I —

f-

OAHWW

•r%^m

AN

ENG.-HmD. VOCABULARY

OF 3000 WORDS FOR HIGHER STANDARD AND PROFICIENCY CANDIDATES

OR "THE RIGHT WORD IN THE RIGHT PLACE/'

BY

LiEUT.-CoLONEL D. C. PHILLOTT, F.A.S.B.,

Secretary and Member, Board of Examiners ; Fellow of the Calcutta

University; Author of Hindustani Manual j Hindustani

Stumbling- Blocks , etc., etc.

CALCUTTA:

PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.

1911.

All rights reserved.

SARPENTISff

pl<-

\1

TO

THE 40TH (SECOND SOMERSETSHIRE) REGIMEKT, NOW THE 2ND BATTALION SOUTH LANCASHIRE REGIMENT, THIS LITTLE BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED.

M191397

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2008 with funding from

Microsoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/enghindvocabularOOphilrich

PREFACE

In this little vocabulary, 5184 English words are represented by less than 3000 Hindustani colloquial ones. With the exception of one or two useful technical terms, the list contains only the common words of the everyday speech of the illiterate.

These words have not been merely selected from the dictionaries. Each word has been subjected to many tests ; and an attempt, which it is hoped will be considered successful, has been made to give the exact meaning or apphcation of each word, and to show how its common synonyms differ in their shades of meaning. It is beheved that a careful study of this vocabulary will materially help the student to use the right word in the right place.

Considerations of expense required the employment of the Roman character alone. This, however, should prove no stumbling-block.

My thanks are due to Shams-ul-*Ulama* Mawlavi Muhammad Yiisuf Ja'fari, Khan Bahadur, for continuous help in the preparation of the vocabulary, and also to Muhammad Kazim Shirazi who assisted in the correction of the proofs.

D. C. P.

Calcutta : August, 1911.

INTRODUCTION.

The English language is certainly the most neglected and the most carelessly spoken and written language in Europe,

If candidates for the Lower Standard and Higher Standard in Hindu- stani knew Enghsh better, failures in the exercise (i.e. the translation from Enghsh into Hindustani) would be proportionately less. The following remarks may at first appear to deal only with the English language, but they appty in reality to all languages ; and most examinees, and not a few of their teachers, will benefit by a careful study of themv

Nearly every word acquires many secondary meanings in addition to its primary meaning. ' Charge ' is derived from a Latin word meaning a car, and to its primary meaning of, to burden (connected also with carry, cargo, and caricature), it adds secondary meanings of, to fill; to occupy; impute or register as a debt ; to fix the price of ; to accuse ; to intrust ; to commission ; to command ; to exhort ; to give directions to (a jury) ; to make an onset. ' Entertain ' means to support ; to receive into the home and treat with hospitality ; to engage the attention of agreeably, to amuse ; to take into consideration ; to maintain in the mind with favour ; to harbour; to cherish (sentiments) ; to accept (a petition) ; to listen (to a suit). ' Apprehend ' means to arrest a person ; to take hold of by the mind, to understand ; to entertain suspicion or fear of ; to conceive ; to believe or be of opinion, etc. Comedy is derived from komos a banquet (at which the guests lay down) and odos a song ; and comedy signified at first songs sung at banquets : comedy and cemetery have really the same root.^

The meanings of words change because the Hfe of the people changes. Great inventions, great industrial improvements, cause great changes in language. Great social and political events do the same : the French Revolution had a direct influence on language. The superficially educated, too, not only alter the forms of words, but also adapt them to homely meanings. ' Policy ' once meant only the art of ruling men : to-day every small tradesman speaks of his policy in business. Imagination and meta- phor (a Greek word meaning transportation) play an important part in the development, and consequently in the change of meaning, in words: in fact language develops chiefly by the metaphorical process, i.e., by

1 Vide Abbott's "English Lessons," etc., etc.

Vlll INTRODUCTION.

applying to one thing a word that strictly belongs to another ; words first applied to material things are transported to things that are not material at all. The epithets * polished ' or ' brilliant ' applied to the style of a writer are to-day hardly regarded as metaphorical. Even the commonest and now everyday words have undergone this metaphorical change. Coimected with this metaphorical process in the growth of language is the use of ' slang.*

Indians are proverbially litigious. It would be difficult to find a villager who owned even half an acre of land, who had not, ai some time or other, been engaged in a law-suit. There is on record a case where one villager sued another for driving off his cattle, and produced a horde of witnesses. The defendant admitted the charge, but urged that the cattle were feeding on his crops : he produced an even greater number of witnesses. At length it was discovered that the plaintiff owned no cattle and the defendant no crops. Litigation has had its effect on the language, and even the most ilHterate will use glib corruptions of high-sounding law- terms. Words like tarafayn (Arabic dual) " the two parties " and farlq-i sani " the other party," etc., etc., are used by even the most vulgar, as also the Arabic broken plurals fvqard'', umaraf', manafi* ' and some others.

Now from what has been said previously, it is obvious that the changes in meaning of a word in one language, will not exactly correspond with the changes in meaning in another. Consequently it is impossible to render exactly any one word in a language, by any one word in another. Before a word can be translated, its exact meaning or apphcation in the context must be grasped. Strange to say, candidates oftener make mis- takes in common nouns than in verbs. * Peace ' means tranquillity of mind as well as a cessation of hostihties, and it is in the former meaning that the word is used in the Muslim salutation As-saldm'"alay-kum (Arabic) *' the Peace be on you." That candidates should have translated this by ium par sulh ho y^ f^*oji f- may be understandable, but what was sur- prising was that a Muhammadan munshi could have been found bold enough to maintain that because in the dictionary mXh was the first word given under ' Peace,' therefore the translation just given was a right one. At any rate the case of a candidate who translated " Sepoy Ram Singh was no match for him " by Sipdhl Ram Singh us ki diwd-sald,i na thd must be considered hopeless ; he should be awarded an old-age pension. A teacher assumes that his pupil has some education and some intelligence. In, *' He looked up to Heaven and said — ," the word ' heaven ' must be rendered by dsmdn, sky, and not by bihisht, which means Paradise. The

1 Pronounced by the vulgar manafa\ Muluk, malaHk and a few more are in common colloquial use amongst the educated.

INTRODUCTION. IX

criticism that the sentence *' Examine them singly" un se ek ek karke puchho is misleading, because a pupil used this phrase for the examination of saddles, is, if one might say so, hypercritical. Puchhnd means to ask, enquire, and it ought to be evident, even to a beginner, that this verb cannot be applied to saddles or horses.

Speaking exactly, languages that have developed have no exact synonyms ; but in the unsteady languages of the lowest tribes, whose whole vocabulary may perhaps change during a single man's lifetime, this is not the case.

Even when two words are identical in meaning, there is, in language, a constant tendency to differentiate their meanings. Occasionally the difference in use is one of construction only, as commence and begin, or end and finish.

Shakl, sural, and munh may all mean and be translated ' visage ' or * face*' but the first properly means form, the second appearance, and the third face. It is correct to say munh dho-lo, but not shakl or sural dho-lo.

A certain Hindustani translation was returned by a military officer with the criticism tliat the word ' ignorance ' should not have been rendered by la-'ilmi ^*ic^, the word being high-flown and unintelligible to sepoys, but by the commoner word nd-dani j^ili^J. It was stated that the opinions of experienced officers had' been taken. Now this objection alone proves the danger of trusting blindly to a dictionary. The English word ' igno- rance ' must be rendered by at least three Hindustani words according to its meaning. Nd-ddni <« L^^J means ignorance as opposed to ' wisdom ' ; jahdlal ^t^ means ignorance as opposed to ' enlightenment ' ; while Id-Hlml ^^♦'«il) means ignorance of . a matter, being uninformed or unacquainted with an occurrence. Be-khabari ^j^ i^-^. has also, incorrectly, the same meaning as Id-Hlmi, but properly it means " unguardedness or careless- ness." All four words are intelligible to uneducated Muslims and even to most Hindu chaprasis. In the translation in question nd-ddnl would have been a grave error.

Illiterate Indians have a far wider vocabulary than is generally supposed.

Rozj^) Pers. means a day, i.e. a space of 24 hours. Din ^^ Hindi means either a space of 24 hours, or else the hours of daylight, and hence metaphorically sun. Therefore din ke waqtd,o must be said and not roz ke waqt d,o.

Mistakes are commonly made in translating the verb ' ask.' Mdngnd U^U is to 'ask for '' ; while puchhnd ^^^^ is to "enquire." To ask for pardon must therefore be expressed by — mdngnd and not — puchhnd. ' * He asked his master ' ' is — se 'arz kl (or — darhhwdM kl). For, ' * ask my friend to do this," kahnd must be used.

X INTRODUCTION.

A pitfall for interpreters at Courts Martial is the word ** repeat." Bat duhrdna means to repeat the same thing a second time, or to repeat a thing to a third person. "Repeat after me" should be rendered by jo main kahtd jd,uh turn bhl duhrdte-jd,o (or kahte-jd,o) (^^ J^^ or ) ^U. L\jA:> ^^^J ^ o^'-'^ ^\^ (j*^ >^. Do not say hamdre plchhe holoy nor hamdre pichhe duhrd,o.

Not only do Muslims and Hindus often use different words for the same common concrete object as for instance ' key,' ' but often there is a slight difference implied in the meaning, thus nadl in Hindi is the equiva- lent of daryd in Persian ; but in Urdu nadi always means a stream or a small river : chifi-mdr "a bird-catcher" means a Hindu bird-catcher while mir-shikdr always means a Muslim one.

Occasionally the infinitive of a verb has to supply the place of a missing noun ; thus fath ^i> means ' capture ' as well as ' victory ' and can be used for the capture of a town ; but for the capture of, say elephants, the infinitive phasdnd 'JU^ must be substituted.

Of some words in this vocabulary it will be found that the root at least is already known, thus from the Persian hhdna *JLk "house" (in Urdu chiefly used in compounds) is formed the adjective and substantive khdnagi ^J^^ meaning "domestic" and also a "low prostitute"; and from the Hindi gr^ar^.^^ "house" is formed the adjective gharelu ^.f$ "domestic" (of animals only).

It will be found that many of the Hindustani equivalents of seemingly difficult English words are already known, as for ' disclaim,' da'wa se kdth uthdnd LiL^f a^^U <-• ^\gyfi^.

Sometimes the simple word only is given,* as for circumlocution, pher Ici bdt oIj ^_s^ j^i the proper word for circumlocution being too literary. So too with ' Imprudent ' ; age kd soch nahln ^^^ :^ ^ ^*» ^ i^ is given instead of the better but high-flown nd-'dqibat-andesh t^j^>"J| o^AiUl.

Do not be contented with looking up a word and accepting the first equivalent without understanding exactly its meaning. For instance drdm-talab wJLt ^\ji and 'aysh-pasand ^-«j J^* may both mean " luxuri- ous," but the former means " loving- ease " and the latter "loving- pleasure." Again, though pdyddr ;iJ^b and der-pd b^Ji both mean * lasting,* there is a great difference ; for the former applied to things means "permanent " (i.e. lasting for many years as buildings, etc.), while the latter means " lasting for some little time " (as cloth, shoes, etc.).

Much unnecessary labour will be saved if the chapter oa intensive compound verbs in my " Hindustani Manual" (p. 80) is mastered, as

I Hindus say chabl, H., while Muslims usually use kunji, H. Kalid Pers. is, in Urdu, used only metaphorically.

INTRODUCTION. XI

may be seen by studying the words for "abolish" iutha-dend Iw^ l^jf , and " postpone " (utjm-rakhna ^'y^) U^t )•

Hindustani is a dramatic language ; therefore use dramatic tenses and dramatic compounds whenever you can. Not to do so, is to be unidiomatic.

Let me again remind candidates that translating is expressing the thought and idiom of one language in the thought and idiom of another. To ' cast pearls before swine ' is in Hindustani ' to play a lute before a buffalo.' '

Some ' practical men ' who style those that disagree with them purists and pedants, have suggested, that as sepoys use vulgar and incorrect forms, these incorrect forms only should be inserted in a vocabulary for military officers. Let me here point out to these critics, that if a word has more than one form, it is as well to learti the correct form ; there is generally only one correct form, while the corrupt forms vary with the district. I should, too, like to ask these critics whether, if they were compiling an elementary English Vocabulary for the use of foreign officers attached to a British Regiment, they would insert such forms as 'ot and acrost instead of hot and across. It is not for a moment insinuated that vulgar or archaic forms are uninteresting or valueless, but it is maintained that they are out of place in a beginner's vocabulary.

A staff officer much interested in Hindustani suggested that a collo- quial dictionary should be compiled in which each English word should be rendered by one Hindustani word and one only, and that too some word understood from Cape Comorin to Peshawar. I think I have given sufficient examples to show why any one word in a language can seldom be correctly rendered by any one word in another ; but I leave it to the propagandists of Esperanto to reply to the second part of the suggestion. I was once requested by a staff officer to translate a pamphlet into Hindustani ; and, that it might be intelligible to sepoys, I was directed to use no Persian or Arabic words. Now the commonest words are often Arabic or Persian. Kitab a book is Arabic and is used by Muslims and Hindus ahke, while the Hindi potht amongst Hindus means ' book ' but amongst Muslims the Hindu scriptures : the San* skrit pustak is unintelligible to Muslims. The Persian mard and the Arabic 'ac?m^ ^ are commoner than the Sanskrit manusJi or the Kiadi manus. The Arabic word 'aurat,^ which in Urdu means 'woman,' is certainly

1 Bhains ke age bin bajana.

^ i.e. derived from the Arabic Adam the first man.

S The Arabic root signifies * to be blind ' ; \Jience in Arabic 'awrat signifies those parts which it is abominable to expose, the pudenda.

Ill INTRODUCTION.

commoner than the Sanskrit istri. The omitting from Hindustani of all Arabic and Persian words, may be compared to the omitting from English of all words of Latin and Greek origin.

Every sense has a memory. As many senses as possible should be brought to bear on the learning of a word or phrase. When tho sound of a word htis been learnt by tlie ear and has been practised by the tongue, it should further be committed to memory by noting its appearance in print and in writing. Ear, tongue, eye, hand, and '* the memory niside your tummy " are thus all exercised. Even the senses of taste and smell can be pressed into this service. You are not likely to forget that hlng ' means asafoetida, if you taste and smell the substance when first learning its name. This is, of course, an extension only, of the * direct method.'

When looking out a word, the student must not take the first equi- valent he meets: he should not only read tlirough all the equivalents given for one English word, but also all those given under EngHsh words from the same root. He should, further, refer to any reference that may be given to another word.

The system of transliteration employed is the Hunterian.^ To transliterate correctly, it must be borne in mind that every letter in the Persian and Arabic alphabets is a consonant and that the weak consonants alif, ivaw, and ya become vowels only when they are letters of prolonga- tion, i.e. only when the letter preceding them is pointed with a short analogous vowel. There are properly speaking no diphthongs, except in Hindi. ^ The word maulavi for instance should be transliterated maii;/aii * and 'aib should be transliterated 'ayh. Candidates generally misunder- stand the consonant ' ayn ( c ) : they think it is a vowel and to be trans- literated by 'a. This is a very great error. The sign for e is an inverted

comma only. Note the way the word oajUc is transliterated. First the

consonant & is represented by an inverted comma ; then the kasra or zer by i\ then the ^hy n\ then the jathah or zahar over the nun by a ; and then, as the alif prolongs this sound of a, a long accent is added over it, thus a ; next the alif (here a vowel) is ' silent,' i.e. it is not followed by a short vowel; next the consonant (^ is represented by y ; the fathah over

1 Htng pa,i magar xis ki hu na ga,l is a proverb.

2 It sliould be n;>ted that the final a of Hindi masculine nouns often becomes in Urdu a, thus raja becomes raja.

'^ Thus it is better to transliterate "^ by hxti than by h^xy, which latter is not

the correct pronunciation, than by the Urdu \j^. To get over a difficulty the word is usually written ^ , which however should be pronounced he. Hence in some modern Urdu books half a c5 is adopted to express the (final) at diphthong of the Hindi.

♦ In Hindi, however, it is correct to write au.

INTRODUCTION. xHi

the Lfhy a ; and the ^hy t: Hnayat. Similarly with ^^,hi: first comes h ; then short i (the kasra), which is then prolonged into * by the ?/. A^

also prolongs the sou ad of _^, thus y tu. The o' sound is peculiar to Hindi (or old Persian) as in y to. This o is a Hindi sound and has no corresponding letter in the Arabic alphabet. A ^ not preceded by any short vowel has been adopted for the sound. A similar rule holds good with regard to the e sound of <^

Hamza is generally represented by a comma on the line. It is not a bad plan to give its Arabic form in the Romanized word, thus fd^ida. If a whole tome has been written on the Greek particle de, several tomes could be written on the Arabic hamza. In Arabic, the sign hamza (but not the •sound) is an additional letter of the alphabet. In Urdu it may be regarded simply as a hyphen, to be used when one syllable ends in what we consider a vowel, and the next begins with one. Thus f^* " became " is huwd, but 1^ (the Punjabi form) is hu,d. There is no hamza in Hindi.

The greater number of words in Hisdustani are masculine

Most Hindi concrete nouns in d are masculine, as kutid " dog," Bdjd (or Rdja).

Most Arabic and Persian nouns of three letters, and ending in a, are feminine, as hawd Ar. ( >>* ) " wind," sazd Pers. ([3^) '* punishment."

Hindi diminutives in yd are feminine, as chiryd, any " small bird," dibyd * ' a small box. ' '

Most Hindi abstract nouns in a are feminine, as pujd " Hindu wor- ship," dayd "kindness." (No feminine word in d, whether Arabic, Persian, or Hindi, is inflected in the oblique cases singular).

All nouns ending in pan are masculine.

Nouns ending in silent jf (a) are usually masculine, as shuhra (h;^) ' * fame. ' ' Such words as malika ' ' queen ' ' and sdhiba are of course femi- nine. This final », silent in Urdu and Persian but not silent in Arabic, is in Arabic a feminine termination, and before a vowel is in Arabic pronounced t : hence in Urdu it is often changed into e», and in this case the word is feminine in Urdu, as shuhrat f. ' fame " (identical with shuhra m.). Tauha repentance, sura " a chapter of the Quran," and fdtiha are feminine.

Most nouns ending in *, in t not a radical letter^ (Arabic), or in t preceded by a short vowel, are feminine, as roil f. ^ " bread," daulai f. '' wealth, fortune ; the state,' ' hat i. '' obstinacy."

1 The o and e sounds were called " unknown " by the Arabs when they con- quered Persia as these vowel sounds are not found amongst the Arabs. They are also not found in modern Persian though retained in Indian and Afghan Persian.

2 In maut m. At., the t is radical.

S Some exceptions are pani m. *' water ' ' ; motl m. " pearl ' ' ; dahi m. '* curds ' ' : ^l m. ; /i '' life, soul." Such nouns as dhobi " washerman " are of course masculine.

XIV INTRODUCTION.

Nouns ending in / preceded by a long alif are generally masculine, as hat m. market place (for weekly or bi-weekly market).

Most Hindi Verbal nouns obtained by dropping the infinitive termina- tion are feminine, as mar f. ** beating." Hence Persian verbals are all feminine, as zad '* beating."

Hindi verbals in o and n are masculine, as chafha^o m. "ascent," cJuilan m. " gait, character."

Most nouns, abstract or concrete, in d,o are mascuHne, as ghd,o, pild,o, ald,o'' bon-fire." etc. ; but wa,o ** ship ** is feminine and chd,o *' affection."

'Pers'mn verbals in sh are feminine, as ddnish "wisdom," koahish ** endeavour."

The gender of an Arabic, Persian, or English word is, in Hindustani, often determined by the gender of the Hindi Synonym : fakm Ar. is feminine on account of the Hindi sarnajh ; chashm Pers. is feminine on account of the Hindi dnkh ; and la.in Eng. is feminine on account of lakxr. This rule does not generally apply if the word has a masculine form. Kamdn " command ' ' is feminine because kamdn ' * bow " is.^

Arabic words of the form or measure Jjj*a>^ are feminine, as to' Ztm (^^3) " teaching, instruction," but ^^^*i an amulet is masculine.

Arabic words in Hindustani of other forms or measures are mascuUne or feminine according to their measure, but their gender in Urdu has no connection with their gender in Arabic. Detailed rules will be found in the grammars.

Many words fall under no rule. Some few words vary in gender according to their meaning, so that the gender alone indicates their mean- ing.

Many words are of common gender as dushman, dost, madad-gdr etc.

The following Persian verbals are common in compounds used in colloquial : sdz " making " from the Persian verb '* to make," Sbsgharl-sdz ' * watchmaker. ' '

Bdz "playing" as hatte-bdz "a juggler" (Ut. player with small round boxes).

Khwdr or khor " eating, " as Nash^a-khwdr *' one that takes intoxi- cants ' ' ; haldUkhor a euphemism for a Muslim sweeper.

Ddr *' holding, having," as zamtn-ddr "landowner or land-holder" ; par-ddr "winged."

Bar-ddr " carrying, ' ' as huqqorharddr ' pipe- bearer ' ' (a servant who prepares the huqqa and carries it on a journey, etc.).

1 It is not clear why botal, Eng., *' bottle " is feminine.

2 Arabic words of five letters, the first being «, and the last but one y, are of this form, and the remaining three letters are the root of the word.

INTRODUCTION. XV

Band " fastening, tying, etc.," as na'l-band *' a shoeing-smith " ; izdr-band " trouser-band."

Parwar "cherishing," as §[hanb-parwar "cherisher of the poor."

Bakhsh * ' giving,' ' as Khudd-bakhsh.

Go "saying," b^ ziydda-go **a babbler, one that babbles too much."

Nishln " sitting," as sadr-nishln " sitting in the sadr or presidential seat, chairman."

Bin * ' seeing,' ' as dw'-bm ' ' far-seeing ; also a telescope or binoculars ' ' ; zarra-bin *' atom-seeing," i.e. " a miscroscope."

Gir " taking, seizing," a.8 *dlam-glr wabd" a widely-spread pestilence." * Alam-gir is also an epithet for an Emperor.

Kan " digging," as gor-kan " grave-digger," also " a badger " ; muhr kan " a seal-cutter."

Bdf " weaving," as qdlin-bdf " carpet- weaver."

Shinds " knowing," as Khudd-shinds " pious."

Nawdz "soothing" (also playing on a musical instrument), as banda-nawdz = tieaiting kindly.

Farosh '" selling," as mewa farosh " fruit-seller."

Posh " wearing," as pd-posh " shoes " ; sar-posh " lid, cover."

Ydb " obtaining," as kam-ydb " rare."

Others, not so common are also in use.

The Persian past participle also occurs in common colloquial, as ydfta "having obtained," \n ta'llm-ydfta "educated," pinshan-ydjta "pen- sioned."

Certain letters are peculiar to Hindi, or to Persian, or to Arabic words : vide " Hind. Man," p. xvi. A munshi whose name is Ahmad can- not be a Hindu, while Jaganndth cannot be a Muslim.

D. C. P.

English = Hindustani Vocabulary.

Abandon, chhor-dend, gen. : dil se dur karnd (of ideas).

Abate, kam karnd; ghatnd, intr., and ghatdnd, tr.

Abduct, le-bhdgnd, gen. (of people or things) ; le-urnd, met. (ditto) vide Elope.

Abet, madad dend; pushtl karnd: vide Incite.

Ability, liydqat: qdhiliyat.

Able, qdhil; ld,iq, adj.

Ablution, nmzu (k.) (relig.): munh hdth dhond : ghusl karnd, gen. to bathe.

Abnormal, ma'mul ke hhildf ; or ma^mul se ziydda or kam.

Abolish, uthd-dend; maiiquf karnd {also = to dismiss, stop, adjourn): vide Cancel .

Abominable, nihdyat makruh {i.e., very objectionable).

Abortion, pet or haml girdnd, cause an . '

Abound, kasrat se hond.

About, idfiar udhar, here and there : ird gird or chdron taraf, on all sides : qarib qartb or ko,l, nearly, q.v. ; -ke bdre men or -H hdbat (concerning).

Above, -ke upar : sab se pahle, above all: mazkur (above) mentioned.

Abroad, bdhar, adv. and prep. : pardes, subs., foreign country.

Abrogate, vide Cancel and Abolish.

Abscond, bhdgnd; firdr hond: rafu chakkar hond (disappear suddenly).

Absconder, firdri.

Absence ghayr-hdziri.

Absent, ghayrhdzir.

Absolute, mutlaq: mukhtdr-i-kull.

Abstain, kisl chiz se bdz rahnd, to abstain from doing or committing (but — bdz dnd to desist from) : — se parhez karnd, gen.

Abundant, kasrat se.

Abuse, gdli dend (prop, filthy, but not of harsh words) : fuhsh gdlt sundnd (filthy) : gall galauj {mutual filthy abuse) : burd bhald kahnd (ordinary abuse or harsh words).

Abusive, ganda-zabdn ; munh-chhut.

Accent, lahja (in language) : zor (stress).

Acceptable, pasand ; pasand keld,iq.

Acceptance, qabiil {h. and k.), gen., (of prayer, or anything): vide Ap- proval, etc.

ACC 2 ACT

Accessory, vide Partner.

Accommodation, jagdh, f. : gnnjayishy f. ; 50wa,f , f. (also access).

Access, samd,t, f. (met., to places); ra8d,i, f., and pahunch, f. (to persons and places) ; pahunchnd (to have access to).

Accident, hddisa; ' vide' Event: ittifdq, chance.

Accompany, sdth jdnd ( — him or them; to go with); sdth chalna (to start with me) ; sdth holend (to come along with).

Accomplice, vide Partner, Companion.

Accomplish, purd kamd.

Accomplished, kdmil (of people ; lit. perfect).

Accomplishment, hunar [jdnnd] gen. , (mental or other) ; kamdl rakhnd, gen., (ditto).

According to , — ke mutdhiq ; — ke muwdfiq.

Accordingly, chundnchi.

Accost, toknd (also to challenge of sentries; find fault with, check)>

Account, hisdb, m. (likhnd) (of money) : haydn, m. (narration) : kisi tarah nahtn (on no account) : hisdb chukdnd or he-bdq kamd (to settle accounts).

Account-book, hisdh-hoM,

Accountable, jawdb-dih (responsible).

Accoutrements, kiUkdntd, n., mil. (in eludes arms; also met. = * various belongings ').

Accumulate, jama* k. (or A.).

Accuracy, sihhat, f . (also good health) : durtist or sack hond. Accurate, thik ; durust; sahih.

Accusation, ilzdm, m., gen., [lagdnd) : tuhmat, f. (Uigdnd) (false charge). Accused, mulzam : * vide' Prisoner. Accuser, ndlishi or faryddt (complainant). Accustom, *ddat ddlnd. Ache, vide Pain.

Acid, khattd, adj. : tezdby m. (for burning) : khcdd.i, subs, (acidity). Acknowledge, iqrdr or qabul kamd (a fault) : mdnnd (a fault, a king, a saint). 50 Acme, bhondd-pan us par khatm hai, he is the acme of ugliness.

Acquaintance, muldqdti ; dshnd ; jdn pahchdn kd ddmi ; or saldm 'alayki (Panj.) (all = the person) : vide Information, Knowledge.

Acquire, hdsil kamd.

Acquit, barl kamd ; be-gundh thahrdnd.

Acquittal, khaldsl or chutkdrd (or release).

Acrobat, nat, m. and natni, f. (prop, a caste).

Across, — ke pdr, prep. : drd-tirchhd, adj. and adv.

Act, to, — H sdng bharnd, to play the part of : *amal kamd (of action).

ACT 3 ADO

Act, qdnun, and ikat (law) : khudd ki hat or hhuddyl kdr-khdna, act of God.

Action, kiyd ; 'amal, m. ; fi^l, m. (also = verb): harakat (spec, bad ac- tion; also in a general sense = movement).

Active, chust ; chust o chdldk ; [chdldk alone generally means cunning f sharp]: phuriild (also smart): chusti and phurtl, subs., activity: chdldki activity (aZ5o = sharpness, trickery).

Actual, haqiql ; asli.

Actually, haqzqat men.

Acute, tez-fahm (in intellect) : shadid (violent, intense, severe).

Acuteness, tez-fahmi (of understanding) : shiddat (of pain, severity, inten- sity, violence).

Add, \ jornd (also = to mend) : jama'- karnd (also = to collect) : kushdda Addition, j karnd, lit. to widen (to add to a house, garden, etc.) : [janm' subs., f. addition].

Address, nishdn (also = sign; signal; mark; trace ; banner ; nishdna = target): nam o nishdn: patd (also = trace) : thikdnd (also = resting- place ; limit) : patd, thikdnd.

Address, to, kisi ko mukhdtab karnd, to speak to.

Adhere, chipaknd or satnd (as of a stamp) : bdt par arnd or jamnd (to ad- here to one's opinions) : lagd-liptd rahnd ( — to a person or to opin- ions).

Adherence, pairavi (relig.) ; Idg lapet, f.

Adherent, pairau (follower of) : Idgu ; taraf-ddr.

Adhesive, chipakne-wdld.

Adieu, to bid, — se rukhsat hond : Khudd Hdfiz kahnd (to say ' God be thy guardian ') : widd' karnd.

Adjacent, ds pds kd (all around) : baghal kd.

Adjoin, us kd ghar mere ghar se mila hu,d hai his house adjoins mine = baghal men.

Adjourn, to, uthd-rakhnd ; (but uthd-dend to abolish).

Adjournment, " posmaTi," Eur. (of cases).

Administer, intizdm, m.

Admire, waq'at ki nigdh se dekhnd, vide Approve and Praise.

Admit, dne dend (a person) : mdn-lend or qabul karnd allow.

Admonish, samjhdnd : nasihat karnd.'

Adopt, god men lend (a child ; lit. to take into the lap ) : ikhtiydr karnd (a measure, idea).

Adopted, pdlak an adopted child.

Adore, — kl Hbddat karnd (of God) : vide Worship : mdn apne bete par jdn

detl hai the mother adores her son ; vide Dote and Devoted, Adorn, drdsta karnd ; drd,ish d.

Adorned, drdsta ; band,o singdr kiye hu,e (for woman) ; ban than-ke (tricked out ; too smartly dressed ; of prostitutes or fops).

ADU 4 AGR

Adult, baligJt : siyana (also = cunning) ; nau-jawdn (from 17 to 25 about). . ,". '' ^ J ( ^^*o< mildnd ; {khotd opposed to khard pure).

Adultery, zind, f. (k.) ; zind-kdrl (k.) (also = fornication).

Advance, age harhnd, intr. : age dend (of money) : vide Promote and Inter- est : prshgl, f. an advance of pay.

Advantage, fd,ida {uthdnd) ; naja' : nafa' nuqsdn profit and loss, advan- tages and disadvantages : [bat ki unch ntch pros and cons].

Advantageous, fd,ida-mand ; mujld.

Adventure, sar-guzasht, f.

Adventurous jdn jokhon^ adj. (risky to life) : diUchald.

Adversary, hanf (in war or in games) : muqdhil (opponent, gen.) : raqlb

(rival). Adversity, vide Misfortune and Poverty.

. j^ .! ' . ! ishtihdr dend. Advertisement, S

Advice saldh, f. {d.): mashwara {d.) [but mashwara karnd to consult].

Affair, bat, f. ; kdm, f. amr ; mu'dmala.

Affection, mahabbat : andhi mahabbaty blind, or doting affection, vide Dote :

[mahabbati affectionate]. Affix, lagdnd.

Affliction, vide Grief, Pain, Misfortune. 100 Afford, de-saknd ; maqdUr rakhnd. Affray, dangd fasdd ; mar- pit, f . Aforesaid, mazkur. Afresh, na,e sir se,

i ba*d ; pichhe ; dkhir (after all).

Afternoon, tisrd pahar, m. : si-pahar, f.

Again, phir ; do-bdra ; har dam or bdr bar again and again.

Against, khildf or bar hhildj.

Age, 'umr, f. ; sinUj m. ; burhdpd old age ; za'tfi {not weakness, which is zu'f) : nd-bdligi^, adj. under age : zamdna or muddat (a long time) : bdl paknd (to age, grow grey).

Aged, sinn-ddr.

Agent, ajant Eng. : wakll ; gumdshta.

Aggressor, pahal karnd (to be the ).

Agile, phurtild (also smart in movements); phurtild-pan agility.

Agitate, vide Shake : josh men land (excite people) : ghabrdhat men ddlnd (to alarm).

Agitator, mufsid (seditious).

Agree, qoibul karnd ; rdzi hond ; man-lend.

Agreeable, diUpasand (of things) : mazorddr (of food, gen.)

After, Afterwards,

AGR 6 ALM

Agreement, iW/ag (also = harmony, concord) ; mel (concord) : qardr or hand

o bast (oral; promise): girmit, 'Eng. = iqrdr-nama (written ):

rdztndma (deed of reconciliation).

Agriculture, khett (k.) ; zamm-ddrl (k).

Agriculturist, zamin-ddr (landholder) : kdsht-kdr : vide Subject.

Ague, jam, m. (also cold and winter) : larza (also trembling).

Aide-de-Camp, musdhib {lit. a companion to a great person).

Ail, to, iimh bad maza kai or tabVat bad-maza hai : bad-mazagi, subs.

Aim, shist or nishdn bdndhnd : vide Object.

Air, hawd, f. ; vide Fume : hhiydU pild^o pakdnd to build castles in the air.

Air, to, hawd khildnd ; dhup dhikhdnd : hawd khdnd to take the air : apne ko dur khinchtd hai (he gives himself airs ; but — apne ko dur rakhnd he holds himself aloof).

Airy, hawd-ddr.

Alarm, daghdagha (fear combined with doubt) : shor machdnd to give the alarm; lit. to make a noise); halld k, (also = to create an uproar): halld ghulld max^hdnd, lit. to sound the alarm.

Alarming, dardond (of appearance) : wahshat-ndk (of news).

Alarum, jagaunt ( clock).

Alert, hoshydr (also = sober, not drunk; in one's proper senses, after a faint; clever, i.e., full of hosh or senses); chaukas ; chaukannd [lit, four-eared) : beddr maghz (of Governors or Officers, etc.) ; vide Shout.

Alienate, judd karnd : dil ko judd k. ( the affections of).

Alight at, — par utarndy but jagah men utarnd.

Alike, ek tarah kd : yak-sdn (much alike) : bil-kull yaksdh (identical) : unkl

shaklen milti julti \ain (or ek dusri se milii hain). Alive, jitd ; zinda ; jitd jdgtd alive and kicking. All, sab ; sab ke sab one and all: sdrd, adj. : mutlaq — na (not at all) :

kuchh bhl nahin nothing at all : jo kuchh mujh se ho-saktd hai yih hai

ki — all that I can do for you is .

Allay, dur karnd (of grief) : bujhdnd (of thirst ; lit. extinguish) : vide Alle- viate.

Alleviate, vide Lessen.

Alliance, dostl : 'ahd a paimdn.

Alligator, magar, m. (snub-nosed) ; ghariydl (long-nosed crocodile).

Allow, dend (preceded by a verb in the infinitive) ; ijdzai dend to give

permission : vide Admit. Allowable, jd,iz.

Allowance, bhattd, m. travelling allowance (from bhdt, m. boiled rice) : kharch : jeb-kharch (pocket-money) : — kd lihaz karnd to make allow ances for :

Allude, ishdra karnd : uskd ishdra meri taraf thd he alluded to me : is lafz

se uskd matlah bdwarcM thd by this term he meant the cook. Almanack, jantrt, f.

ALM 6

AMO

Almond, badam: bdddmi, adj. almond-coloured, i.e., tan; also almond- shaped.

Almost, qartb qarib.

Alms, khairat, f., sing. (Muslim) : dan, f. or dan-pun, m. (Hindu). Alone, akela; ianhd ; tan^i-tanhd all alone; [tan P. = body] ; chhornd or — se hath uthdnd to Jet alone.

Along-sided, — ke bagj^al men ; —ke pahlu men.

Aloud, zor se : unchi dtudz se ; chilld-kar having cried out.

160 Alphabet, alif be, f.

Alter, badalnd; tubdil karnd ; badcU sadal, k. (where there is a question of several changes) .* vide Correct.

Altercation, takrdr, f. [k,) ; jhagrd, m. (k.) : gdli galauj, f. (k.) interchange of filthy abuse, mutual abuse.

Iternate, | ^-^- j-^| ^^ ^^ turns : ek din chhorke on alternate days.

Alternative, chdra, m. remedy : tadbir, f. plan.

Although, agarchi : itnd bard adml ho-kar wuh gharur nxihlh kartd although he is such a great man, he shows no pride.

Altitude, vide Height.

Altogether, sah milke all combining together: sdre kd sdrd khardb it is altogether bad : vmh purd bad-ma' ash hai.

Alum, phitkiri, f.

Amass, vide Collect.

Amateur, wuh shauqlya gdtd hai, he is an amateur singer.

Amazed, dang (k.), (astounded) ; hakka bakka (confounded, surprised).

Amazement, hairdni bewilderment ; being confounded or perplexed.

Ambassador, elcht.

Ambiguous, muhham : pechida confused, entangled : do-ma'nq, vulg. (with two meanings).

Ambition, hausala, m. (lit. crop) ; himmat, f. (also = courage and persever- ance).

Ambitious, 'all himmat; 'dli hausala; hausalamand (of noble ambition): vide Courage : dunyd-talab (ambitious in a bad sense).

Amble, ruhdl or rahwdr chalnd (of an easy artificial amble).

Ambuscade, kisi ki ghdt msn baithnd or rahnd : ghat or kamin-gdh, f.

(place ).

Ameliorate, — kl hdlat bihtar karnd : chdra-sdzi, k. (also to cure).

Amend, sudhdrnd ; hdlat ko sudhdrnd (to mend one's ways).

Amends, badld {d.),' vide ' Revenge : mukdfdt (k).

Amiable khush-mizdj.

Amicable, dostdna, adj. and adv.

Amidst, — ke bich (men) : — ke dar miydn.

Ammunition, golt bdrut, m.

Amnesty, 'dmm mu'dfi (general pardon).

Among, vide Amidst.

AMO 7 ANT

Amount, pahunchna (to amount to) : mdblagh (sum).

Amputate, katna ; kat-dalnd : qalam karna to sever at one blow.

Amulet, ta'mz, m.

Amuse, dil bahldnd amuse oneself ; but kisi kd dil hahland to amuse another.

Amusement, tamdshd, m. ; 5^^^? occupation ; mashcjhuUyat Aiito : dil-la^i ki hat (also joke).

Amusing, maza-ddr (of people or books ; lit. ' tasty,' of food).

Anarchy, andher, f. {machl hu,i hai).

Ancestors, hap ddde, pi.

Ancestry, nasi, f. ; khdnddn.

Anchor, langar {ddlnd and uthdnd).

Anchorage, langar-gdh, f.

Ancient, qadim : ogle zamdne ke log the ancients.

Anecdote, vide Story.

Angel, firislita.

Angelic, firishta-sifat (in disposition) : flrishta <kd sd (angel-like, might refer to appearance).

Anger, f^hussa {k. and h.), subs, and adj. ; khafd (k. and h.) : khafgiy f.

Angle, kond, m. corner.

Angry, vide Anger.

Animal, jdnwar ; haiwdn.

Animosity, kina.

Ankle, takhna, m.

Annihilate, nest o ndhud karnd ; * vide ' Exterminate.

Anniversary, sdUgirah, f. (also birthday).

Announce, khahar dend : vide Cry.

Announcement, ittild, f. (d.) inform: wc?e Advertisement : i'ldn, m. (public).

Annoy, diqq karnd : satdnd {lit. to oppress) : higarnd to be annoyed (also to

go bad, be spoilt) : vide Tease. Annual, sdldna.

Anoint, chuparnd grease. 200

Anonymous, gum-ndm. Another, ek aur ; dusrd a second: pardyd, adj. another's, not one's own

property. Answer, jawdh dend (also = to dismiss a servant) : is se merd kdm chalegd

this will answer my purpose : vide Curt. Ant, chunti, f. (small) : chuntd, m. (large) : dimak, f. (white-ant). Antagonist, jor (in wrestling) : vide Adversary. Antagonism, mukhdlafat.

Antelope, haran or hiraii, m., and harm, f., the Indian Antelope or Black- buck.

Antecedents, qabl kd hdl.

ANX 8 ARM

Anxiety, \ande8ha, m. ; fikr, f . anxious thought : soch^ f, ditto. : filer- Anxious, J mand anxious.

Any, kisi na kisi tarah anyhow : kahh't anywhere : [kahin^^na nowhere].

Apart, judd ; alag ; *alqhida.

Aperient, julldb.

Apologizet mu'dfi mdngnd OT chdhnd, '-'■

Apology, 'uzr, m. (k), "^

Apparatus, sdmdn,

Aooarentiv f ^^^*'' (^^®^ clear) ; zdhir-an or dekhne men (apparently).

Appeal, * apil * karnd, leg. : main dp ki duhd,i detd hurt I appeal to you.

Appear, maHum hond ; zdhir hond ; dikha,% dend : vakil hond to appear for .

Appearance, surat, f. ; shakl, f. form, shape : vide Face,

Appease, thandd karnd ; mandnd (anger).

Appellant, vide Plaintiff.

Appertain, — se 'ildqa or ta'alluq rakhnd.

Appetite, hhukh, f. hunger : ishtihd, f.

Apple, seb : sharifa or sitd-phal (custard- apple).

Applicant, darkhwdst-kame-wdld : ' vide ' Candidate.

Appoint, muqarrar karnd ; thdhrdnd.

Appointment, naukari : *uhda, m. rank.

Apprehend, giriftdr karnd ; pakarnd ; vide Arrest ; giriftdri, subs.

Apprentice, shdgrid (also = pupil).

Appropriate, to, apndnd to make one's own : mahhsus karnd to make special ; vide Fitting, Right.

Apricot, zarddlu, m. (acid) : khubdni, f. (fresh or dried ; sweet).

Aptitude, mundsahat, t, facility.

Aqueduct, kdrez. P., f. (under-ground ; perhaps pecuhar to the North).

Arabic, 'Arabi or 'Arabt zabdn.

Arbiter, \sdU?. (Ar., lit. "third"): panch, m., gen., vide Umpire: Arbitration, J sdlisi (k.) arbitration.

Arch, mihrdb, f. ; mihrdb-ddr, adj. arched.

Arena, akhdrd, m. (sp. for wrestling).

Argue, bahs, f. {k.) : doMl, f. {lit. proof) {k.) (but dalll land to cite a proof)

Arid, be-db.

Arise, uthnd (to get up) : paidd hond ( — ^happen, etc.).

Arithmetic, hisdb.

Arm, bdzu (prop, upper arm): hdth hand, fore-arm; f ore- leg in horses : shdkh (of river; lit. branch).

Armed, hathydr-band {k.) : musallah (k.).

Arms, hathydr ; asliha.

Armistice, mde Respite.

ARM 9 ASP

Armourer, sildk-gar (who makes weapons) : saiqal-gar (polisher).

Armoury, silah-hfrnna.

Arm- pit, baghal, m. the oxter {also side, half of the breast of a bird).

Army, fauj, f. ; lashkar, m.

Around, — ke gird : chdron taraf, or gird-d-gird, or ird-gird (all around).

Arouse, jagdnd ; uthdnd to make to get up : vide Awake ; chamkdnd arouse

with suddenness. Arrange, thlk thdk karnd ; durust karnd (also to mend) : sajdnd to put in 250

proper order, arrange things (as a room or table).

Arrangement, band o bast, m. (k.) ; intizdm, m. (k.) to plan, q.v. ; vided\%o

Administration. Arrears, bdqi, m. ; charhd hu,d rwpiya. Arrest, tOf nazar band, k. (open arrest, mil.; also of a State prisoner):

vide Apprehend ; nazar-bdndl, subs.

Arrival, dmad, f.

Arrive, d-pahunchnd : tashrif Idnd (for big people).

Arrow, iir : tlr-partdb the distance of a bowshot.

Arsenal, vide Armoury.

Arsenic, sankhiyd, f. (white ).

Art, fann^ m. (also skill ; also sometimes artifice, trick) ; hunar^ L (also skill).

Artful, chdliyd ; chdl-bdz cunning : chdldk : makkdr.

Artifice, hila, m. ; chdl, f. ; vide Trick.

Artificer, kdri-gar.

Artificial, bandwatl :

Artillery, top-khdna, m.

A^ ^^ .' I charhnd : charhd.l or charhd.o, m. ascent. Ascent, ) ' • . ' »

Ascertain, ma'lum karnd : tahqiq, k. investigate ; darydft karnd to find out (also to ask).

Ascribed, }^«^«^^ (^«^^«)-

Ashamed (to be), sharminda (hond) : ' vide"" Shy.

Ashes, rdkh, f. : [rdkh-ddn ash-tray].

Aside, alag apart : ek taraf or kindre : apne dp se or dhista (in a stage whisper).

Ask, puchhnd (with se to ask, but with ko to ask after or to care about) : mdngnd to ask for : sawdl k. (also = to beg) : kisl kd hdl darydft karnd (to ask after a person) : vide Enquire and Question.

Aslant, tirchhd (lit. crooked) : drd, adj., across, crossways : dhdlu (also sloping ground, subs.).

Asleep, nlnd men in sleep : soyd hu,d or sotd hu,d.

Aspire, drzu (rakhnd) ; hausala k. (in a high sense; vide Ambition)

Aspirant, ummedwdr : ' vide ' Candidate, Applicant.

ASS 10 Aj-p

Ass, gadha, m. (also a fool) ; gadhi, f. : gadhd hojh (colloquial), an ass-load. Assailant, us ne pahal k% he was the assailant, the first to attack : hamla- iiioar, adj. attacking or charging.

Assault, vide Attack and Attray : mar-pit, f. (in law).

Assemble, jarm' k. and h. : ikatthd, k. and h. : * vide' Collect.

Assembly, majlis, f. .• shihll, Eng. {bajand) mil.

Assent, han karna : ' vide * Agree.

Assert, zor dekar kahna ; tdkld karke kahnd.

Assess, hand o hast, k. (of land) : [hand o hast-wdld assessor].

Assessment, rrmUguzdrt (land tax) : lagan, m. (of land, a zamindari term).

Assiduous, l^^^"^' *• ' ^^^^^*' ^-^i-

Assignation, chorl chupe ki muldqdt (any secret meeting).

Assist, kisi kl madad karna or kisi ko madad dend : [madad-gdr assistant].

Associate, milnd-pilnd : kisi ke sdth uthnd haithnd or hond.

Assure, yaqin dildnd.

Astonishing f^'^?7^ '^^^ ddlnd ; ta'ajjuh kl hat an astonishing matter.

Astonished, muta'ajjih: hairdn (bewildered).

Astray, rdJi se hkatak-jdnd.

Astrologer, nujuml : jotishl.

Asylum, pandh kl jagah (refuge) : pdgaUkkdna (lunatic ).

Athlete, pahlawdn (in wresthng and sword-stick, etc.) : kasratlya, gen.

Atom, zarra, m.

Atone, kaffdra, m. (d.)

Attachment, vide Affection.

Attack, handa, m. (k.) ; charhd,l, f. {k.) : shah-khun, m. (k.) (a night- attack, i.e., night- slaughter) : vide Raid.

Attainable, muyassar.

Attainment, husul, m. (in intr. sense, the being obtained) and tahsll, f. (in tr. sense, the obtaining).

300 Attempt, qasd, m. {k.) (also intention) : koshish, f. (k.) (to try to ).

Attend, — ko dil dend ; — ko kdn dharnd : — taraf tawajjuh k. (people or things) ; khidmat, k. ( upon) ; — kl hlmdr-ddrl, k. (on a sick person).

Attendance, hdzirl (being present ; at school, etc.) : khidmat, f. service.

Attendant, khidmatgdr ; n^ukar-chdkar attendants.

Attention, dhiydn, m, ; tawajjuh, f . : lihdz, m.

Attentive, mutawajjih : yih naukar jl se kdm kartd hai (attentive, of a ser- vant).

Attest, qawdhi dend ; sachdnd.

Attract, khlnchnd : or — ko koshish k.

Attraction, kashish, f. (physical) : dil-kashl or lubhd,o (charm).

Attribute, to, mde Ascribe

>hirs, f. : harts, adj.

AUC 11 BAF

Auction, nlldm, m. {k.) : [bolt holna bid at an auction].

Audience, majlis-wale, tamashd-bm, etc. ; no general term, except hdzirln :

Audit, Msdb jdnchnd.

Auspicious, mubdrak.

Author, musannif (of book) : bdnt (founder).

Authoritative, hdkimdna (of tone of voice).

Authorise, mukhtdr karnd : ikhtiydr dend.

Authority, sanad, f. : vide Order or Power.

Avarice, Avaricious,

Avaunt, dur ho !

Avenge, vide Revenge.

Average, ausat, subs, and adj. (Jit. adj. middle) ; ausat darje kd, or btch kd

(moderate) : ausat nikdlnd (to strike an average). Avert, tdlnd ; roknd ; dafa'-dafa'karnd (repulse, before or after occurrence). Avidity, shauq (desire, eagerness) : ji (mind). Avoid, parhez karnd (of things) ; muldqdt se, etc., parhez karnd (of people) :

kindra k. (people or things) : katrd-jdnd (to avoid meeting by turning

aside, etc.) : dnd-kdni karnd to cut, to pretend not to see. Avow, sdf iqrdr karnd ; danke ki chot iqrdr karnd (lit. avow by beat of

drum).

Await, vide Wait.

Awake, beddr, adj. {k. and h.) : vide Arouse.

Aware, — se dgdh, or wdqif, hond.

Awe, ru'b, m. ; haibat, f. - vide Fear.

Awful, haibat-ndk.

Awkward, bhaddd (in shape, slow and awkward in movement) : andri

(half-taught). Awning, chdndni for bed in summer: sd^e-bdn, m. : shdmydna (very large

and on poles).

Axe, kulhdn. Azure, dsmdni.

B

Babe, shir-khwdra bachcha.

Bachelor, bin-biydhd ; kunwdrd ; muflis.

Back, pith f . ; ptth phernd to turn the back : mere pichhe behind my back :

wdpas, adv. Backbite, ghibat karnd : 'vide' Tales.

Bad, burd ; khardb ; bad : subs, are burd^l, hhardbx, and badt. Badge, nishdn and 'aldmat (gen.), sign, mark, indication: billd mil. : chap-

rds (for a chaprdst). Baffle, vide Bewilder.

BAG 12 BAR

Bag, thaila, m. (large); thaili, f. (small): 'vide' Purse and Sack and Knapsack.

Baggage, samdn^ m. ; ashab, m. ; bdrbarddri (of troops).

Bail, zamdnat, f. (security of any kind) ; zamdnat par chhornd (to release

on bail ; personal or otherwise) : zdmin the person who goes bail or

stands security.

Bait, ddna, m. {Hi. grain ; for a snare) : chdrd (for fishing).

Bake, tanur men pakdnd (lit, to cook in an oven).

Baker, rott-wdld ; ndn-hd,%.

Balance, vide Scales : baqlya, m. (of account ; lit. remainder) : wazn bardbar rakhnd (in scale or on a tight- rope) : tuUbaithnd, intr. (in a carriage or a kajdvxi) : ghabrdnd, or apne ko na-sambhdl saknd to lose one's balance.

Balcony, bdld-khdna.

Bald, chandld^ i.e., having no hair on the cAa?y? or crown of the head;' ganjd (from disease scald-headed) : phikd {lit. insipid ; of literary style). .

Ball, gold, m. (large) ; goU^ f. (small; also a pill): gend, f.

Bamboo, bdns, m. : bambu (gen. opium pipe ; also penis).

Banana, keld, m.

Band, baind-bdjd (of music) : toll ; guroh^ m. : jamd'at, f. (of people).

Bandage, pattt, f.

Bandolier, partald (now also a Sam Browne belt, or a sword-belt with a

shoulder-strap). Bandy-legged, kamdn-pd. Bangle, churl, f. (a thin bangle).

Banish, des-nikdld karnd ; or jald watan karnd (from country) : vide Exile and Deport : subs, and adj. des-nikdld, and subs. jald-waUim.

Bank, kindra, m. (of river; also edge of lake, or fountain, etc. ; also edge, border) : bank-ghar, Eur.

Banker, sdhukdr or mahdjan (Hindu): sarrdf (** shroff"; prop, money- changer) : bank-wdld (European).

Banknote, not, m. ; lot, vulg.

Bankrupt, ^diwdliyd, adj.: diwdld nikdlnd ; or fa^ wZ«<wa (to go bank- Bankruptcy, ) rupt ; to close the business : shopmen sit on a tdt).

Banner, vide Flag.

Banquet, ziydfat (k.) ; da'wat {k. or d.) (any invitation).

Banyan-tree, bar or bar, m.

Bar, berd (goes right across the door ; also = a raft): 6^7Z»or H/Zt, f. (a small bar in the centre of door ; also a " button " on a small door).

Barbarian, mleksha, vulg. malechh (by Hindus ; originally meant those that did not know Sanskrit ; now = unclean) : wahshi ; jangll.

Barbarity, jangU-pan : vide Cruelty.

Barber, wa,i (Hindu) ; khalifa (Muslim) : hajjdm gen.

i Indians say that being chandla is a sign that a man is igbaJrmand.

BAR 13 BAZ

Bare, nanga, naked : barahna, ditto.

Barely, ba-mushkil : main ghar se bdhar nlkalne na-pdyd thaki — ( = 1 had

not quite got out of the house when — ; but merd bdhar qadam rakhnd

hi thd = I had just got out when — .

Bargain, saudd, m. (k.) (buying, marketing) : saudd chuk-gayd (the bargain was closed) : kauriyon ke mol, adv. (to get as a bargain, i.e., dirt- cheap) : ghatd,o barhd,o karnd (to bargain ; not in a bad sense as to haggle, q.v.)

Bark, chhdl, f. (of tree): bhaunknd (to — ; of dogs).

Barley, jau, m., sing.

Barracks, bdrik, f., Eur.

Barrel, nail or ndll, f. (of gun; also = a drain; nail also a marrow bone and spec, the cannon-bone of horses) : ptpd (cask).

Barren, be-phal (of trees) : bdnjh (of woman) : bahld (of animals) : usar or ban jar (of land).

Barricade, rok, f. (lagdnd) : kucha-bandl karnd (to barricade streets).

Barrow, theld (any push-cart or trolly).

Barter, adal badal karnd, gen., (exchange).

Base, adj., kamma (of no family, etc.) : pdji (in character) : pdjiymia (of actions).

Base, subs., kursl (of pillar ; also plinth : lit. chair) ; vide Foundation and Founder.

Bashful, sharmild ; sharmd,u.

Basin, bdsan, m. ; bol, m., Eur. ; lagan, m.

Bask, dhup khdnd (in sun) : garmdnd, gen. : dg tdpnd, tr.

Basket, tokrd, m. (large) ; tokrl, f. (small),

Bass, bam.

Bastard, hardm-zdda.

Bastion, burj (also a tower or turret).

Bat, chamgddar, etc., f. : bddur (flying-fox) : thdpi, f. (cricket-bat).

Bath, cjihusl kd " tap " : hammdm, Turkish bath.

Bathroom, ghusl-hhdna.

Bathe, to, ghusl karn^d and nahdnd (int. sense) : nahldnd, tr. : gjiusl dend

(to wash corpses, etc.); vide Ablutions. Battalion, batdliyan, f, (Eur.) Battery, bdtrl (Art.)

Battle, lard,l ; jang : jang kd maiddn^ battle-field. Bawdy-house, chakld, m.

Bawl, dapatnd, intr., to bawl or shout at a person (also tr., to gallop a horse).

Bay, kumait (of horse) : teliyd kumait (dark bay ; as though it had oil rubbed over it).

Bayonet, [kislko) sangln, f. {mdrnd).

Bazar, bdzdr, m, ; hdt, m.

BE 14 BEG

Be, to, hond : rahne do (let it be) : jane do (= never mind). Bead, dana (of rosary, etc. ; lit. grain) : pot, m. (glass bead) : vide to Skewer. Beak, chonch, f. (of bird). 400 Beam, shahtir, m. (large): balU, f. (small cross beams; also a pole). Bean, sem, f. ; lohiya, m. ; and hdqild (all different kinds). Bear, bhdlu,^ m. ; richh, m. Beard, ddfhl, f. ; riah, f. Bearded, ddrhi-todld or darhiyal; rish-ddr, darhiydld (contemp., of a hypo-

crite Muslim).

Beardless, amrad (young and ).

Beast, jdrnoar ; haiwdn (animal) : darinda {lit. tearing, rending ; any beast

of prey) : jangli jdnwar (any wild animal).

Beat, mdrnd (also = to kill): pitnd : herpher kl bdten karnd, to beat about the bush : bajdnd (beat a drum): main hdr-gayd = Vm dead beat, I give in.

Beautiful, hasin (spec, of humans) ; Ichub-suraty gen. ; namkln, good-looking; sdnwld (good-looking as well as dark).

Beauty, husn, m. (spec, of humans and abstract ideas) : jamdl, m. (of hu- mans but derived from jamal, a camel) : maldhat, m. (good-lookingness). Beckon, hath se ishdra karnd or ishdre se buldnd : * vide ' Wink. Becoming, zeb dene-wdld libds^ becoming dress : vide Suit.

Bed, palanQy m., or chdr-pd^t, i., bedstead: bistar , m.. , smd bichhdioan or bichhaund, m., bedding (from bichhdnd, to spread.)

Bee, shahd ki makkhi or madh-makkhl : ndk kl sidh men (In a bee-line,

following one's nose). Beef, gd,e kd gosht : " bif'^ Eur.

Beer, "6tr" shardb, f. : piipd " 6»r," f., draught beer. Beetroot chuqandar^ m. Before, dge (of time or place): sdmne, in front of : mazkur, mentioned,

before-mentioned , above-mentioned.

Beforehand, pahle se ; dge ae.

Befriend, — kd sdth dend (also = to accompany).

Beg, bhlkh mungnd; sawdl karnd (also = to ask) : hdth pasdrnd or phaildnd

{lit. to hold out the hand ; i.e. , beg for alms) : vide Entreat. Beggar, bhlkh-mangd, gen. ; bhikdrl, gen. : faqir {lit, poor). Beggary, muflist {men parnd) : kangdll {us par d,%).

Begin, lagnd (preceded by inflec. infin. = to begin and to continue) : shuru' shuru' karnd (preceded by uninflected Infinitive, to begin only ; em- phasizes the commencement of an act; vide *' Hindustani Stumbling- Blocks ").

Beginning, shuru^, m. : ibtidd, f. : sird, m. (head, end, of material things). Beginner, mubtadi ; nau-sikh. Begone, dur ho !

1 But, hcHu, f., sand.

BEH 15 BIB

Behalf, meri taraf or men zabanl (from or on behalf of me) : men khdtir or

mere haqq men (for me). Behave, shayistagi se rahna (of children) : vide Treat. Behaviour, dhang, m. ; or bartd,o, m. : [chdUchalan , character]. Behead, kisi kd sir kdtna or urdnd : — k^ gar dan murnd. Behind, Behindhand, pichke ; pith-ptchhe : phisaddi, adv. and adj. {lit. the

last in any race or game) : muin is kdm men pichhwd-gayd, T am

behind-hand with this.

Belie, jhuthldnd.

Believe, mdnnd ; hdwur karnd : iman Idnd (of convert to Islam) : i'tiqdd, m. (relig. opinion) w(^e Faith, Trust, Reliance, Opinion; Jinnon kd mu^taqid nahin hun, I don't believe in Jinns.

Bell, ghantd, m. (large); ghantl, f. (small).

Belly, pet, m. ; shikam, m. : ' vide' Womb : pet-hJiar, adv., belly-full.

Beloved, ma'shuq: ['dshiq, lover].

Below, niche (prep, and adv.) ; tale (prep.) : vide Less.

Belt, peti: partald, m., sword-belt or bandolier, q.v. ; dawdl, f.

Bend, jhuknd, intr., and jhukdnd, tr., to bend down, stoop, etc. : mornd, to give a turn or twist to : vide Crooked.

Beneath, vide Below : wen sha^n ke IdHq nahm ki — , it's beneath my dig- nity to — .

Benefactor, muhsin.

Beneficent, fayydz [very generous, from faiz, munificence).

Beneficial, m^/«c? .• sud-mand ; fd,ida-mand.

Benefit, to, fd,ida karnd (of medicine) : fd,ida pahunchdnd (of persons) : — se fd,ida uthdnd (to be benefited by) : vide Favour.

Benevolence, hhair-lchwdhx (also loyalty). Benevolent, vide Benefactor.

Benign, mihrbdn (gen., kind ; also of kings = benign). Benumbed, sun (k. and h.). Bequeath, de-m/irnd or chhor-m^rnd.

Beseech, minnat karnd ; iltimds karnd ; girgird-kar mungnd. Beside, bag^hal (men) : vide Near : matlah se hdhar hai, this is beside the 450 question : dpe se hdhar hond, to be beside oneself (with anger or joy).

Besides, is ke 'aldwa added to this ; is ke siwd, except this.

Besiege, ghernd (to surround) : qiVa-hand karnd.

Bespeak, kah-rakhnd.

Best, achchhe se achchhd ; bhale se bhald.

Between, — ke dar miydn or — ke blch {men) (** between " or " amongst").

Beverage, pine ki chiz.

Bewilder, ghdbrdnd ; hairdn karnd (also to astound).

Beyond, — se pare, prep. : parli taraf, adv. and prep., yih meri tdqat se bdhar hai, this is beyond my power.

Bible, Taurdt aur Injil ' vide ' Testament.

BID 16 BLO

Bid, bolt bdna (at an auction, q.v. ) : vide Invite and Order.

Bigoted, muta'asaib : ta'assuh, bigotry.

Bill, 6»7, Eng. ; hisab : * vide * Beak.

Bind, bandhna : kasna, to tighten; jild bandhnd, to bind books: vide Compel.

Binder, j^d-gar.

Binoculars, dur-bin, gen., also telescope : do-nali or do-dnkht, adj., binocular.

Bird, chiryci, f. (gen. small) [chiri sparrow] : panchhi or paranda (prop, any flying animal).

Birth, paidd,ish, f. ; janam, f., Hindi.

Birthday, janam-din, m., H. ; sdl-girah, f., P.

Biscuit, biskut, m. : * vide ' Brittle.

Bison, amd.

Bit, dahdna, m. (curb) : qaza^i, f. (snaffle) : vide Morsel, Piece.

Bitch, kutti ; kutyd.

Bite, kdtnd or kat-khdnd (of animals) ; ddnt kdtnd (of men).

Biter, kattar (of horse, or any animal except dogs, and met. of man) : munh mdrtd or chaldtd hai (of horses).

_! ^^' karwd ; talkh: subs., karwd-pan, m., and talhhi, f.

Bitterly, jalkar kahnd, to speak bitterly.

Black, kdld (k.); or siydh {k.) ; kdld 5^l/aA = jet-black: kdld-sd, blackish.

BlaLckguairdfbad-mu'dsh; luchchd; shuhdd.

Blacking, jutt ki siydhi (s^l/aA* = blackness, ink, and blacking).

Blacksmith, lohdr.

Bladder, phoknd (of animals only) : masdna, gen., med. : zahra, gall- bladder.

Blame, ilzdm lagdnd : uskd qusur hai or ivuh qusur-wdr hai, he is to blame : vide Reproach.

Blameless, be-qusur or be-khatd (without fault).

Blanket, kammal (gen. coarse) : lo,i (fine).

Blarney, chiknl chupri bdten (k.) : lallo potto karnd.

Blaze, dg kd bharaknd.

Bleak, be-dr (exposed).

Blemish, 'aib : ddglj, (also = spot, scar, etc.).

Blessing, du'd, f . [dend) ; [du'd karnd or mdngnd, is to pray, or pray for, in

the Christian sense ; the Muslim namdz being a kind of Lifcurgy]. Blind, andh^, gen. : kdnd, of one eye : 'aql kd andhd (intellectually — ). Blister, chhdld ; ( — par- jdnd oi — uthnd).

Blood, lohu, m. : khun^ m. : achchi nasi kd or a^il ghord (a blood horse). Blood-thirsty, hhun kd piydsd. Bloody, lohu-lohdn, blood-stained. Blooming, phald phuld (and met. prosperous).

BLO 17 BOR

Blossom, kali or shigufa (bud) : phul or khild hu,a phul (open blossom) : maur, mango-blossom.

Blot, da^, any spot or blemish : dhabba (wet blot) : vide Disgrace and Erase.

Blow, chot, f. (lagand) and zarb, f . [lagdnd] gen. : war, f. (cut of sword, or blow or point of any weapon).

Blow, to, phunknd (with mouth) : bajdnd (mus. instrument) : chalnd or bahnd, intr. (of wind) and urd-lejdnd, tr., to blow away.

Blue, nild (dark- blue) : dsmdni rang (sky-blue) : dbi, light- blue : firoza^i, 500 turquoise blue.

Blue-bottle, makkhd.

Blunt, kund.

Blurt out, kahrbaithnd (inadvertently ; of a secret).

Board, takhta, m. (large) ; takht^, f. (small).

Boast, to, shehhi mdrnd ; ding k. or m.

Boat, kishti and nd,o, f., gen. ; dengi, open row-boat.

Boatman, mdnjhi (spec. Hindu; a caste) : malldh (Muslim).

Body, badan, m. (spec, those parts that in decency should be covered) : tan ; jism.

Bogey, hawwd, f. ; bu^i ; bichd (to frighten children).

Boil, phord : bdl-tor (produced by the breaking of a hair) : vide Band and Corpse.

Boil, to, ubalndy intr., and ubdlnd, tr. ; josh khdnd, intr., and josh dend, tr.

Boiling, phutd or khaultd pdnl, boiling water.

Bold, diler ; ' vide' Brave, Dare, Impudent.

Bolt, chitkani {lagdnd) (of door) : vide Bar.

Bombshell, bam kd gold.

Bombardment, top-anddzl or gol-anddzl karnd.

Bond, tamassuk (spec, of money) : iqrdr-ndma (of agreement).

Bondage, vide Slavery ; Imprisonment, etc.

Bone, haddi : jhagre H jar ( = bone of contention).

Boneless, nihaddd (of meat).

Book, kitdb, f . ; — ndma (in comp.) : bahi, any register: kitdb ki almdrl, book-case: vide Binder: kutub- f arosh, hook-aeller.

Bookworm, kitdb kd kird (lit. and met.): machhli (the * fish-insect ').

Boot, jutd, gen. : but^ m. (pahinnd) (Eng. pattern); moza, m. (charhdnd) (long boots or stockings).

Booty, lut kd mdl.

Border, vide Edge, Boundary and Skirt.

Bore, surdkh karnd; chhednd ; barmdnd (with a 6arma or auger) : maghz (or sar) khdnd (to weary or bore to death).

Born, pdidd hond, to be born : mdn-pet kd andhd, born blind : in com- pounds — zdda, " born," past partic. of the Persian verb). 3

BOR 18 BRE

Borrow, udJiar or qarz lend (with dend=^ to lend) (of money only) : 'driyat lend (of things for use) ; mahgnl lend.

Bosom, vide Breast : pel ki hdten, bosom secrets : dill dost (sincere friend); ddht kdii rotx-khdne-wdld dost (bosom friend).

Both, donon ; har do : * vide' Also.

Bottle, botal, f. ; shisha, m. : pakaure st ndk-mdld, bottle-nosed {lit. with a nose like a pakaufd or a kind of small pease pudding).

Bottom, tah, f. (of well, river, etc.): chutaty f., (fundament): pendi,

bottom or underside of anything, and slang the fundament).

Bottomless, he thdh.

Bountiful, daryd-dil, and fayydz.

Bounty, fazl or karam, m. (of God) : daryd-dili or fayydzl (of men).

Bow, kamdn (for arrows) : kamdncJia (for violins) .* gj^ulel, a pellet bow :

vide Salute. Bowels, dntefi, f. pi. ; antriydn, f. pi. (guts, entrails). Bowl, piydla (also = cup): bol, m. Eng. : gend lurhkdnd (with a ball along

the ground ; lit. to make the ball roll) ; hut gend mdrnd or phenknd

(bowl at cricket).

Bowstring, vide Cat-gut.

Box, petl or sanduq (large ; spec, wooden chest) : ^anduqcha (smaller; also = desk) : sanduqchi (still smaller; a wooden casket) : dibiyd, f. (very small, as snuff box, etc.).

Box, ghunsd-hdzi karnd : ghunsd-bdz, boxer.

Boy, larkd : chhokrd (= a mere boy): laundd (contemptuous as bdzdr

laundd ** bazaar brat "). Boyish, larkon kd sd mizdj (in a good sense). Braces, gdlis, f. (Scotch ** gallowses"). Brackish, khdri-sd (of water) : khdrl-pan, subs. Brain, bhejd, m. ; maghz, m. ; sir kd gud : dimdgi,, m. (also understanding

q.v.) : Idthl mdr mdr-kar uskd bhejd nikdld (I brained him with my

Idthi). Bran, chokar, m. (of wheat) : bhusi (of other grain) : \bhu8d chopped

straw]. Branch, shdkh (of tree, river, railway): tahniy f. (twig). Brand, dd(^ Idgdnd (with hot iron) ; dhabbd lagdnd (with something wet ;

vide Blot) : ndm men ddgiA or dhabbd lagayd (of stigma).

Brandy, brdndi, Eng. Brass, pHtaly m.

Brave, bahddur : diler (bold) : jawdn-mard (also generous) : sher-mard and sher-dil ( = lion-hearted).

550 Breach, rakhna {k.) mil. : sendh, d. (of thieves).

Bread, rotty gen.: dabal roil, English bread only: ek roll, one loaf: [roll

also = food in general) : rozl, daily bread (from God). Breadth, chaurd,l : pdt (spec, of river) ; 'arz (spec, of cloth). Break, tornd (to snap) : phornd (break a hole) : tor tdr k. (of many things) :

toi' phor k. (ditto, but varied kinds of breaking): chuknd chur k.

BRE 19 BRO

(break into bits) : phutna (to break forth, to burst) : sendh d. (of thieves, vide Breach) : takkar khdnd (break, dash against ; of waves) nikalnd (to break in a horse, educate it) : roza kholnd (to break one's relig. fast properly ; but roza torndj to break it improperly) : qaul se phirnd (or mukarnd, to deny) to break a promise ; hdr-jdnd (break down) : torke kholnd (break open) : hdthchurdkar hhdgnd (break away, as a thief) : kisi se 'ddat churdnd (to break a person of a habit) ; hawd chhornd (to break wind, accidentally or otherwise).

Breakfast, hdziri or din kd khdnd ; [rdt kd Maria = dinner] : chhotl hdziri, light breakfast at sunrise.

Breast, pistdn or chhdti or sind (of woman) ; vide Chest : 3ma (of bird). Breastplate, slna-band, of horse. Breastwork, sangar, m. (of loose stones).

Breath, ) dam, m. ; sdns, m. and f. : {^sdna lend, to breathe, but dam lend. Breathe, ) to take rest].

Breed, bachcha dend (of animals) : jannd without ne, of woman) : — sp bachcha lend (to raise a breed) : pdlnd (to rear).

Brethren, bhd,i-band.

Brevity, ikhtisdr : [mukhtasar brief].

Brew, to, shardb khinchnd.

Bribe, ghuns, f . ; rishwat, f. {dend or khildnd, tr. ; but with khdnd and lend,

intr.) Brick, Int, f. (burnt or unburnt). Bricklayer, rdj. Bride, dulhan.

Bridegroom, c^w/Aa; nau-sha. Bridge, put, m. (bdndhnd). Bridle, lagdm, f. {dend or charhdnd) : zabdn ko lagdm dend (to bridle the

tongue) : be-lagdm ddmi (he has no reticence). Brief, vide Brevity : khuldsa, subs, and adj. ; Jchuldsd yih hai ki — briefly — . Brigade, briged, f. : fauj-bandi karnd, to brigade. Bright, chamak-ddr {k.) ; chamkild {k.) (shining) : raushan (clear ; of day, or

face ; also well-lighted = it^a^a) .• sdf (of sky).

Brilliancy, chamak, f. or jot, f. (of gems) : chamak (of stars).

Brims, lab, m., gen. {lit. lip).

Brine, namkin pdm, gen. (of ocean, or pickle).

Brink, kindra : marne kindre, adv. (on the brink of death).

Bring, land or le-dnd or lete-dnd, gen. : uthd-ldnd (bring in the hand).

Brittle, ndzuk (fragile or delicate) : shisha-sd ndzuk (fragile as glass) ; kardrd {crisp and brittle); pdpar kd hukm rakhtd hai { — brittle as a pdpar biscuit).

Broad, chaurd ; chakld : chaurd chakld, very broad.

Broadcloth, bdndt, f.

Broken- winded, sy^er-^Zam, adj. ; and sher-daml, auhs.

Broker, dalldl (any go-between) : kabdri (sells old furniture, etc.).

BRO 20 BUR

Broody, kufuk (of hens only).

Brook, chashma (the source of a stream).

Broom, jhdru : jhdfu phemd, to make a clean sweep of (of robbers, a spendthrift wife, etc.), vide Brush.

Broth, shorbdy shorwd^ ahirwd.

Brothel, thakld.

Brother, hhd,% ; hirddar (also relation) : S(igd hhii (own-brother, having same father and mother) : sauteld bhd,i (half-brother).

Brotherhood, hirddan ; zdt-birddarl : apndyit, f., subs, and adj.

Brotherly, hirddardna.

Brown, bhurd : bdddmi (tan, of leather ; lit. of the colour of almond peel) : imswdri rang (snuff-coloured, vide Snuff).

Browse, vide Graze.

Brush, burush or bursh, m., Eng. : bdl ka qalam (paint-brush) : jhdrii dend,

to brush ; [but jharu mdrnd, to beat with a jhdru, to birch], vide

Broom. Bubo, bdghi, f. (hond) (venereal only) : gilti {uchhalnd) (of plague, etc.). Buck, hamdy m., black-buck, vide Deer : kandhlmdmd, to buck (of a horse). Bucket, bditl, a stable-bucket. Buckle, baksu,d, m., Eng. (lagdrtd) : su,t (the tongue of the buckle; lit,

needle).

Buff, shuturi rang, lit. camel-coloured; vide Fawn and Brown.

Buffalo, bhains, f. (generic) : bhainsd (bull-buffalo).

Bug, khatmaly m. : gandhl, f.. that which flies at night.

600 Bugle, bigul, m., Eng. (bajdnd).

Build, bandnd ; uthdnd.

Building, makdn, gen. : Hmdrat, f. (of large buildings only).

Bull, sdnd (also stallion).

Bullet, banduq kl goli.

Bullock. '\bail : bail-gdn (ordinary baggage bullock-cart) : baildl,

Bullock-cart, etc., j one who leads laden bullocks.

Bull's-eye, gulzart, Eng. : chdnd (lit. moon).

Bully, Tismdr Khan, a blustering bully (a man once killed thirty mosqui- toes and assumed the title of Tts-mdr Khdn).

Bundle, gathri : bandtl, f . (Eur.) : gatthd, m. (of grass).

Bunch, guchchhd, m. (of grapes, flowers, keys, etc.) : jchosha {oi gra,pes; also an ear of corn).

Burden, bojh, m. ; bdr, m. ; Idd, f.

Burdened, bojhal (heavy, hindered).

Burial, vide Funeral.

Burn, jalnd, intr. and jaldnd, tr. : jaldkar khdk kar-dend^ to burn to ashes : jcdke chhed ho-jdnd, to be burnt through : dg se phunknd, gen. , to burn up : dg lagdnd, gen., to set fire to : dg dend (of corpses).

Burst, phatnd (when a crack forms) ; phUtnd (when a hole forms).

BUR 21 CAL

Bury, gdmd, tr., gen. (to cover with earth) : mittt dend or dafn karnd (of corpse) : gare murde ko ukhernd {lit. to root up a corpse = to revive for- gotten quarrels).

Bush, jhdft m. or jhdrl, f. : jhdr-ddr, adj.

Busy, kdm men lagd hu,d hai he's hnsy = kdm men mashgh.ul hai ; kdmt (hard-working, of big officials) : kdm kdju (of servants).

Butcher, qasd^l (spec, of kine) : qassdh, gen. : qasdfit-pan (butchery, cruelty).

Butt, kunda (of rifle or Idthi) : sing mdrnd (to butt with one horn) : dhuns

mama (to dash with the head as fighting-raras, a rhinocerus, etc.) Butter, makkhan, m. {chupamd). Butterfly, titll or tifrl. Buttermilk, chhdch : last, Panj.

Button, butdm or batam, m., Eng. ; billl (a wooden latch ; vide Bar). Button-hole, kdj,m. Buttress, pushta, m. [bdndhnd). Buy, mol-lend ; kharidnd.

Buyer, gdhak ; Jchariddr ; lene-wdld : * vide ' Customer. Buzz, bhinbhindnd (of fly, wasp). By and by, tkahar-ke. Byre, gd,o-sdld.

Cabbage, gobl ; phul-gobt (cauliflower).

Cable, rassd.

Cactus, sij (the flat kind) ; muthiyd slj (the round kind).

Cage, pinjrd.

Cajole, phusldnd (in good and bad sense) : lallo patto karnd (blarney, spec.

of women) : vide Deceit, Flattery. Cake, kulcha (small round and flat ; sweet or salt). Calamity, bald, f. (spec, public) : dfat, gen. : vide Misfortune. Calculate, hisdb karnd : ginti or shumdr karnd (also = to count). Calf, bachhrd or bdchhd, m. ; and bachhri or bachhiyd, f. (of cow) : parwd, m.

and pariyd f. (of buffalo) : (pindli kl) machUi (of leg) : ' vide ' Biceps.

Calico, chhmt, f. or dares, f., Eng. (chintz) : len-kildt, m., Eng. (long-cloth) : nain-sukh (a soft calico).

Call, vide Name and Summon : pukdrnd (to call out) : vide also Shout, Shriek, Cry : dhandhord pitnd (by a public crier with drum) : manddi (proclaim by crier in any way) : ndm leke pukdrnd (to call by name) : Khudd kd ndm lend (to call on God) : milne ko (or muldqdt ko) jdnd (call at a person's house) : ndm ba-ndm pukdrnd (to call over the names = hdzirl lend) : bdz-purs karnd or jawdb talab karnd (to call to account).

Calm, tJiir (of water) : dil-jama' (of mind) : vide Silent.

CAL 22 CAP

Calm, dhimd or thandd kamd and bithdnd (anger) : bujhdnd (thirst ; also put out fire) : halkd or kam kamd (to lighten or lessen pain) : dhimd hand (of anger, storm : intrans).

Calmness, third^l ; dhimd-pan : diUjama'i, f. or itmindny m. (of mind ; opp, to ghabrdhat).

Calumniate, tuhmat lagdnd ; huhtdn I. or bdndhnd.

Calli^raohv i Mpush-navis : khush^navisi or khuah-khattl , Calligraphy.

Camel, unty m. j untni, f., H. : shutur, P.: sdndhni (female riding-camel): mdrl (in Punjab ; female riding-camel) : nakel, f. and mahdr, f. (nose string, etc.).

Camel-driver, etc., sdr-bdn or shutur-bdn : sdndhni-sawdr and shutur-sawdr (messenger mounted on a camel).

Cambric, kimrik, f., Eng.

650 Camp, pard,o, m. and kamp or kampu, m. (camping-ground, mil.) : dera, m., gen. (mil. or private ; lit. tent) : dera lagdnd or ddlnd (to camp).

Camphor, kdfur, m. (often the name of negro slaves) : [kdfuri is used for anything very white ; kdfuri shama' wax candle : kdfur ho-jdnd, to disappear suddenly, i.e., run away].

Canal, nahr, i. (also a stream).

Cancel, kdtnd (of names) : — par qalam phemd (an order) : uthdnd or mansukh k. (a law) : uthd-dend or mitdnd (abolish a custom).

Candidate, ummed-tvdr (in exam, or for a post) : imtihdn dene-wdld (at an- exam.).

Candle, mom batti ; sham^* , f.

Candle-stick, shama'-ddn.

Candour, sdf-go,i (in speech) : khard-pan (straightforwardness of speech or

dealings). Candy, kuza misri (sugar-candy). Cane, bed, bet, or bent, f. [mdmd or lagdnd) tr., and bent khdnd or — par

parnd, intr.): ukh or ikh (thin sugarcane): gannd (gen. term, sugar- cane). Cannibal, ddam-khor : gkul (a ghoul) : rdka^ (for Hindi rdshds, a cannibal demon) ; wuh ba^d rdkas hai = he will eat anything) : aghori or aghor- panthi (a caste that eats corpses).

Cannon, top, i. {chaldnd).

Canopy, sdya-bdn, gen. : shamiydna (a very large tent without walls and with a flat roof).

Cantankerous, takrdri; hujjati.

Cantonment, chha,oni : Bdzdr Kaptdn (Cant. Magistrate).

Canvas, kirmich : tdt (gunny or sacking).

Cap, topi, gen. (cap or hat ; also cap of gun) : Jialki topi (cap).

Capable, qdbil.

Capacious, jis men gunjd,i3h bahut hai.

Capacity, gunjd,ish, f . ; sam^,i, f. ; pet, m. (lit. belly).

11

CAP 23 CAR

Caper, to, bakar-kud (f.) k. (spec, of goats) : uchhal-kud (f.) k. (to skip ; of animals or children or men : vide Jump, Spring) : bakar-kud nachdnd (to make to run about ; expresses contempt or annoyance).

Capital, punji, f. ; mul; asl ; sar-maya^ m. (money or stock in trade) : pa,e taicht (of a country ; where the throne is) : dar'' ' s-saltanat (may be of a province).

Capitulate, sharton par hathyar ddlrdend or rakh-dend : qil'a hawdla k. (to hand over the fort).

Capon, khassi (or badhya) munjA, 'vide' Gelding).

Captivate, moh-lend or lubhdnd or farefta k.

Captivating, dil-fareb, gen. : mohnt (of women) : dil-dvez (of things).

Captive, aslr (in war) : giriftar k. (to take captive, arrest ; vide Capture).

Captivity, asiri (of war.) : giriftdri, gen. (capture); qaid (imprisonment).

Captor, giriftar karne-wdld.

Capture, giriftdri (of persons): phasdnd, verb, (of animals; lit. to en- tangle) ; pakarnd (to catch) : le-lena or faiah (k.) (of a town).

C a ' ykdravdn, m. ; qdfila, m. : kdravdnsard, f., caravansary.

Carbine, qardbin, f. ; Fr.

Carcass, loth, f.

Card ( ^^^^' ^^' (^^^^^^) (pl^yi"g) '• kdrad or kdt, m., Eng. (post-card) :

Cardboard ] — ^^ ^^^^ chalnd (to play one's cards well): ^w<, m. (card- ' ( board).

Cardamoms, ild,echly f.

Care, — ki khabar lend or khabar-ddri karnd (to look after) ; khabar-glrt karnd (to look after a sick person) : khabar-ddr, interj. (beware !) : mujhe zarra bhl parwd nahin (I don't care in the least) : fikr, f. or chinta, f. (anxiety, q.v.) : vide Charge, Custody.

Careful, hoshydr (also clever ; alert ; sober).

Careless, (jhdfil (negUgent) : be-parwd (not caring a bit).

Carelessness, ghaflat, f . : be-parwd,i.

Caress, pydr k. (also to love) : duldr pydr k. (with actions only ; vide Stroke) : chummd chdt k. (kissing and caressing).

Cargo, bojh, m. ; and bdr, m. ( = load).

Caricature, khdka urdnd (by oral description or by drawing).

Carnivorous, gosht-khwdr.

Carpenter, ba/rhd,l : mistrl (also blacksmith).

Carpet, qdlin (large) : qdlicha or ghdlicha (small ; a rug) : darl (without pile) : shatranjt (finer than a dari ; lit. for playing shatranj or chess) : sher-i qdlin (a carpet knight ; also a boaster, etc.).

Carriage, gdri, gen. : baggi : tam-tam, f. ; fitan, f. (phaeton) ; dfis-jdn, f. (various patterns) : thekd gdri (hackney-carriage): sawdri (anything for riding or driving ; includes elephants and dulls, etc. ; sawdri is also a modern and polite term for wife, as wives travel in conveyances).

Carrier, karkdrd (postal ; also a peon) : qdsid kabutar (homing-pigeon).

CAR 24 CAT

Carrion, murddr (stinking carrion ; also anything fresh but not slaughtered according to the Muslim rite ; also a term of abuse amongst women) : murdar-khwdr (carrion-eater > also a vulture).

Carrot, gdjar, m.

Carry le-jdnd and le-chalnd (without ne) : uthd le-chalnd (to carry away) : dkond (to carry a load, to bear on the head, back, or shoulder): le- ufTid (to run away with a woman) : le-hhdgnd (to carry off) : ta^mll karnd or ha-jd Idnd or 'amal men Idnd (to carry into effect) : jdrl rakhnd or chaldnd (to manage affairs) : anjdm dend or purd karnd (to carry out, fulfil : vide Convey.

Cart, gdri^ gen., vide Carriage: chhakrd (bullock-cart).

Cartage, bojhd,i (the act or the hire).

Cartridge, kdrlus, m. : tontd.

Carve, khodnd (in wood, stone, or metal).

Case, gjiildf (of cloth) : khdna (if not soft : also a compartment) : vide Scabbard : in compounds ddn as qdlam-ddn : is hdlat men or is surat men (in this case) : maqaddama, m. (law-suit) : vide Question, Matter, Affair.

700 Cash, n^qd, subs., m. or naqdt, f., subs, or adj. : rokar-hisdb (cash-account) ; rokar hahi (cash-book) : tahvil (disbursement). Cash, to, hhundnd or hhanjdnd or tordnd (cheque, coin, etc.). Cashier, iuhvil-ddr. Cask, pipd. Casket, dihyd, f. (any small box, q. v.).

Cast, phenknd or mdrnd or phenk mdrnd (with force) : ddlnd (to let drop or cast without force) : vide Shed : dhdlnd ( — in a mould, found) : garhnd (ditto of jewelry): langar d. (to cast anchor): phenk-dend (throw away) : chhor-dend (cast off) : nikdl-dend (cast out) : vide Lots : ihsdn jatdnd (to cast in one's teeth, remind of kindnesses ; but ta'na dend of other things).

Caste, jdl, f., gen , prop, zdt : baran, m. (of Hindus only : nlch zdt, adj : (low-caste) : unch-zdt (high-caste) : zdt-harddari se nikdlnd (to out- caste) : chaudhri (head of any caste) : zdt khond (to lose one's caste) ; zdt hdhar hond (ditto).

Castor-oil, arandt kd tel.

Castrate, khassi k. (spec, of goats and cocks) : hadhiyd k. (spec, of bulls) : dkhhta k. (spec, of horses).

Cat, billt : billd (tom-cat) : ban-billd (wild-cat) : vide Secret.

Cataract, m^tiyd-bind (of eye) : vide Waterfall.

Catarrh, sardi ; zukdm, m. : kandr (of horses).

Catastrophe, vide Accident, Calamity.

Catch, pakarnd ; pakar-lend : vide Arrest and Snare : pd-lend or jd-milnd (overtake, catch up) : sone ki chiryd (a prize, a catch); vide Eye.

Catgut, tdntf m. (made from sinews).

Catspaw, agu,d {i.e., one shoved in front).

Cattle, gd,e bail ; dangar (in Panjab).

CAU 26 CHA

Cauliflower, phul-gohl.

Cause, sabab, m. (pi. a56a6 = causes, but as a singular = baggage) : wajhy

f. ; baHs ; 'vide' Reason, Motive. Cauterize, jaluna ; dagk dend ; ' vide ' Brand. Caution, hoshydrl ; khdbar-ddri.

Cautious, dekh bhdl Tear kdm karnd ; dd,en bd,en dekh-kar. Cavalcade, sawdrl.

Cavalry, risala (not necess. Native Cavalry) : sawdr, pi. Cavern, ghdr, m. Ceaselessly, vide Continuously. Ceiling, chhat, i. (roof or ceiling) : chhat-parda (the ceiling-cloth under

thatch). Celebrate, mandnd (of any joyous festival ; khushi mandnd, to make merry)

but by ah or shadt rachdnd (of a marriage). Celebrated, mashhur.; mashhur o ma'ruf ; ndnii or ndm-war (famous).

Celebration, vide Occasion and Celebrate : shddi ki dhum dhdm ke waqt ndgdh ek sawdr d-pahunchd (during the marriage celebration, a trooper suddenly arrived).

Celestial, dsmdni.

Cellar, tah-khdna.

Cement, vildyatl mittl, or simint, f. (Portland) : gach, f. (Indian) : vide Mortar.

Cemetery, vide Graveyard.

Centre, markaz, m. : bichon bich men (exactly in the ).

Ceremonious, takallufi ; pur-takalluf.

Ceremony, rit, f., and rasm, f.

Certain, yaqini; pakkd; thik (sure) : vide Determine: ko,i or ek (pronoun).

Certainly, be-shakk (without doubt) : albatta ; aur kyd (what else, of course).

Certainty, yaqin, m.

Certificate, sdrtifikat, m. and f. ; chitihl, f . : sanad, f.

Certify, to, sanad dend.

Chafe, malnd or mdlish karnd (rub, to groom, etc.) : ragarnd, tr. and ragar. jdnd or khdnd, intr. (to rub, gale).

Chaff, bhusa (chopped straw) : bhusi (what is blown away by the wind).

Chain, zanfir, f., gen.: zanjird (large, as in ships): zanjtri {Gwrh-Q\\a,m) : chen, f., Eng. (of watch).

Chair, kursl : chauki (prop, a kind of low table for sitting on ; also a

police post, and the act of patrolling). Chalk, kJiaryd mittl.

Challenge, lalkdrnd ( — to fight ; also to shout out at, to make alert) : rok tok karnd (of sentries) : kham tJiokke khard hojdnd (to accept the challenge).

Chamber, kothi (of gun) : vide Room : pat, m., Eng. (chamber-pot).

Champ, chabdnd or chdbnd {lit. to chew).

CHA 26 CHA

Chance, ittifdq, m. ; ittifdq<**y adv. (by chance) : vide Opportunity and Likelihood.

Change, subs., tabdilt, f. : rezgdri or rezgl (small money) : do-anni, chau-annl (in silver bits) : paisd (in copper) : phirtd (change received after making a purchase).

Change, to, phir-jdnd (of season or circumstances) : badalnd, tr. and intr. (to change one's clothes, goods at a shop) : badlt karnd (to put in the place of ; of sentries, regiments, horses in a relay) : badal-jdnd, intr., and badaUdend, tr. (to be changed, and to be changed for by mistake) : adlibadH k. (to exchange) : tordnd (of money) ; but tornd (to give back in change ; of the sarrdf).

Changeable, kahhx kuchh kabhi kuchh ; ghan men told ghari men mdsha (in temper, or in constitution).

Channel, ndld, m. (large) {banana or kdtnd) ; nail (small ; also a tube) : rah : ' vide ' Stream and Drain.

Chapter, bob : sura (of Quran).

Character, chdl-chalan, m. : bad-chalan, adj. (of bad character).

Characteristic, khdsm, m. or Jchdssiyat, f.

Charcoal, lakri kd ko,eld.

Charge, supurdagi m,en dend ; hawdla karnd ; kdm sonpnd ; " chdrij " dend or samjhdnd (all = to give over charge) : kdm apne zimme lend or •' chdrij " Una (to take over charge) ; vide Custody, Care : Idgat (total actual cost) : kharch (expenditure).

Charge, hamla or hulla {k.) (attack of Cav. or Inf.) : jhapat, f. (parnd) (ta pounce on ; met. of Attack, q.v.) : ilzdm (gen. ; of crime) ; tuhmat, f. (false charge) ; vide Accusation : vide Loud and Injunction.

Charger, pareti ghord.

Charitable, khair hhairdl karne-wdld (Muslim) : dan-pun karne-wdld (Hindu) r khairdti (got in charity) ; khairdti haspitdl, m. (charitable hospital) : khairdt-khdna (a charitable institution).

Charity, vide Alms.

Charm, kisi par jddu karnd ; or jddu chaldnd or phenknd (by magic) ;

mohnd ; lubhdnd ; farefta karnd ; dil lend (to fascinate). Charmer, mantri, one who repeats spells : jddu-gar, m. and jddu-garni, f.

(magician, of black magic): 'dmil (of white magic): dil-rubd or diU

ddr or diUbar (of a woman ; * vide ' Beloved . Charming, diUfareb (gen.; persons or things) ; dil-chaap (also = interesting ;:

of things) : dil-kash (of things).

Chartered, sanad-ydjta.

Chase, vide Pursue and Hunt.

Chaste, 'ismaUddr or pdk-ddman (spec, of women) : pdk (gen. ; of look^

thought, and of people) : fasth (in rhetoric). Chatter, to, gap hdnknd (of idle or false chatter) : bak bak (f.) or bakvds (f.)

karnd (talking too much) : chichydna (of monkeys and met. of

women) : bolnd (of birds) . ten ten karnd (of parrots ; also of the cry

of falcons when annoyed). Chattering, ddnt bajnd intr. (of teeth).

CHA 27 CHI

Chatty, hdtuni (pleasantly chatty).

Cheap, sastd ; sast-mol ; kam-mol or — dam : arzdn : kauriyon ke mol, adv., dirt-cheap.

Cheapen, dam or mol ghatdnd : ' vide ' Bargain and Haggle.

Cheat, ^^ag', subs. : thagi, cheating: thagnd and thag dend, tr., to cheat: vide Deceive.

Check, vide Stop, Hinder, Remove, Challenge, Examine, Compare.

Cheek, gal, m. ; ruhhsdra, m. ; kalla, m. (in Urdu, cheek and jaw; in

Persian, head). Cheer, to, dil hahldnd (to amuse ; of persons) : dil khush karnd ; ' vide '

Comfort, Console : ji mat hdro or chhoro, or be-dil mat ho (cheer up,

don't be disheartened): "chiyars'' dend (a newspaper term for

applause).

Cheerful, magan (in mind) : hashfihdsh (of face) : hashshdsh bashshdsh (in

face and mind) ; hans-mukh (of laughing countenance) . Cheerless, vdds (sad ; of persons or places) : he-raunaq (of faces or places). Cheese, panir, m.

Cherish, Allah dmin se poind (of a favourite child) : dnkhon kl putli bandnd (of children).

Cherry, dlu hdlu : gilds (Pers., and in Kashmir).

Chesnut, surang (the colour): mahu,d^ surang or teliyd-surang (liver-

chesnut).^ Chess, shatranj, m. (khelnd) : hiadt, f. (the chess-board or chess-cloth ; lit.

anything spread out) : shatranj-bdz (chess-player). Chest, sanduq, m. (gen. ; vide Box) ; peii (of any material but big) :

'* dardz ", m. (of drawers) : sina, m. or chhdtl, f. (the breast) : chhdti- and (chest-foundered ; of a horse). Chew, chabdnd, gen. : chdbnd (of things not swallowed, as sugarcane) :

vide Champ.

Chick ( ^^^^^ (^^ domestic fowl ; vide Eyess) : patthd (a poulet ; also a Chicken squab of a pigeon, or a young wrestler) : murghd, cock ; and

' ( murghi, hen : vide Chiq. Chief, \^sarddr, m. (leader), and sarddran, sarddrin, or sarddrni, f. : Chieftain, j khdssa (special) : sarddrl (chiefship) . Child, bachcha, m. (boy or girl) : vide Children : vide Boy and Girl ; ummed

se hond, to be with child. Childish, larkon kd sd ; larak-pan, etc., kd Childless, be-auldd, gen. : Id-walad (who has never had a child). Children, larke bdle ; kachche bachche (of many children) : auldd, f. sing.,

and bdl-bachche, m. pi. (offspring) : vide Child and Descendants.

Chili, Idl mirch, f.

Chimney, chimni, f., Eng. (spec, of oil-lamps) : dud-kash or bambd (of fire- place).

1 i.e., of the colour of the blossom of the well-known mahu,a or mahuwa tree, the fruit of which is so attractive to bears. Teliya as though oil had been rubbed on it : teliya kumet, dark bay.

CHI 28 CIT

Chin, thuddi.

China, chtnl ke hartan, etc. (the ware) : Ghln (the country) : chtnJ, adj. (Chinese).

Chink, jhanjhanahat , f. (of coins).

Chintz, chhlnt, f. {lit. a small spot).

Chip, chhipii, f. (ufund).

Chiq, chiq, f., T.

Chiropodist, (no word ; performed by hajjdm).

Chisel, rukhdnl, chhem.

Chock, rtf, m. (anything inserted behind a wheel, on a hilly road).

Choice, pasand, m. : ikhtiydr, m. (will).

Choke, gala ghoind, tr. : nareti dabdnd : dam ghutne lagd (in eating).

Cholera, haiza, m. ; fasll himdri ; dast-qai, m. (Zi7. , diarrhoea and vomiting) :

haiza karke mar-gayd (he died of cholera). Chop, ** chdp,'^ m., Eng. (of meat) : urd-dend (to chop off a head). Chopper, bughdd (butcher's). Christ, Masih. Christian, 'Isd^t, gen. : Kristdn (native Christian) : Kirdni (a half-caste

Christian ; also any clerk) : vide Eurasian and Half-Caste.

Christmas, Bard din ; Kishmish.

Chronic, purdni btmdn.

Church, girjd, m. (from Port. Igreja) : girje kd qahiristdn (churchyard).

Cinnamon, ddr-chlm.

Cipher, sifr, m. : ramz (a secret) : hech, Per. adj.-pron. ( = a mere cipher).

Circle, dd,ira^ m. ; gherd, m. : chakkar (anything round or circular) : chak-

kar lagdnd (to turn or go round and round voluntarily) : chakkar

khdnd (ditto involuntarily) : vide Surround. Circuit, daura (of judge ; also ' tour ' of an official). Circuitous, ckakkar-ddr ; pher kd ; [but pher phdr kdr zig-zag].

Circular, chakkar-ddr (of road, etc., but gohchakkar of complete circle): chakkar-chdl (of motion).

Circumcision, musalmdni {k.)\ sunnat {k.).

Circulate, ghumna, intr. (of people) : chalnd (of money) : chaldnd and jdrt karnd : daurdn karnd (of blood) : vide Publish.

Circumlocution, pher kt hdt.

Circumference, gherd, m., gen.

Circumstance, hdty f. ; MZ, m. ; kaifiyat, f. ; vide Affair, State: khush-MU

(in easy circumstances ; opp. to iang-hall) : yih hdldt par mauquf hai

(this depends on circumstances). Cistern, pdnt kd khazdna : hauz, m. (a cemented bath in mosques ; any

pakkd artificial tank or swimming bath, etc.). Citizen, shahri, subs, and adj. (dweller in a city) : vide Subject. Citron, khattd. City, shahr, m. : nagar, m. : — nl)dd and — piir (in compounds).

CIV 29 CLO

Civil, mulki (as opposed to jangl) : diwani (as opposed to faujddrl or crimi- nal) : hhdnajangi (civil war) : vide Polite.

Civility, d,o hhagat, f. {se pesh and) (of equals) : ihhldq, m. (gen. ; of shop- keeper, friend, etc. ; but ajchldq, pi., = morals).

Civilize, j ddrm or insdn banana : muhazzab, civilized ; \wuh hard insdn Civilized, ) ddmi hai = he is very humane].

Claim, to, da^wq k.

Claimant, da^m-ddr ; ^nudda'i (in Court).

Clamorous, ghaughd^ (of birds, etc., or men ; also = obstreperous).

Clandestine, chorl chhupe, adv.; kd, adj.

Clap, tall hajdnd.

Clash, jhankdrnd (of arms, metals, rup.ees, etc.): larnd (of dates, interests).

Class, darja^ m. (of people ; Ry. carriages) : jamd'at, f. (at school) : vide Caste.

Claw, ndkhun (nails of birds, animals, humans) ; changul or panja^ lit. and met. (the whole foot).

Clay, chiknl mitti : ' vide ' Mud. Clean, sdf {k.) : suihrd (k.) : pdk, (gen. relig.). Cleanliness, safd,i ; suthrd,i.

Clear, shaffdf {lit. transparent) : sdf shaffdf : * vide ' Manifest, Evident. Clear (away) hatdnd or dur karnd (obstacles) ; vide Solve and Acquit : — se sdf tapnd (in a jump) : dsmdn khul-jdnd (of the weather).

Clerk, kaldrak, Eng. : munsM and hdhu (mod. usages) : muharrir (now gene- rally applied to a vernacular writer) : mdl-munshi (goods- clerk) : vide Christian and Half-Caste.

Clever,jyic?e Able : hoshydr, gen., (intelligent) : chaturd (gen. in a bad sense): sydnd (in Hindustan gen. in a bad sense, but not so in the Punjab ; also = arrived at years of discretion) : cJidldk (often in a bad sense, " cunning" ; also " active " q.v.)

Cleverness, hoshydri ; chaturd,t ; sydnd-pan ; chdldki.

Client, dsdmi (this word has many meanings ; vide Diet.) ; muwakkal (law- yer's client).

Cliff, (no good word) : pahdr (or samundar) kd khard bdzu.

Climate, hawd, f. ; db o hawd.

Climb, — par charhnd.

Cling, to, — se chimat-jdnd : lipatnd (entwine; also to cling to).

Clip, to, chhdntnd (slightly ; also to thin out) : katarnd : (to cut with scissors) , vide Cut.

Cloak, labddd, gen. : bdrdnl or bdrdn-kot (waterproof) : choghd (a sort of dressing gown ; gen. of Kashmir or Kabul pattern) : par da ddlnd (gen. to conceal a fault of another ; =parda-poshi k.) : vide Conceal.

Clock, dharm-ghari (any clock) : ghari-sdz (clock or watchmaker) : ghanid ghar (clocktower).

Clod, dheld (of earth) : vide Villager : gobar-ganesh (a dirty clodhopper) :

Close, hhernd (set ajar, of doors) : band k. (shut) : hisdb band karnd (close an account; either temporarily or permanently).

CLO aO COH

Closet, khiltoat, f., or Miiltoat-khdna, m. (a private room) : kisl kesdth khiU wat kamd (to have a private interview witii).

Clot, dald and dad (of blood, milk ; a lump of sugar ; a clod of earth) : vide Clod.

Cloth, kaprd.

Clothe, kapTO' 'dend (the poor) : kapfd pahndnd : roti haprd dend (to feed and clothe).

Clothes, kapre, pi. : libda, m. (raiment) : poshdk, f. (wearing apparel).

Cloud, hddal, m. ; badii, f. ; abr, m. (all gen.) : ghatd, f. (thick cloud) : bddal chhdyd hu^d (cloudy) : sdf or khuld (cloudless).

Clove, lauhg, f.

Clover, tirpaiyd ("three- leafed") : shaftal.

Club, lath, ra. and Idthi, f. (a heavy stick, long and often bound with brass): kcdab, m. and kalab-ghar, m., Eng. (social club).

Clue, paid, m. (also = address) {milnd, pdnd; lagdnd) : surdgih, m.

Clumsy, bhaddd (ungainly, i.e., awkward-looking and slow in movement) : pAw^^r (in actions ; also of women = a bad and slovenly housewife): uzbak (clumsy, awkward and ignorant; lit. Uzbeg) : andri^ (inexpert, raw in his work) : be-dhangd.

Cluster, gJi,uncha (bandhnd) (of flowers, etc; a bunch of grapes, keys, stars) : khosha (a bunch of grapes, or an ear of corn).

Clutch, kisi ke panje men parnd (to fall into the clutches of). Coagulate, jamnd^ intr. and jamdnd, tr. (to clot, curdle, congeal). Coal, patthar kd ko^eld : angdrd (a live coal, ember): kdld'ko,eld (coal- black). Coarse, moid (not fine ; also fat) : vide Unrefined : motd-pan or motd.i (coarseness ; also fatness).

Coast, samundar kd kindra.

Coat, koty m. (Eng. pattern) : kurtd, kurtt (gen.).

Coax, phusldnd ; * vide * Cajole.

Cobbler, chamdr (a caste) : mochl (one that makes boots).

Cobweb, makri kd jdld.

Cock, murghd : asil-murgh (game-cock) : apni gali men kuttd bkl slier hat

( = every cock is proud on his own dung- hill) : ghord (cock of a gun) :

chirye ke bolte ( = cock-crow).

C \^fi hf ( murgh'bdz : murgh-bdzl (cock-fighting).

Cocoa-nut, ndriyal, m., gen. : khoprd (ripe).

Coffee, qahtva, m. : kdfty f. (Eng.) : bun (the berry) : qahwa-Jckdna (coffee- house) : qahwa-ddn (coffee-pot).

Coffin, tdbut, m. (also means bier ; Muslims seldom bury in coffins, which however are used to transport corpses to a distance) : sanduq.

Cognizance, sund,i {hond) : * vide ' Power. Cohabit, suhbat karnd ; ham-bistar hond.

1 Afiarl Magistret, Honorary Magistrate ; a jibe.

COH 31 COM

Coherence, mel, m. ; laga,o^ m. ; jor. m.

Coin, sikka, m. {dhdlnd or banana) : khotd or ja*li sikka (false — ) : chaltd

sikka (current ) : khard sikka (good — ).

Coincide, mutabiq hond or ek sdih hand : thik baithnd.

Cold, thandd (also passionless) ; sard : thandd pdld (very cold, of any- thing) : thand, f. and sardiy f. : jdrd (of weather; also feeling cold and ague) : jdre, pi. the cold season) : sardi, f. or zukdm, m. (the dis- ease) : vide Shivering.

Colic, qulinj (gen.) : kurkuri (of horses only) : vide Gripes.

Collar, pati^ or paid (of dog, etc.) : halqa (horse-collar) : kdlar^ m. (Eng. ; of linen) : girebdn (of coat, etc.) : girebdn pakarnd or girebdn men hath ddlnd (to collar) :

Collect, ikatthd or jama' karnd: apne ta-in sanbhdlnd (to collect oneself).

Collector, kalattar, vulg., and kalaktar (of a district) : sdhib-i-zila' (Deputy Commissioner).

College, kdlij, m. : mxidrasa, (also a school).

Collegian, tdlib-i-Hlm.

Collide, takrdnd ; takkar (f .) khdnd ; larnd.

Colloquial, bdt chit kd or roymarra kd, adj.

Colonel, karnel.

Colocynth, tumma, m.

Colonize, dbdd karnd ; basdnd.

Colony, nau-dbddi.

Colour, rang, m. ; gahrd rang (deep — ) ; halkd rang (light — ) : maddham rang (medium — ) : nishdn^ m. or jhandi (colours of a regiment) : rangnd, tr., gen., (to colour) : rang bharnd (of paintings only) : rang charhdnd (to make a thing look better than it is) : us kd rang be-rang hii,d (he changed colour).

Coloured, rahgin.

Colt, vide Filly.

Comb, kanghi, f . (karnd) : tdj^ m. (of cock ; lit. crown) : meri bibi merd sar mUnd-ddlegi = my wife will comb my hair for me (fig.).

Combination, mel, m. ; ittifdq, m. : at sat (k.) (for ill purposes).

Combined, muttaftq.

Comer, dte jdte^dne-jdne-wdle (comers and goers).

Comet, dumddr sitdra : jhdru tdrd.

Comfort, to, samjhdnd; tasallidend : dildsd dend (also to encourage; quiet a restive horse) : tasalli pdnd to be comforted.

Command, hukm (order and word of command), pi. ahkdm, m. : 'vide' Authority, Control, Order.

Commander, J kamdnir, Eng. : qiVa-ddr (of a fort) : jangi lot or sipdh

Commandant, 5 sdldr (C.-in-C) : kumeddn, Eng. (Commandant).

Commemoration, ydd-gdri.

Commence, shuru' k. (' vide ' Begin) : nddhnd, Tr. (to begin a work) : kisi kdm men hdth lagdnd : pahal kis ne ki (who commenced the fight ? who was the aggressor ?) : vide Begin and Start: muqaddama khard karna (to commence a lawsuit). Vide " StumbHng- Blocks," XXII, p. 30.

COM 32 COM

Commencement, shuru' , m.; ibtidd, f. ; pahal, f. (to do a thing first). Commend, 'vide* Entrust, Recommend, Praise.

Comment, ray T^ahir karna (orally), and ray likhnd : * vide ' Annotate. Commerce, vide Trade and Intercourse.

Commercial, tijdrati ; saudagari kd : bazar kd dastur (commercial usage*;

rnaJidjam sdkh, or — iHibdr (commercial credit). Commingle, mil-jul-jdnd : ' vide ' Mingle.

Commission, dasturl or dalldll (brokerage) : aanad, f. (warrant ; mil. com- mission): kdm (a friendly act): kamlshan, m., Eng. (money com- mission ; also = mission) .

Commit, vide Entrust and Imprison : daura sipurd (karnd and hond) (for trial).

Committee, kamitl, i. : panchdyat, f.

Commodity, jins, f. gen., pi. ajnds, f. ; mdl, m. gen. ; sauddgan kd mdl. (rnerchandise) ; savdd, m. (things purchased in the market).

Common, 'dmm (vulgar, public ; also belonging to several) : sdjhe kd (be- longing to several) : ma'muli (ordinary) : ' vide ' Abundant : sah kt marzi or rdy se (by common consent) : bdzdrt log or 'dmm log (the common people) : 'dmm dastur or ma'mul (common practice) : motl samajh (common sense) : shdmildt (common ground, of a community, not of the public).

Commonly, aksar : bahut karke, vulg. : 'umum-an : *urf, m. (adv. = com- monly called ; not a nickname).

Commotion, hal-chal (agitation or excitement in streets) ; khaUbalt (ditto in mind) : vide Tumult and Confusion.

Communication, vide Information, etc. : rasta, darwdza (passage) : dmad o raft, f. {k.) (coming and going, between people) : bol dial, f. {k.) (of speech) : chitthi chapdtt, f. {k.) = khaif: Miitdbat [k.) (by writing).

Community, jamhur, and adj. jamhurl (the public) : musalmdnon kl jamd- 'at (the Muslim Community).

Compact, adj., gathd hu^d (natural or artificial): vide Condition, Promise.

Companion, sdthi or sangati (companion) : rafiq (comrade) : musdhib (of

great people ; an A.D.C.) Compare, to, mildnd or mildkar dekhnd ; muqdbala k. ; farq nikdlnd. Compass, kampds, m., Eng. (any compass) : qutub-numd (mariner's) : parkdr,

f. (a pair of — ) : vide Ability, Boundary, Extent, Competent. Compassion, vide Pity.

Co'iipassionate, )rahim (of God) : rahm-dil (of men) : tars ' khdkar (corn- Compassionately, J passionately). Compass, to, kar-chhornd or karke chhornd or karke rahnd (to intend and

succeed in ; vide Hind. Man., p. 87 (e). Compatriot, desi bhd,l ; ham-watan. Compel, expressed by (1) zabardastl se or jabr-an and a causal verb, (2) a

causal verb prefixed to chhornd (' vide ' also Compass), (3) — par majbur

or nd-chdr karnd.

alarm."

Tare, vulg., taraa, m., H. ♦' pity, etc." ; but tare, vulg., taraa, m., P. '• fear.

COM 33 CON

Compensate, hadla or 'iwaz (Lend : talafi karna : kasr (f.) nikdlna : aur men tamdm din B mihnat thikdne (or haqq) lagi ( — and all my day's labour was compensated by this).

Competent, Id.iq ; qdhil : us ki samajk (or liydqat) se bdhar hai (he is not competent to — ).

Competition, \'muqdbala (k.) : muqdbale kd m<*/ia?i (competitive examina-

Competitive, J tion) : vide Confront, Oppose.

Compete, hardban k. (said of an inferior who vies with a superior.)

Complain, farydd or ndlish k. {se of person and ki of thing ; before a supe- rior) : gila or shikwa k. (of persona) : shikdyat k., gen., (of persons or diseases, etc.)

Complainant, jaryddi or ndlishl, (before a superior) : ddd-khwdh (ditto) ; mudda'i, leg.

Complete, \j)urd {k.) ; tamdm [k.) : Ichatm karnd (to end): anjdm ko

Completed, j pahunchdnd : mukammal {k.) (completed) : taiydr (ready).

Complex, vide Intricate.

Complexion, rang, m. (colour) :

Complication, vide Entanglement, Intricacy.

Complicity, shirkat, f.

Compliment, vide Praise and Salute.

Comply, mdnnd ; qabul k. : taslim k. ; manzur k.

Component, juz, subs, m., ajzE, m., pi. (component parts).

Compose, kahnd (poetry) : tasnij k. or likhnd (of an author) : dil thikdne

k. or havdss jama' k. (to compose oneself). Composed of, — kd band hu,d ; — se murakkab. Compromise, chukautd, m. (gen.) : rdzi-ndmd {likhwdnd) (written) : itne

rupai par sulh ho-ga,i (it was compromised for — ). Compulsion, \dabd^o, m. (pressure) : zor, m. (force) : jabr, m. (tyranny) : Compulsory, J zabar-dasti kd, or jabri (compulsory).

Computation, \/i«sa6, m. {k.) : shumdr, m. (k.) ; ginti, f. (k.) ; anddza, m. Compute, J (k.) (estimate) : vide Count. Comrade, rafiq : ham-dam (that always lives with one); wc?e Companion

and Friend.

Conceit, khud-pasand, adj. and khud-pasandi, subs.: akarfun, f. [k.) (spec.

of good looks) : apni Hlmiyat kl [?J letdhai (he is very conceited about

his learning). Conceive, ko pet rahnd (in the womb) : vide Imagine. Concentrate, vide Collect: hhiydl jamdnd (to concentrate one's attention). Concerning, ke bdre men ; — kl nisbat.

Concession, rrdyat, f. (privilege, q.v.) : ri'dyati tikat, m. (a concession

railway ticket). Conch, sankh, m.

Conciliate, khush or rdzl karnd : mandnd (of an angry person). Concisely, thori Hbdrat men. Conclave, gup chup kd jalsa (secret). Conclude, vide Settle, Finish, End : natija or ma'ni nikdlnd, and murdd 950

lena (infer, q.v.) : khulasa yih hai ( = " now to conclude—"). 5

CON "34 CON

Conclusive, vide Decisive.

Concoction, pachmel, m. : vide Story.

Concur, kisi Id hat (or ray) se ittifaq k, : vide Agree and Consent.

Concussion, takkaVy f. ; vide Shock.

Condemn, Am par *aib lagdna, or qusurwdr thahrdnd (to fix the blame on) :

mujrlm thahrdnd (legal) : maut kd hukm sundnd : ndqis or nikamma

thahrdnd ( - as unfit for further use). Condemnation, sazd kd hukm. Condescend, wuh mujh se holnd gaxvdrd na-karegd (he won't condescend to

speak to me) : mere ujdste itni takltf gawdrd kijiye (condescend to do

this for me). Condition, hdl, m. or halat, f . ; ahwdl, m. sing, (but pi. in Ar.) : sural, i.

(also appearance) : shart^ f. (stipulation ; with karnd or lagdkd, but

with latter verb also = to bet) : shartt, adj. (conditional) : vide Rank. Condole, ham-dardi zdhir karnd, gen. (to sympathize) : mdtam-pursi k. or

pursd dend (on death). Conduct, H'l, m. (on a particular occasion) : ravish, f. or ramya, m. (gen.) :

vide Character: mde Arrange, Manage: rdh-numd,i k. to show the

way.

Conductor, kandaktar, Eng. (in trams ; also in Commissariat).

Confectioner, halwd,i (sells sweets and cakes ; native only) : mitM^i-wdld (gen. ; Eur. or Ind.).

Confederate, sharik (partner).

Conference, mashwara ki majUs : kdnfarans, m. or f., Eng.

Confess, 1 —kd iqrdr k. : —kd iqbdl k. [iqhdl also = good fortune) : purd

Confession, J iqrdr (k.) (a full confession).

Confidant, bhedu, adj. and subs. : rdzd^r : mahram.

Confide, — par hharosd k. (or rakhnd, according to sense) ; — pariHihdr k. (rely on ; a person or thing) : kisi ko bhed (or rdz) batdnd (a secret to anyone).

Confidently, yaqin ke sdth.

Confirm, pakkd k. (vulg.) and mustaqil k. (of an appointment).

Confiscate, zabt k. : qurq k.

Conflicting, ws kl daUlen ek dusri se lartt hain (his statements are conflict- ing).

Confront, to, — kd sdmnd k. (on purpose) : muqdbala k. : do chdr hond (acci- dentally): datnd (to stand one's ground, not to retreat).

Confound, gar bar or gad mad k. (of things, words) : hakkd bakkd k. (to dumbf ounder = ghabrdhat men ddlnd) : vide Dismay and Ruin.

Confuse, uljhdnd (of things; lit. entangle): uljhd,o men ddlnd = ghabrdhat men ddlnd) : hosh khond (make another confused).

Confused, to be, ghabrdrid or ghabrd-jdnd ; hosh jdtd-rahna : hosh khoyd- jdnd.

Confusion, gar bar, m. (gen.) : uljhan, f. (of thought) and uljhd,o (gen.) : pareshdni = ghabrahat : vide Tumult.

Confute, vide Repute.

Congeal, jamnd, intr. ; and jamdnd, tr.

CON 35 CON

Congenial, tabVat ke muridsih. ongra u a e, . friubamk-bad kahna ; mubarak-badil) , t

Congratulatory, mubdrak-bdd kd. Congregation, majma' , m. (gen.).

Conjecture, qiyds k. ; hhiydl k. (imagine) : atkal k. (guess) : gumdn k. (think also = to doubt).

Conjectural, qiydsi.

Conjure, khudd ki qasam dend : jddu or manfar ke zor se buldnd, or pqidd

karnd, (of magician). Conjurer, batta-bdz ; or shu'bada-bdz (profess, juggler). Connection, dur ke rishte men or barddari men: — se ta'alluq (or 'ildqa)

rakhnd (gen. ; also carnal). Connive, chashm^posM, k. (simply to wink at) : dndkdni d. (to turn the

eyes from, to connive). Connoisseur, us ko fuldni chiz ki ban parakh hai.

Conquer, ^jath (f.) k. (a country, or a fort) : zerk. (a people) : — par (jhdlib

Conquest, j Jiond (overcome) : — men or ko jitnd (win).

Conscience, zamir, m. : Imdn, m. (vulg. ; lit. faith).

Conscious, mujhe ydd nahm ; mujhe khabar na-thi.

Consciousness, hosh men dnd (to regain ).

Consecrate, khudd ki rdh men dend: vaqf k. (gen., but spec, of property).

Consecutive, silsila-wdr.

Consent, rdzi h. (with par of things and se of persons; also = to be pleased with) : manzur k. (approve) : razd-mandi, f . ; manzuri ; marzi ; khushl.

Consequence, natija m.. or hdsil (result) : phali m. [lit., fruit) : anjdm {lit,, end) : Ma^V kuchh bdt nahm = kuch haraj (or muzdyaqa) nahm (it is of no consequence).

Consider, sochnd or bichdrnd (ponder) : ghaur k. (ponder deeply): vide Think.

Considerable, bahut kuchh.

Considerate, har ek bdt par naukaroh kd lihaz kartd hai (he is very consi- derate to his servants).

Consideration, soch or bichur (pondering, q.v.) : vide Think : yih bdt zer-i tajwiz hai (this matter is under consideration) : tere bdp kd lihaz karke — (out of consideration to your father) : vide Influence.

Consignment, chdldn, f. (of goods).

Consist, — is men hai ki — .* fuldh juldh ^ chiz se band hu,d hai (is made of).

Consistence, gdrhd-pan (thickness of fluids).

Console, tasalli or taskin karnd and dend : dildsd dend (also to quiet a restless horse, etc.) : dil- j am' i karnd : dhsu pohchhnd, met.

Consolatory, tasalli-bahhsh.

Conspicuous, jahdh sab ki nazar pare : 'dmm guzar-gdh (a public passing place) : vide Famous.

Conspire, sdzish karnd; bandish bdndhrid (also to make restrictions).

1 In Urdu if the fi is not made nasal, the word (fulan, vulg. falan) means ^aurat kl farj.

1000

CON 86 CON

Constancv i ^^^ Faithful, Fidelity, Resolute, Continuous, Frequent.

Consternation, dil Jc% ghabrahat : hairarii ; hakka hakka hond (also a verb).

Constipation, qabzy m.

Constitution, quwa, m. pi. (Ar. pi. of quwwat; lit. powers).

Constrained, hut H tardh ( = in a constrained position ; and also to sit

silent as an image). Construction, banavat, f. (of things) : sdkht (of cloth or things) vide

Meaning. Consult, ) scddh {kanid — together, or se lend another) ; mashwara k.

Consultation, ( ( — together) : kisi kl rdy lend : kisi ki marzi kd pas (or

lihdz) kamd (to consult the wishes of) : vide Ignore. Consumption, kharch, m. ; sarf, m. (expenditure) ; vide Waste : sill, m.

(according to hakims the second stage of diqq or lasting fever). Contagion, \chhut ki himdri (contagious disease): wabd,i bimdri (infec- Contagious, ) tious disease ; the atmosphere has become pestilentious). Contain, \aind, intr. (gen.) : samdnd, intr. (to be contained or to

Contained, to be, J go through an aperture ; of one body) : is bakas men

bahut gunjd,ish nahin (this box won't hold much) : dil ko qdbu men

nahin rakh-sakd (I could not contain myself ; from joy or anger) : main

ghusse ko rok ndhin-sakd : apne ta,m (or ghusse ko, etc.,) zabt karna. Contaminate, dluda k. (things) : nd-pdk k. (of persons or things). Contemplate, \vide Consider and Intend : gydn, m. (k.) (relig. ; of Contemplation, J Hindus): murdqaba {k. or — men hond) (relig.; of

Muslims). Contempt, hiqdrat, f. : haqir (or zaEl) samajhnd (verb and subs.). Jj) Contemptible, zalil (mean or low by actions) : kamina (by birth or actions) :

haqir (for actions) : pdji (scoundrel). Contemptuous, jo hiqdrat se auron ko dekhtd hai. Contend, vide Argue and Fight. Content, rdzi ; — se khush hai : wuh har hdl men khush hai (he is always

contented) : vide Contentment. Contentious, jhagrdlu ( = quarrelsome) : hujjati (objector, always argues). Contentment, qand^at, f. : seri ( = having all one wants ; also satiety). Contents, chiz, f. : mazmHn (purport of a letter, etc.). Contest, muqdbala {k') (gen.) : vide Argue, Fight, Dispute, Struggle, etc. Context, qarina (also = indication ; likelihood). Contiguous, lagd hu,d : said hu,d (also stuck together). Continence, ) vide Chaste and Chastity : 'auraton se parhez hai : shddl us Continent, I shakhs ke liye mundsib hai jo shahwat ko qdbu men nahin

rakh saktd ; langot-band (has no sexual intercourse ; of celibates) :

parhez-gdr (one that avoids bad deeds).

Contingenr' } *^'*^^ ' *^^*^^ ^^ ^^^ ' *^^*'/^^*' ^i-

Continual, bdr bdr kd : d,e din kd (of every day) : [also expressed by jdnd

with a present participle prefixed] : vide Always, Daily. Continuance, qiydm (of a custom, a building) : bar qardri (of abstract

things) : vide Perseverance.

CON 37 CON

Continue, rahna ; jari rahnd : usl tarah (or waisa hi) khush rahd (he conti- nued happy).

Continuous, ) lagdtdr, adj. and adv. : hardhar kd : [also expressed by

Continuously, i ^'awa with an inflected past partic, as parhe-gayd or by rahnd with uninflected past partic, as din hhar pard-rahd.

Contraband, nd'jd,iz mdl.

Contract, ihekd, m. {I. and d.) : ijdra {I. or d.) : dast-dwez (f.) likhnd (gen. ; to write a bond) : tamassuk (m.) likhnd (to write a money-bond) : iqrdr-ndma (any deed of contract) : vide Compact and Bargain : su- karnd, intr. (to shrink, of persons or things ; sukernd, tr. : tang k.

Contractor, theka-ddr.

Contradict, bdt kdtnd (also = to interrupt), and jhutldnd : bar khildf hond (of things).

Contrary, ijbar) khildf ( — to) : ulte and ultd, adv. (on the contrary).

Contrast, vide Compare : zidd (of colours) : zamln dsmdn kd farq (of great difference).

Contribution, madad (no pi.) (dend).

Contrivance, hikmat, f. (of a thing) : tadblr, f. (plan).

Contrive, tadbir {with karnd, gen., but with pakdnd =- —for some time) : hik- mat se or tadbir karke bhdg-gayd (I contrived to escape) ; [also ex- pressed by a compound with chhornd or rahnd 'vide' "Hind. Man.," p. 86-7.].

Control, qdba or ikhtiydr or hdth men rakhnd : kahne men rakhnd: wuh mujh se nahin dabtd (I cannot control him) : vide Stop : rok, m. ; qabza (grasp); qaid, f. (imprisonment and restriction): ^a6a,o (also = pres- sure) ; vide Power.

Controversy, jawdb sawdl : bahs, f. or mubdhasa, m. (or both together) (discussion, friendly or otherwise) : hujjat o takrdr (unfriendly con- tention).

Controvert, jhutldnd : radd k.

Convalescent, ifdqe se or ru ba-ifdqa.

Convene, vide Collect : buld-bhejnd and talab-karnd (summon ; q.v.).

Convenience, vide Ease, Comfort and Leisure : subhetd, m. : etc.

Convenient, \subhete kd waql batld,iye (fix a convenient time) : subhete

Conveniently, J se (conveniently).

Convergent, jo ek nuqte men milen.

Conversant, — se wdqif : — se mdhir (expert in). lUOO

Conversation, ) bdt chit, f. {k.) ; guft o gu f. {k.) : (talking together) : bol

Converse, ) chdl, f. (k.) : jawdb sawdl, m. {k.) (dialogue ; vide also Match) : idhar udhar kl bdten (chatting on various subjects) : gap shap, f. {k.) (idle gossip or pleasant talk).

Convert, pdni ko barf bandnd (convert water into ice) : us ko 'Isd,l kiyd (he converted him to Christianity) ; fuldn mazhab men Idnd : chela k. (to make a disciple) : nau-muslim, etc., : nayd chela (a new disciple) : Kristdn (a native Christian).

Convex, mdhi-pusht (also = ' roach-backed,' of a horse).

Convoy J dhond, gen., (carry on the back or shoulder or in a cart) J le-jdnd (also to take away) : pahunchdnd (to take to) : le-chalnd (start and carry with one) : utkd-lejand (to carry away).

CON 38 COR

Conveyance, sawdri, gen , (any beast or carriage, etc., etc., ; also a * fare ' — tlie person) : vide Deed.

Convict, gundh-gar, etc., etc., thahrdnd {vide Guilty) : sdhit k., etc. (to prove ; of guilt) : main ne usko uskt ghalatl par qd.il kar-chhord (I convicted him of his error ; in argument, etc.).

Convict, qaidt (prisoner) : jald-ioatan qaidi (transported — ).

Convince, yaqtn dildnd ; manwdnd : qd,il k.

Cook, bdivarcfil, m., gen.; bdwarchan, f. : Idngrl Panj. : paknn^ intr. and pakdnd tr. .' raso^i bandnd (of Hindus only).

Cookery, hdwarchl-gari (art or profession of).

Cool, khunuk : thandd sd.

Coolie, quit: mazdur.

Co-operate, milkar kdm karnd.

Co-operation, ittijdq.

Cope, vide Confront.

Copious, wdfir ; vide Abundant.

Copier, kdtib ; naql-navts : vide Caligraphist : vide Imitate.

Copper, tdnbd : paisd (coin).

Coppersmith, thatherd.

Copulate, juft k. or jufii khdnd (of animals) : suhbat k.

Copy, naql (transcript) : musawwada (rough draught) : misdl ; namuna (ex- emplar) : nuskha (one volume of a work ; also - a prescription or a recipe.

Coquetry, ndz o nakhra (k.)

Coral, mungd.

Cord, dor, f. gen. : dori, f. (of hemp) : rassi se bdndhnd (to cord).

Cordiality, tapdk ; garm-joshi.

Cordon, santriyon kd halqa : jel ki ndka-bandl ki (he placed sentries all round the jail).

Coriander, dhaniyd (the seed).

Cork, kdk or kdg, f. : dat (a plug, or stopper).

Corkscrew, pech-kash, m.

Corn, vide Grain and Wheat, etc. : jil,ar or makd,i (Indian Corn) and bhuttd (fresh heads of Indian Corn).

Corner, kond, m. ; gosha, m. : vide Angle.

Coronation, tdj-poshi (of ruling sovereigns) : takht-nishini (ascending the throne).

Coronet, bhauii f. (of hoof : also eyebrow).

Corpse, murda, m., and Idsh, f. (of humans) ; vide Carcase.

Corpulent, tan o tosh kd.

Correct, sahih or durust or thlk k. ; isldh dend : sudhdrnd (mend the character, the manners).

Correction, tashih, f. ; isldh, f. ; durustl.

Correctness, durusii : sihhat f . (also health) .

Correspond, milnd or mutdbiq hond (of dates, etc.) : vide Suit, Communi- cation, and Write.

COR 39 coy

Correspondent, nama-nigar (of newspaper) : vide Agent.

Corrode, kha-lend ; galana.

Corrugated, nali-dar loha ( — iron).

Corrupt, bigdrnd, tr., or kharah k. (vitiate) ; vide Putrify ; bigard hu,d, adj.,

vide Bad and Bribe. Cost, is par kitnd kharch hu,d or kitnd kharcha lagd or haithd{h.ow much did

this cost?); dam lagnd; sarf hond; vide SuSer: lekin hahut nuqsdn

uthdnd 'pard = bahut kuchh khone paryih chiz hdth lagi = \tQ,o^t me dear:

Idgat, f. ^actunl cost) : qimat (price) : vide Loss : main ne kho-ke sikhd{i

know it to my cost : ddm ke dam or Idgat ke ddm or asU qlmat par, adv.

(at cost price) ; kharcha, leg. (costs). Costiveness, qabz, m. Costly, qimati; bahut ddm kd. ,

Costume, libds, m. ; poshdk, f. ; vide Uniform. Cottage, bangaliyd, f. (a small bungalow) : vide Hut.

Cotton, ru,t, f. (raw) : suti kaprd : sut, m. (for sewing) ; kapds, m. (growing). 1100 Couch, koch, m., Eng. ; vide Sofa,

Cough, khdnsnd : dhdnsnd (of a hard dry cough) : khdhsi and dhdnsi, subs. Council, kaunsal, f., Eng. ; majlis, f . ; sabhd, f. Counsel, vide Advice, Advocate, Consultation ; apnd bhed chhupdnd (to

keep one's own counsel). Count, ginnd ; gintl k. ; shumdr k. ; hisdb k. (of numbers): samajhnd, jdnndy

ginnd and shumdr men Idnd (consider, esteem). Countenance, rup, m. ; sural, f. {lit. appearance) ; shakly f. {lit. form^ (face

q.v.) : chihra na-badalnd (to keep one's countenance). Counteract, asar rokyid or kdind : ulid asar ddlnd. Counterfeit, bandwail ■ ja'll; naqli : vide False and Forged. Countermand, hukm pher-lend : vide Cancel.

Countermine, surang ke niche surang lagdnd; surang dar surahg lagdnd. Countless, an- ginat ; be-ginil ; be- shumdr ; be-hisdb. Country, des, m. ; mulk, m. ; vildyat, f . : zamin, f. (land) : dihdt (as opposed

to town) ; dest, adj. (as opp. to foreign) : dihdti, adj. (as opp. to town).

Countryman, desi-bhd,i ot ham-watan {ieWow ): vide Rustic, Rude,

Villager.

Couple, jord, m., or juft (male and female) : jofi [two, as horses in a carriage ; irrespective of sex).

Couplet, ek shi'r, m., or bait, f. ; dohd, m., Hindi.

Courage, bahdduri ;marddnagi : dileridi.T\d jur,at, f. (also = boldness) ; himmat

(heart, i.e., courage, perseverance, magnanimity, enterprise) ; dildvaru Courageous, bahddur ; dildvar : himmatwdld : jawdn-mard (full of manly

qualities, i.e., brave, generous, nobly dimbiiiou^ = hausale-wdld) : dil-

chala (adventurous) ; vide Hero.

Course, vide Way, Path, Race-course : raftdr, f. ; chdl, f. : bahd,o, m. (of a river) : tariqa or dhang ikhtiydr karnd (pi ocedure to adopt) : albatta (certainly, of course): aur kyd (what else; of course): hdh (but of course ; stay) : puchhne kl kyd hdjat ( = of course) : tdzi ko khargosh par daurand ( — with greyhounds) : vide Menses.

COU 40 CRA

Court, pddshdh ka darbar (royal) : rdj-durbar (of a Raja): kachahrl, f. (of law) : 'adalat, f. (of justice ; darhari kapfa (Court-dress).

Court, to, lard.i mol-lend (court a quarrel) : maut ki talash men rahna (to court death) : ajme pa, on men dp kulhdji marnd = apnl jaf dp khodnd (court disaster) : vide Seek and Woo : darbdr-ddrl karnd (to court big officials, to lobby).

Courteous, bare akhldq kd (civil, spec, of high people) : d,o-bha^at kd.

Courtesy, vide Favour, Kindness.

Courtier, darbdr-ivdlu : vide Flatterer.

Courtyard, dngan, m. ; sahn, m.

Cousin, chacherd'bhd,t, m., and chachert bahan (children of brothers), and khalerd bhd't, etc. (children of sisters) : [there are many words for children of father's sister, mother's brother, etc., etc.].

Covenant, qaul qardr, m. (k.) and 'ahd paimdn, m. (k.) (mutual ; written or oral): likhd parht, f. (A*,) (written) : vide Promise.

Cover, dhdhknd and dhdnpnd (with either cloth or solid cover) : urhdnd, tr. (with a sheet ; for persons or a statue) : vide Roof, Thatch, Spread (of clouds) : topi pahannd, pagrt bdndhnd or sir dhdnpnd (of the head) : charhnd intr. and charhdnd caus. (of animals) and sdnd chhornd (of horses, oxen, camels) ; lend jurnd (of dogs) : vide Conceal and Overlay.

Cover, dhaknd (gen. ; also a lid of a box ; may be a fixture) : chapni, f. (for earthen pots; not a fixture) ; sar-posh (gen. but not a fixture) : dr, f. (shelter from fire or cover from view); bachd,o, m. and pandh, f., and rok, f. (shelter) : kifdzat, f. (shelter, protection) ; vide Screen : jild, f. and daftl, f. (of a book) : ghiMf, m. (for boxes, pillows ; sheath of a sword).

Coverlet, razd,i, f. (stuiied with cotton wool ; can also be worn) : lihdf, m.

(ditto, but heavier and for bed ov\y = bdld-posh) : orkne kt chddar (a

sheet used as a covering for the body). Covet, kd Idlachk. : and tama' (f.) k. (the goods of another) : havas (f.)

or Mrs (f.) k. (to desire more) : Compare Envy and Greed.

Covetous, Idlachl; hirst.

Covey, jhund (big or small), and gol, m. (gen. of a large number of beasts,

birds, or men). Cow, gd,e: gobar, m. [cow-dung) and upld, m. (dried for burning): ahir

and gwdld (Hindu cowherds) : gujar (Muslim ditto in Panjab) : gau-sdld

cowhouse.

Coward, rfar-po A; ; buz-dil (goat-hearted): nd-mard (also - impotent) : ihuf- dild : bhagord (a runaway) : kam-himmat (of no heart ; vide Courage).

Cowardice, dar-pok-pan ; buz-dili ; nd-mardi ; ihur-dild-pan ; kam-himmatl : bhagord-pan (habit of running away).

Cower, vide Crouch.

Coxcomb, vide Cock and Comb and Fop : Akarfun Khdn (a conceited fel- low).

Crab, kekrd: mrtdn, At. (also Cancer the disease, and the sign of the Zodiac).

Crabbed, kira makaurd likhnd (of writing).

Crack, bdl, m. (in glass): darz, m. (in a wall): shigdf, ra. (ditto; also = a cut).

CRA 41 CRE

Crack, to, phorna (a nut) : — men hal dalnd, tr. (of glass, etc.), and intr. — men hot par-jand or a- jdnd: shaqq k. and h. (of wall) : kord chatkhdnd (to crack a whip) : bijli karaknd, intr. (of thunder) ; [dp mujhi par karakie kyuh }iain = vj\\y are you roaring at me ?].

Cracked, hdl pard hu,d (of glass) : phutd (of a coin).

Cradle, jhuld (also = swing) : poind (suspended ).

Craft, ^kdm m. ; hirfa (manual, but Mr fat "cunning") : hunar (art

Craftiness, J and craft): pesha (profession) dhandhd (ditto); ruhdh-hdzi (foxiness) ; chdl-hdzi (trickery) ; vide Deceit, Fraud, Cunning.

Craftsman, Mn-^ar ; hunar-mand; ustdd.

Crafty, Mr fall ; ruhdh-hdz; ckdl-bdz (tricky) : wc?e Cunning.

Cram, thunsnd (to cram into) : galiydnd (to feed by hand; as horses, fowls) : — dimdrtJi men thunsnd (of knowledge, by force) : thunsd-thun- sdkar kMIdnd = ndkon men bharnd (to cram small children with food, or to press food on a guest) : ser karnd (to feed to satisfaction , not to surfeit).

Cramp, cMngur, f . (spasm with pain) : ainthan (without pain ; from want of room).

Cramped, cMngurd hu,d (distorted by pain) : ainthd hud : jagah H tangi se merd badan akar-gayd or ainthd-gayd.

Crane, kulang (the Common Crane): kunj {diitto in Panjab) : qarqard

(Demoiselle) : sdras (the Sarus) : manjaniq (the instrument). Crash, dhardkd (of a falling building).

Crave, vide Implore : mu'dfi kl iltijd karnd (crave pardon). Craven, piiyal murr^ (lit. beaten Cock ; also met.).

Crawl, rengnd (of snakes or humans) : ghutnon chalnd = hdth pd.on se chalnd (on all fours) ; vide Creep.

Crazy, bd,old (of people) : sin (sp. from old age). Creak, mach mach karnd (of carts, etc.).

Cream, mald,i, in Lucknow bdld^l : zardfat kd lutf (the cream of the jest) : nuqra, ghord (a cream-coloured or albino horse; a " pink" horse).

Crease, jhol, f. (baggines) ; silvat, f. (in cloth) : shikan, f. (in cloth or in the skin).

Create, paidd k. gen. : Tchalq k. (of God only) : ijdd k. (of inanimate things ; also to invent).

Created, mahhluq (also subs., f.=: people) ; pi. makhluqdt = a,l\ created things.

Creation, khilqat, f. (also the act of) : vide Created.

Creator, paidd karne-wdld : khhdliq.

Creature, vide Animal, Man, etc., and Created: banda khudd kd (prop, of man only, but vulg. =^ makhluq) : kat-putli (servile creature of, " wooden doll"): pichh'lagd (ditto; also a platter-licker of): khdya-bos vulg. (stronger than either of the former ; = bum-sucker, one ready to do any duty work ; = jutl ki khdk jhdrne-wdld) : khhush-dmadi tattu (a mean crea- ture, a general flatterer).

Credible, qdbil-i i'tibdr (of belief) : muHabar (trustworthy, of man, or clock, etc.) : mu'tabar zari'a se (from a credible source of information).

CRE 42 CRO

Credit, vide Belief and Trust : sakh, f. (mercantile) : i'tibdr, in. (gen. of people ; vide Honour and Reputation : vide Reliance : udhdr, adv. (on credit) : qarz, m. (loan) : umh apni adkh kho-haiiha (lie has lost his mercantile credit) ; mde Commercial : hisdb mm jama' k. (to credit, in an account) : vide Ascribe to.

Creditable, qabiUi ta'nf ; sardhne ke qdbil.

Creditor, qarz-khivdh\ ?en-c?ar Panj.

Credits, lendy m.

Credulous, hhold (simple, in a good or bad sense) : zud-bdwar : kanpatld or kdn kd kachclm ( as regards complaints and tales) : dhul-mul-yaqm.

Creed, kalima (the Muslim profession of faith) : 'aqtda, m. (tenet) : vide

Religion. Creep, vide Crawl : hdre ji chalnd (move unwillingly) : chunil kt chdl chalnd

(to move slowly) : khisak-jdnd (steal away).

Crescent, hildl (moon) : hildlt jhandd, etc. (ensign of the Turks) : sallb aur Midi (cross and crescent).

Crest, kal(jht (on bird's head ; tuft or liead dress) : choii (of birds ; top- knot ; crest of hill) : kahjhi etc. ddr (crested).

Crest-fallen, sir jhukd.e (hu,e) ; dum-dabd,e (hu,e) ; himmat hdrd hUyd,

Crew, jahdzi, pi.

Cricket, jhingur, m. (the insect) : ghu,dn, m. (mole-cricket) : kirkit, f. (the game).

Crier, dhandoryd (municipal) : mu^azzin (paid, in a mosque) : azdn dene' mold (gen. ; anyone summoning to prayer).

Crime, jurm, m., {k).

Criminal, vide Guilty, Prisoner : mujrimdna (of acts) : fauj-ddri kd, leg. (as opposed to diwdnl kd) ; faujddri 'addlat (Criminal Court).

Crimson, qirmizi: surkh or Idl (gen. term for reds).

Cringe, farrdshi saldm k. (not necessarily in a bad sense ; Lucknow people

always make this saldm) : pd.on parnd (of men) : pd,on men lotnd

(spec, of dogs). Cripple, I langrd (lame) : ek-tangd, adj. (lame in one leg) : lunjd adj. and Crippled, ^ subs, (in legs ; but also of whole body) : luld, adj. and subs, (in

hand or arm) : hdih pd,on se ma*zur polite for apdhaj, subs, and adj. :

(crippled in the whole body).

Crisp, churchurd [ov kurkurd) (of eatables); pdparkdsd: [compare Brittle]. Crisis, ndzuk waqt ; jokhon kd waqt.

Criticize, 'aih nikdlnd or batdnd (of persons or things ; in a bad sense) : girift k. (of things only).

Croaker, burd mandne-wdld (always predicting evil) : kal-jibbhd, adj. (one

whose evil predictions generally happen). Crocodile, magar or magar-machh (long-nosed) : ghariydl, (small-nosed).

Crooked, terhd : bdnkd (also = dandy) : kaj : kham-ddr; bal-ddr (of flexible things) : terhi berhi gall (long crooked lane or narrow street) : terhd jawdb = terht berht bdten.

Crop, fasl, f. ; andj or ndj, m. (Ht. grain) : rabi' (Spring crop) Man/ (Autumn ): khafl khetl (standing crop) : hausala, m., and potd, m. (of bird).

CRO 43 cue

Crop-eared, kan-katd.

Cross, salib (not nee. relig.) : challpd (ditto) : qainchl, subs., and qainchiyd, adj. and adv., scissors-like cross : drd, adj. (oblique or transverse) : drd-iirchhd (of two things) : talkh-mizdj or karwd-mdzdj ; (in temper) : — se chirnd or chirhd hu,d hond (to be cross with).

Cross-examination, jirh, f., leg. : her pher-ke puchhnd or pher phdr-ke puchhnd.

Cross-fire, drl tirchhi gola-anddzi : donoh taraf se sawdldt ki bauchhdr ( — of

questions). Cross-legged, chdr-zdnu [baithnd). Crossway, chau-rasta, m. or ckau-rdhd. Crouch, sutuk-kar baithnd.

Crow, kawwd (the common Indian Crovy) : bdng dend or dzdn dend (of cock). Crowbar, sdbal, m. Crowd, bhir: thdth (dense crowd) : logon kd hujum: vide Populace.

Crowded, bdzdr men bhir lagi thi: log khacham-khach bhare hu,e the (densely crowded).

Crown, tdj {pahndnd) (a sovereign).

Crucify, suli or salib par charhdnd.

Crude, vide Raw, Unripe: be-dhangd (of opinio:] s).

CvMtX, sang- dil and be-rahm (of people); w<^e Tyrant: sang-diHkd and be- rahmi kd [oi actions, etc.).

Cruelly, be-rahmdna; be-rahmi se.

Cruelty, sang-dili; be-rahmi: vide Tyranny.

Cruet, sirka-ddn.

Crumb, roti kd gudd (as opp. to crust) : vide Piece, Bit.

Crupper, dum-chi.

Crusade, saUbi-jang: jihdd (relig. war of Muslims against non-Muslims).

Crusader, din ke liye larne-wdld gen : mujdhidin, pi., and jhdzi (of Muslims, latter word is now often used for fanatic).

Crush, dhakkd-pel, m. (of a crowd): dabnd^ intr., and dabdnd, tr. : masalnd (to crush with the heel or rub between the palms; also to tread wine, dates, etc.) : vide Pound.

Crust, chhilkd (of bread).

Crutch, Idthi tek-kar chaltd hai ( =he walks with a crutch).

Cry, chilldnd gen., chikhnd, (of persons; inarticulate) : bolrid or dwdz dend or pukdrnd (to call aloud) : dhdr mdrkar rond (weep aloud) ; rote rote andhd hond (any one's eyes out); vide Weep, Lament, Shout : hdnk mdrnd or lagdnd (of hawkers or beggars) : sadd dend (of beggars at doors) : pukdrke bechnd (of haw^ker) vide Proclamation : duhd,i dend (to cry for help) : duhd,i tihd,i dend (to cry repeatedly for help) : vide Yell: subs, are chikh: chilldhat; dwdz, pukdr; hdnk, sadd (all feni.), and kuk, f. (the sound of lamentation).

Crystal, billaur or billur, m. (also thick cut gUss).

Cubit, hdth.

Cuckold, dayyus (a complaisant cuckold).

cue 44 CUR

Cucumber, kakfi (large) : khird (small).

Cud, jugdli k. or pdgur k. (chew ).

Cudgel, sohta bajdnd or mdmd ; luthiydnd : rnagtkz mdrnd ( one's brains).

Cuff, kaf, m. and f., Eng. (of coat or shirt) : vide Blow.

Cul-de-sac, band gait.

Cull, chunnd.

Culprit, qusur-imr.

Cultivate, jotnd bond ; kJieti karnd ; kdsht karnd : vide Till and Sow : umh dlu bold hai (he cultivates potatoes) : wuh angur Id paiddimr kd kdm kartd hai (he cultivates grapes).

Cultivated, jotx bo,t or abdd zamm.

Cultivation, kheti; kdsht, f . ; dbddi (prop, population); halvdhi (valg.) : kisht or kdsht kdrl {k.) (act of ): paiddwdr, i. (produce): w(ie Im- provement.

Cultivator, kdsht'kdr; kisdn; dsdmi; ra'iyat, m. (but f. = subject) : zamin- ddr (land-owner and head cultivator).

Culture, tarbiyat, f. (also training).

Cumbersome, \6o;7ia/ (heavy): atal (immovable): ajgar v\i\g. (large and Cumbrous, J cumbersome, lit. a python) ; bhdrt laddhar (large and cumbrous).

Cumulative, sazd dar sazd ( punishment) : sud dar sud ( interest).

Cunning, chdldk (in deed or thought): slidtir (of deed): siydna (also = having reached years of discretion ; in Punjab also clever) : apne kdm men hoshydr : chatur ; robdh-bdz (foxy) : makkdr (deceitful and tricky) ; vide Artful, Cunning and Deceitful : subs, are chdldkl ; shdtirt; siydn- pan; chaiurd,i; robdhbdzi, makkdr t.

Cup, plydla and piydll, gen. : katord and katorl (of metal) : kasa (of metal and shaped like a tumbler).

Cupboard, almml Por. (also = bookcase and wardrobe) : ni'mat-khdna.

Cupola, qubba ; vide Dome.

Curds, dahi {jamdnd).

Curb, vide Bridle and Restrain and Bit.

Cure, fuldn ke Hldj se achchd hond (of doctor) ; but shifd dend or cTmngd karnd (of God) : Hldj k. (to treat) : masihd^i^ k. (to make a marvellous cure ; of doctor) : chdra, m. and tadbir, f . (remedy for ill other than disease) : khot or 'aib dur k. (to cure a defect of character) : vide Treat.

Curious, anuthd and anokha (peculiar ; also rare) : nirdld (strange, singu- lar ; also pure) ; vide Wonderful.

Curiosity, vide Rarity : puchh pdchh f. (questioning) : rdz-jo,t; bhed lend, v.

Curl, ghunghary m. (one curl) : zulf (the locks) : kdkul (curled hair).

Curly, ghunghar vMe bdl or pech-ddr bdl.

Currants, karan, Eng.

Current, dhdr, f. and dhdrd, m. (of a river) : bahd,o (flowing) ; chaltd, adj. (of money) : jdri adj. (of money or a custom) : mdh-i hdl or rawdn (the

1 The Messiah {Maslh) raised from the dead.

CUR 46 CYC

current month) : is hat ka cJiarcha hai or zaban-zad hai (of story,

rumour) : roz-marre Tea khharch (current or daily expenses) : hazarhM,o

or bazar ka nirkh (price-current). Currier, vide Tanner. Curry, kdrl bhdt, subs. ; chamre kl ddbdghat karnd, or chamreko dahdgkat dend

(leather) : kharerd k. (of a horse).

Curry-comb, kharerd.

Curse, kosd or kosnd, m. (dend) : bad-du^d, f. (d.) ; phitkdr or la'nat, f. (with dend or bhejnd of man ; but with karnd of God) ; us par la*nat or phit- kdr ho ( = God's curse on him) : zindagi mujh par wabdl hai (life is a curse, a plague, to me) : vide Affliction and Calamity.

Cursed, mardud (rejected) and mal'un (cursed) (by God ; of people) : la'nati (ditto of men or of actions) : kam-bakht (wretched; of people or places): manhus (ill-omened, detestible; of places or actions or things) : makruh (objectionable ; of things or actions) : dozahhi or jahannami (of men, etc. = he will go to hell or is in hell).

Cursory, sarsari nazar ( view). 1250

Curt, akhar jawdb (a rough answer) : takd sd (or rukhd) jawdb (a plain, un- sympathetic answer) : do tuk j. (a plain yes or no) : danddn shikan j. (curt and to which there is no reply) • vide Refusal.

Curtail, mukhiasar k, (of speech, etc.) : vide Shorten.

Curtain, parda (a hanging) : masahri (mosquito ) vide Screen and Chiq.

Custodian, rakhwdld ; nigdh-bdn ; muhdfiz : vide Keeper.

Custom, dasiur, m. ; riwdj, m. ; rtt, f. ; rasm, f. ; qd'ida, m. ; ma'mul m. ; tariqa ; chalan ; raviya : *ddai (habit) : vide Fashion, Buying, and Griffin.

Customer, khariddr and gdhak (buyer).

Custom-house, parmit-ghar, m.

Customs, mahsul, m. ; chungi (octroi).

Cut, kdtnd, tr. and kaind, intr. (sp. with knife) : katarnd, tr. (clip with scissors) : qata' k. (for clothes) : qalam k. (to cut off with one blow ; to clip hedges ; make cuttings) : tardshnd (slice ; with knife or scissors) : chhdntnd (clip beard, trees, hedges ; also to select ') : kdtnd or kdt-lend (as a fine) : mujhse usse sahib saldmat tark hai (we are dead cuts) : tukre tukre k. (cut or break in pieces): tumturdq dikhdnd (cut a dash): tdsh tardshnd (cut cards) : ddnt nikalnd, intr. (cut teeth) : champat hu,d or chal champat hu,d (cut and run, disappear = cM^a hu,d,'^ chaltdheing here an adjective) : vide Av-oid : kdt, sub. (of clothes or sword); zarb, f . (lagdnd) (a cut or blow with a weapon) : vide Slit ; chhotd rdsta (a short cut) : kutarnd to gnaw.

Cut-purse, jeb-katrd ; girih-kat.

Cut- throat, gald-kat.

Cutting, diUkhardsh (sarcastic, etc.) : jali kati bdten (cutting words).

Cycle, jug, m. (age) ; qaran, m.

1 Chhant-dena " to select for rejection, to reject " ; but chhaM-lena •* to select and approve. ' '

* For chalta hti.a hv.a.

CYL 46 - •

Cylinder, cliohga ; ncd.

Cylindrical, belan-sd (like a rolling-pin or a roller).

Cymbal, jhdnjh, m.

Cypher, sifr; sunndr H.

Cypress, saw.

D

Dagger, khanjar, m. (curved) : chhurd, m. (a straight knite;.

Dacoit, ddku : ddkd or dakaittj dacoity.

Dainty, nazdkat-pasand (fastidious, q.v.) ; ni'maten or maze maze kd khdnd, dainties.

Dam, hand, m. {hdndhnd).

Damage, nuqsdn, m. {k.) ; nuqsdn utMnd (to suffer loss or damage) : zarar, m. {pahuncJidnd tr.) : harjdna (legal damages): vide hosa: ddmis rml^ Eng. corr. (damaged goods in a shop).

Damp, rutubat, f . ; sil, f. ; namtj f. : mxirtuh or slid or nam, adj. {k).

Dance, ndchnd, v., general : ndch, m. ; hat, Eng. (ball).

Dandy, hdnkd (also = fop) : ranglld, effeminately foppish.

Danger, hhatra : jdn kd andesha (danger to, fear of, one's life) : vide Risk and Fear : hhatar-nuk, dangerous : muhlik (destructive to life) : jdn jokhoh subs. ( — to life ; vide Risky).

Dappled, gul-dar.

Dare, to, jur^at k. ; dileri k.

Dark, andherd, adj. and sub., (k.) ; tdrik, adj. {k.) : gahrd^ or siydhl md,il

(of colours); tdriki, subs, (darkness) : vide Dim. Darling, Iddld, m. and Idill, f , subs, or adj. : Iddo /. (to wife or mistress) :

dnkhoh kl putll, gen., (lit. pupil of the eyes) : meri jdn ! (in address;

lit. my life!). Dart, to, jhapatnd (as a snake ; also to pounce upon as a kite ; spring

upon as a tiger ; rush at as in a charge) . Dash, pataknd (on to the ground) : de-murnd, gen. (to dash against anything,

or on to the ground); us ki ummedeh khdk men mil-ga,m, his hopes

were dashed to the ground : haghair ku,d ^ khd,z dekhe-hhdle, andhddhund

chald-gayd, he dashed madly along : usmen phurti aur dileri nahm,

"he has no dash."

Date, tdrihh, f. {charhdrw) : tdrikh-tudr, adv., arranged according to dates : chhudrd^ (dried) ; khurmd or Tchajur, gen.

Daub, chopnd or thopnd (of any thick stuff) : chhdpd dend (ink or blood) : lesnd, tr., to smear smoothly with the hand : lathefnd, tr. (or lathafnd intr.) to smear irregularly : lipnR, to smooth with water, or thin colour, or liquid mud, but in the Panjab = kah-gil karnd.

Daughter, heti: vide Girl.

Dawdle, vaqt ganwdnd or har-hdd karnd (to waste time).

Dawn, pau phatnd, v. : pau-phate, adv. (at dawn).

• tt»fy oriyiy. a t;|^4^ or fjlA^4*-

DAY 47 DEC

Day, din (of daylight ; also twenty-four hours) : roz (twenty-four hours) : athon pahar (eight watches, i.e. twenty-four hours) : rat din (day and night) : Tchiyali pild,o (pakdnd) = day-dream or castle-in- the-air.

Dead, murda {a, corpse, q.v. ; also past partic.) : be-jdn (without life = us men dam nahin) : gayd guzrd ( = dead and gone) : murda zabdn (a dead language).

Deadly, jdn-levd (of enemy or poison) : kdri (of wound ; effective) : muhlik

(of disease). Deaf, bahrd {k) : bahrd-pan, m. (deafness) : gungd-bahrd, a deaf-mute. Deal, — kd kdr o bdr k. (deal in) : — se mu'dmala k. or len den k. (to have

trading transactions with) : mujhe us se sar o kdr nahm, I have no

dealings with him : do-rangi, double-dealing.

Dear, manhgd or mahngd ; giran (high-priced) : pydrd ; ' aziz (beloved) : 'aziz rakhnd {to hold dear): mahngl (dearness), and manhgd, t (com- pensation for dearness) : girdni (dearness) : dg ke mo?, adv. (very dear).

Dearly, khoke sikhi hu,i bdt, dearly-bought experience.

Death, maut, f. ; marg, f. ; wafdt (completion of days) : intiqdl (passing ; of personages).

Debar, mahrum k. ; vide Disappoint.

Debauchee, 'ayydsh : luchchd (of common people only) ; randi-bdz, woman- izer; luchchdpan, randi-bdzi, suha.

Debris, malbd.

Debt, qarz, m. ; vdm, m. ; pdnd or pd,ond (debts due to, outstanding debts; us kd mere hdn pd,ond hai, I have to pay him) : qarz men dubd huxi (over head and ears in debt) : qarz add k, or chukdnd (pay off debts).

Debtor, qarz-ddr, subs, and adj.

Decadence, vide Decline.

Decamp, to, chupke se bhdg-jdnd.

Decapitate, vide Behead.

Decay, bosida hond, gen. : galnd, to melt (of corpses, meat; soft fruits, etc.) : bigarnd, gen., to spoil : vide Decline.

Deceased, vide Late : fautl, Panj.

Deceitful, chdl-bdz or clmliyd : ja'liyd (a forger of documents or oral char- ges) ; farebi : thag (professional cheat) : Mla-bdz (artful).

Deceive, dhokhd ' dend, gen. (a mild term) : tha^nd (to cheat) : dam derm (to promise and not perform) : jareb derm : sabz bdgh dikhdnd (to deceive by specious promises) : dhokhe men parnd, to deceive oneself.

Decency, shdyistagl (good behaviour) : vide Modesty.

Decide, faisala k. (judgment) : vide Umpire : hdmil decided (of victory , etc.) ; vide Decided.

Decided, | hdr jit ki lard.i (decisive battle) : qata'l (of answer, opinion) : Decisive, ] kdmil perfect ; vide Decide.

Declaration, i'ldn, m. {k) (proclamation) : — kd izhdr k. ; vide Statement. Decline, dhalnd (of sun or day) : sard-bdzdri (of trade) ; kamt (of fever) : tanazzul or zawdl (of a nation) : vide Refuse.

1 Dhokha m. deceit, delusion, disappointment ; a false appearance, a scare-crow.

DEC 48 DEF

Decorate, drdsta k. (gen.; of people or things): zinat dend (decorate with — ; of things) : sajdnd (to set in order).

Decoy, videCosbx and Ensnare ; ghat men land ( — into an ambush) : — kd lalach dend or dikhdnd (by exciting greed) : Idwd (decoy-bird) ; buldrd (call- birds).

Decrease, ka7n k. or h. ; ghatnd and gJiaidnd : kanii, ghatl subs.

Decree, vide Order, Regulation, Law : digri, Eng. {pdnd) leg. : digrl jdri ik., enforce a decree of Court: digri-ddr, decree-holder.

Decry, hurd kahrm, 'aib lagdrm (to decry): 'aib-gtrl k. (point out faults; criticize unfavourably): kam-qadar k. (lessen the value, of persons): vide Defame.

Deduce, natlja nikalnd.

Deduct, vide Cut and Subtract.

Deed, kdr ; kdm ; kiyd ; kartut (gen. of bad deeds) vide Action.

Deep, g'a^m (^.) (of water; wells; colours; thoughts; sleep): dungd{k.){oi water; wells): dubd,o (deeper than_ one's stature; of water only) : durkd (of people or thoughts) : nidm (low, of valley) : hJidri (of voice : also of cold in the voice) : larribi chauri tadbiren = chhipi hu ,i tad- hiren (deep-laid plans) : jar pakard hu a (deeply rooted).

Deer, hiran or harnd, m. and hirm, f. (Black- buck or Indian Antelope) : par^ (hog-deer) : chttal, axis deer: hdrah-singhd , and sdmbhar (large stags) : gond (swamp-deer) : chikdra (gazelle) .

Defame, bad-ndm L ; vide Calumny.

Defaulter, bdqt-ddr, in money matters (gen. ; not bad sense).

Defeat, hardnd (cause to lose): bhagdnd (cause to run awayj : hdr, f. or shikast, f. (dend) : zak f. (dmd) (a reverse).

Defect, 'aib, m. : naqs (spec, original) : nuqsdn (injury, acquired imperfec- tion) : vide Fault and Deficit.

Defective, ndqis (gen. = unserviceable, spoilt) : nd-tamdm (not complete, or not completed to the end).

Defence, bachd,o (k.) mil. and leg. : apni jdn bachdne ke liye (in self- defence) .

Defenceless, be-hathydr (without arms or defence) : be-pandh (without a defender) .

Defend, himdyat k. (by words ; also to back up) : muqdbala k. (oppose, in

fight) : vide Protect. Defensive, daf'karnd or rok karnd (to act on the defensive) . Deference, lihdz^ k. Deficient, kam hond (to be — ) : Kmh 'aql men kam (or ndqis) hai = wuh 'aql

kd kachchE hai. Defile, darra, P. : gh^il Hindi Defile, to, palid k. gen.; nE-pidk k. (spec, relig.). Deformed, 'aib-ddr : — men 'aib hai.

Defraud, dabd-rakhnd (of rights or money) : haqq mdrnd (of rights). Defy, anguthd dikhdnd^ coll. (to a person's face) • * tum kis khet kl mult ho? '

kahnd : vide Disobey, Despise: muqdbale ko khard hond (to get ready

to fight).

DEG 49 DEN

Degrade, darje se utdrna or girdnd (in rank) : zalil k. (dishonour q.v.) : nazar men chotd hond (to be degraded).

Degree, darja (of thermometer, Earth, etc. ; also a step, rank) : digrl, Eng. (thermometer; university; also legal decree).

Deign, us ne jawdh dend apm sTmn se bdhar samjhd (he did not deign to answer me).

Delay, der karnd or lagdnd : dhil k. or d. to be remiss.

Delicacy, ndzuki or nazdkat, gen., (of constitution, material, face, mode of expression, voice, limbs) : ni'mat, f. (for the table ; also a blessing such as hawd, etc.).

Delegate, vakU handrm : apnd ihhtiydr dusre ko dend.

Deliberately, soch bichdr-ke.

Delicate, ndzuk.

Delicious, lazlz ; maze-ddr,

Delight, — • se hazz uthdnd or lend ; bdgh bdgh hond (to be delighted) .

Delightful, dil-kash (of poems, etc., people, places, small animals).

Delinquent, qusur-wdr.

Deliver, chhutkdrd dend (to free, q.v.) : vide Intrust : Commit, Give : Hspich' (f.) or likchar (m.) denM^ (of speech or lecture) : jannd, tr. and intr., but without ke or ko (give birth to).

Delivery, supurdugt, hawdlagi (surrender, entrusting) : bolneki add (manner 1350 of speaking) : taqsTm (of letters, etc.).

Delirious, baktd hai.

Deluge, Nuh kd tufdn (Noah's — ) : vide Flood.

Delusion, dhokd, gen. : shikdr (or dhoke) ki tattii^t. fig.) anything assumed, as a long beard, to trick or delude people.

Demand, mdngnd (ask for) : talab k. (require;) : mutdlaba k. (demand, of a claim): da'wa k. (claim) : vide Dun: mdng, f. (of an article of com- merce, sale).

Demean, main us se bolkar apnd rutba kam nahin karn^ chdhtd (I don't want to demean myself by talking to him).

Demeanour, — ki anddz se, m. ; waza' , f.

Demerit, 'aib o hunar, merits and demerits; haqq yd nd-haqq (of a claim).

Demolish, girdnd, gen. (to knock down) : dhdnd (to knock down buildings).

Demoralization, atwdr kd bigdr (of character).

Demur, {is ke sack mdnne men mujhe) ta^ammul hai.

Den, (jhdr. m. (any cave) : mdnd, m. (of large beasts) : akhdrd (of black- guards, in a city or highway ; lit. wrestling-place arena) : baithak, f. (any sitting place) : than, f. (a horse-stall or standing ; also a lurking place of ghosts or of evil people).

Dense, ghand (of jungle, forest, hair, population, etc.).

Deny, inkdr, m. {k.) ; nahin, f. (k) : rm-manzur, k. (a request) : ji ko mdrnd (to deny oneself in small matters).

1 Fide Supplement, "Stumbling-Blocks,'* XIX.

DEP 60 DES

Depart, cJuda-jand ; tushrif le-jdnd (polite) : — ko chhornd : * vide * Start,

Adieu, Die : — se munh niornd or phernd (to deviate from). Department, mahkama, m. ; for Education generally sar-rishta. Depend, — par bharosd (or i'tihdr) karnd or rakhnd (on people or things) : 7nerd jand tumhdre sdth chalne par mauquf hai (my going depends on your accompanying, etc., [mauquf, also = adjourned ; abolished; dis- missed; stopped).

Dependent, mere sir hahut se log hain (many are dependent on me for a liv- ing) : —kd muhtdj hond (not to be able to do without ; vide Destitute).

Deplore, — par afsos karnd : * vide ' Weep.

Deport, shahr hadar karim (for a city) : — se nikdlnd.

Deposit, armnat, f. (rakhrm) : 'jama*^ karnd, to deposit money in a bank.

Depreciation, vide, Decry.

Depredation, lut-mdr, f. {k.) : lut khasot, f.

Deprive, haqq lend or chhinnd, gen. (justly or unjustly) ; hdqq mjdrnd or du- bdnd or be-haqq karnd (unjustly) ; vide Defraud : jdn lend ( — of life) : mxihrum k. (of an expectation).

Deputation, deputeshan, m. Eng.

Depute, mukhtdr bandnd.

Depth, gdhrdyl : vide Deep.

Deputy, diptl ; ndyib.

Derange, abtar zabtar karnd (upset, confuse).

Derail, patrt se utdrrm, ; [jpatri, is a dim. form of pattl, a strip].

Deride, — ki hansi urdnd (persons or things) : kisi par hansnd.

Derision, — kl jag-hansd,t hona or karnd (public derision) : — bdns par charhdnd (to hold up to derision).

Derogatory, mert shJd^n ke khildf hai ki — (it is derogatory to my dignity to — ; = is men be-waqari hai ki — ) : vide Ridicule.

Descend, utarnd ; niche dnd (to come down) : virdsat or tarke men milnd

(as an inheritance). Descent, utdr, utard,l (any declivity ; opposed to chafhd^l). Describe, hdl likhnd ; baydn karnd : — H shakl khinchnd (a figure).

Deserts, registdn (sandy) : sahrd ; virdn mulk (desolate country) but sahrd,i mulk (desert country) : biydbdn (wilderness).

Desert, v., bhdgnd; firdr hond (for firdrl hona) ; firdr karnd : ' vide' Abscond.

Deserter, bhagord ; firdrl.

Deserve, — kd mustahiqq hond (gen. in a good sense) :

Design, naqsha khinchnd (draw the plan) : Jchd^(^ (rough sketch) : matlab

or maqsad (object, intention q.v.). Designation, laqab (also title). Desire, Tchwdhish k., vide Long and Wish.

Desist, — se bdz dnd : [but — se bdz rahnd = to forbear from — ]. Despair, yds, f. or m^^yusl , f. : — se ma^yus hond, or — se yds ho-jdnd :

vide Disappointment. Desolate, virdn ; ujdf.

DES 51 Die

Despatch, daurdnd (of people, and met. of things) : vide Kill.

Despise, haqir or na-chiz samajhnd ; hiqdrat ki Tiazar se dekhnd.

Despot, jdbir ; * vide ' Tyrant.

Destitute, muhtdj : vide Dependent.

Destroy, harhdd k. (ruin) : vide Demolish : mitti men mild-dend (of money, armies, hopes, plans).

Detach, alag or jud^ k. : ' vide ' Select. 1400

Detachment, dasta (body) : ta'yirmti, subs, and adj.

Detail, tajsil, f. : ' vide ' Relate : tafsil-wdr, adv., or mufassal, adj. and adv. (in detail).

Detain, rok-rakhnd, tr. and ruk-rahnd, intr. (spec, for a short time).

Detect, dekh-pdnd (to see in the act) : vide Trace.

Detection, hdl zahir Tiond.

Detective, tiktiki-wdld , Eng., vulg. : Tchufya polTs.

Deter, bdz rakhnd : vide Stop and Forbid.

Deteriorate, khardb hond (go bad) : — kd asar kam hond (of drugs, etc).

Determination, pakkd irdda {k.) : tajvlz, f. (k.) (to plan).

Determined, wuh jdne par tuld hu,d hai kisi ke roke [se] ruk nahln saktd (he's determined to go, none can stop him).

Dethrone, tahht se utdrnd : [gaddl se utdrnd, of Rajah].

Devastate, virdn k.

Deviate, — se phirnd.

Device, hikmat, f. (contrivance) : dhokd (trick, etc., q,v.) : vide Plan.

Devil, Shaytdn (any evil devil ; also Satan) : Shaytdn ke kdn kdtnd (to sur- pass the Devil) : Shaytdni machdnd (to play the devil, act ill) : qiydmat bar pd k. (to make the devil of a noise or fuss, lit. or met.) : shaytdn kl dnt (lit the Devil's guts, i.e. anything interminably long or wearisome).

Devolve, to, yih mere sir pafegd, this will devolve on me.

Devote, lagdnd (of time) ; vide Busy : mdn apne bachche par fidd hai or nisdr hai (the mother is devoted to her child) : Khudd kl rdh men dend, ro vaqf k. (bequeath or devote for religious purposes ; and met. of time, money, energy).

Devour, harap kar-jdnd, lit. or met. : phdr-khdnd (of wild beasts only).

Devourer, khd^u (also embezzler).

Devout, namdzi (Muslim) : dharmi (Hindu).

Dew, 05, f. ; shab-nam, f. {parnd).

Dexterity, tezdastt or dast-chaldki : vide Activity, Skill and Expertness.

Dialect, bhdkhd^ f.

Dialogue, guft o gu : suwdl jawdb.

Diamond, hird., m. ; almds, m. : hire kl anguthl (diamond ring).

Diarrhoea, dast, m. {dnd).

Dice, pdsd, sing., and pdse, pi. ; there are generally three.

Die 62 DIS

Dictate, niaih pafhid (or batata) jdtd hun turn likhte jd,o (I'll dictate to you) : mde Order.

Dictionary, lugjiaty f. (but masc. = a word).

Die, vid^ Dice: chhdp, f. or naqsh, m. (with device for stamping): mar- jdnd, V. gen. : sidhdrnd or guzarnd (polite) : wafdt pdnd (of superiors) : dnkh band k. (lit. to close the eyes) : d<im nikal-jdnd (expire): jdn dend (give up life) : sukh-jdnd (of trees or plants) : jawdni maut marnd (die prematurely) : vide Death : — kd khdtima hond (die out).

Diet, gAizd, f. : parhezt khdnid khdnd, to be on a diet : yiurdkt, (diet- money).

Difference, rdt din kd farq — zarnin o dsmdn kd farq : unnis bis kd farq (slight — ) : tafdvmty f . : nd-ittifdqt (of opinion ; discord in family, etc.).

Different, juddjvdd (h.) ; oUlq alag : be-mel (don't match) : yih aur hai, aur louh aur = yih judd hai, wuh judd hai, (quite unlike) : vide Various : ek dusre se na-milnd (to be — ).

Difficult, mushkil, also subs. f. : sakht (hard) : bhdri (important) : mde Straits: mar-rnar-kar (with the greatest difficulty) : Allah Allah karke, gen. (with the greatest difficulty).

Diffuse, phaildnd : phaild,o^ subs.

Dig, khodnd : khodkar nikdlnd (dig out) : khodkar rasta nikdlnd (to dig through) : munsht se khod khod ke matlab nikdlnd (to dig information out of a munshi).

Digest, hazm karnd and pachdnd, Ut. and met.: hdzima^ digestion.

Digger, beUddr, prof, (one who uses a bel or spade ; for bel, the word phd.ord is used): gor-kan (grave-digger) : vide Badger.

Dignity, meri shdn (or ruibe " rank '^) ke khildf hai ki — it is infra dig for me to — : vaqdr, m. (of appearance).

Dilapidated, raddz hdlat men (of persons or things) : boslda (of buildings ; vid^ Decayed) : yih makdn hawd men doltd hai.

Diligent, mihnati.

Dim, maddham {k.) (for light : vide Colour) : dhundhld or maddham jalnd (of lamp ; dhundhld also used of sight, or of glass).

Dine, khdnd khdnd (or causal — khildnd).

Dinner, rat kd khdnd,.

Direct, vide Straight and Exact : ek dam se, or bald bdld (without interven- tion ; in submitting petitions).

Dirt, mail, m. : gandagl filth : maild^ adj. ; gandd, adj.

1450 Disabled, nikammd {hond, karnd) lit. useless.

Disadvantage, naf^ nuqsdn — burd,i bhald.i, advantages and disadvan- tages ; vide Defect.

Disaffected, — se badrdil {h. or k.).

Disagree, mizdj ke muwdfiq nahtn (of food) : main tumhdri rdy se muwdfiq

nahln hun 0£ — rdy se ittifdq nahin kartd hun, vide Discord. Disallow, jd,iz or rawd na-rakhnd (of a Pay Examiner cutting your pay). Disappear, ^d,ib hond, gen. : nazar se jdtd rahnd— from sight : kdfur ho-

jdnd, to disappear suddenly (of persons or things).

DIS 63 DIS

Disappoint, na-ummed karnd, to deprive of expectation : as tornd (more forcible) : apnd-sd munh lekar chald-jdnd (or haithd-rahnd , to be dis- appointed ; with an idea of being shame-faced) : main dp kl muldqdt ko dyd thd lekin mahrum phir-gayd^ 1 came to see you, but returned disappointed (Ht. excluded).

Disapprove, nd-pasand karnd.

Disaster, vide Calamity : muslhat-angez, (disastrous).

Disband, tornd.

Disburden, dil kd bojh Tialkd karnd = dil se hojh utdrnd (of the mind) : — se suhuk-dosh k. (of a duty) : vide Relieve.

Discharge, chhornd (of firearms, arrows) : vide Dismiss : chukdnd, add karnd, ov be-bdq karnd (debts) : vide Feriorm and Pour : naukari chhor- nd or jawdh lend (to obtain discharge, of a servant).

Discipline, ta'lim, f . (instruction) : intizdm, m. (arrangement) : vide Drill.

Disclaim, da'wa se hdth uthdnd.

Discomfort, takllf, f. ; dukh, m.

Discontent, nd-rdzi ; bad-dill ; apnl qismat se khush nahin (discontented by nature) ; naukari-se bad-dil (doesn't like his job).

Discord, nd-ittifdqi or an-ban (want of concord) ; phut^ m. (a general split, of a number) ; bigdr, m. (disagreement between two, or more).

Discourage, dil tornd (dishearten) ; be-dil k. or past-himmat k. (discourage, shghtly dishearten) ; — kd rawd-ddr na-hond, or — kd rdzl na-hond ( — acts) : vide Disheartened.

Discover, darydft kar-lend (for abstract things ; but darydft karnd, to in- quire) : patd or surdgh lagdnd, gen.

Discreet, pet kd bhdri (does not repeat things ; opp. to pet kd halkd).

Discuss, — par bahs (f .) karnd.

Disease, bimdri ; marz, m. ; muhlik bimdri (deadly — ). jdn jokhon kl

blmdrl (a critical illness) : chhut kl bimdri (contagious — ). Disgrace, be-Hzzat karnd; apnl Hzzat khond ( — oneself); ruswd^l, f,, be-

'izzatl, f., bad-ndmi, f. Disgraceful, sharm kl bdt ; ma'yitb. Vide Bad, Mean. Disguised, bhes badalkar : faqlron ke bhes men = faqlr banke (disguised as a

faqir). Disgust, ghin, f. {dnd and lagnd) (at filth of concrete things) ; ghind,ond

adj., gen. (causing disgust). ^^gj^^

Dish, rikdbl, gen., (a largish plate) ; bartan, gen., (utensil) : qdb m. (a big

Disheartened, dil chotd hond : vide Discourage.

Dishonest, be-lmdn (also = be-dln) ; bad-diydnat ; bad-nlyat (in intention) : hdth-chdldk (of petty thefts, of servants) ; khd,u (but petit glutton) stronger than previous ; embezzler etc. : mu'dmale kd khotd (in tran- sactions).

Dislike, — se chirnd (great) : gawdrd n^-karnd or hond (of abstract things).

Disloyal, bad-khwdh or sar-kash (of subjects).

Dismayed, satsatdriu, to be confounded, q.v. : vide Fear.

Dismiss, jawdb dend = naukari se nikdlnd ; mauquf k. (of respectable people ; also to adjourn and abolish) : bar taraf k.

DIS 64 DOC

Disobedient, nd-farmdn, adj.; nd-farmdni, subs.

Disorder, ulat palat (k.) (all upside down) : gad-mad, adj. (k,) (in confusion all mixed) : had-inti^dml or be-tarttbi (no system or management).

Disparage, — kt ht-qadarl karnd (to run down by words).

Dispensary, dawd-Jchdna ; [kampaundaf , Eng. , a dispenser of English medi- cine].

Disperse, tittar bittar k. (an army, etc.) ; tin terah nau atthdra hond (as members of a family).

Display, amtrt jatldnd (show off wealth, be ostentatious) : — kd dikJidvd k. ; {dikhdvd also means hypocrisy, false pretence).

Displease, nd-rdz karnd ; ranjidd karnd.

Disprove, jhiiid karnd; (jhalat thahrdnd.

Disqualify, nd-qdbil thahrdnd.

Dissension, vide Discord, Quarrel, Disturbance.

Dissipate, urd-ddlnd ; khdk or miitl men mildnd (also to destroy) ; tin terah karnd (spend foolishly).

Dissuade, samjhdnd (also to persuade, remonstrate, console) ; — phernd. Vide Forbid, Stop.

Distance, durl ; fdsila ; ptchhe chhornd^ to distance.

Distant, dur kd (but dur without a noun).

Distinguish, farq pahchdnnd or nikdlnd or batdnd ; tamiz k. (discriminate) ;

mumtdz k. (to honour q.v.). Vide Famous and Notorious. District, 'ildqa (of undefined limits).

Disturbance, rauld (machdnd) (commotion with noise) ; khalball (confu- sion in a city or house) ; dangd fasdd (of two or more ; broil). Ditch, khd.l, f. ; khandaq, m.

Dive, (jdiota mdrnd or lagdnd (also purposely to duck oneself) ; ^ota khdnd (of unintentional duckings) •, dubkl mdrnd or lagdnd (to duck oneself, or to dive of water-birds, but not to dive from a height).

Divert, Diversion, dil bahldnd ; dil-lagi (k.) (also = a joke) ; khel (game, play) ; bahldvd (sp. for children). Vide Please, Delight.

Diverting, tumdshe kd.

Divide, bdntnd ; taqsim karnd. Vide Separate; nifdq or phut ddlnd, to cause dissension, q.v.

Divulge, kholnd ; fdsh karnd (a secret) : bdt ugalnd {vide Vomit).

"Dizzy y sir men chakkar dnd, or sir ghumnd ; sir /phirnd (gen. metaphori- cally, as tumhdri bdton se merd sir phir-gayd).

Do, karnd; 'vide' Perform, Work, Finish, etc., etc. ; is par guzdrd kar- saktd hurt (I can do with this) ; us se mujhe sar o kar nahin = us se mujhe ta'alluq nahm (I have nothing to do with it, or him) : is ke ba-^air merd kdm chal-jd,egd (I'll do without it).

Docile, gharlb.

Doctor, dRktar (of Eng. medicine) ; haktm, generally Muslim, (of Greek medicine) ; baid, Hindu (of Hindu medicine).

Doctrine, ta'llm, f. (the act of teaching); ^aqida, m. (what is taught; also tenet).

DOD 55 DOZ

Dodge, to, Tchali dend (a blow, etc.) ; katrd-kar nikal-jdnd (to evade by dodg- ing and hiding) : idhar se udhar uchaktd phirnd (to dodge about from place to place) ; [uchaknd, to leap up in the air].

Dog, kuttd, m. ; and kutti or kutiyd (bitch) ; apni gall men kutid hht slier hai — Prov. ; dur ho kuttd kahih kd (get out you dog) ; makkhi kl nlnd (= dog-sleep) ; kutte kl chdl (dog-trot) : kutte ki maut marnd (to die a dog's death) : unt ki pakar ( = a grip like a bull-dog).

Doleful, rom surat (of appearance) = is ki muharrami paidd.ish maHum hoti hai ; wahshat-ridk (of tunes).

Dome, gumhaz (large) : vide Cupola.

Domestic, khdnagl (also subs. = a common low whore) : gharelu (of animals). Domiciled, ghar handkar rahnd.

Donation, chandjd^ m., vulg. in this sense; prop, subscription q.v. : ma- dad, f. Donkey, gadhd, lit. and met.

Doom, vide Sentence ; qismat kd faisala k. (sealed his doom) : uskt qismat men likhd thd (doomed).

Door, darwdza, gen., (or doorway ; also gateway and gate of a city) ; dar, m. ; kiwdr, m. , the door itself: chul, f., the pivot {q.v.) of a door that acts as a hinge : ghur men, in-doors : hacjhal ke makdn men, next door = merd ghar us ke ghar se lagd hu ,d hai.

Dote, satydnd (to be past sixty and so to dote) : kist kl muhabhat men andfjM hond (to be foolishly fond of ; andhl muhabbat, doting affec- tion).

Double, duna or dugnd (k.) ; do chand (k.) ; do itnd {k.) — all gen. : dabal, Eng., twice the size as, dabal roll, dabal kuch, etc. : dohd (k.) (twice folded ; also of abstract things = double) : dohrdnd (to double ; also to repeat) : du-ranga, or durbhesiyd (deceitful).

Double-barrelled, do-nall or do-ndll.

Double-dealing, do-bhesiyd-pan ; do-rangl.

Double- entendre, do-ma' niyd, adj.

Double-tongued, us ke munh men do zabdn — .

Doubt, shakk, m. {k.) ; shubha, m. {k.) ; dge plchhe k. (to vacillate) : shakk zdhir karke (doubtingly) : vide Delay : Demer, Hesitate.

Doubtful, mashkuk (also ambiguous) : us ke dne men shakk hai, his coming is doubtful : us ke dne kd kuchh thlk nahln (his coming is doubtful ; also = date of coming not settled). Vide Suspicious, Hazardous, Ambiguous.

Doubtless, be shakk } be shubha.

Dough, gundhd hu,d did (unleavened) ; khamlr (leavened).

Down, niche, adv. and prep. : tale, prep, only: upar niche, up and down;

sard o garm, the ups and downs of life = charhd,o utdr, m. Downfall, zawdl, m. (also decline; of an empire, etc., not of people):

tabdhl or barbddl, gen. (ruin).

Downright, sdf-go (of persons) : safed jhuth ( — lie). Dozen, darjan, m., Eng.

DRA 66 DRU

Drag, ghasitm (on the ground) : gJuirnt le-jdna (drag away) khmchna (of a carriage; also to pull a punkah, draw a sword): pd.on ^asltkar chalna (of a weary persons).

Dragoman, tarfuman.

Drain, tmU, khod^ke pdni iiikalnd: mori handkar pant nikdlnd ; 'vide' Dry and Empty : hadur-rau, f. (outlet) : mon.

Draught, musawwada {k.) rough draft (of anything) : ek ghunt men at one draught : Mughfd Pathdn (a game).

Drama, ndtak, m.

Draw, khmchna (a sword ; vide Drag) : pdni bharnd draw water : — charhdnd, draw on boots :_grap hdnknd, draw the long bow; burd (drawn game = hardbar kl lara,l).

Drawing, naqsha also a map, a blank form, a design, features, etc.

Dread, sahm (dnd) : haihat-ndk dreadful ; bhaydnak.

Dream, sapnd or khwdb dekhnd to dream : mere khwdb khiydl men bhl yih bdt northi (I never even dreamed of such a thing) : [sukh nind dream- less sleep, and also met. death].

Dress, libds^ m., poshdk, f. : — pahindnd (to clothe) : zakhm par marham patti

lagdnd ( — a wound) : saff sidhl karnd, mil. Drill, qdwd'id ' k. mil., (intr., f.) — lend or kardnd (tr.) : su,i se chhednd

or surdkh karnd (to drill a hole).

Drink, pind tr. and pildnd, cans. ; (if the object is omitted ** wine " is under- stood) : nosh karnd (polite).

Drinker, samandar-sokhj gen. (a great drinker) : vide Drunkard.

Drip, to, tapaknd ; chund (to leak ; a word avoided by the polite as chutt — gdndu).

Drive, to, {gdn, ghord, hdthi, etc.) hdnknd; chaldnd, gen.: {gdn men) le- jdnd to drive a person to) : gdn men hawd khdnd (to go for a drive) : hdnknd (beat for game) : bhagdnd drive away : bithdnd drive in (of something slightly projecting) ; vide Hammer.

Droop, kumldnd^ (also met. of the human face, from grief, heat, etc.).

Dross, matV, f., (dirt).

Drop, bundy f . ; bundi {small drops of rain) : qatra : tapkdnd or chu ,dnd

(pour in drops) ; [tapaknd = to leak] : girdnd (to let fall, drop from

the hand). Dropsy, jdlandhar, m. : istisqdy m. Drought, khushk-sdli : vide Famine. Drown, dubnd^ intr. (also to sink) ; dubond (to cause to sink or drown) :

dubke marnd, intr., to drown unintentionally, but dub-marnd to drown

on purpose, commit suicide by drowning. Drudged, tahalwd (from tahalnd to walk about) ; ; tahal karnd (verb). Drudgery, quU kd kdm. Drug, to, daivd,i pildkar be-hosh karnd.

I Qawa'id in the sense of •* drill " is sing, fem., but in the sense of • * grammar ' ' it is pi. masc. ; it is the Arabic plural of qa'ida "rule, regulation," etc.

DRU 57 DYE

Drum, dhol (beaten by hand on both sides ; used at marriages) ; dholak (smaller) ; dholki (still smaller) ; danka (larger than dhol and beaten by a stick on one side and by the hand on the other ; used in pro- clamations, wrestling places, etc.) : us ki Him ka danka hajtd hai ( = he is a famous scholar).

Drunk, mat-wala , piye hu,e; mast: bad-mast = nashe men chur hona, to be dead drunk ; {chiir — smashed).

Drunkard, bard shardbT ; ham phie-wdld : vide Drinker.

Dry, sukhd (k.) ; khushk (k.) ; be-maza or berlutf (of a look) : sukhand = vulg. sukhd karnd : rukhd (of bread, without relish ; also rough, of an answer, but sukhd dry, of answer).

Duck, bat or battakh, f., gen., (duck or goose) ; ban battakh, a goose = hans, the latter often wrongly applied to an Aylesbury duck, etc.) : Chiniyd 6aj5j5«M duck (Chinese) : mwr^afti (water-fowl; wild duck).

Due, haqq, m. (right): pdnd or lend, m. (due to, in money ; merd uspar pdnd hai = he has to give me ; but uskd mujh par pdnd hai ' ' I have to give him "): bdqi (balance due): ret ab dne-wdli hai (the train is just due) : vide Necessary, Proper, Cause.

Dull, sust (out of sorts) : bazar sust (or sard or manda hai) (the market is dull).

'Dumh,gungd: vide Silent: tumJmri boltl kyun mdri ga,i are you dumb, can't you answer ? be-zabdn jdnwar, dumb animal.

Dumb-bells, mugdar.

Dumbfounded, hakkd bakkd (from astonishment.)

Dung, lldy f. (k.) (of horses or elephants) : gobar, m. (of cattle) : mengnl {k.) (goats, sheep, deer, camels): guh or guh (hagnd) gen. (of men, animals, birds) : bit, f. (of birds) : paikhdnd^ m. (phirna) (of humans).

Dupe, shikar: jdl men phasdnd, to dupe, vide Deceive.

Durable, pdy-ddr^ lasting a long time (of buildings, friendship, etc.).* yih

jutd bahut tikegd or thahregd ' : vide Lasting. Dusk, munh andhere {ka waqt) (twiUght, sp. of morning) : jhut putd waqt. Dust, gard, f . : jhdrnd, to dust: jhdran, f., duster: jh^r ponchh karnd,

tr. [ponchhnd to wipe].

Duster, jhdran, f.

Duty, farz {add k.), obligation (gen. with rehgious sense): farz i mansabi official duty (modern term) : roz-marra ka kdm daily duty : diyutl Eng. : dj meri naukari hai, mil., I am on duty to-day.

Dwarf, bd,ond: sawd-bilishti {lit. one and a quarter span's high; gen. in tales).

Dwell, rahnd, or rahnd sahnd (permanently) : basnd, to settle in : thaharnd or tiknJd,^ sojourn.

Dye, rang (colour) : rangnd, to dye (but rang dend, to give more colour to) : vide Colour : rang charhdnd, to paint on, apply colour ; (also met. to colour a fact) ; rang-rez, dyer.

1 Tikna is used of concrete things only : thaharna of either concrete or abstract. Vide Supplement, " Stumbling- Blocks."

DYS 68 EDU

Dysentery, peckish y f. (colic gripes of any kind) : us ko peckish ho-ga,i, he has dysentery'.

Dyspeptic, uskd mi* da (or pet) kamzor kai.

Each, kar ; kar ek ; ft set do paisa mahsul kai (there is a tax of two pice on

each seer) : vide Head. Eager, sar-garm : bap chak (or cka^o) se, adv., eagerly : vide Desirous of.

Ear, kariy m., vide Attention : kan bkarna — kan men pkunknd (to poison a person's ears, poison the mind of a person against another) : kan men ungU dend or kan par kdtk dkarnd (to turn a deaf ear to) : kdnd- pkunsi karnd (to whisper in the ear).

Early, sawere {lit. early in the morning, but also = in time, or before the time) : vide Dawn.

Earn, karmrm ; kamd,l karnd (by labour) : [kamd.l earnings] : vide Acquire and Deserve.

Earnest, sar-garm (in belief, etc.) : kaqtqat as opposed to dillagi joke, jest : sack much kakte ho yd dil-lagi karte ko are you in earnest or joking ?

Earnest money, bay'dna.

Earth, dunyd : jahdn (the world) : zamin, land, the earth ; mitti, soil ; mitf kdy earthen ; dunyam, earthly, of this world.

Earthquake, bkun-ckdl, f., Hindi : zalzala.

Ease, chain, m. ; sukk, m. (opp. to dukk) ; drdm, m. : tasalli derm or kkatir- jama' karnd, to set another's mind at ease : dil men thandak pafnu = khatir-jama* hond : dard gkatdnd (lessen pain) : narm karnd (ease any- thing stiff).

East, purab, m., Hindi : maskriq, m. : dakind kdtk (vulg., Panj.)

Easy, dsdn ; sahl ; salts (of language or style) : hhusk-lml in easy circum- stances : wuk bibi izdr-hand ki dhili kai (that lady is of easy virtue ; lit. she is loose about the trouser-band) : drdm ckauki easy-chair.

Eat, kkund ; nosk karnd (polite ; also = to drink) : kkd-jdnE eat up : kardm H rotiydn kkdne-wdld (of idle servants ; eating the bread of idle- ness).

Eaves-dropping, kan-su,iydn lend; ckon se sunnd.

Ebony, dbnus, m.

Eccentric, tamdske kd ddmi (of one who does odd or unusual things).

Echo, gunj. f. ; gunjnd, to echo.

Eclipse, gakan, for grakan, m. : suraj-grakan and chandar-gakan : gakndrm intr. {lit. and met.)

Economy, kam-kharcki (frugality in spending) : khdna-ddri (household management) : kkarck men kifdyat karnd (to be — ) : sarfa karnd Pan- jabi (but in Urdu = to spend).

Edge, dhdr, f. (of instruments): kindra, m. (margin) : dkEr ke bal and kindre ke bal (edgewise).

EFF 69 ELU

Educate, ta^Um aur tarhiyat c?e^ (to instruct and educate) : W6?e Teach, Instruct : parhdnd likhdna : [parhd,t likhd^l = taHim, f.] taHim-ydfta, educated.

Efface, mitdndy gen. {ht. and met.) : dur karnd, remove.

Effect, asar, m. ; ' vide ' Consequence : ta^str, f. (spec, of medicines, charms) : ba-jd Idnd — ' amal men Idnd (to carry into effect).

Efficacious, kdr-gar = mufid (of plans, medicines) : is dawd men asar nahm this medicine is not efficacious.

Efficacy, ta^sir, f. (effects) : fdHda, m. (benefit) : mufid hond.

EfBcient, vide Able.

Effort, sa'l, f. (k.) ; sakht koshish, f. (k.) ; zor lagdnd or mdrnd : hdth pd^on mama : jdn lardnd, to make desperate efforts : vide Exert.

Egg, atiM {derm) : chhilkd, m., shell (prop, peel, skin of fruit) : safedi, white of — : zardJl yolk : hachcha nikdlnd, to hatch eggs : jaisl mdn waisi hetl, jaisd sut waisi phenti, pro v. = as the crow so the egg ; phentt = "skein."

Egress, nikds (place of — ).

Ejaculate, kar-uthrm (of inarticulate sounds) ; kah-uthnd (of articulate sounds): vide Exclaim : jharnd, vulg., in med. sense ; {lit. to fall, of leaves ; to moult, of birds).

Eject, nikdl bdhar karnd : zdt bdhar karnd { — from caste) : vide Banish, Expel : [nikdl ddlnd is to take out completely, of concrete or abstract things, empty a box of, etc.].

Elapse, bU7id; guzarnd (pass away).

Elastic, Idstlk or rabar, m. Eng. : lachild (returning to original form after bending) : lachak-ddr (springy, yielding, as carriage springs, a sweet- heart's waist).

Elbow, kuhm (of horse or man) : sdye kt tardh sdth sdih hond, to be always at the elbow of : phate hdlon hond, to be out of elbows.

Electric, Electricity, bijli, f. {lit. lightning) : tdr-barqi, electric telegraph : bijli kd or barqi, adj. : bijlz ki raushni, electric light.

Elder, — se bard or ' umr men ziydda (of age) : buzurg (of tribe, village, family; also a saint, an ancestor) : bard burhE.

Elephantiasis, fil-pid [but fil-pdya^ a column or large pillar of a bridge, etc.].

Electroplate, Electroplated, gilfi, subs, (silver-gilt or gold- gilt) : gilat kiyd hu,d adj.

Elementary, ihtidE,i.

Elephant, hdthi, m. ; hdthni, f.

Eligible, vide Fit, Deserving.

Elicit, bat nikdl-chhornd or bdt nikdl-kar rahnd ^ (information).

Eliminate, chhdnt-ddlnd.

Elope, le-bhdgnd or urd-lejdnd, gen., to elope with (with persons or things).

Eloquent, khush-baydn.

1 For the force of chhorna, etc., in forming compound verbs, vtde Phillott's " Hindustani Manual," pp. 86 and 87.

EMB 60 ENC

Elude, hlle se hhag-nikalna or dhoka dekar nikal-bhagna, to escape by stratagem : ankhhachakar nikal-jana^ to elude the vigilance of and escape.

Embark, jahaz par saivar hona.

Emaciated, sukko hu^a : sirf haddi chamra rdh-gaya ; maryal (broken down, of horses or bullocks).

Emasculate, vide Eunuch and Geld.

Embankment, handh, m., H., and hand, m., P., gen., (also a da-m).

Embarrass, miishkil men phasdnd or dal-dena : vide Perplexity.

Embassy, sifdrat, f. : sifdrat-hhdna (the building).

Embed, bithldnd ; jaf-dend: baithdhu.d, embedded (naturally).

Embers, angdrd, m. ; hhubal, f., hot ashes.

Embezzle, mdl mama, gen. : ruptya khd-jdnd or pachd-jdrm : [dabd-haithnd to keep back by force, or to usurp].

Embezzler, khd,u ; gdo ghap.

Emblem, 'aJdmat (also sign, token, flag).

Embolden, jur^at dend or dildna.

Embrace, kist se gale milnd (of equals, friends) : — ko gale se (or chhatl se)

lagdnd (of children, mistresses, etc.). Embrocation, mdlish kl daiod,t.

Embroil, jhagre men ulajhnd (or uljhdnd) (to be entangled, complicated, in the quarrel).

Emerald, zumurrvd: [zumurrvdi rang, emerald green].

Emergency, zarurai kd waqt: * vide' Crisis.

Emigrate, des chhornd : dusre des men jd-hasnd.

Emissary, vide Messenger, Spy.

Emetic, qay Td dawd,t.

Emperor, 1 ^^^^^^ ^^ (Caesar) : Qaisara, f . Empress, j • ^ ' ^ - '

Empower, ikhtiydr den^ : mujchtdr handnd or karnd.

Empty, khdli (k.) ; khdli hdth, empty-handed ; khdU diklidvd, empty show :

WidU (of house) : sund, desolate , deserted : us ke dimdgik men gud

nahin, empty-headed {lit. gud or gudd = marrow, pith, brain, crumb

of loaf, flesh or soft part of fruits). Emulate, uski hardbart kl himmat (or hausala) karo, try to emulate him. Emulation, barhdtod : raqdbat (also = rivalry). Enable, dp kt bakhshish se main is qdbil hungd ki — . Enamel, mtnd-kdrt. Encamp, derd ddln^d or lagdnd. 1650 Encampment, pdrd,o, mil. (place of — ; camping ground) : derd, gen. ;

kheme, pi. [lit. tents). Enclose, ihdta-karnd or ihdta-bandt karnd (of making an enclosure) : lifdfe

men band karnd (of a document). Enchant, — par jddu karnd {lit. and met.).

ENC 61 ENR

Encounter, — se do char hona, gen., (suddenly) : — se muth bher hond

(come hand to hand with) : — kd muqdbala karnd, gen., (to confront). Encourage, dil barhdnd; himmat barhdnd.

Encouragement, harhdvd (giving hope) : vide Incite and Console. Encroach, Jmih pd,on barhd-kar.

Encumbered, qarz ke bojh se dabd hu^d — by debt : yili darakht be fd,ida jagah ghere hu,e^ hai.

End, vide Edge, Extremity, Boundary; sird, end or head ot a thing: dkhir, opposed to awwal and sMiru' : anjdm, m. (conclusion) : Jchdtima (finishing): wt^e Finish; Destruction; Object.

Endanger, jokhon or hhatre men ddlnd ; vide Risk and Dangerous.

Endear, is sabab se logon ki nazar men ^aziz (or chdhttd) band hu,d hat.

Endless, b&-hadd {lit. without boundary) ; be-intihu ; ' vide ' Countless.

Endow, — ke liye kisi chiz ko vaqf kar-dend (of charities or for one's children) ; vaqf ke rupai and vaqf ki jd,eddden, endowments.

Endure, sahnd (to bear up under) ; uthdnd, to suffer (willingly or unwill- ingly): rahnd or thaharnd, to last, q.v. : vide Durable and Strong.

Enema, pichkdri (dend) (also syringe).

Enemy, dushman, gen. ; jdni dushman — hhun kd piydsd dushman = jdn-

levd dushman, deadly enemy. Energetic, 7 chust o chdldk = phurtildy active : mihnati, hard-working : him- Energy, ) mat, f. ; chustl chdldki and phurtild-pan subs. Enervating, susti paidd karti hai (of climate) ; vide Weaken. Enforce, chaldnd (of an order) : 'amM men land.

Engage, naukar rakhnd (a servant) : — ko rokwd-rakhnd or — ke liye kah- rakhnd (of a seat in a tonga, etc.) : apne upar lend = apne zimme men lend, ' vide ' Promise, Undertake.

Engine, injan, m., gen. (any engine) : kal, f., machinery, mechanism, or a

portion of a mechanism; kal kd, (mechanical, automaton). Engrave, khodnd ; kanda karnd. Engraver, kaitda-kdr : muhr-kan (of seals). Enjoin, ta^lad karnd : ' vide ' Order.

Enjoy, kisl chiz se maza lend : — se lutf uthdnd , delight in. Enjoyment, lazzat, f . : lutf, m. Enlightened, raushan khaydl. Enlist, bhartt karnd. Enormous, deo-zdd (of living things).

Enough, bas, adv. ; kdfi, adj. : ' vide ' Sufficient and Fully. Enrage, bharkdnd, gen. {also to stir up; to fan a flame).

Enraged, to be, jhalldim (to get in a rage) ; jhunjhldnd (to be irritable, cross) taish men dnd (to get in a passion) : vide Anger.

1 Note this use of the participle and the verb * to be. ' The participle indicates • is in a state of encumbering ' : vide '* Hind. Man. ," p. 1967 ; " Stumbling-Blocks," p. 78.

ENQ 62 ESC

Enquire, tdh(j^q or daryaft karna : puchhna [with se to enquire and with

ko to enquire after]. Enquiry, tahqiqat (^.), investigation.

Entangle, ulajhna, intr., and uljhdna, tr. ; phasm, intr., and phasdndf tr., to be noosed , embroiled.

Enter, hhltar or andar jdnd, gen. ; ghusnd (suddenly, or violently, or with difficulty) : charhdnd = likhnd (of items in a book) : paifhnd (to pene- trate and stick in).

Enterprise, ") hausala, subs., hausata-mand, adj. (= ambitions) and maw- Enterprising, ) chald-pan, subs, (in business, etc.).

Entertain, mihmdnl k. ; khiland pildnd (as host) : mihmdn rakhnd (for a period) : dirndgh men jagah dend (of a proposal).

Entertainment, tamdshd ; khel ; ' vide ' Feast.

Entertaining, dil-lagi kd (also amusing) : dil-baMd,o, subs, and adj.

Enthusiasm, josh, m. ; sar-garnii : pur- josh and joshild, adjec, enthusiast.

Enthusiastic, bard shauqm.

Entice, phuslurm : [phusldhat, f., sub.].

Entire, samuchd, whole, q.v. ; vide Complete : dndu (of horse or any male animal = possessed of drid or dnr).

Entitle, to, kd mustahaqq hond ; kd haqq-ddr hond : [yih merd haqq hai].

Entrails, atfiydn or dnten, pi.

Entreat, — se iltimds karnd (polite for to ask) : se minnat karnd, gen.

Envelope, lifdfa (of letter) : vide Surround, Spread.

Envy, ) Tmsid {h.) ; jalnd to be — ; wuh sab ki nazaron men kdn-

Envious, to be, i td hai, all bear him envy and malice : hasad, m. f . {k.) ; jalan, f. (k.) : rashk, m. (k.) jealousy ; also envy in a friendly sense.

1700 Ephemeral, do-roza.

Epidemic, blmdri ki hatvd, f.

Epilepsy, mirgi.

Equality, bardbari k, (vie with).

Equilibrium, mizdn kd thik rakhnd ; [mtzdn, f., scales].

Equip, sdz o sdmRn se durust karnd : vide Armed.

Equipage, jilo, m. : vide Retinue.

Eradicate, jar se uklmrnd : ' vide ' Annihilate and Destroy,

Erase, chhlUdend (prop, to peel) : khuruch-dend (scratch, scrape) : vide Efface.

Erect, kliard karnd, * vide ' Build.

Err, chuknd ; gJaalati k. : bhul chuk insdn ki kharnir men hai, it is man's nature to err {khamir lit. dough ; also nature).

Escapade, dlwdna-pan ki harakat.

Escape, nikal-jdnd : nikal-bhdgnd : h^th se jdtd rahnd (to be lost) ; bachnd (from a threatened ' evil) : dnkh bachdnd, to escape observation.

• For difference between bachna and chhutna, vide " Hindustani Stumbling- Blocks,'* p. 27.

ESC 63 EXA

Escort, badraqa, mil.

Especial, Mass ; mahhsus : kJmss-kar or ]chusus'^'\ adv., especially.

Espionage, mere pichhe jasus lagd,e hu,e hain ; mulchMri, f.

Essence, jauhar ; asl.

Essentially, dar asl ; ' vide ' Necessary and Real.

Establish, qa,im karna (make stable) ; vide Found, Build,

Estate, vide Condition : milkiyat (land) : jagir, f. (land given as a reward for services or in pension) : jd,e'dad, gen. (any estate, landed or otherwise).

Esteem, qadar, f.

Estimate, takhmina (karna) ; vide Guess, Opinion.

Estrangement, ghairiyat, gen. ; be-gdnagl (between friends) : vide Sepa- ration. Etiquette, vide Custom, Rule. Eunuch, hijrd ; khoja.

Eurasian, tesu, Por. : dogld (half-breed ; of anything) : vide Half-caste. Evacuate, khdli karna ; chhornd : ' vide ' Void.

Evade, vide Escape : jawab dene se gurez karna (evade answering) : did hdld hatdnd (evasion, shuffling ; lit. to make false excuses) : kdm se jt churdnd (evade work).

Evaporate, ur-jdnd.

Eve, shah (with the Pers. izdfat construction) : main ab jdne hi ko hun (I am on the eve of departure) : Mdmd Hdwwd, Mother Eve.

Even, jujt Joi numbers; opp. to tjdq, odd): vide Level: main mar tak jd,ungd, I will even die for you.

Event, wdqi'a; wuqu' : hddisa or wdriddt (accident, or unpleasant oc- currence) : vide Adventure.

Evergreen, sadd-bahdr.

Ever-young, sadd-jawdn.

Evidence, gawdhi {derm) : subut, m. (proof).

Evident, zdhir ; ' vide ' Manifest.

Evil, bad kdr, evil-doer (gen. = adulterer or fornicator) : bad nazar, evil- eyed (either as regards looking at women or possessed of the evil eye) : siydh dil " black-hearted " : vide Bad, 111.

Evoke, buldkar hdzir karnd.

Evolve, sochkar nikdlnd: ' vide ' Unravel.

Exact, thlk: thik thik (exactly); vide Like: 'am waqt par (at the exact time) : jabr'^^ wusul karna (to extort) : ainthnd (to extort ; lit. to twist) : main kauri kauri wusul karungd I will exact the uttermost fact.

Exaggerate, barhdke kahnd (of speech) : mubdlagha karnd, gen. (to overdo anything) : billi ko sher kar-dikhdnd = m,? ko parbat karnd.

Examine, imtihdn lend and dend (of any test) : muldhaza karnd = 'ikzdmin ' karnd (inspection, as medical — ) : puchhpdchh karnd (cross-examine) : imtihdn 'pds^ karnd ; imtihdn men purd utarnd (to pass an examination).

Examiner, mumtahin.

EXA 64 EXE

Example, namuna, (pattern; also sample): mimlt f. (in grammar, etc.); masl''" adv., for example : — ta ki dusron ko Hhral ho = to make an example of : vide Precedent.

Exasperate, sabr kt tab haqt na-rakhna.

Excavate, khodke nikdlna.

Exceedingly, bahut hi: nihdyat (lit. = intiha darje kd).

Excellent, 'umda, adj.; *umdagi, sub.

Except, (prep.), chhofkar : — ke 8iiod,e.

Exception, qd'ida se bdhar (an exception to a rule).

Excess, if rat, f . : [kusraly abundance.]

1750 Excessive, sajdit (before an adjective or noun; means more than, bahut) :

be-kadd (boundless) : anddze se bdhar (beyond prudence, propriety,

good taste, etc., etc.).

Exchange, addl badal karnd : adli badli karnd (exchanging places or appointments; of two people) : yih badli men mild, I got this in exchange (change) : vide Change.

Excise, chungl (octroi ; not on liquors).

Exciseman, ddrogAa-e dbkdrt (inspector of dbkdrt or the manufacture of spirituous liquors).

Excite, josh men land : uksdnd, to goad (lit. with a sharp instrument) : bharkdnd (fan into a flame) : vide Incite.

Excitement, /os/t,m., gen. (boiling, in mind, ebullition of people) : halchal,

f. (unrest, being upset) : josh dildne-wdli khabar, exciting news. Exclaim, zor se bol-uthnd or chilld-uthnd : vide Ejaculate. Exclamation, farydd, f., loud cry (also complaint). Exclude, Vide Forbidden : mahrum karnd: mahrumi^ exclusion. Excommunicate, jamd'at or zdt se nikdlnd : vide Outcast e. Excoriated, to be, chamrd chhilnd, intr.

Excrement, fuzla, gen. {lit. residue, refuse) : maild, vulg. : guh (gen. but spec, human ordure) : bit,i. (of birds) : vide Dung.

Excruciating, jdn-kdh.

Exculpate, bart karnd (from blame).

Excursion, sair o safar.

Excuse, mu'df karnd (from an act committed) and mu'df rakhnd (from an act contemplated) : mu'dfi chdhnd or mEngnd (to ask for pardon, or to be excused) : hila hamdla karnd, to make shuffling excuses (to evade doing something) : 'uzr^ m., gen., a plea ; langfd 'uzr, a lame excuse.

Execute, vide Pretence, Pretext.

Execrate, ki^ ke ndm par la'nat bhejnd (of living or dead).

Execute, vide Complete : ba-jd Idnd or ^amal men Idndy to carry into effect. Vide Hang, Behead.

Executive, intizdml ; [from intizdm, arrangement, administration, dis- cipline].

Exempt, mu'df karnd (of the thing not of the person; as, us par tiks mu'df hai) : mu'dfi, subs.

EXE 65 EYE

Exercise, warzish, f. {k.) and kasrat, f. {k.) (of bodily exercises; vide Practice) : mashq, f. (k.) a task : vide Copy and Drill.

Exert, zor mama; hath pa, oh mama; koshish karna: 'vide' Attempt, Effort, Try, strive. [j^^it^

Exhort, nasihat dena (admonish) : himmat dilana : dil bdrhdna : ' vide '

Exile, des se nikdlnd : vide Banish, Deport : des-nikdld, subs., m. {milnd).

Exonerate, vide Exculpate.

Exorbitant, dg ke mol [men] adv.

Exorcist, 'dmil, ' vide ' Soothsayer.

Expect, tawaqqw, f (k.) (of something looked for or naturally expected, as friendship from a certain person) : vide Fear, Hope, Danger, and Wait : ab dyd hi chdhtd hai, he's expected at once.

Expedient, mundsib, adj. : * vide ' Plan, Means.

Expedition, muhimm, f., any important enterprise : Idm, f., mil. expedition.

Expel, nikdlnd : nikdl bdhar karna ; — se bdhar kamd : ' vide ' Banish, Outcaste .

Expend, \rupiya uthdnd (of great sums) : kharch {karna) : Idgatj f. Expenditure, J (actual cost) : vide Cost, Price.

Expensive, qimaii (costly) : besh-kharch : vide Valuable. Experience, tajriba, m. {k.)\ *vide' Examine, Test: khoke stkhnd, = dear-bought experience.

Experiment, vide Examine, Test.

E o rtness s '^^^^^' "^^ir, adj. : ustddi and mahdrat, f., subs.

Explain, samjhdnd ; batldrm (show) : baydn kamd (narrate).

Explicitly, sdf sdf.

Exportation, raftani, f.

Expressly, ta^'kid se : vide Injunction and Especially.

Exquisite, nihdyat najis.

Extend, lambd kamd (hold out) : vide Spread and Increase.

Extensive, wasi' .

Exterminate, — ki jar (or — ko jar se) kdUddlnd : vide Uproot.

Extinguish, bujhdnd, gen. : gul kamd (of lamps).

Extraordinary, g[kair-ma'muU ; be-dastur (not usual) : nirdid (strange or

unique) or anokhd (peculiar, odd). Extravagance, fuzul hharchi.

Extravagant, kharrdch (a new word) : urd,u, and lutd,u, spendthrift. Exude, pastjnd : * vide ' Drip and Ooze. Eye, dnkh : putli, pupil of— : nazar, f. {lagnd) (the evil eye) : mdda huk,

(for hook ; lit. female hook ; the hook is called nar huk). Eyebrow, bhaun, f. (also coronet of horse's hoof). Eyelid, palak, f. : (also = a moment) : papotd, m. Eyesight, nazar : roshni, f. (Ut. light). Eyesore, dnkh kd kdntd. Eye-witness, dnkhon dekhi [bat] kahtd hai — . 9

FAB 66 FAR

Fable, kahdnl, any fictitious story: vide Story.

Fabricate, qissa gafhna ( — a story). "^

Fabulous, qiasa kahant fed — .

Face, ckihra : munh (also = mouth); vide Appearance: sdmnd karnd, to face, vide Confront: main kyd munh leke un ke sdmne jd,un, **how can I face him (I'm ashamed) ? " : munh ke hal ^ gird " (I) fell on my face ' ' : vide Grimace.

Facilitate, dsdn karnd ; suhultyat dend : sahl kdrnd.

Facilities, — H drdm hat, coll.

Factf haqtqat (truth , reality) : ivdqi'a (a thing that has happened) : asl bdt yih hai, " the fact is ."

Fail, to, ' fel ' howd (in examination or business) : kam hond (be deficient) . karne se chuknd, to fail to do : vide Deficient, Bankrupt.

Faint, be-hosh hond = — ko gkash dnd (become senseless) : kam-zor dil kd^ faint in heart, (also without moral courage) : kam-himmat, faint- hearted : phtkd lacking distinctness (also insipid).

Fair, gord^ of complexion, (also a private soldier or a seaman) : munsif- mizdj (in nature, umpiring, etc.) : khard, of shopkeepers in deafing (lit. good, of coin) : vmjibi moderate : meld, subs.

Faith, vide Religion, Reliance.

Faithful, namak-halMy of dependents; wafd-ddr, gen. of lovers, servants, dogs.

Falcon, bdz, prop, the female goshawk : siydh-chashm (lit. black-eyed). Fall, parnd (also = to lie), to fall gently or metaphorically : girnd, to fall

with suddenness or force. '^ False, jhutd, gen. ; khotd or ja'll, not genuine : §Lh.cilat, erroneous.

Fame, — kd bard ndm hond, of people: shuhrat, f., or shuhra, m., fame or notoriety.

Famous, mjoshhur ; mashhur m/x^ruf : ndml : ndmwar.

Family, ahl o 'aydl, m., pi., wife and children = joru bachche : khdnddn, lineage : ghar ki lafd,!,, family quarrel : us kd pd,on bhdrt hat, she's in the family way — a woman's colloquialism : vide Lineage.

Famine, kdl, m. : qaht, m. or qahUsdli, f.

Fan, [hdth kd, or dastt) pankhd (jhalnd).

Far, dur, (without a noun) ; dur kd (with a noun) : us taraf or parU taraf , the far side.

Farewell, Khudd hdfiz kahnd, to bid — (Muslim) : — se rujchsat hond, to take one's leave of : — se milnd (to see, to see for the last or first time).

Fare, kirdya or bhdrd, hire, rent, fare.

Farrier, na'Uband, shoeing-smith : sdlotri, H., an Indian veterinary sur- geon.

1 Bal always gives the idea of movement or exertion.

2 Vide *• Stumbling-Blocks," Supplement.

FAS 67 FIN

Fast, kasa hu,a, drawn tight : mazbut, firm : tez, in movement : roza {rakh no) any religious fast : faqa karna, voluntary, and — se hona, involun- tary, remaining hungry (not rehgious).

Fat, charhi, subs.: mota^ adj. (also thick, and coarse) : farhih : taiyar, of animals only.

Fatal, qaza kd (deadly) : [in Urdu qazd means time of death.]

Fate, taqdtr, f . ; muqaddar, m. ; qismat, f . ; qazd f . death : vide Luck.

Father, hdp : hdhd or ahhd (in address) : wdlid.

Fatigue, thakan, f. ; thakdwat, f. : mdndagi.

Fault, qusur, m. {k.) : hhul-chuk, f. = ghalatl^ error : hhatd f. {k.) (also to miss a mark).

Fear, dar, m. khauf, m. (khdnd) : — ko dar lagnd or dnd, and darwd, to fear.

Feast, teoMr, gen. festival : parab m. : da'wat, f., invitation to anything : ziydfat, party : vide Occasion.

Feature, ndk wxqsha.

Feeble, kam-zor, gen. : nd-tdqat, of living things only.

Feed, khildnd ; khildnd pildrm.

Feel, mujhe sardilagti or maHum hotl hai, I feel cold: chhund to touch: mujhe sharm dtl hai or lagti hai or ma'lum hoti hai, I feel ashamed: tatolnd, to grope or feel, sp. in the dark : nabz dekhnd, to feel the pulse.

Feeling, hiss, f., (sense of feeling) : dili jazba (emotion).

Felt, namdd, m.

Female, rmda or mddln.

Fertile, dbdd (of country or of land) : zar^hhez (of land).

Fever, bukhdr, m. : tap, f.

Few, thore se ; thord ek ; chand ; vide Some, Several.

Field, khet (also a breeding district for horses) : maiddn, of battle.

Fierce, hhun-hhwdr (lit. blood-drinking ; of tyrants, etc. : hhun-rez (bloody ; of battle) '- sakht.

Fife, bdnsi or bdnsrl: (but bdnsi, a flute; a fishing-rod; a fishing-hook).

Fig, anjir, f.

Fight, larnd, gen., quarrel, fight, etc. : bhirnd, come hand to hand with : mdr-pit karnd, with blows, etc., of two people or more.

Figure, surat, f. ; shakl, f. : hindasa, m. (in arithmetic) : vide Face.

Filch, to, uchaknd : uchakkd, filcher.

File, reii (of iron) : fail, Eng. (office).

Fill, bha/rnd: pet-bhar, adv. ( = " one's fill").

Filth ghildzat, f. (also adjective).

Filthy, ganda ; gjiallz : ' vide ' Disgusting.

Fin, machhll kd par.

Final, dkhiri : * vide ' Decisive.

Find, kisl diiz ko pdnd; mujhe kitdb mill, I found the book [vide Meet) :

paidd karnd, find out or produce : tajwiz, f . (k.) (of Court ; also proposal). Fine, kisi par jurmdna lagdnd or kisl ko jurmdna karrm; mahln, adj. gen :

bdrik, gen. (fine, also minute).

FIN 68 FLY

Finger, unglt (also a toe) : [anguthd, the thumb or the big-toe].

Finish, tamdm karnd; khatm k. ; anjam ko pahunchdnd : nibtdna con- sume, use up : vide Perfect.

Fire, dg, i. : dtash-zadagt (conflagration ; now used in general sense) : — mendglagdnd, set on fire : handuq chaldnd or chhofnd or fair karnd or ddghndy to fire a gun, etc.

Firework, dtash-bdzt (chhornd).

First, pahldj adj. : pahle, adv. : pahle-pahal, adv., the first time.

Fish, machhll, f. (also = the fish-insect ; the biceps ; the calf of the leg) : machhli kd shikdr karnd, to fish.

Fisherman, machhUyd (also the name of a boat). Fist, mutthi, the closed fist.

Fit, qdbil ; Id.iq adj. .• vide Proper, Fitting : daura (of disease ; lit. turn). Fixed, jard hu,d (of fixtures). Flag, jhandd (large) and jhandi (small).

Flame, lau, f. ; shuHa, m. : bharak-uthnd , to burst into flames ; also to flare up, of dying embers : {bharaknd also moans to shy, of a horse].

Flank, kokh, m, (of animals or humans) : bdzu or pahlu (of army).

Flash, kaund, f. (of lightning) : chamak, f., gen.

Flat, chipid: * vide ' Level and Prostrate : chiptd-pan, subs.

Flatter, kisi ki khuskdmad or chdplusl karnd : jutl kt khdk chdtnd or jJmrnd (met. to lick a person's boots).

Flaw, 'aib, m. ; nuqs, m.

Flea, pissu, m.

Flee, bhdgnd: chal-dend (disappear suddenly) : vide Run and Escape.

Flesh, gosht.

Flexible, lachtla : lachak-ddr (springy) .

Flight, firdr, m. : bhdgar (stampede of a number).

Flinch, jhijhaknd.

Flint, chaqmdq, m.

Float, pdni ke upar bahnd: fitna^ m. (fishing).

Flock, galla or rewar, m. (of sheep or goats).

Flog, kord mdrn^.

Flood, saildb : [but serdb (k.), m., irrigation] : tu^ydni {men dnd) (being

in flood, of rivers ; also being rough, of the sea). Floor, takhta-bandi , of wood : zamm, gen. Flourish, raunaq kt hdlat men hai (of cities). Flower, phulj m : butd (on cloth). Fluctuate, ghatnd barhnd.

Fluent, farfar bolnd : tardre se bolnd, ' vide' Glib. Flute, bdnsri ' vide ' Fife (but bansi fishing-rod). Flutter, tarapnd (when the throat is cut ; also of fish out of water ; also

met. = to yearn q.v.). Fly, urnd : ur-jdnd, to fly away : urd-le-jdnd, fly away with (lit and met.) :

makkhi, f., subs, (a small fly) ; and makkkd, m. (a blue-bottle).

FLY 69 FOR

Fly-hlov/n y sydhi baith-gayi.

Foal, bachherd, m. ; and bachherly f. (filly), gen.

Fodder, chard, m. : (also bait for fish) : vide Forage.

Fog, kohrd, m., or kohdsd (mist).

Fold, dohrdnd (to double)) : tah k. (of paper, clothes) : vide Wrap : tah, f.

Follower, pairau, gen. : bahlr, f., camp-followers; in Panj. kamina-log.

Fondness, shauq, gen. : raghbat (Hking, spec, for eatables).

Food, khdnd : khurdk, f. : ghizd, f., diet.

Fool, ahmaq : be-wuquf : bail ; ullu ; kdth kd ullu utter fool, ' ; maskhara (professional).

Foot, pd,on ; panja (also = hand)j paidal or piydda or pd-piydda, adv., on

foot : pag, f., a footprint : pd,on kl dhat, foot-fall. Fop, bdnkd, a dandy ; ranglld (effeminate fop). Forage, ddna ghds : vide Fodder.

Forbid, — se mana' k. : kisl ko kisi chiz kl mumdna^at k. : Khudd na-kare God forbid : vide Stop.

Force, zor : vide Power and Tyranny and Violence ; jabr or zor se kardnd (to force to do . vide Compel) : be-gdr, forced labour ; begdrl, forced labourer : be-kdrl se begdri bhali — Pro v.

Ford, ) pdydb pdni ; [pdydb is an adjective only ; in speaking pdni

Fordable, ] thord hai — a ford] : vide Wade.

Forehead, mdthd, m. ; peshdni.

Foreign, pardesi or gdiair mulkl, gen.

Foreigner, bidesl or ajnabi (of humans only).

Foresight, pesh-bini or dur-andeshi.

Foreskin, topi: gtAildf, m.

Forest, jangal, m ; ban, m.

Forged, jaHi [k.) (of writings, coins).

Forgery, ja'l-sdzi.

Forget, bhulnd (without ne) : fardmosh k.

Forgetful, bhulakkar : ' vide ' Careless.

Forgive, chhornd (let off, let go) : mu'df k. : bakhshnd.

Fork, kdnta : do-shdkha hond, to fork (as a river).

Form, daul, m. ; shakl, f. : vide Shape, Face, Appearance; warn', f.,

mode : vide System. Fornicate, vide Adultery. Fort, qil'a, m. : garh, m. (large) and garht, f. (small).

Fortifications, '\qiVa-bandi k. : mustahkam karnd, gen. (to make strong ; of Fortify, J any place).

Fortress, vide Fort.

Fortunate, khush-qismat or — naslb : qismat kd sand, a very lucky person.

1 Even an owl may have some sense, but a wooden owl — .

FOR 70 FUL

Fortune-teller, nujumt (astrologer) : rammdl (properly one who tells for- tunes by sand ; rami, Ar. sand) : vide Soothsayer.

Forward, to, vide Send.

Foster, dudh-hhd,% (foster-brother) : dudh-pild,i ( — mother) : dudh-bap (foster-father).

Foundation, hunyad, f. (ht. and met.) : neo, f. (lit. only) : jar, f., ov asl, f. (basis ; lit. root).

Founder, hani.

Foundling, J'O-waris bachcha ( — without owner).

Fountain, fawward, m. (artificial jet) : chashma, m., spring or fountain- head of a stream, etc.

Fowl, mur^l (hen) : murcfhd (cock) : chuza (a chicken) : vide Bird.

Fowler, chiri-mdr, Hindu; niir-shikdr, Muslim.

Fox, lomrtj f.

Fragile, vide Brittle and Crisp.

Frame, dlmnch or dhdncha (the outline or frame of anything) : chaukathd (picture — ).

Fraud, vide Deceive and Cheat and Cunning.

Free, dzdd ; bachd-rahnd, to keep free from.

Freeze, jamndy intr., and jamdrm, tr.

Freight, vide Hire.

Fresh, taza, gen. ; tar o tdza (of fruit or vegetables , of faces) : hard (fresh, of green things ; lit. green) ; tdza-dam (of people ; refreshed).

Fretful, chirchird (of children, sick or old people).

Friction, ragar, f .

Friday, juma' : suk or sukr.

Friend, dost ; ydr ; ' vide ' Comrade.

Frontier, sar-hadd, f.

Frost, pdldf m. (parnd) ; pdld-mdrd, frost-bitten.

Froth, jhdg, m. ; phen, m., or kaf, m. (also = foam).

Frown, ndk bhaun charhdnd.

Frozen, jamd hu,d.

Fruit, mewa, m. ; phal, m.

Fruiterer, kunjrd (Muslim) ; mewa-farosh (spec, seller of Kabul fruits).

Fruitful, phaUddr or mewa-ddr (of trees) ; mde Fertile.

Fry, talnd.

Frying-pan, '' frupdn,'^ m., Eng. pattern.

Fugitive, bfiagord ; firdri ; bhaggu (a turn-tail, one that always runs away,

of a cock, or a man, etc.). Fulcrum, tek, i. Fulfil, purd karnd. Full, bhard hu,d ; lab-d-lab (full up to the brim) ; vide Complete : [haqtqi or

sagd bhdyl, full brother, vide Br other].

FUM 71 GEN

Fumigate, dhuni dena.

Fun, tamasha ; kisi ko ullu banana ^ to make fun of.

Funeral, janazt ka jana.

Fur, pashm, gen. {vide Hair and Wool) : rowan, m. (of fine fur only).

Furious, ghazah-nak, gen.

Furnace, bhattt, f. (under a boiler).

Furniture, asbab, m., Eng

Fuss, to, j dhum dharakka m., [machdna) rd^l se parbat hond (fuss about Fussy, s nothing; exaggerate, q. v.).

Future, dyande ke liye, "for future use or time as regards the future," but dyanda, " in future " : dyande^ ka hdl, the Future.

Fye, chhi; tauba chhi, (mild).

G

Gain, vide Advantage.

Gain, to, vide Obtain and Acquire; also Win, Succeed and Reach.

Gait, chdl, f

Gale, dndhi (spec, with dust): tufdn, gen., (storm, flood, etc.): jhakkar (of wind only).

Gallant, dhagrd, (contemp. ; paramour of married or unmarried woman) ; dshnd (ditto, polite).

Gallery, galydrd (any long narrow room; also a narrow passage between low houses; connected with gal%).

Gallows, tiktl; phdnsi kd takhia.

Gamble, jUjd kheind, gen.

Gambler, ju,dri, gen.

Game, khel, gen. : bdzi, a single match ; shikar (quarry, etc.) : ullu bandnd (to make game of).

Gaol, jel-khdna or qaid-khdna.

Garden, bdgt^, gen. (a garden, a park, etc.) ; bdghicha (small) : phulwdri, flower-garden.

Gardener, mdli, m. , and mdlin, f . ; bdgh-bdn.

Garlic, lahsan, m.

Garrulous, bakbakiyd.

Gate, phdtak, m. : darwdza, gen. (also = door and doorway).

Gather, vide Collect : ugdhnd (of taxes or subscriptions ; of money only,

but not by force) : vide Infer : paknd (of a sore). Gelding, dkhta {k.) : khassi (k.) (spec, of goats and cocks). Gender, jins, f. (lit. kind, species ; also goods, stuff). General, 'dmm: kulliya qd'ida (a general rule) : Jarnel, mil.

Generally, 'umum"", or 'dmm, taur par: [aksar. adv. means often and adj. most].

Generation, nasi (also = race, family, breed).

Generosity, sakhdwat, f.; daryd-dili (beneficence).

GEN 72 GLI

Generous, sakht ; darya-dil, very generous : vide Beneficent and Benevolent. Genius, 'aql kn putld ( = tabbd* in high Urdu).

Gentle, sharif, gen. (lit. noble, well-born, etc.) : gAarlb or stdha {quiet, of animals or men) : vide Harmless.

Gentleman, hhala-mdnus (lit. good man) ; sharif : sa fed-posh. Genuine, asli.

Gesture, bhd,o, m. (of actors or nach girls; not natural) : add, f. (manner,

not gesture) : harakat (also action). Get, vide Procure, Obtain. Ghost, bhut, gen. * Ghoul, ^ul.

Giant, dev : dev-zdd ddrni (of a big man). Gibberish, bar, f., {hdnknd or mdrnd). Gibbon, huluq (from its cry). Gibe, vide Taunt. Giddy, merd sir ghumtd Jiai or mere sir men chakkar hai, I feel giddy.

Gift, hadiya (from friends) : nazar from an inferior : in'dm or bahhshish (to inferior).

Gigantic^ 'afrtt-surat or dev-surat, of men or animals : vide Giant : jhdr-

pahar, ad]., oi trees. Giggle, vide Titter. 2000 Gild, giltt k. or gilat k.

Gin, sher-dahdn ; kurki : jin shardb (the spirit).

Ginger, adrak, f. (green) ; south, f. (dried).

Giraffe, zirdfa.

Girl, larkl : chhokri (a mere girl ; vide Boy).

Girth, Uing, m. (of saddle) :

Gist, khuldsa matldb.

Give, derm: 'aid or 'indyat karrm (to bestow) : de-dend or de-ddlnu, to give away : hdr-jdnd, to give in or give up, be defeated : hdr mdnnd, to say ' I give in,' to acknowledge defeat ; chhor-baithnd , to give up (service), improperly or out of time.

Gizzard, pathrl.

Glad, mangan (joyous) : khush (pleased) : bdgh bdgh (delighted).

Gladly, khushi khusht [se].

Glance, ek nazar (a short sight of) : sarsan namr (a superficial, careless glancing at) : kankhi (a stealthy glance) : ttr diwdr par se phisalkar us ko jd-lagd, the arrow glanced off the wall and hit him : vide Rebound and Ricochet.

Glare, raushni ki tezi.

Glass, shisha : kdnch (common glass) : vide Tumbler.

Glib, 8afd,i se (or tardre se) jhuth boltd hai (= glib liar).

Glimmer, timtimdnd (burn dimly) : jhilmildnd (flicker, in wind ; also of stars).

Glimpse, kisi ki jhalak dend, to catch a gUmpse (lit. ghttering) of anyone.

GLO 73 GRA

Glossary, farhang, f. Glove, dastana, m. Glowworm, jugnu, f.

Glue, saresh, m. ; saresh se jornd or lagana (to glue). Glutton, petu ; kha,u, gen. met. = Embezzler, etc.

Gnaw, kutarim (of rodents) : chabana {\\t. to chew ; of dog with a bone). Go, jana ; chala-jdnd (to go away or go along with) : chale-jdnd, to con- tinue to go : vide Start, Depart, Walk : chalnd, to come into motion.

Goad, dhkus, m. (of elephant; and met. an overseer that makes people work) : chhor, m. (for ox) : ara*^ k., lit. : uksdnd, prop, of elephants, but met. for people.

Goal, gol, Eng. (in polo or football) ; darwdza (ditto) ; hdzi (one game) : maq- sad (of ambition) : manzil-i-maqsud (destination).

Goat, bakn f . : bakrd, he-goat.

Goatee, bakre ki ddrhi.

Gobble, dhakosnd : vide Voracious.

God, Khudd (term used both by Mushms and Hindus) : Alldh (of Muslims) :

Parmeshar or Bhagwdn (of Hindus) : de,otd, a Hindu God. Gold, ) sond, subs. m. : sunahri, golden in colour, or gilt, q.v. : sone kd, Golden, ) made of gold.

Gonorrhoea, suzdk^ f.

Good, achchhd ; bhald ; khub ; vide Pious, Real: ydr-bdsh, a good fellow

(but of women has an unflattering sense = immodest) : totd purd k.,

make good a loss: bhald,i or neki, subs., good (as opposed to evil) :

vide Benefit and Harmless. Goose, hans : rdjhans ; ban bat. Goshawk, bdz (female) : jurra (male). Gossip, gap shap, f . (k.) (of more than one) ; shahr-khabrd m. and Tchabri

f. (a person).

Gourd, kadu, m., gen. (a pumpkin, etc.; also vulg. the penis) : laukl — kddu.

Gourmand, vide Glutton.

Gout, niqris, m.

Govern, hukumat karnd : qdbu men rakhnd (control).

Governor, Hdkim.

Grace, fazl, m. (of God): albeld-pan (of movement; of humans only): vide Naive.

Gradually, rafta rafta : dhista dhista (also = slowly). c" ft'd ( P^^^'^^^ (^^9^^^^^ •' paiwandl, ad]., grsbited.

Grain, andj or ^alla (edible) : ddria, any grain or seed for men or

animals. Gram, chand, m.

Grandfather, dddd (paternal) and ndnd (maternal). Grandson, potd (son's son) and nawdsd (daughter's son).

GRA 74 GRO

Grant, to, vide Allow, Give.

Grape, angur, in. : [angur bharnd is to granulate, of a wound].

Grapple, — sebhir-jdna (to come hand to hand with, also used met.) : gulhnd

(to close, of wrestlers). Grasp, zor se pakafnd or Ommnd.

Grass, (jhas^ f. : duh^ f., " doob-grass," in the Panjab khabal. Grateful, — kd ahukr-guzdr or mamnun or ihsdn-mand.

G tu't (-muft (men) : muft kd, adj., gratuitous.

Grave, qabr, f. ; gor, f. : qabristdn, m. (graveyard) : bhdrl serious, im- portant, q.v.

Gravel, kankar, m. ; rort, f., crushed stone : pathrl, med. (in bladder).

Gravy, yakhnl.

Gray, sabza (of horses only) : bhurd, brown, is also applied to grey : safed (of hair).

Graze, chamd,

P * Vchikndi adj. and chikndyt, subs.

Greedy, us ko bard haukhd hai, gen. (never satisfied) ; hirsi [but harts avaricious]: ia^c^e, covetous.

Green, hard or sabzy adj. ; ' vide ' Fresh : kachchd, raw, q.v ; vide Immature and Inexperienced: Aam-2)aw, subs., b3ing green (abstract idea) : sabzi, gen. (abstract and concrete ; also vegetables q.v.).

Green-grocer, sabzi-farosh , gen. : kunjrd (Muslim) vide Fruitseller.

Greenhorn, bhuch.

Greet, to, saldm karnd, gen. (by word or sign).

Gregarious, jhund men rahne-wdld.

Greyhound, tdzi kuttd (lit. Arabian) : jahdzl (sometimes used for English

imported greyhound). Gridiron, giriUddn, m. {par pakdnd).

Grief, ^am (k.) : ranj, gen. (also = pain, displeasure) : alam. Grill, vide Gridiron.

Grimace, kisi kd munh chirdnd (to make faces at). Grin, ddnt kisornd (fooHshly ; of shy people, madmen ; but not used of

pain). Grind, pisnd (to powder) : dalnd (to grind coarsely: split peas, etc.). Gripes, mar or, m.

Gristle, kurkuri haddl or simply kurri.

Grizzled, khichari bdl or khicharl ddrhi, etc. (lit. — like rice and dM), Groan, kardhnd.

Grocer, pansdrt (also a drug-seller). Groom, sa^is.

Groove, ndli (lit. drain, small water-course). Ground, zamln : vide Cause, Foundation, Proof. Groundless, be-bunydd.

GRO 76 HAI

Grow, harhnd,gen. (increase in size, etc ): ugna, spring up from the ground

(of plants) : * vide ' Increase, Improve. Growl, ghurrdna.

Grudge, klna irakhnd) (also malice, rancour, spite). Grumble, hurhurdnd (with discontent) : vide Complaint. Guarantee, vide Security.

Guard, to, — ki hifdzat or nigah-hdni karnd ; — kd pahra karnd or dendy mil. or police ; — ki pdsbdni karnd, mil. : — ki chaukiddri karnd (usually of police): vide Sentry, Keeper: gdrad, f., Eng., mil. : — se hoshydr or chaukas rahnd (to be on one's guard against).

Guardian, rakh-wdl, keeper, custodian, q.v.

Guess, atkal, m. {k.) : qiyds, m. [k.) (also = analogy) .* atkal se (at a guess) : vide Conjecture, Estimate, Opinion.

Guest, mihmdn.

Guide, rdh hatdnd or dikhdnd : — ki rdh-namd.i karnd : rahbar, m., gen.

Guilt, vide Fault, Crime.

Guiltless, he-qusur : be-jurm.

Guilty, mujrim or qusur-wdr.

Guinea-fowl, chiniya murcfhi or vildyatt titar.

Guitar, sitdr (lit. three strings).

Gulf, khdri ; khalij.

Gulp down, to, ghuntnd (of liquids, anger).

^ "^* Vmasurhd or masurd, m. (the gums) : gond, f. (gum Arabic).

Gun, banduq, f. (small-arm ; vide Rifle) : top, f . (big gun ; cannon) :

charkhi-tvdli top (maxim). Gunner, topchi : gandar, Eng. Gunpowder, bdrud or bdrut. Gush, phut-nikalnd.

Gust, jhokd or jhakold (sudden ; of wind). Gut, tdnt, f. Gutter, vide Drain. Gymnasium, akhdrd (a wrestling-arena, or a place for gymnastic exercises).

H

Habit, 'ddat, f. : lat or dhat, f., a bad habit • tariqa, m., custom q.v. Habitation, basti (a collection of habitations) : vide House. Hackney, kirdye kd, adj. : theke kd (in Calcutta). Hag, dhaddo, f. (an old thin woman) : vide Witch. Haggle, mol-jol karnd. Haggler, bakheriyd (also quarrelsome). Hail, old (parnd) : patthar (stones).

Hair, bdl, m. : rowan or rungtd, the fine hair on the body of man or beast : bdl ki khdl khinchnd = to split hairs.

HAI 76 HAS

Hair-spring, bal-kamdni.

Half, orf/wz, adj. and subs. maac. : adkd ddha, half-and-half.

Half-caste, rfo^/a or do-nasla, adj., gen. (any half-breed): Andru Ptdro (contemptuous term in Calcutta ; a reflection on Scotch missionaries and Jesuit priests) : its hi nasi men phent hai : vide Eurasian.

Hall, daldn, m. : hdUkamrd, Eng.

Halo, hdla, m (of moon, or round heads of saints).

Halt, muqd7n Icarnd, (on a march) : tiknd (to tarry) : muqdm or tikd.Oy subs. m.

Halve, ddhoh ddh karnd.

Hammer, mdrtol, m. (ordinary); hathorl, f. (goldsmith's) : hathaurd (very large, for pegs).

Hamper, vide Impede : qdnun se mere hdth pd,on jhakare hu,e hain ( = I am hampered — "fettered " — by regulations).

Hand, hdth, m. (also the arm ; the fore-leg of a horse; the foot of a hawk ; also = a cubit) : hand-breadth = chdr-ungal, adv

Handcuff, hath-kart, f.

Handful, 7nutthi-{bhar), adv.

Handkerchief, ru-mdl, m.

Handle, dasta, m.: vide Touch: ma/-c^/ A;ar?ia, to handle, rub (of things or small animals, etc. ; also to squeeze a mistress; maid dald= " not fresh goods," of a girl that has been often engaged, etc., etc.).

Handsome, shaktl (of animate things only) : shdn-ddr (of houses, furniture,

and also of animate things). Hang, tdngTid (from a height, above) ; latkdnd, gen. tr., to suspend; tdngnd

and lataknd, intr. : phdnsl dend (by execution).

Hanger-on, pichh-laggu ; vide Creature and Parasite.

Happen, hond ; wdqi' hond : ho-parnd or d-parnd, to befall (i.e., suddenly).

Happy, khush o khurram : phald phuld, prosperous.

Harass, tang karnd; diqq karnd; satdnd, gen.

Harbour, langar-gdh : ' vide ' Shelter.

Hard, sakht ; kard ; ' vide ' Difficult.

Hare, khar-gosh.

Harem, zandna or zandna makdn, gen. : haram-sard (of rulers).

Harm, nuqsdn or zarar pahunch^nd : kisi kd bigarnd : vide Loss.

Harmful, muzi (of animals or men).

HarmlesSf sudhd or be-dzdr (of animals): nek-bakht (of animals, people; good, of a child) : be-zarar (of drugs, food, persons).

Harness, sdz, m. {lagdnd or chafhdnd) : jotnd, to harness (horse or bullocks in plough) ; [jot, f., trace].

Harsh, khurdurd (rough to the touch): vide Hard.

Harvest, kdtni kd waqt ; fast kd waqt.

Hasten, jaldi karnd.

Hasty, jald-bdz (not in good sense).

HAT 77 HE A

Hat, ppl, gen.

Hatch, ande se nlkdlnd, tr.

Hatchet, kulhdrl.

Hate, kist se nafrat rakhnd , gen. (to dislike): lit. — dill