tried to dissuade him from further attempt, he, in- spired by the fine encouragement of Mrs. Flag- ler, resumed operations on it a year later. The railroad was completed in 1912, and its formal opening, at Key West, in January, 1913, was attended by the largest delegation of United States Senators and Representatives ever appointed to represent those bodies. Mr. Flagler, then eighty-one years of age and feeble, was present at the celebration. He not only received the plaudits of the nation for his prodigious individual achievement but was heartily felicitated in having lived to the real- ization of his great ambition. This unique railroad through the jungle and across the sea, besides furnishing an outlet for Florida's crops, is of international importance. Its operation has helped to focus the world's at- tention on Florida and the South in connection with the rapid development of the West Indies, and the enormous expansion of commerce sure to come through the completion of the Panama Canal and the resultant growth in our trade with Central and South America and the Orient. It also strengthens the power of the government in protecting its shores along the Gulf of Mexico and on to Panama. Mr. Flag- ler always showed great consideration for the w^elfare and safety of his thousands of em- ployees, and he used every precaution for the prevention of occupational accidents. He was highly complimented by General Brooke, U. S. A., upon the occasion of his visit to the camp of the 8,000 workmen. He said: " I wish the United States men received as good treat- ment." Mr. Flagler desired no distinction as a philanthropist, yet no religious, charitable, or civic organization on Florida's East Coast ever appealed to him for aid unsuccessfully. Besides maintaining innumerable private chari- ties, he assisted in one way or another every community on the line of his railroad. He gave ground for the building of churches and school houses, for public buildings and public clubs without number. He furnished public utilities and maintained them at financial loss to him- self. He built streets and country roads, sew- ers and canals, and turned them over, without charge, to many towns and cities. If the rain or the frost destroyed a crop, his quick sym- pathy and ready purse were immediately in evidence with an offer to supply as much seed and fertilizer as might be needed. Measured by the importance to humanity of the monu- mental results of his splendid judgment and lavish expenditure on his project, Mr. Flagler can be justly regarded as one of the most use- ful men of his generation and an inspiration
24
ANTHONY N. BRADY.
BRADY
BRADY
J .»... of the country. Tl' nnent to him is the love and up in the hearts of thousands ;. who achieved prosperity a y by the immense, ondurine Mr. Flagler's huraanii.i R-cin interrupted because ■ ' Flagler, who always di. ism and sympathy in
^PSt
he
as
.or
u-
he road was commenced. A; lev retained his alertness of -nd gave hia attention to ' and the hotels, the vi destroyed his J!s before his d
t.r.
•he
of tbe
•)f oh'
ts, and an- iUiit oy t.Tamp anci '/outpany, was in- 1 in 1916. It has a capacity of thirty ght cars and is equipped with tanks that A many hundred barrels of oil, the ."!i=*f'ph R. Parrott," in honor of an associate, death occurred shortly after Mr. Flag- , >ii 1913. In appreciation of Mrs. Flag- 's assistance and the zeal with which fhe tered into his work, he left her his im- - fortune; and she, in her devotion to her '.d's meraoTy. continued the improve- .>T^,_{ ,i, . ; ^^^ ^j- ^1^^ empire which he
i -.'r wab ft;r many years
., Jirector of the Standai'i
^resident and chairman of Ma-
'TS of th<.» Florida Kast Coast
>y and Jacksonville Terminal Company,
^r of the VVesttrn Union Ttlegrnph Coiii
Morton Trust Company, and other <r<5r
anions. He was a member of the- I viion
u' Club (New York), New York Yacjit,
le Larchmont Yacht Clubs. j\Ir. Fla^Tler
:irwH> rrmrried: First, in Bellevue, Ohio,
to Mary Harkncss, and they
; 1 its of three ohildrf^n, one of
ry K. Flagler, survives; married
' 6 .h""' 1SS3, to Ida A. Shourds,
' ■ .'Msville, N. C, on 24 Aug.,
'imn, laughter of William
, ..•lirf grave ) Kfnan, nf Wijming-
I
.*•,. ^r. ♦l-oti.y ITicholns. (Hp'tniist. b in i
J''r«rrs-, ' .i.j-: ls4;<; d ;?> Ivtuldti, |
■d, 2'i .'',>•-, J ;^ MVA of Xioiioias juii j
(Malonci |^, ,.;v Jn IH4.'< lie <'nme. ^is parents, v.. Ur niiMtry. s«Hti>ng in I N. Y. Ho attoi'dcl (1h- j u*'hc .^rhxils of i until the age oi t}i;vt«>n, \\\\\ir\, ,im - To engage in buHim r^-*, ho oittored tho ! of the L>elevan Hotel L'p >n attain- '
ing his majority he opened a tea store in
Albany, N. Y., and soon displayed the ''apucity
for business that distinguished his subsequent
career. In 1870, by purchasing or absorbing
all of his competitors, he acquired exclu><ive
possession of the retail tea trade in Albany
and Troy; and through his competent man
agement of the business, soon accumulated
considerable capital. This he investe^l in
ijranite quarries, wliich he developed into a
'arge enterprise. He then became interested
u u company wiiich purcha&ed ga« plants
'^ Albany, Troy, and Chicago, and street car
iftt* in Albnnr aTid Troy. Because of the
ire abilr iayed in the organization
id adinn f th<> atTairs of these tran-
it and ligh ?5;;r iiipanies, his counsel was
tught in the intere&r oi these important
uranches of public service in New York,
Brooklyn. Washington, Philadelphia, and
other cities, in ^ . : , >. v,, ,n^..-..w*.!f.<i jn
rehabili!iaiii*u' - p«h-
M»KlyR
r-r; for ■' h of vh^'se
• il f;Oii«triiC-
ilis a<itivi- •' - -y .(.. *:iii.-,.: bruo'; li con of r<>bu''id;ri5,' ih^ " Hu«-kb.'berry " rail •.vit*m, iin*\ Ml pUijRing and eiTeoting th' vousoiidatit>n of tlie surfwie lines ' t thai sh.-- lion. In Brooklyn, he unified a large numbei of inerHciently and indillVrently comlucted traction organizations of small size into oiio great, perfect organization. Nor win- his efforts in the light and poAver corpora tivuir: if New York and Brooklyn any less sucC'..'^.sfi!l. In fact, the development of the Npw York Edison Company, vfucli he <>n.';'ni70'd in I'J'' and of which he became president and f'Kair- man oif the board, v,as probably liic ::i( «t notable of his great cycle of bu.^incss a. hune- ments. By his previous satisfactory man agement of public utilities in. other cities, Mr Brady brou^'ht into thi>? Cf!.;pai-v an flemi.f!i i'i as.~innnioe that ImmediMLely riveted ihc confidence of the N<.nv York public: and if is entirely through his energy and ability thut tbe company ^rrevv t,» iij« eubs<-<p!>-i!r. h;:\- <r tttn^v rf^^ *.'rv*-«-j R..-, evt»»Ljtivo licad ot *h'.' company by •^lucessivt! ^f•-electiun^ til! hi- death in lfil.>; and its rapid growth (Irr'u.o .his twelve years' tenure < A ofbce was a sink'ne example of the fertility of his methodf?. Tn*- number of its consunu-r.-^, which juoluded t, in Manhattan and Bronx. iLcroasiuJ dTir'nv period of his activity Irom lUHfi tt> ' and the hr.rsop./iver fnrni 30,0iit) (,» while the '•ost, of Ji^^hting was ♦■ " 02V-i to 121^2 cei.ts for' l.f'OO hours; and in Bro<ik]yn. a.^ c^ the lighting conipanie:- ho ;i [►ortionatf results .Mr. fw i ; ion v.aiH broa'l ; lui ! I'i.-^ n, -,. ; •. threat dam on ihc '['•■I'vc-: ^r, ;,.'.v, tanno^ra. wh'. U fflc icd .•■ >ri«-:»i ,!i i pr-iN.'Ksr-nt in a i:iry.' -■•» . ;i in further proof .• ?';<• \ '■- • lu'h^ ;.'iniiii3 It. -I '» . ■ ' th.'iL upon its ap.'H;!!'^ :..■ 1 ' Mann!a<'tp,r' f .-■ A'^- - -.' • follows • ! .1.' •>. tr ■■ '. ■
1
BRADY
BRADY
to the youth of the country. The greatest monument to him is the love and affection he built up in the hearts of thousands of men and women who achieved prosperity and financial safety by the immense, enduring work he has done. Mr. Flagler's humanitarian work has not been interrupted because of his death, for Mrs. Flagler, who always displayed rare en- thusiasm and sympathy in all of her hus- band's plans, continued his work in accord- ance with his wishes. In fact, the completion of the " Over-Sea " road is largely due to her influence, as she not only consented to but advised unlimited expenditure to eflFect the realization of her husband's most ambitious effort. Mr. Flagler looked forward to the com- pletion of the road as the " romance of his life." It was their principal topic following their marriage, in 1901, one year before work on the road was commenced. Although Mr. Flagler retained his alertness of mind till the end and gave his attention to the affairs of the road and the hotels, the vicissitudes of old age destroyed his sight and hearing some months before his death. Much responsibility, therefore, devolved upon Mrs. Flagler, who was thoroughly conversant with all matters concerning his immediate and future plans for development. Important among these was the increase made in the freight-car ferry service between Cuba and Key West. The original car ferry, the " Henry M. Flagler," became in- adequate for handling the immense volume of shipments to and from these points, and an- other, built by Cramp and Company, was in- stalled in 1916. It has a capacity of thirty freight cars and is equipped with tanks that hold many hundred barrels of oil, the " Joseph R. Parrott," in honor of an associate, whose death occurred shortly after Mr. Flag- ler's, in 1913. In appreciation of Mrs. Flag- ler's assistance and the zeal with which she entered into his work, he left her his im- mense fortune; and she, in her devotion to her husband's memory, continued the improve- ment and development of the empire which he founded. Mr. Flagler was for many years vice-president and director of the Standard Oil Company; president and chairman of the board of directors of the Florida East Coast Railway and Jacksonville Terminal Company, director of the Western Union Telegraph Com- pany, Morton Trust Company, and other cor- porations. He was a member of the Union League Club ( New York ) , New York Yacht, and the Larchmont Yacht Clubs. Mr. Flagler was thrice married: First, in Bellevue, Ohio, 9 Nov., 1853, to Mary Harkness, and they were the parents of three children, one of whom, Harry H. Flagler, survives; married secondly, on 6 June, 1883, to Ida A. Shourds, and, thirdly, in Kenansville, N. C, on 24 Aug., 1901, to Mary Lily Kenan, daughter of William R. and Mary (Hargrave) Kenan, of Wilming- ton, N. C.
BRADY, Anthony Nicholas, capitalist, b. in Lille, France, 22 Aug., 1843; d, in London, England, 22 July, 1913, son of Nicholas and Ellen (Malone) Brady. In 1843 he came, with his parents, to this country, settling in Troy, N. Y. He attended the public schools of Troy until the age of thirteen, when, am- bitious to engage in business, he entered the employ of the Delevan Hotel. Upon attain-
ing his majority he opened a tea store in Albany, N. Y., and soon displayed the capacity for business that distinguished his subsequent career. In 1870, by purchasing or absorbing all of his competitors, he acquired exclusive possession of the retail tea trade in Albany and Troy; and through his competent man- agement of the business, soon accumulated considerable capital. This he invested in granite quarries, which he developed into a large enterprise. He then became interested in a company which purchased gas plants in Albany, Troy, and Chicago, and street car lines in Albany and Troy. Because of the rare ability he displayed in the organization and administration of the affairs of these tran- sit and lighting companies, his counsel was sought in the interest of these important branches of public service in New York, Brooklyn, Washington, Philadelphia, and other cities, in all of which he succeeded in rehabilitating and perfecting numerous pub- lic utility undertakings. The transit and lighting systems of New York and Brooklyn probably afforded the best opportunities for the display of his capabilities, and the splen- did results of his efforts in both of these cities are evidence of his unusual construc- tive genius and executive talents. His activi- ties in New York in the transit branch con- sisted of rebuilding the " Huckleberry " rail- way system, and in planning and effecting the consolidation of the surface lines of that sec- tion. In Brooklyn, he unified a large number of inefficiently and indifferently conducted traction organizations of small size into one great, perfect organization. Nor were his efforts in the light and power corporations of New York and Brooklyn any less successful. In fact, the development of the New York Edison Company, which he organized in 1901 and of which he became president and chair- man of the board, was probably the most notable of his great cycle of business achieve- ments. By his previous satisfactory man- agement of public utilities in other cities, Mr. Brady brought into this company an element of assurance that immediately riveted the confidence of the New York public; and it is entirely through his energy and ability that the company grew to its subsequent impor- tance. He served as executive head of the company by successive re-elections till his death in 1913; and its rapid growth during his twelve years' tenure of office was a striking example of the fertility of his methods. The number of its consumers, which included those in Manhattan and Bronx, increased during the period of his activity from 11,015 to 184,775, and the horsepower from 30,000 to 400,000, while the cost of lighting was reduced from 621^ to I2V2 cents for 1,000 candle-power hours; and in Brooklyn, as executive head of the lighting companies, he accomplished pro- portionate results. Mr. Brady's field of ac- tion was broad; and his construction of the great dam on the Tennessee River, at Chat- tanooga, which effected a great industrial im- provement in a large section of the South, is further proof of the versatility of liis busi- ness genius. Its benefits were so manifest that upon its opening he was extolled by the Manufacturers' Association of Chattanooga as follows: "The entire citizenship of Chatta-
26
BRADY
ARNOLD
nooga expresses its deep appreciation of the tremendous confidence Mr. Brady has shown in our city and section." That the dam was finally completed is entirely due to the indomi- table persistence of Mr. Brady. Apparently insurmountable obstacles were encountered during its construction, and work on it had been discontinued on the advice of the engi- neers. Mr. Brady, however, with character- istic perseverance, was attracted by the resist- less nature of the undertaking and advised re- sumption of work with unlimited expenditure, with the result that its ultimate completion cost six times the amount originally estimated. Mr. Brady was for many years actively iden- tified with many of the leading public utilities corporations of the country, among them, as president, the Municipal Gas Company (Al- bany) ; Edison Electric Illuminating Com- pany (Brooklyn) ; Memphis Consolidated Gas and Electric Company; Kings County (New York) Electric Light and Power Company, and the United Gas and Electric Company. Of the following companies he was chairman of the board of directors: Brooklyn Heights Railroad Company; Queens County and Sub- urban Railroad Company (Brooklyn) ; Brook- lyn Union Elevated Railroad Company; Nas- sau Electric Railroad Company (Long Island) ; and People's Gas Light and Coke Company (Chicago) ; director in the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company; Ameri- can Tobacco Company; United States Rubber Company; United Cast Iron Pipe and Foun- dry Company, and about thirty other cor- porations. Although public-spirited, the only public office he ever held was that of fire