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Robert E. Gross Collection
A Memorial to the Founder of iIk-
Business Administration Library
y/mifriifif tJ (ma^'rnia
Los Angeles
<«>
THE INDLTSTMES OF DLTBLIK
THE
Dicitorical, gtaticitical, biographical.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE
LEADING BUSINESS MEN. COMMERCIAL INTERESTS. WEALTH AND GROWTH.
LONDON: SPENCER BLACKETT
(Successor t« J. & 31. #a.\lDcU) MILTON HOUSE, ST. BRIDE STREET, LUDGATE CIRCUS; and SHOE L.ANE, FLEET STREET, E.G.
[A// rights restn'eti.l
PRICE THREE SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE.
CONTENTS.
Gross Collection Bus. Adm. Ub.
J-
PAGP.
Abbott Bros.. Beehive M.inufacturers . 69
Abraham, A. J. , Wholesale Chandler . 147
Adcock, St. Jno., Boot and Shoe
M.inufacturers 149
Alexander, G. J., Wholesale Seed Mer- chant 129
Allen & Co., Merchant Tailors . . 126
Altman & Co., .V. L., Salt Importers and Refiners . . . . .127
Anderson & Adams, Pharmaceutical
Chemists 115
Andrews & Co., Tea and Wine Merchants 59 •^ Arigho, Jno., Statue and Church Furni- ture Manufacturer .... 147
Armstrong, Catherine, Boot and Shotf
Maker 80
Arnott & Co., Wholesale and Retail
Drapers 71
Atkinson & Co., J., Letterpress and
Lithographic Printers ... 74
B *coM & Co. , T. , Ham and Bacon Stores 126 Baird, \V., Plumbing and Hydraulic
Engineer ...... 72
Baker, Thos. , Draper .... 163
Barnardo & Co., Kurriers . . .119
Barrett, R., Candle Manufacturer . 86
Barton, W., Steam Caliiuet Works . 156
Beakey, P., Mouse and Church Furnisher I2t Beakey, Dyer and Cleaner . . .125
Beatty & Bennie, Merchani Tailors . loS Beggs, G. D., L.P.S.L, Pharmaceutical
Chemist 163
Bewley, Sons, & Co., Wine and Tea
Merchants 118
Birney, W., Ironmonger ... 88 Booth & Son, Messrs., Watch and Clock
Manufacturers ..... 103 Bouchier *: Hailey, Drapers . . .102 Bowc, J., Grocer, Wine and Spirit Mer- chant 86
Boyle & Co., Artists in Wood Carving
and Art Furniture .... 76
Brennan, J., Hairdresser ... 98 Briscoe's Carriage Factory . . .119 British Workman's .\ssurance Co.
(Limited) ...... 44
Brooke Tyrrell, Messrs., Manufacturing
F'urriers and .Mantle Manufacturers . 145 Brophy, Thos., Wholesale and Retail
Boot and Shoe Manufacturer . . 81
Brown, G., Pharmaceutical Chemist . 12S
Brown, Thomas, & Co., Silk .Mercers . 55 Browne & Nolan, Wholesale and Retail
Stationers ...... 56
Bruce >!>: Co., J., Boot Manufacturers . 126
Brunton S: Co., Wm., Upholsterers . 63
Bryan *; Co., Wholesale ..S: Retail Drapers 79
Bull, C, Ecclesiastical Warehouse . 69
Burke, Jno., " Gr.iltan " Coflee Tavern 135
Buswell's Private Family Hotel . . 87 Butler, \i.. Confectioner . . .134 Butler, .M., Antique Furniture and Up.
holstery 88
PACE
Byrne, J.as., Confeciioner . . 140 Byrne, M.ihony, & Co., Corn and F'lour
Merchants 76
Byrne & MacSwiney, Chemists, M.inu- facturers of Mineral and Medicinal
Waters ...... 7S
Byrne & Sons, P. J., House, Laml, .and
Insurance .\gents .... 85
Byrne, Miss, Newsagent, Bookseller,
and Stationer ..... 98
Byrne, P., V'ictualler and Contractor . 107
ISyrne. P.,Tea, Wine.and.SpiritMerchant 140
Byrne Cy: Son, Wine and .Spirit Merchants 107
Byrne, Mr., Wine and Spirit Merchant. 142
Byrnne, J., Fish. F'owl, and Ice Merchant 128
Cadle, Cornelius Engineer and General
Mill Furnisher So
Cabin, Miss, Vestment and Church Orna- ment Warehouse .... 99 Cairns, D , Art Repository . . .136 Carr, J. P., Irish & American Provisions 115 Carr, Jas , Watchmaker . . . 161 Carroll, D. W., Printer and Bookbinder 160 Carroll, T. , Mattress and Palliass Manu- facturer 93
Carson Bros., Tea, Wine, and Spirit
Merchants :6?
Ceppi & Sons, P., Carvers, etc. . .158 Cherry & Smalldridge, Lithographic and
Letterpress Printers .... 109
City of nul)lin Drug Hall, The . . 76
Claflfey, P., P.iwnbroker . . . 132
Clarendon Itros., Jewellers . . . 162
" Clarence " Hotel, The ... S3 "Clarence" Family ami Commercial
Hotel, The 100
Clarke, J. A., Millinery, Mantle, Cos- tume, Hat and Bonnet-Box Manu- facturer . . . . . .9'
Clarke, B. I., Ladies' Outfitter . . 150 Clarkson, Jas., Military and Merchant
T.iilor 156
Cochrane&Co.,T., PainterstS: Decorators 74
Cogan, D. J., Provision Merchant . 147
Colclough i: .Sons, J., Carriage Builders ill Collins & Graham, Ladies' Dress Bas- ket,Trunk, Portmanteau, and Hat-Case
Manufacturers ..... 97 Comyns Ov; Son, Alex., Wholes.ile Irish
Woollen and Frieze Warehouse . . 139
Conroy, Thos., Provision Stores . . 85
Conroy, M., Hairdresser, etc. . - 84
Conroy, Thos., Provision .Merchant . 157 Corcoran, D. E., Surgical Instrument
Manufacturer . . . . .119 Corless, T., Restaurateur . . .142
Corrigan, P., Funeral Establishment . 117
Coster, Johnson, ..\: Co., Paper Makers. 124
Courtney, J., Boarding Establishment . 93
Coyle, L., W'ood Turner . . . 160
Cramer's Great Musical Depot . . 58
Croker, Jos., Button Manufacturer . 160
Curham, S., Pharniaceutiral Chemist . 132
1 620007
PACK
Curtis & Sons, W., Brass Founders . 117
Curwen, W., Stationer . ... 83
Daniel & Son'. P., Ironmongers . 79 Daveni)ort, J., Boot .Manufacturer . 99 Davis & Co., Millinery Warehouse . 133 Delahunt, Jos., Grocer, etc. . . .14' Delaney, M., Victualler and Contractor 130 De Pinna, Professor I""., Artist, Photo- grapher, and Professor of Music . 103 Dillon, Mrs. Anne, General Provision
Store . . • . . .101
Dixon, M., Boot and Shoe Dealer . 125 Dockrell, Sons, & Co., Merchants and
Contractors 109
Dodd, Mr., Family Grocer . . ■ '59 Dollard, Jos., Printer. Lithographer, and
.\ccount Book Maker . . . 137 Donegan, P., Watch .Manufacturer . 99 Doran, E., Wholesale Family Grocer . 130 Dowse, T. & K., .\uctionefrs . .112 Doyle, J., Tea, Wine, and Spirit Mer- chant 102
Doyle, T. W., Coach Builder . . u6 Doyle, Jno. , Provision Merchant . . 152 Dromgolc, Miss J., Wholesale and Re- tail Tea, Wine, and Spirit Merchant . 141 Drunimond & Sons, W. ... 57 I )iiblin .Vrtesian Mineral Water Company 12S Dublin Coal Company .... 77 Dublin Flint Gkvss Works . . -159
Dublin Pure Milk Co 161
Dublin Whisky Distillery Co. . . 48
Dutfy, Thos. , Draper .... 85
DufTy & Co. (Limitcil), Publishers . \2) Dunn & Son, P., Wholesale Tea, Wine,
and Grocery Establishment . . 160
Dunne, J., Boot and Shoe Manufacturer 62 Durkin, J. & W., Family Grocers, Tea,
Wine, and Spirit Merchants . . 138
Earley & Powells, Artists in Stained
Glass, Sculptors, etc. ... S3 Eaton, M. & S., Wholesale and Retail
Stationers ...... IS9
Edmondson Bros., Seedsmen . . 84
Educational Dairj- Co I43
Egan, D. J.. Family Grocer, Tea, Wine,
and Spirit Merchant . . . .9''
Egan, P., Seed Merchant . ■ '35 Egan & Co., M., Grocers and Wine
.Merchants . . . . . '33
Ellis & Co., J. L.. General Drapers . 153 English, Jno., Plumber, Gasfilter, and
'linsmith 104
English, J., Plumber and Gasfitter . 123 Express Laundry . . . . .114
Fai.k, M., Dealer in Curiosities . . 96 Falkner, F., Wine Merchant . . 63 Fannin, J., Merchant Tailor and Out- fitter . 91
Fay, S., General Tinner ... 93 Ferguson, J . Hairdresser . . .117
a*
CONTENTS.
rAGE
Filzsimons, Mis?, Newsagent . . 71 Fitzsimon & Son, Jas., Timber and
Slate Importers. .... 155 Fleming & Co., W. , Tea, Wine, and
Spirit Merchants . . . -IS' Fleming, W., General House Furnisher 156 Fleming, Jnc, Hotel .... 55 Flower & McDonald, Salt Manu- facturers ■ '5'
Foley, M., Draper and Haberd.isher . 78
Forrest & Sons (Limited), Silk Mercers. 51
Fnriistal, J., Family Grocer . . . 68
hranijOis, M., Coiffeur Parfumeur . . 82 Fry & Son, M., Wholesale and Retail
.Merchants 84
Fry \ Co., T 131
Gaiety Theatre, The . . . 144 Gallagher, J. M., Cigar Importer . .120
Galvin, .M., Family Grocer . . 163 Calvin Bros., Wholesale and Family
Grocers ...... 64
Galwey & Co., A., Bookbinders . . 135
Galwey & Co., General Drapers . . 15S
Ganly, Sons, & Co., Cattle Salesmen . 122 Gaynor & Sons, Wholesale Cork Mer-
rhanls ...... 130
General Advertiser, TT-e ... 95 Geoghegan, Thos. F., Landscape Photo- grapher ..... .80
Gerrard Bros., WTiolesale and Retail
.Stationers . . . . .134
Gibson & Sop, Jas., Decorators and
House Painters 77
Gill & Son, M. II., Publishers and Book- sellers 73
Gill, S., Carver and Gilder . . 160 Glass, T. , Cork Manufacturer and Im- porter ...... 74
Globe I'arcel Express Universal Carrier Sg Gorcvan, B., VSholesale and Retail
Draper and Contractor . . .104 Goulding, W. & H. M. (Limited), Manure
Manufacturers ..... 64
Grand Restaurant 153
Green & Son, W., Turning and Band- Sawing Works . . . .113 Grimes, C., Victualler and Contractor . 91 ( irosvenor Hotel ..... 124 iluerel, P., Church .Statuary and Orna- ment Manufacturer .... 84 Guinness, Son, i.\ C"., A. (Limited), Brewers ...... 41
IUf.ser, F.,Potk liulcher . . . 156
llagerty iV Co., Merchant Tailor^ . . 162
Ilall, K. A., Wine and Sjiirit Merchant 155
Hamilton, A. B., Newsagent . . 120
Hand, L., Clothier and Outfitter . . 99 Hand, R., Practical Bool and Shoe
Maker . . . . . .160
ilanlcm, M., Tailor .... 103
Harding, Jno., Butcher . . . 132 Hams i Whelan, Saddlers . . .110 Harris, \V. H., Window Gla.ss, Room
PajKrs, Oil and Colour Merchant . 109 Harris, M., Dealer in Antique and
Modern Plate ..... 94 Harrison & Sons, C. W., Monumental
.Sculptors ...... 95
Harvey & Co. , Veterinary Chemists . m Hawkins, J., Carriage 1-irjip .Manufac- turer ...... 96
Hayes & Co., W., Pharmaceutical
Chemists . . . . . .120
Hcaly, Jno., Grocer ami Wine Merchant 77
Hcinekcy i; Anrlcrson, Wine Merchants 97 Hely & Co., K., Alexandra Knvelope
Works 139
Henry, S. , Draper . . . .149
IIil>ernian Dining Rwmis . . 152
llickey, D., Family Grocer ... 70
Hicks, W., Cabmel and Chair Maker . 62 Higgins, Thos., Wholesale and Retail
Wine and Spirit Merchant . . 151 Hill, F., Electro-plater . .121
Ilill, W. F., Boot and Shoe Manufac- turer 131
Hill & Smith, Iron Works ... 75 Hodges & Sons, Manufacturing and
House Furnishing Ironmongers . . 105
Hodgins, E., Victualler . . . 149 Hogan, Wm., Tea, Wine, and Spirit
Merchant ...... 63
Hogg. J-. Dairy 95
Hopkins, J., lioot Maker . . .92
Hore, N., Provision Merchant . . 157
Hughes, H. Saddler and Harness Maker 90 Hughes, Miss, Court Dress, Millinery,
and Mantle Maker . . . . <)i Hughes, W., Lamp -Manufacturer . . 51 Hyam, B., Tailor and Genllcmen's Out- fitter 62
Jacoh, Wm. Chambers, Jeweller . . 136 Jameson & Sons, J., Watchmakers and
Jewellers ...... 9°
Johnston & Co., Grocers and Tea Mer- chants 61
Jones, Percival, China and Glass Estab- lishment 125
Jones & Son, M., Cabinet Makers and
Upholsterers ..... So Jones, W., Greengrocer . . -133
Tordi & Co., M., Cork Merchants. . 161 Joseph, W. C, M.R.C.V.S., Veterinary
Surgeon 9-
Joze & Co., Manufacturing and Dis- pensing Chemists . . . . 5^ Junior Army and Navy Stores (Limited) 140
Jury's Hotel 114
Jutton, H., Print Seller ,ind Picture
Frame Maker no
Kane & McCluskey, Wholesale and Retail Trunk and Portmanteau Manu- facturers ...... 99
Kapp Bros., Meerschaum and Briar Pipe
Manufacturers ..... 134
Kavanagh& son, N., Painters, Decorators 55 Kavan,igh & Son, W., Gun and Rifle
M.inufacturers 70
Kavanagh & Sons, State Apothecaries . 155
Kavanagh, J., Wine and .Spirit Merchant i|8
Kehoe, Jno., Furnishing Depot . . 14S Kehoc & Son, .M., Ham and Bacon
Curers 102
Kelly & Son, J., City Saw Mills . . 129
Kelly, L., Merchant Tailor ... 93
Kelly & Co., P., Drapers and Clothiers 55 Kenny, W. T., Newsagent and District
Post Office 106
Keogh, L. J., Grocer and Tea Merchant 94 Keogh, Jno., Funeral Undertaker and
Job Master 81
Kcrigan, J., Grocer and Spirit Dealer . 72 Kernan & Co., Mineral Water Manu- facturers ...... 65
Kerr, Wm., Boot and Shoe Manufacturer 15 1
Kino, Tailor and Outfitter . . . J51
Kirwan, T., Grocer . '. . . 136
Knaggs Bros., The Irish Bog Oak Works 96
Kymer, S., Painter . . . • '23
Lafayette, J., Photographer Royal . 86 Larkin, T., Bootmaker . . . 104 Lawless, Jno, Family Grocer . . 161 Lawlor & Son, Jno., Poulterers . . 152 Lawler, Mrs., Mattress Manufacturer . I2O Lawrence & Son, Photographers, Jewel- lers, Toy Im|iorters .... 102 Leilbetter, J. E., Practical Watchmaker
and Jeweller 93
I.ee, 1^., General Draper and Bootmaker 162
Lee, E. , Tea, Wine, and Spirit Merchant 55
lycigh, J., Provision Warehouse . . 95
Lenchan & Sons, E., Le.alher Merchants 155
l.cvins, Jas., Wood Carver . . . 150
Lewers, .Mr. & Mrs. C, Ladies' Outfitters 1 12 Little, P., Grocer and Wine and Spirit
Merchant 92
I^ndon and North-We.stern Hotel, The »I Long, E., Butcher . . . .172
I'AliS
Lore, P., Hal Manufacturer ... 47
Lucas, W., Forage Stores ... 92 Lundy, Foot, i: Co., Tobacco and Snuff
Manufacturers . . . . . loS
Lynam, P., Boot and Shoe Manufacturer 136 Lynch & O'Brien, Tea, Wine, and Spirit
Merchants . . . . .162 Lynch, P., I'urveyor and Provision Mer- chant 147
Lynch, T. J., Illuminating and Heraldic
Artist 138
MacArtiiur & Co., Auctioneers and
Valuers ...... 146
Mackeiuie, J., Wine and Spirit Merchant 140 Mackey, Thos., Builder and Contractor 151 Mackey, Sir Jas. W., Seed and Imple- ment Merchant ..... 68
Maguire, P., Grocer . . . .no
Maguire & Son, House Furnishing and Building Ironmongery Stores, Dublin
Saniiary and Engineering Works . 46 M.iher, E. J., Wholesale and Retail
Re.idy-made Clothier ... 92
Main & Co., A. J., Iron Works . . 1504
Maison Campbell, Millinery Warehouse 13J
Malone, C. G., Tea and Coffee Dealer . 127
Maloney, J., Costume Manufacturer . 114
Mangan, J. A., House Furnisher . . 89
Mannin, C, Pharmaceutical Chemist . 73 Manning, A., Mantles, Costumes, and
Court Dressmaker .... 52
Mansfield, Messrs., Musical Instrument Dealers . . . . . .119
Margotti, Adele, Naturalist . . . loi
M,ini, E. H., Coiffeur and Parfumeur . 88
Martin, Charlotte, Dealer in Antiquities 79
Martin, R. T., Ladies' Tailor, Costumier 59
Martin, W., House Painter, etc. . . n2 Mastcrson i: Co., Grocers, Wine and Spirit Merchants ... .46
Matthew.s, M. E., Court Dressmaker . no May & Sons, Music and Pianoforte Ware- house 57
McAuley, T., Family (Grocer . . 130 McBirney i\: Co. (Limited), General
Warehousemen ..... 66
McCabe, J.is., Tea Importer . . 151 McCann, P., Practical Stained Glass Painter . . . . , .132
McCluskey & Co., Fruiterers . . 107 McCom;is & Son, Military and Merchant
Tailors ...... 79
McCormack, G. L., Pharm.aceutical
Chcmi-st 125
McCormick, Jno., F.imily Grocer, Tea,
Wine, and Siiirit Merchant . . 149
McCormick & Co., Coal Merchants . 5'^
McDowell Bros., Jewellers . . .113
McDowell, Jno., Practical Watchmaker
and Jeweller ..... 101
McGrath, 1'., Wood Carver . . . 152
McGrath & Co., T., Drapers . . 103
McCJrath, K., Merchant Tailor . . 75
McGuinc-ss.Thos., Irish Woollen Clothier 132
McKcnna, F., Tea and Wine Importer 140 M'Kernan, P., General Printer and
Stationer ...... 96
McLoughlin Bros., Cigar Importers . 153
McMahon, A. M., General Draper, etc. 157
McMullen, B., Saddler ... 74 McNamara, Mr., Confectioner and .Sugar
Boiler ...... 93
McNeill, J., Musical Instrument Maker 91 McSwiney, J., 1 'ruggist and Chemist . 124 Meade, M., Carriage and Van Builder . 68 Melcdy, W., Fruiterer and Confectioner 101 Mercantile Mutual Protection Associa- tion of Ireland . .... 143
Meyer, S., Boys' and Youths' Tailoring
Establishment . . . . .160
Meytheii, J.as., Family Grocer . 07 Mitchell Arnot & Co., Room Pa|>er
Manufacturers ..... 83
Mitchell, Geo., Tobacco and Wine Mer- chant 139
Mitchell iV Son, Confectioners . . 57
CONTENTS.
Mitclicll .V Son, Wine Merchants .
MofTiti & Co., T., Kirc-proof Safe Manufacturers . . . • •
Molloy & Co., Grocers, Tea, Wine, and Spirit Merchants ....
Monson, Kobinson, & Co., The Metro- politan I'rinting Work* and Paper Bag I'aclory ......
Montgomery, T., V.S., Shoeing Forge.
Moore \- Co., H., Mouse, Land, and Insurance Agents ....
Moore, E., lUitcher ....
Moore, W. fl., Thotograplier
Moran, J., Muran's Hotel
Morgan, 1'., Select Dining Koonis
Morgan, J., Hatter ....
Mount, A., Chandler and .Soap Dealer .
Moyers,Geo., Timber, .Slate, and Cement Merchant ......
Muldoon, Ja«., Printing Material Mann- factiirer ......
Mulholland & Co., J., Rope, Twine, and Fishing Tackle Manufacturers .
Murphy & Co., R. J., Cork Merch.ints .
Murphy. Tno. , Tea, Wine, and Spirit Merchant ......
Murjihy, Mrs., Watch Manufacturer
Murphy, Jno., Flour Stores .
Murphy, J. J., Hydraulic Pump Manu- facturer . . • ' •
Murphy, D., Provision Merchant .
Murray, E., Kingstown Dining Rooms .
Nash, \Vm., Jewel-Case and Dressing- Case Manutacturer ....
National Assurance Company of Irclanc'.
Newman, J., Manufacturer of Scales and Weighing Machines . . . •
North Dublin Brush Factory.
I'AGII
60
76
"39
96 '33
45 "55
82
'59 So 127 152
60 55
'44
64
96
104 99
141 141 162
78 136
98 147
O'llRlEN, T., Fancy Bread and Biscuit
Baker '34
O'brien, K. J., Draper . . . 70 O'Callaghan, J. C. iV M., Grocers and
Wine .Merchants .... 132 O'Cunnell, las.. Family C.rocer . . 152 O'Connell, W., Drai)er and Outlitter . 94 O'Connor, Miss, Old Chandlery Estab- lishment '2'
O'Connor, H., Cabinet Maker . . 152
O'Connor, M., .Manufacturer of Baskets 156
U Donnell.Jno, J.,Chemistand Druggist 140 O'Donnell, H., Wholesale and Retail
Grocer ...... '07
ODwyer, T., Grocer and Wine Mer- chant '56
O'llara, P., Family Grocer . . . 153 O'Kelly, P., The - Irish House " . .85 O'Loughlin, Jno., Druggist .ind General
.Sundryman . . . . '04 C N eill, C. , Wholesale and Retail Grocer 1 2 1 O'Neill, T. J., Family Grocer . . 115 O'Reilly, P., Newsagent . . .158 O'Kcilly, P., General Provision Mer- chant 92
O'Kcilly, P., Manufacturer of Plain and
Fancy Cardboard Boxes ... 65 O'Reilly, R., Musical Instrument Manu- facturer '6l
Onnonde Hotel 59
O'Toole, Miss M., Boot Warehouse . 163
I'AKENHAM, J., H.-xm and Bacon Curcr 88
Parker, S., Leather Merchant . . 160
Parker & Co., Boot Manufacturers . Ill Parkes & Sons, Jno. C, Hardware,
Iron, and Steel .Merchants. . . 54
fAOK
Pasley, Miss, .Scientific Dress-Culting
A.ssaciation 133
Patriotic .\ssurance Company of Ireland $0
Pear-ie & Sh.arp, Sculptors ... 63
Pearson & Co., Clothiers and T.ailors . 1 54
Pearson & Co., Thos., Wire Works . 124 IVmberton, G. K., Boot and Shoe M.inu-
farturer loi
Pembcrton, S. T., Military Boot and
Shoe .Manufacturer .... 93 Pcnnell, Thos., Bookseller . . .162 Phillips, Kphraim, Gentlemen's Outfitter,
.Shirt and Collar Maker ... 89
Phillips & Co., Merchant Tailors . . 116 Pigott & Co., .Musical Instrument Im-
|x)rters 5^
PKislo, J., Hatter '35
Plunkell & Co., Jno., Maltsters . . 67 Plimkctt Bros., Maltsters and Patent
Malt Roasters 4>
Poirotte, Madame T., French Corset
Manuf.iciurer ..... 81 Powell, John G., Fish, Ice, and Poultry
Dealer 82
Power & Son, Jno., Distillers . . 42 Prescott & Co., Dyers and Carp:t
Clesiners 86
Pressly ^V Sons, D., Woollen Factory . 61 Price, Geo., Wholesale China and Glass
Merchant 5^
Prosl, G., Coiffeur, Perfumer, etc. . 157
QuiNLRSS, Mr., Room Pap:r and Deco- rative Glass Establishment . . 85 Quinn, W., Ladies' Outfitter . . 122
Rathuone, J., Tobacconist . . • "7 " Red Bank Oyster Restaurant " . .128 Reigh, F-., Wine and Spirit Merchant . 158 Reilly, I., Cooper .... 144 Reilly, Thos. 11., Artists' Coloumian . 69 Reliance Mutu.il Life Assurance Society 103 Richardson & Fletcher, Manure Manu- facturers 122
Roche, P. C, General Warehouseman . 109
Rogan, Jno., Painter and Decorator . 149 Rooney, J., Tolacconist . . .121
Rooney, J., Carriage Builder . . 49
Ross, .Murray, A: Co. , Engineers . . 1 16
Royal Hotel 123
Ruddell, W., Tobacco Manufacturer . 56 Russell i\: Co., W., Tea, Wine, and Spirit
Merchants 120
Ryan, Jas., E'urniture Ware-rooms . 157
Salmo.n & Co., W'ineand General Mer- chants 75
Sanderson & Sons, F. , Coach Builders . 75 Scott A Co., T. R., Cabinet Manufac- turers ...... 98
Scale, E. & W., Shirt and Collar Manu- facturers '26
Sexton & Sons, R. , Tailors ... 57 Shalvey, P., llorseh.air Manufacturer . 82 Sharp, A. 1'., Architectural and Monu- mental Sculptor .... 87 Sheeran, P., Wine and Spirit Retailer . 158 Sheridan, J., Wholes.-ile Cap Manufac- turer 9'
Sibthorpe & Son, H., Decorators, Glass Merchants, etc. . . . . .138
Slye, Geo., Carriage Builder . . 161 Smith, Thos., Tea, Coffee, and Wine
Merchant '57
Smith & Son, M., Corn and Seed Mer- chants 81
Smith * Co., Geo., Basket, Cane, and
Walking-stick Manufacturers . . '34
VII
Smyth, Mr., Grocer and Wine Mer- chant iM
Smyth &. Co. (Limited), Original Bal-
hriegan Hosiery. . . . . 7^ Smyth & Sons, J., Church Plate Manu- facturers 123
Stephenson & Co., General Merchants . 140 Strachan Bros., Victoria Lcul Works . 61 Str.-ihan & Co., R., General House Fur- nishers .,...• 47 Sullivan, J. W., Auction Ro<jms . . 89 Sullivan Hros., Educational Publishers. 103
Taai I E & Coi.DWELL, Shirt and Collar
Manufacturcm ..... 67
Tait \ Co., W., Seed Merchants . 108 Taylor & Lcwers, "Our Boys' " Out- fitting House . . . . .158
Telford & Telford, Organ Builders . I45 Thompson, W. .V P., Wine .Merchants
and .Shippers ..... 74
'ITiornton, J., Fruit Merchant . II3 Thwaites & Co., A. & R., Mineral Water
Manufacturers ..... 47 Tiemey & Sons, J., Forwarding Agents
and General Carriers .... 97
Toole iS: Co., Nurserymen and Seedsmen 107
Traynor, R. B., Tobacconist . . 98 Traynor, P., Bookseller . . .101
■Valentine, Mrs. S 9'
Vance, M., Photographer . . • '25 Vodrey, Mr., China and Pottery Ware- house ...-.• 'oo
Wade, P., Gentlemen's Hairdresser and
Perfumer 100
Wallace Bros., Coal Merchants . . 130 Waller, A. G., Funeral Undertaker,
(Carriage and Furniture Van Proprietor 90 Warren,"Mr., Hatter .... 94 Waterhouse & Co. , Jewellers and Silver- smiths . . . . . • '54 Webb, A., Boot and Shoe Manufacturer 82 Wells, W. F., M.P.S.I., Pharmaceutical
Chemist 'to
Werner & Son, Artists and Photographers 58 West & Son, Diamond Merchants . 50
'Wctton & Co., K., Manufacturers of
Patent Curative Magnetic Appliances 153 While, Mr., Watch and Jewellery Es- tablishment 100
While, R., Plumber, Brass-founder, and
Conliaclor 95
Whitsilt & Co., Drapers . . .no Whyte & Sons, Glass and China Stores 146 Wilhy, W., Machine Belt Manufacturer,
Currier, and Leather Merchant . . I43 Williams & Son, Naturalists ... 79 Williams iK: Woods, Wholesale Manufac- turing C'onfcctioners .... 90 Williams & Co., Importers of China and
Indian Teas 106
Winstanlcy, Jas., Wholesale Boot and
Shoe Manufacturer .... 67 Woods, H. & M., Manufacturing Sta- tioners '55
Wright, J., ILatler .... 95 Wynn s Commercial and Family Hotel (Mr.s. Iclfourd) . . . .141
X. 1- Cafe (Mrs. Caily) . . . '43
Yates & Sons, Opticians and Scientific
Instrument Makers .... 87 >eale? & Sisters, .\da. Law Stationers . 104
ITS HISTORY, INDUSTRIES, AND TRADE,
FACTS, FIGURES, AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
HISTORY.
THE earliest records of ihe Irish Metropolis, like those of the majority of ancient cities, are few in number, obscure and unreliable. From the beginning of the fifth century, however, the history of Dublin rests upon the most authentic data, and the genesis of her foundations and development may be found at length in both Celtic, Erse, and Norman documents, collected and preserved from the ravages of the marauder and the ruthless hand of time by men whose devoted research and patriotism should be held in grateful remem- brance. In the time of Ptolemy, ad. 140, the district now comitrised within the county Dublin and its sea-board was inhabited by a tribe called the Eblani, and their country — particularly the site now occupied by the capital — Eblana. Hence the ancient name of the city. The origin of the modern designation, Dublin, dates from the first incursions of the Oslmen or Danes.
It is recorded that in 43S a host of these marauders sailed up the Liffey in a fleet of sixty ships. They disembarked and settled as colonists on the north side of the liver ; and being at first peaceful and not objecting to the payment of tribute, the Irisli chieftains allowed them to remain unmolested. The natives called the quarter in which these Danes lived, Fingall, which under the modern name of Finglas forms an integral part of the city. Soon after the arrival of this first horde, another came upon the scene and settled on the south side of the city, and their location was called by the Celts, Dubhgall, or the country of the black strangers, in tlie same way as they named the district inhabited by the pioneer colony, Fingall, or the country of the white strangers. Bally-
Al/i-C/iat/i Diiihliniiewa.'i the designation by which the countiy on both sides of the mouth of the Lififey was known to the Celtic inhabitants. It is more than probable that the last word of the above Irish phrase (which being translated means "the town of the ford of hurdles on the Blackwater ") suggested to the Danish settlers the name, Dkeliii, which they gave to the entire territory they occupied. This word Divelin changed with the times and the place it design.ited, and gradually and finally some centuries ago assumed its present form, Dublin.
The.\postIe of Ireland, soon after bis arriv.il in the country in the course of his missionary travels, visited Hally-Ath-Clialh, whose king and people he converted to Christianity and baptized at a spring on the south side of the city, and which is now known as .St. Patricks Well. This was in 44.S, and the civilising influences which resulted from the conversion of these people to the true faith had an immense effect upon them in their fierce and sanguinary combats in after years with their merciless and unchristian Northern invaders. These Norse adventurers grew in numbers and strength, and held undis- turbed possession of their lands for over three centuries, no one attempting to permanently drive them from the country. To this regrettable circumstance may be attributed the many vicissitudes through which the Irish capital passed between the years 43S and 1014, and the fact that during that long period the chief city of the nation remained in the iron grasp and occupation of the destructive followers of the Northern Vikings.
History furnishes no parallel to the position occupied by
DUBLIN.
Dublin in regard to the rest of Ireland from the beginning of the fifth to the middle of the eleventh century. It was by location, extent, importance, population, and wealth, the natural capital of the island ; and yet owing to the descent, character, and habits of its inhabitants, and the nature of their relations to the rest of the country, it was as foreign in the daily life of its denizens, their customs and mode of govern- ment, as if it were situated on the bleak coasts of Denmark or Norway. Tara, during most of the long period referred to, was the metropolis of the nation. The arrival of Aulaffe Sitric in the I.iffey in S53 with an enormous fleet of ships and several thousand followers, marks the era from which Dublin began to play a most prominent and, in many instances, decisive part in national affairs, and the internecine struggles which, as far as the Danes were concerned, found
Dublin of those distant days were not, however, as some chroniclers would have us believe, entirely devoid of every characteristic of refinement and civilisation. There is abundant evidence in proof of this. After their defeat by Brian Eoru in 1014 they fled to Dublin and Ilowth, and by the payment of vast sums in tribute to Dermot, King of Leinster, secured that peace of which in bygone ages they had been the mo5t persistent disturbers, but which defeat and threatened annihilation had taught them to prize. From that time forth they devoted themselves to trade and industry as then understood, and built many of the most beautiful churches the world in those days could boast — the remains of which, even in our own times, bear silent, but none the less eloquent, testimony to the love of art and devotion to religion possessed by the much-mali,i:ned race who erected them.
THE OLD PARLIAMENT HOUSES (BANK 01" IRELAND).
their consummation in the memorable and glorious victory of Clontarf. Soon after Sitric's advent he was elected king, the neighbouring native princes made truces with iiiin, and during the jieaceful period that followed he set himself the task of fortifying the city and putting it in a state of complete defence. After the death of this Norse ruler hostilities between his successors and the native princes were of frc'iuent occurrence, and Dublin was, as a consequence, often besieged ; never, however, with any other result than the defeat or withdrawal of the besiegers, .\bout the tenth century the Danes had become very numerous and powerful — a fact which emboldened them to make explorations and marauding expeditions not only to remote parts of Ireland, but even into Wales, where their destructiveness and merciless treatment of all who opposed them caused their incursions to be greatly dreaded. The.se adventurous dwellers in the
In I GOO the city was captured by IVian Boroimhe, King of Munster, but he afterwards allowed the Danes to retake possession of it. From the date of the battle of Clontarf, which, some assert, was fought on the site of Rutland Square, Dublin was, with some intermissions, held by the descendants of the vikings until it was surrendered to the English and their ally, Dermot MacMorrough, King of Leinster. How this was accomplished and the country, as a sequence of it, lost her independence, recalls one of the saddest chapters in the history of the nation.
AFTER CLONTARF.
The entire country was divided into five kingdoms, Leinster, Ulster, Connaught, Munster, and Meath. About the middle of the twelfth century the two most formidable of the five sovereigns were Roderick O'Connor, King of
DUBLIN.
Connaught, and Dermot MacMorrough, King of Leinster. The (lucstion who should be supreme dictator among tliese was frequently the cause of internecine strife, and with the object of deciding the matter, constant wars were waged. Dermot MacMorrough, in the midst of one of these con- flicts, immersed himself in almost insurmountable trouble by intriguing, and finally running away, with the wife of O'Rourke, I'rince of Breffni, and daughter of the King of Meath. The deceived and disconsolate O'Rourke hastened to the home of Roderick O'Connor, Dermot's bit- terest and most powerful rival, and having secured his assistance and sym- pathy, an immense army was marched from Con- naught to annihilate MacMorrough, whose offence was a most odious one in the eyes of every sovereign and serf in the island. Der- mot, who saw that he was absolutely powerless to resist the hosts march- ing against him, set sail for Bristol, whence he went to France and pros- trated himself before Henry II., who was ■waging war against the Gauls. He pathetically told his story and be- sought Henry to assist him to drive back the King of Connaught, for "which if it should please him in his good- ness to do, he, Dermot, ■would acknowledge Henry to be lord, and serve him faithfully ail his life as his vassal." Henry's ambition and ■desire to add Ireland to his possessions be- came evident quite early in his reign, for he appealed to Nicholas
Brakspere (Adrian IV.), the only Englishman that ever occupied the papal throne, to put in force the Edict of Constantine, which permitted him to assume a right in the disposal of islands and throw over them the protecting regis of the Catholic Church. In 1156, the Pope yielded to the solicitations and prayers of the English monarch, and issued a Bull giving him the necessary authority to deal with Ireland. His hands, however, were so full with his French difficul- ties that he could not spare an expeditionary force, so he met the exigencies of the case by issuing Letters Patent to
GRAFTOX STREET.
certain of his subjects to raise a knightly army and invadt Ireland. It is to the calamities wiiich befel the country after the landing of this expedition, and the causes which led up to it, that Thomas Moore, one of Dublin's most honoured .-ind gifted sons, refers when, in that beautiful song, " The Valley Lay Smiling Before Me," he says :
.\lrcady tlic curse is upon her,
And slranRcrs her valleys profane ; They come to diviilc — to dishonour.
And tyrants they long will remain.
Dermot grew weary of Henry's delay in
coming to his assistance, and made touching appeals to the \\'elsh barons, who had been greatly exasperated by the inroads of the Danes from Dublin and the east coast of Ireland. A penniless mercenary was the first to come forward. This was Richard, sur- named Strongbow. son of the I^^arl of Pembroke, who at first proceeded warily and with exas- perating hesitation, not- withstanding MacMor- rough's most tender appeals. However, the following poetical letter caused him to cease doubting and embark at once: "I have beheld the storks and the swal- lows. The birds of summer came, and with the warning of the tem- pest they returned, but neither gentle gale nor furious blast has blessed us with thy long-wished- for presence.'
This soft and imagi- native effusion had the desired result. Strong- bow, with Robert Fitz- stephen, and Maurice Fitzgerald, and other knights of good account, with a small army, landed at Bann, in Waterford, from three ships. Strongbow's reward was to be the hand of Eva, the King's daughter, in marriage, and the right of succession to Dermot's dominions ; while the other chiefs were to receive portions of the conquered territories.
Within two years of Strongbow's arrival, his forces, acting in conjunction with those of MacMorrough, had conquered the whole of the east of Irelaild and captured Dublin. The ■Welsh baron was married to Eva outside the walls of the city of \Vaterford, and the ceremony was performed in the
B 2
DUBLIN.
midst of the greatest display of force and splendour. In one battle Strongbow defeated an army numbering 90,000, and it is chronicled, that thereafter none of the native Irish princes dared to oppo?e the English. Dublin was now con- stituted the capital of the country. Henry II. soon became jealous of "the success of his knights, and consequently in- formed them that the time had come when he, in person, would assume the sovereignty conferred upon him by Adrian I\'. In 1172 he therefore set sail from Milford Haven with 4,000 men, and reached AVaterford without mis- hap or opposition of any kind. His march to Dublin was one of triumph, and most of the native chiefs approached to do him homage. As soon as he entered the capital he caused an immense wickerwork pavilion to be erected "after the manner of the country,'' and therein standing beneath a
the city of Dublin of him (Henry) and his heirs for ever, wii!^ all the liberties and customs which his subjects of Bristol then enjoyed at Bristol, and throughout all England." Dublir> received a second charter in 1207 from King John. In 1209- occurred one of the direst events in tiie city's history. On Easter Monday, in that year, the citizens were celebrating the feast a.1 a place near Cullen's Wood, when they were attacked by the natives and 1,500 of them were slain. The spot where this massacre occurred is still known as the " Bloody Meadow," and that Easter Monday is historically called "Black Monday." The population of the city at this time could not have been very large, for it was found necessary to repeople it after the foregoing occurrence, which was accordingly done by importing a few ship-loads of His Majesty's faithful Bristolian lieges. The immediate result of this sanguinary defeat of the English
1
CtlKlST CHUKCll CAIHKURAL AND SV-N'^D HOUSE. {lidw ''lOlll the River.)
regal canopy received the oath of allegiance from all the I>owerful Irish nobles of the time. Though His Ma-jesty ]>assed the Christmas in Dublin, his stay was of short dura- lion, owing to difticullies arising from the murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry was the first English monarch that ever set foot on Irish soil, or spent his Christ- mas in the capital, and was at the same time the most ungenerous ruler that ever landed upon these shores — as far as Dublin is concerned, in any case. His visit began the series of confiscations that culminated in the destruction of our legislative independence. To the leaders of the army which accompanied liiin from Milford Haven he gave manors, mansions, and tracts of land of which the natives had been deliberately and shamelessly robbed, and made, as it were, a present of Dublin to the City of Bristol.
A charter was granted to the c'tizcns of Bristol " to hold
colonists was the completion of Dublin Castle. This strong- hold was designed to be the great bulwark in the defence and subjection of the city, and was pushed forward so rapidly that it was finished in 1220. It was not used as the residence of the Lord Lieutenant until the reign of Elizabeth, previous to- whose time the viceroys resided at Thomas Court.
To i)Ut the climax to his ingratitude and contem])t for the natives, Henry formed what was for centuries known as the " ICnglish Pale." \\itliin this geographically defined area, of which Dublin was the capital, lived a heterogeneous mass of Celtic Iri.sh, Danes, W'elslimen, and ]'",nglishmen, whose customs, and habit.s, and modes of life — difierent in almost every essential feature— made the community anything but a happy and contented one, though all were subject to ti e English law. Without this "pale" lived the "mere Irish," with whom no intercourse was to be held, and who were
DUni.IN'.
regarded and ircatcil as inferior beings in every respect and on every occasion when the ojiportiiniiy offered itself or was created. This policy, which, in the HkIU of experience, every historian has branded as fatuous and inexcusable, was adminis- tered from Dublin, and was i)roductive of continual discontent, strife, and bloodshed, both within and without the magic circle drawn by the second Henry. The high-minded, sensitive, and impulsive natives brooded over the contempt and harshness with which they were treated ; their bards and musicians wrote about and sang their wrongs, and the consequences, which kindness and justice wisely tempered would have obviated, are to be read to-day in many a crimson page of history. It was these invidious and evil-working distinctions, which accom- panied the very inception of English rule in Ireland, that led Edmund Burke to exclaim, in the IVitish House of Commons, that a spirit of hostility to the Irisii began before the differences
the Irish Parliament to measures which had iircviously been approved of in ICngland, acted as the Duke's deputy. Henry \'III. was very watchful and active in all State affairs, and his religious innovations caused much commotion through- out the country. Dublin did not escape them, for among the monasteries which he dissolved was that of All Hallows, founded by Dermot, King of Leinster, on the site now occupied by Trinity College. It may seem incongruous to say so, but this monarch was, as far as Ireland is concerned, anxious to effect many beneficial changes. The records of his iconoclastic reign furnish abundant [)roof of the truth of this assertion. He saw the evils from which that part of the country which acknowledged his domination was suffer- ing, and was anxious to apply effective remedies. Indeed, even in our own time, some of the sayings attributed to him in reference to the duties of landlords would be considered more democratic than regal. During his reign Parliaments were held in St. Mary's Abbey, where the Four Courts now stand. One of the Acts passed shows that in those distant times the agrarian difficulty was in evidence, for it declared the estates of all absentees forfeited: and this was done to prove how much he desired to behold in Ireland "a magnificent nobility, a resident gentry, a commonalty well fed,
THE ROTUNDA.
of Protestant and Catholic were known to the world. Henry's departure commenced
After
THE RISE OF VICEREGAL GOVERNMENT.
Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath, was the King's representa- tive the year following the invasion. The galleries of the Castle Chapel are ornamented with oak panels, each one of which is engraved with the arms of the Lord Deputies or Lord Lieu- tenants who have resided in Dublin.
The first of these is dated 1173, and bears De I>acy's device. It is a plain cross — an exceedingly simple piece of heraldry when compared with the escutcheons of modern governors. John, son of King Henry, was De Lacy's successor, having been declared Lord of Ireland at a Parliament held at Oxford. Henry VIII. , when Duke of York, was possessed of the nominal title of Lord Lieutenant; but Sir Edward Poynings, the author of Poynings' Law, which restricted legislation in
and industry flourishing." Notwithstanding this, even during his reign, opposition to the powers that were was the order of the day, as is evidenced by the events that led up to the execution of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, or " Silken Thomas," as he was styled, from the golden fringes used on the horses of himself and his followers. In recompense for the suppression of this revolt the King gave the citizens of Dublin the lands of All Hallows. Wlien Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne she enhanced and solidified the value of this gift by founding on the same ground — amid the din of arms and the tumult of civil war — the University of Dublin. King James had a passion for " improving Ireland," but his plans were too largely prompted by sinister and evil motives, and were doomed to, and deserved to, fail. During his reign "James's Street" was constructed, and many fine buildings erected therein. For twenty-seven years no Parliament had been held in Dublin, when in 1613 one was summoned. Unfortunately, sectarian differences at that time were very bitter, and a protracted
u
DUBLIN.
struggle between Protestants and Catholics ensued in reference to the election of Speaker. A Protestant having been chosen.
.\ DOOraVAV IN CHRIST CHURCH \ : : KAI,.
the Catholic party left the Commons, and the acrimony engendered by the dispute, being encouraged by the successful attempts of the Scottish nation to obtain the freedom of their religion, led to the deplorable revolution of 1641. During the course of the rebellion, Dul)lin, in 1646, was besieged. In the midst of the civil war, which ended in 1652 in the triumph of the Protector, Charles I. was beheaded. On the restoration of r:harles II. the Duke of Ormond was Lord Lieutenant, and during his tenure of office the Castle became popular, it being the scene of revelry, gaiety, and splendour which in magnificence sur|>assed that of royalty itself. It was, however, when James II. was on the throne, and the Duke of Tyrconnell was Lord Lieutenant, that Dublin Castle, the headquarters of the lirilish Government in Ireland, reached the zenith of its popularity. The Duchess of Tyrconnell, in her day called the Queen of lieauty, gathered round her court a gala.\y of feminine beauties ("amongst whom her own daughters figured prominently) whose per- sonal charms, mental superiority, and rank won the admiration and homage of every class of the citizens. With the exit of the Duke and Duchess of Tyrconnell from the edifice on Cork Hill departed the glory of the viceregal court ; and it would be rash to say when it is likely, under present circumstances, 'to regain the high and well-deserved position which it then held in the esteem of the masses.
In 16SS, King James II. visited Dublin with his immense army of French .ind English soldiers, and though he had time to hold a Parliament, he had soon to set off to oppose the Prince of Orange in the North. \\'i!liam, landed at Carricktergus on June 14th, 1690, with an army of Dutch troops, numbering 30,000. Almost the whole of the North espoused his cause, and in less than three weeks the two royal antagonists faced each other on the banks of the Boyne. The result of the conflict that followed brought defeat and disaster to James, and finally terminated the Stuart dynasty in these islands. James's inglorious flight to Dublin has by many been made the butt of historical ridicule. His remark to the beautiful Duchess of Tyrconnell about her countrymen's fleetness of foot in fleeing from danger, and Her Grace's stinging repartee to the effect that, fleet as they were. His Majesty, it appeared, had won the race, prove that the last of the Stuarts took prompt measures to act on the Napoleonic Sauve qui pent principle more than a century before that famous phrase was uttered by the PL-tit Caporal, and that at least one Irish lady duly appreciated his royal bravery. James was the last of his line who visited the Irish capital.
The Prince of Orange came to Dublin imme- diately after the battle of the Boyne, and treated the inhabitants with that severity which he considered their devotion to the cause of his late rival demanded. Hume affirms that this was done despite the fact that neither the " ungracious and ungrateful little Dutch- man " nor his army were in any way molested on their triumphant march through the city to St. Patrick's Cathedral, where a magnificent thanksgiving service was held in gratitude for the victory conferred upon his arms at the Boyne. His conduct was in this respect soon forgotten, for.
CKVIl I.N cniUM' CllUKCII CATIll:lJKAL.
in 1 70 1, the citizens erected an equestrian statue in his honour in College Green.
Dublin, being the centre of government and the scat of the executive power, played a leading role in the events which took jilace between ifiSS and 1782, during which
DUHLIN.
15
period the callousness and indifference to popular sentiment of the liriiish Ciovcrnmeiit in its treatment of Irish affairs, combined with international difficulties and national embar- rassments, aroused the dormant spirit of Celtic nationality, and gave birth to the movement which ended in the granting of legislative independence. The attainment of this grand object began a new era for the country. Henceforth Ireland's interests were studied, the sentiments of the inhabitants were attended to, and the dictates of justice, which had, in the immediate past, been totally discarded, were fiiitiifuily followed. This glorious finale to a bitter, but just struggle, was secured mainly through the herculean efforts of the people's Parlia- mentary leaders, buttressed by the volunteers that magnificent embodiment of national strength which the precarious state of the imperial defences called into existence. The capital was one of the chief centres in the organisation of this force ; many thousands of the citizens threw themselves heart and soul into the movement, and, fully equipped and armed, were regularly drilled on College Green. The feeble and infatuated Ministry of England saw this powerful body grow in numbers, influence, and strength day by day, till at length, says a writer of those times, " they conceded what it was no longer jjracticable to withhold, and reco^'aised
cies, expectations, and dignity, and the feelings of what was emphatically called Young Ireland. Of the adherents of this rising parly, Dublin was the ( hief rendezvous. Lord Edward I'itzgerald, Wolfe Tone, Seeling, McCormick, and many others were the heads of the movement, and their hearts being fired by the I''rench Revolution, they set themselves the task of establishing a republic in Ireland. This attempt was made simultaneously with the intrigues begun by the English Ministry to destroy, by means of bribery and corruption, Irish legislative independence. It also had the effect of precipitating that desired end. The rebellion broke out in 1798, and lasted about a year. The Duke of Leinster, instead of abetting the insurrection, as the masses surmised he would, on account of Lord Edward's connection with it, led the Dublin contingent of the volunteers against the belligerents, and materially assisted in the suppression of the outbreak. Over si.vty
THE FOUR COURTS.
Ireland as a Free Nation with a Legislature independent and supreme."
The Parliaments which followed, between 17S2 and the year when the nation's independence was lost
■ . . By treachery and fraud,
By knaves who sold themselves for gold,
As Judas did his God,
were distinguished by the almost divine eloquence of Grattan, Flood, Malone, and a galaxy of others, including the embryo Duke of Wellington. Notwithstanding all attempts and the utmost devotednessand singlenessof purposeon thepart of many of the Parliamentary leaders, things did not prosper, and after years of experience, (^rattan was, owing to the march of events, forced to exclaim that the granting of their independence was but an attempt to unite the hoary decrei)itude of the old jobbing Ministry and the Borough Parliament with the exigen-
thousand lives were sacrificed during the struggle, which lasted during an entire year. Thomas Street, Dublin, has been for ever rendered famous as being the thoroughfare in which the justly idolised Lord Edward met his death at the hands of the notorious Major Sirr.
DUBLIN AFTER THE UNION.
The Act of Union was finally carried, and on the ist of January, 1801, the Imperial Standard was, for the first time, unfurled over the Bedford Tower of the Castle, thus signi- fying the ratification of a compact which at the present moment is the cause of the keenest and bitterest political antagonism, not only in Ireland, but in every portion of the British Isles. If the signs of the times be taken into con- sideration in forming a judgment, the impartial chronicler of events can have little doubt in asserting that the end is
i6
DUBLIN.
near at hand, and that the day is rapidly approaching when Irishmen of every creed and class,- forgetful of the past and the unfortunate and unreasonable differences which have held them in tiie bondage of discord, will be again united in their old legislative chambers and working in concord for
SIDE VIEW or ST. Stephen's green.
one grand and common object— their country's good. Dublin suffered great injury, both socially and commercially, by the Act of Union. During the fifteen years the country enjoyed the power of making her own laws, the capital was greatly ■developed. \ew buildings were erected and streets con- structed ; those already in existence were imi)roved and beiutified, and her trade and commerce increased enormously. It was also the head-(]uarters of wealth and fashion. The city, which before and for long after the .Anglo-Norman invasion was centred round the neighbourhood of Castle Hill, and was little more than a mile in circumference, at the time of the Union measured over nine miles round. 'I'his wonderful develo|)nienl was attributed to the cessation of internal troubles, and liberal grants of jniblic money for the promotion of municipal and other useful works, the removal of the embargoes placed upon trade, and the spread of litera- ture and science, combined with ability and purity in the administration of public affairs. The passing of the Act of Union, if it did not change all this, pre|)ared the way for the change. Society fled the city, money became scarce, commerce was carried on under different conditions, and i)ublic policy differed with the Ministry and Executive in office. There was no continuity, no fixed aim, and, as a result, business languished, the door was opened for corruption and abuse, and muni- cipal affairs remained in the grasp of a somewhat exclusive circle. The lethargy which seized upon public life in the
city was slightly ruflled by the alarm and panic caused through Emmet's attempted insurrection, which occurred three years after the Union. Robert Emmet was the son of an eminent Dublin physician, and himself a student and barrister of Trinity College, where, at the Historical Debating Society,
he acquired considerable prominence for his eloquence
"="'" and ardent patriotism. From his earliest youth his one idea was the freedom of his native land, and in ] his rash endeavours to accomplish this object he I sacrificed his fortune, position, and finally his life. The purity of his motives has never been open to question, and though ignominious failure attended his efforts, his fame and memory are as green to-day in the hearts of his Nationalist fellow-countrymen as they were on the morning he expiated his offence upon the gallows. The agitations for Emancipation, which was granted in 1828, and for Repeal of the. Union, both led by Daniel O'Connell, were focussed in Dublin, and were the only incidents which tended to enliven the humdrum life of the city for almost half a century.
THE MUNICIPALITY. The passage of the Municipal Reform Act in 1840 effected a wonderful change in the internal affairs of the Irish capital. By this enactment Dublin was divided into fifteen wards, with a representation of __ one alderman and three councillors for each. This
new arrangement of municipal government seemed to infuse new life into the citizens, and the fact that all disabilities had been removed from the Catliolic inhabitants tended greatly to awaken public interest in the energetic and proper fulfilment of municipal duties. From this date forth politics entered largely into the annual contests for seats on the city council, and, if their immediate result in the majority of instances has been the embilterment of party feeling, it cannot be denied that it has also purified the management of
E.MKANCE 10 GI.ASNEVIN.
every department of the city's business, secured the more j perfect accomplishment of imblic works, and cleared the , administration of the municipality from even the suspicion of apathy or jobbery. These are things of which the capital may justly feel proud, and which, by promoting the health, I education, comfort, and general well-being of the inhabitants, I have helped to make Dublin a centre of .refinement, learning, , and commerce, and by these means enabled her to maintain
DUHLIN.
her position as the first, most important, and most interesting city in the nation.
THE APPROACHES T(^ DUHLIN
are not equalled for general attractiveness and picturesque beauty by those of any other city in the British dominions, whetlicr it be entered by road, rail, or sea. There is not along the entire extent of the Irish coast, and in few places elsewhere in the world, a more perfectly charming view to be seen than that which presents itself to the traveller as he enters Dublin l?iy by the cross-channel or other steamer on a fine summer morning. Then the broad expanse of serene and placid waters, the undulating landscape away behind Killiney Hill on one side of the Bay, faced by the abrupt and rugged promontory of Howth, the deep and spotless azure of the heavens, bordered
any morning in the month (say) of June, his verdict would assuredly have been considerably modified. As the vessel passes the islets of I.ambay and Ireland's Eye, away on the right lies a lung silver strand stretching back for miles till the gleaming sunrays become lost in the haze of the city. To the left is a li;;hlhouse, with a breakwater of considerable length behind and running right back to the capital. Between the strand and this lighthouse is the channel up which the steamers sail to their destination. The anchorage for the mail boats is not in the l.iffey, but a considerable distance away on the left, in the royal harbour of Kingstown, which previous to the visit of George IV. was called Dunleary. This harbour is 250 acres in extent, and protected by two piers. Creswick, the painter, averred that Dublin Bay during an autumn sunset presented tlic finest prospect of Nature he
TRINirV (.OLLEGE,
by the golden-capped emerald hills on the distant horizon, combine to form a picture, the sight and the remembrance of which will never be effaced from the memory or heart of any lover of Nature.
The artist's best efforts can at the utmost but dimly reflect the grandeur of a scene which, in the opinion of those capable of forming a correct opinion, is equalled in Europe only by the lovely Bay of Naples. " See Naples and die," was probably uttered for the first time by' an individual who had never entered Dublin by the Liffey, otherwise this admonitory assertion of the unrivalled and unsurpassable beauty of the Italian land and seascape might never have been put on record. Had that visitor to the sunny climes of the South ever crossed over from Holyhead to Dublin and entered the Bay just
As ihc (l.iyliglit splendid Come breaking o'er the seas.
ever saw. Denis Florence McCarthy called it that " matchless wonder of a bay," while Lady DufTerin's muse inspired her to say :
Oh, Bay of Dublin, my heart you're troublin', Your beauly haunts me like a fever dre.im ; Like frozen fountains that the sun sets bubblin', My heart's blood warms when I hear your name.
The Bay is certainly a magnificent patch of water, and its beauty and grandeur are famed in both song and story. It is dear to the hearts of all Irishmen, but, to the dwellers ia the Irish capital, scarcely more so than old
ANNA LIFFEV,
on whose banks they fight their daily battle of existence. This river has in certain respects an unenviable reputation : this refers to that part of its course which divides the city, where its waters are certainly not of the most pellucid kind. Elsewhere,
i8
DUBLIN.
however, from its source on the north side of the Wicklow Mountains, to the point where it enters the city, and from the first bridge between the capital and the Bay, the river itself and the scenery on its banks present some of the most picturesque scenes to be enjoyed anywhere in the country. It divides Dublin into two equal parts, and is spanned by many of the most beautiful and substantial pontine erections which con- nect the principal streets on the north and south sides. A sand- bank, a short time back, seriously impeded the navigation of the river, but this obstacle has been removed, the channel has been deepened, new wharves have been erected, and a splendid basin has been formed, the cost of which was close on ;^3oo,ooo. All these improvements have done much to add
street in Europe. It has sometimes been compared with the Broadway of New York, but there is much more airiness, and lightness, and grace about O'Connell Street than in the bustling, highly-coloured boulevard of America. And these effects are not produced by an absence of that animation which one expects to find in the centre of a capital, for there is abundance of it here, but the street is so expansive, like the great and busy Square at Alexandria more than anything else, and the houses and public buildings dwarf all street objects into such diminu- tiveness, that light Irish cars may be dashing past you, tramcars may be turning the corners of the streets on their way to the terminus at the base of Nelson's Pillar, and coal-drays in lines may be swiftly moving towards the ships moored to the quays.
THE CIIAI-EL ROYAL AND TOWER.
to the importance of the river as a shipjjing medium, and the natural and desired result — increased imports, exports, and internal trade— has been attained. I'rom the Liffey, at right angles, run some of the most important
STREETS
of the city — thoroughfares which for the beauty of their archi- tecture, the aggregate value of tiicir trading transactions, and general features of attractiveness, yield precedence to no others in the Empire. A striking exemplification of the truth of this is found in Westmoreland Street, Dame Street, Grafton Street, and
O'CONNELL STREET,
■which until recently was called Sackville Street. Than this there is, indeed, no wider, or, in point of vista, no more beautiful.
and yet neither all these, nor the hundreds of people on the broad pavements, convey to you ideas of crowding or of that overwhelming, ponderous business activity you get in either London or Liverpool. It is the grace of the place that is it& principal charm. In no other street in the world will you see so many young and beautiful women iiromunading up and down between the hours of ten in the morning and five in the afternoon viewing the beautiful shops ; and if these do not attract your gaze you have public buildings with Ionic columns to glance at, and hotels — quite mansions of hotels, and not those with flaming posters glaring forth from chimney-stacks and side walls ; and lastly, you have right in the centre of this street the O'Connell Monument, Sir John Gray's Statue, the Nelson Column, with the gallant admiral standing bareheaded at the top and leaning against a capstan, and not
DUBLIN.
»9
as on the London monument, against a tiny coil of rope — as if any one could gain support from that ! If you want to take in all the picturcsqueness at once you must stand on O'Conncll Bridge, and look down the roadway till your eye meets the Rotunda and the church spires that seem to pierce the sky above the houses at the Denmark Hill end of O'Connell Street. Vou will at once admit that it is no wonder this magnificent avenue is the favourite street of the citizens of Dublin, for you can see nothing before you but taste, and beauty, and prosperity.
BRIDGES.
The LifTey, in addition to possessing unrivalled quay and wharf accommodation, with absolutely safe and extensive anchorage for vessels of almost any tonnage, is said to be one of the " best bridged " rivers in the world. Within a mile and a half there are nine bridges connecting the north and south banks and the various leading thoroughfares in both divisions |
Westminster Bridge. There are a balustrade and cornice, and the length is 250 feet, while its width is 51 feet O'Connell Bridge, from which a fme view of O'Connell Street and the monument to the Liberator in.iy be obtained, is too well known to need description. Finally, Wellington Bridge con- sists of one arch 240 feet by 12 feet. The structure is of iron, and since it was opened, in 1S16, has stood well the ravages of time and daily wear and tear.
By sea and land internal and external intercourse with Dublin is wonderfully easy. In the city arc centred the termini of the principal Irish
RAILWAV.S, with which indispensable aids to commerce and fast loco- motion the capital is well supplied. Communication with the west and midlands is facilitated by the Midland Great Western Railway, whose terminus is one of the chief archi-
VIEW OF THE LIFFEV.
of the city. King's Bridge, one of the more important of these, was designed by Papworth, and erected in 1827 and 1828. It is so called owing to the visit of George IV. to Dublin, in 1821. It has a -span of 120 feet, with granite abutments, and is graceful in appearance. It cost ^£'13,000, and was erected by public subscription. Queen's Bridge is 140 feet in length by 40 in width, and is so named in honour of Queen Charlotte. It is of stone, and was opened in 1768. Barrack Bridge — sometimes called Bloody Bridge, from the fact that four men were killed on it during one of the appren- tice riots, which were of frequent occurrence at the period of its erection, in 1670 — was rebuilt in 1858. Then there is Richmond Bridge, which has been erected on the site of the old Ormond Bridge. The latter did duty from 1428 till 1802, when it was swept away by heavy floods. The new structure was erected in iS 13-16, at a cost of ^25,000, and is 220 feet long by 52 feet wide. Whitworth Bridge jiresents a fme ap- pearance, and from it a magnificent view of the city and the river may be enjoyed. One of the finest pontine structures in Dublin is Grattan Bridire, which is built on the model of
tectural attractions of its immediate vicinity. This line is noted for its regularity and for the minute attention it pays to everything that conduces to the comfort of travellers, and the prompt conveyance of goods, agricultural produce, and live stock. The Great Southern and Western Railway connects the capital with the South and southern part of the \\'est, while its Dublin terminus is one of great extent and presents a bright and attractive appearance. This is equally true of the Dublin and Drogheda terminus and the Dublin and Kingstown headijuarters. The Great Northern Railway and the London and North-Western station complete the network of connections between the metropolis and all parts of the country and England. Unfortunately, the traffic rates on the Irish railways are very heavy and unequal, and weigh somewhat unfairly on manufacturers and exporters, to the injury of trade generally. This is not altogether the fault of the directors, who must naturally endeavour to make some sort of return to their shareholders, even at the expense of those who are their chief supporters, and the only true jiromoters of the country's prosperity. Indeed, despite this, their dividends
DUBLIN.
are extremely low, and likely to remain so, till the invest- ment of capital in mining and manufacturing increases every branch of production, and thereby, in addition to augmenting railway dividends, enables the various governing bodies to lower their rates, and so assist in giving an impetus to the development of the natural resources, wealth, and trade of the nation.
Just as O'Connell Street is the grandest and richest thoroughfare in the city, so the old
HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT
Sir Arthur Chichester, Lord Deputy of Ireland, an ancestor of the Marquis of Donegal. From 1604 until early in the eighteenth centurj', "Chichester House" was used by the Parliament and the Council for their sittings : and it was within these walls that the plot of the Rebellion of 1641 was betrayed by a drunken servant of one of the Peers. A move was afterwards made by the Parliament to the Blue Coat Hospital ; and there it sat periodically while the present edifice was in course of erection. To more than one artistic mind has been attributed the design of this fabric, but inas- much as the name of Sir Edward Lovet Pearce is found on all
>r^v^]W«£^_^; tf J
bA'.KX II i.i
biKEET. (01 J Vint:)
are the most magnificent buildings, and, on account of their associations, the most cherished and dearest to the heart of every i)atriotic citizen in the Liffey capital. It was within these walls that rapt audiences of the peers, noble ladies, and intelligent citizens for more than half a century listened to the orations of Fitzgibbon, Hely-Hutchinson, drattan. Flood, F:gan, Malone, Curran, and many other most distinguished orators and lawyers. And it was here, in 1782, that the inde- pendence of the Irish nation was declared, amidst what has been described as the most thrilling scene in the country's annals. In former times the grounds upon which this Legis- lative Palace was raised had been occupied by a nunnery ; and when this was demolished a mansion was built on the site, for
of the original plans, it may be inferred the construction was chiefly due to lym. lie this as it may, there is ample testimony that the formation of the building was directed by the taste of the Irish members, and the cost (/; 100,000) met by their most liberal support. The form of the edifice is semicircular. It occupies nearly an acre and a half of ground. The chief entrance was beneath the grand portico in College C.rcen, and this, tlie principal front, consists of a lofty colonnade of the Ionic order, extending round three sides of a (juad- rangular recess. 'J'he Royal Arms are boldly cut in the tympanum above the entrances, and the apex surmounting this is embellished with the statues of " Hibernia," " Fidelity," , and " Commerce."
DUDLIN.
^t
On the side of the building facing College Street is another jiortico of great beauty, which gave a separate entrance to the House of Lords. The architecture here is of ([uite another character, and becomes Corinthian ; this variety of style is said to be in accordance with the wish of the Peers, who considered that the mixture of the two styles, Ionic and Corinthian, would produce a richer and altogether more exquisite effect. This frontage is composed of six magnificent Corinthian columns, the apex on which is also adorned with statues. These represent "Forti- tude," " J ustice," and ^ " Liberty." A hand- some circular wall, with various alcoves inserted in it. con- nects the two Corin- thian and Ionic por- ticos. This, which, like the rest of the building, is of Port- land stone, was added when the building became the property of the Bank of Ire- land. The chamber used by the Peers is little altered since the Parliament sat, and is now the board-iooni of the Bank. It is a majestic though not by any means a capa- cious apartment ; and the recess, which was occupied by a cano])y of crimson velvet, where the Lord Lieutenant used to sit, surrounded with more splendour than His Majesty on the throne of England, is now filled with a full-length statue of George III., the monarch who granted independence to Irish legislation. On the mahogany walls
are hung two famous pieces of tapestry, the work of Thomas Baillie, of Dublin, depicting the Defence of Derry and the Battle of the 15oyne. Various articles of furniture from both of the Legislative Chambers have been distributed away from the places they once adorned. The chair of the Speaker of the House of Lords is now an ornament in the Royal Irish Academy, Dawson Street : and that of the House of Commons is possessed by the Royal Dublin Society, in Kildare Street. The magnificent chandelier of the House of Commons now hangs from the ceiling of the
Examination Hall in Trinity College ; and the mace used in the Commons has been left as an heirloom by John Foster, the last Speaker of that House, to Lord Massareene, his grandson.
The House of Commons, originally circular in form, had to be, despite its great beauty of design, rebuilt, to meet the exigencies of the Bank, and the present cash office, though a noble hall, bears no resemblance to the magnificent Rotundi of the legislating days. In the year 1802-3, 'he old House of
_ Commons was used as the principal .\rt Callery of Dublin; and among other artists exhibiting here was John Comerford, the eminent minia- ture painter. It was in 1804 that the Bank of Ireland, then itself an institution of twenty year^' stand- ing, became the pur- chasers of the Par- liament House for the sum of ^40,000, and the payment of an annual rent of ^240. A wit of the day, hearing of the transformation that was about to take place, gave vent, in the following squib, to his opinion on the subject :
If, as it is \>y some as-
serced. This house 1)L- to a bank
converted. What most we want wil
then l>e there, Insleal'of what we l>est
can sjiare.
Few Irishmen of the present day will re- echo the sentiment contained in the last sentence of this poetic quatrain. The great majority are, very properly and justly, of opinion that were our old Parliament Houses devoted to their natural and primitive use we would, along with self government, and as a consequence of it, possess what, in the words of the wit, " we most want."
There is no building in the midst of any community on which the eyes of all who take an interest in public affairs are more intently bent, than on that in which important questions and general business intim.itely affecting the local body politic are discussed and transact .'d.
THE CHAIEI. ROYAL.
22
DUBLIN.
For this reason,
THE CTTV HALL,
which was erected in i 769, is an object of much anxious interest on the part of all dwellers by the Liffey. Here the City Fathers meet, and deliberate and decide on matters of public importance and well-being. It is located in close contiguity to the Castle, and of late years there has been little harmony between the occupants of these two most important (in an administrative sense) buildings in Dublin. The City Hall was formerly the Royal Exchange. It is now made use of by the Dublin Corporation, who have transacted their civic business within its walls since 1S52. The form of this edifice is nearly a square
high, perforated by twelve circular windows, ornamented with festoons of laurel-leaves, the whole crowned with a handsome spherical dome, divided into hexagonal compartments, enriched and well proportioned, and lighted from the centre by a large circular skylight. On each side of the twelve columns which support the dome are impost pilasters, of the Ionic order, rising to upwards of half the height of the column, the same as those which appear on the outside of tlie building, and covered with a fluted frieze and enriched cornice. The side- walks of the square are covered with a flat ceiling, the height of the impost pilasters, with enriched sofl'ets from the pilasters in the centre to others opposite them against the wall. Behind four of the columns, answering to the angles of the building,
COURTYARD OK THE CASTl.E.
of 100 feet ; there are three fronts, in the Corinthian order, crowned by a dome, which, rising from the centre of a range of six columns, with their corresponding pilasters and entab- lature, sustains a noble [jediment ; in this front a new entrance of Portland stone has been erected, which contrasts very favourably with the old entrance, which was crowned with unsightly railings. Excepting in the want of a pediment, there is little difference between tlie northern and western fronts. An elegant balustrade, interrupted only by the pediment of the northern front, and resting ujion a very elaborate cornice, runs round the summit. On entering this edifice, the attention is immediately called to many conspicuous beauties, but, above all, to the general form. Twelve fluted ])illars, of the Comi)osite order, thirty-two feet high, are circularly disposed in the centre of a square area, covered by a highly enriched entablature, above which is a beautiful cylindrical lantern, about ten feet
are recesses with desks and other accommodation for writing, which are not only very convenient, but serve to square the side-walks in the blank arcades. There are in the hall really perfect statues of O'Connell, of Thomas Drummond (once Under-Secretary for Ireland), and of Grattan, on the last ot which is the appropriate inscription :
Filio
Optimo Carissimo
Henrico Cirattaii
Patria
Non ingrata
1S29
Dublin is not behind any capital in Europe as far as is in question the splendour of the buildings in which justice is dispensed within her boundaries. The fame of that historic pile known as
DUBLIN.
«3
THE FOUR COURTS
has become world-wide. This noble structure is, like the Custom House, situated on the (|uays. Like the Custom House, too, there is over the building an immense dome, light green in colour, which reminds one of an Eastern mosque. Hcneath this dome is a spacious hall, whence doors lead into different courts, and which is a scene of the greatest •excitement during term time — barristers, solicitors, and clients all c.arr)-ing on their conferences while standing on the marble floor. The frontage of the Courts towards the river is ex- ceedingly imposing. Solemn gateways, surmounted with the emblems of the law, balustrades of stone running along the top of the walls, and Corinthian columns supporting the dome, all enhance the stately character of the architecture of this temple of Irish justice. The Four Courts were completed in the year of the L^nion, and cost ;^2oo,ooo. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth the Law Courts were removed from Dublin Castle, and there are records proving that at this time the Irish liar, owing to the abolition of the Brehon Laws and
though commenced in 1 205, was not completed until fifteen years afterwards, when the royal founder had been dead four years. The fortress had its dungeons, drawbridge, prison, treasury, and a mill for the convenience of the garrison. State records tell us that a judicial combat by the sword has been fought within the walls of the Castle, and in presence of the Archbishop and Justices. This incident occurred in 1583, and an historian of the period thus refers to it :
" Connor Mac Cormac O'Connor appealed Teigh M.ac Gilpatrick O'Connor before the Lords Justices, .\dam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, and Sir Henry Wallop, and the Council, for killing his men under protection. Teigh, the defendant, pleaded that the appellant's men had, since they had taken protection, confederated with the rebel Cahir O'Connor, and therefore were also rebels, and that he was ready to maintain his plea by combat. The challenge being accepted by the appellant, all things were prepared to try the issue, and time and place appointed. .Vccording to prece- dents drawn from the law of England in such cases, the weapons, being sword and target, were chosen by the defendant, and the
TIIF. VICKKEGAI. LODGE.
the general insecurity of titles, had risen to great importance. From the Law Reports that survive it would appear that the business of the Bar was well done. The age of Irish eloquence, the result of a sterner time, had not arrived ; but something of the purity and grace of style conspicuous in the works of Burke and Goldsmith had found its way into the Irish forum. In Henrietta Street, not a stone's throw from the Four Courts, is situated the Irish School of Law, corresponding with the Temple in London, and known as the King's Inns. Another famous temple of Themis is the Green Street Court House, which during latter years has become notorious owing to its connection with the State trials of the national leaders and of other political offenders.
The chief centre and head-quarters of the Imperial ad- ministrative and executive Government in Ireland is
DUBLIN C.\STLE,
which is located in a central and prominent position on Cork Hill. It was John, son of Henry II., who first conceived the need of a castle for the city of Dublin. To use his own words : " It was to be raised in a competent place, as well to curb the city as to defend it." The fastness, for such it then was,
next day appointed for the combat. The Lords Justices, the fudges, and Councillors attended in places set apart for them, every man according to his rank, and most of the military officers, for the greater solemnity of the trial, were present ; the combatants were seated on two stools, one at each end of the inner court of the castle. The court being called, the appellant was led forward from his stool within the lists, stripped to his shirt, and searched by the secretary of state,- having no arms but his sword and target : and, taking a corporal oath that his quarrel was just, he made his reverence to the Lords Justices and the court, and then was conducted back to his stool. The same ceremony was observed as to the defendant. Then the pleadings were openly read, and the appellant was demanded, whether he would aver his appeal, which he answered in the affirmative : the defendant was also asked whether he would confess the action, or abide the trial of the same. He also answered that he would aver his plea by the sword. The signal being given by the sound of trumpet, they began the combat with great resolution. The appellant received two wounds in his leg, and one in his eye, and thereupon attempted to close the defendant, who, being too strong for hira, he pommelled him till he loosened his
24
DUBLIN.
morign, and then with his own sword cut off his head, and on the point thereof presented it to the Lords Justices, and so his acquittal was recorded." Hooker gives the victory to the appellant, and yet acquits the defendant, which is a contradic- tion occasioned by his not attending to the legal terms ; and he concluded with an ill-natured remark, " that the combat ■was managed with such valour and resolution on both sides that the spectators wished that it had rather fallen on the whole sept of the O'Connors than on those two gentlemen."
From time to time Parliaments and Courts of Law were held, and more or less the Castle has always been the deposi- tory of archives of the city. It was not until Queen Elizabeth's reign that it became a viceregal residence. " The
chambers of the interior are a council hall, hung round with portraits of all the Lord Lieutenants since 1798; and St. Patrick's Hall, built by Lord Chesterfield— that Lord Lieutenant whose creed, in the pleasant but wrong old times, was that there was no sin except " a breach of good manners." It is in this gorgeous apartment that the levees and drawing- rooms and balls are held, including that last fete of the Dublin season, St. Patrick's Ball, at which the ladies are bound by viceregal law to attire themselves in costumes of Irish manufacture.
It would be almost impossible to say to how many uses parts of the Castle lend themselves in the present day. In one of the halls the degrees of the Queen's University are
ST. r.\TRICK S CATUKDKAL.
competent place '" selected by King John's deputy, Mcylcr Htz- Henry, for the site of the fortress was on the brow of a liill, at the south side of the river, and in the centre of the diminutive cajjital of those days. The Castle as it now stands no doubt retains much of the form of King John's design ; Ijut the greater portion of the edifice has been renewed and enlarged, the latest addition being the Chapel Royal, an exceedingly tasteful (lothic building, completed in 1814. Partaking as they do of the character of a citadel, various portions of which have been added at different epochs, the Castle buildings present an unsymmetrical and gloomy aspect. Once within the splendid marble vestibule, or the 1 ainted and gilded portions of the Castle, however, the mind is no longer weighted witli the ^.olemn memories suggested by ll.e towers and bastions without. The more magnificent
annually conferred. In olhcr sections all the principal Government departments are located. So mi.\ed of the serious and the gay is everything in Ireland, that outside of these official quarters a motley group of careless lads and lasses, inspired by the cheerful music of the military bands, collect each morning and witness the ceremony of the trooi)S relieving guard. In the Upper Castle Yard is situated the famous Birmingham Tower, formerly used as a prison for State criminals, and from whence many a poor sinner has been led to execution. The most noted structures in the Lower Castle V'ard are the Chapel, the Bedford Tower, which is the official residence of the Dean, and the Record Tower, in which are deposited the archives of Ireland. Ulster King-of- Arms, Sir Bernard liiirke, C.B. — whose splendid literary achievements in developing the heraldry cf Ireland have won
DUBLIN.
25
for him a patriot's fame and a European reputation — resides here, and is the lumoured guardian of these genealogical treasures.
The educational wants of Dublin are fully supplied for the youth of both sexes, and of every class, by the National Schools under the Board, the great number of middle-class boarding establishments, the colleges belonging to the various denominations, the Royal University, and that most ancient and renowned of all Kblana's centres of culture, science, and learning —
OLD TRLMTY.
In the days of Elizabeth the broad distinctions between the Church and the Law now recognised had no existence.
lost no time in making the desire of the people known to the Sovereign, and in 1591, eiglit years after the foundation of ICdinburgh University, the charter was issued for the erection of
L'niim Collc'giuni — M.iUr L'niversitalis,
words which imply that other colleges were intended in time to be added to " Trinity."
The College began its existence unostentatiously, with Adam Loftus as Provost and three Fellows, James Eullerton, James Hamilton, and James Ussher, afterwards one of the greatest ornaments of the Church in Ireland. In some years which followed it was so poor that examinations for scholar- ships could not be held ; at other times all educational work had to be suspended on account of the tide of war flowing
VIEW IN niil'.NMX PARK,
Archbishop Ad.im Loftus, to whom the University of Dublin is said to owe its origin, filled at different times the offices of Archbishop of Dublin and Lord Chancellor. This remark- able man, ancestor of the Marquises of Ely, came from England as private chaplain to Thomas, Earl of Sussex, Lord Dei)uty of Ireland in the early years of Elizabeth's reign. In the course of his long public career it was observed that he took a warm interest in a college which was at that time attached to St. P.itrick's Cathedral, and to which scholars from many parts of Ireland came for their education. As the citizens had possession of the lands of the obsolete Priory of All Hallows, under grant of Henry VIII. , the idea at length seized them that these lands could be applied to no better- purpose than the establishment of a University ; and ■with this object they offered tl;em to Loftus. His lordship
through the city. When James II. was assembling his forces in Dublin for his unfortunate campaign in the North, Trinity College became his arsenal, and was placed in a condition of defence. The chapel of that period became a magazine, and the library and ch.imbers of the students were broken up and used as lodgings for the troops or as celis lor His Majestj's prisoners. Again, when the insurrections of 179S and 1S03 broke out, the entrances to the University bristled with the muzzles of cannon. Even as late as the time of the Fenian disturbances, the plan of utilising the College as a fort or barrack engaged the thoughts of the chiefs of the garrison, and on one particular evening in 1S67, it will be remem- bered, a troop of Hussars was brought within the College precincts, and the bright uniforms of several officer guests were conspicuous that evening at the College ordinary amidst the
26
DUBLIN.
sombre gowns of Fellows and Pensioners. It is, indeed, the eventful character of her history, as well as the brilliant lustre her more distinguished scholars have shed upon the place of their education, which have made " Old Trinity " a title to be mentioned only with pride and affection by Irishmen in what- ever quarter of the globe they may be sojourners. That the scholars of Trinity whose fame has become European are not few in number, is manifest when to the memory at once occur such names as Ussher. Berkeley (to whom Pope attributed every virtue under heaven), Leland, the Magees, Swift, Butler, Goldsmith, Burke, Plunket, Curran, Moore, Malone (editor of '-Shakespeare"), Barry, Yelverton, Lord O'Hagan. Todd, Lord Cairns, Dr. Ball, late Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and Lecky. The adversity which visited the University in her early days strengthened her, and, once her reputation became precious to the nation, benefactions flowed in from every quarter. Over and over again the English and Irish Parliaments have voted her magnificent grants in estates and money. King Charles, on his restoration, gave her all the lands in the southern counties forfeited by disloyal tenants. King William, in commemoration of the battle of the Boyne, endowed her library: Queen Anne gave ;^5,ooo to build a new one, and one of the Provosts, Dr. Baldwin, dying at the ripe age of ninety-two, bequeathed to the College the whole of his fortune of ;^8o,ooo. With these and a thousand other gifts, public and private, the University has increased century by century in wealth as well as usefulness. But with all her present weahh she is one of the most frugal of Colleges. This is shown in a remarkable way by recent statistics, which place it beyond doubt that Trinity College is maintained, and accomplishes her v.'ork with eminently satistactory results, with an income of little over ^60,000 a year, or one-tenth that of O.xford. The three Fellows who sat round the old Provost to advise him in the Elizabethan days, have since developed into a Senate, which comprises seven Senior and twenty-six Junior Fellows, all of whom, unlike their colleagues at O.xford and Cambridge, are allowed to take unto themselves wives, and, in order that they may support their wives in com- fort and dignity, are permitted to hold their Fellowship till they die. There are thirty-one Professorships, including chairs for Oratory, Music, and the development of the Irisli language, and all, save those for fJivinity, are now open to candidates of every religious denomination.
Outside of the main buildings, in a private garden to the right, is a substantial, classical-looking mansion, used since the days of Hely-Hutchinson (the only lay Provost of the College) as the residence of the Provosts. The collection of paintings which are hung round the reception rooms here, includes works by Gainsborough, Guido, and Sir Thomas Lawrence, There are several museums within the College jirecincts, and also a gymnasium, a school of medicine, and a racc|uet-court. The Medical School of Trinity College is the only one in the kingdom which enforces the taking out of a degree in Atts as well as in .Medicine, before the pupil can obtain his diploma.
The iJining Hall, the Examination Hall, and the Cha])el, occupy positions in the Campanile .Square, and here also is the Library, supported by a long Italian pia/za. The work of stocking this institution with books was undertaken at tiie time when the Bodlc'an was being furnished, and as it is one
of the libraries to which a copy of every volume published in the United Kingdom is sent, the collection is of the highest value. Probably the rarest curiosities are a gigantic map of Ireland, containing 1,500 sheets, and which is admitted to be one of the greatest geographical achievements in the world r. the Book of Kells, beautifully illuminated by Irish monks of the earliest times ; the Book of Armagh ; the complete library of Baron Fagel, which was purchased by the University for jf 8,000 ; Dugdale's " History of the Churches and .A.bbeys of England " (an entire volume in this series is devoted to St. Paul's Cathedral) ; and the '' Antiquities of Mexico," a work which cost the editor. Lord Kingsborough, ;^30,ooo to pre- pare. The galleries of the Library are adorned with busts of the celebrities of the College. The Chapel and the Examina- tion Hall contain portraits by old and modern masters of the same worthies, as well as of the illustrious foundress, and several of the Chancellors. The principal front of the Uni- versity buildings is in College Green, and this, with the oldl Senate House, which is at right angles to it, gives to this, open space a majestic appearance not to be rivalled b)- any other of the beautiful views in Dublin. Within the College boundaries are four quadrangles which extend back- wards for more than a quarter of a mile. All of these contain lofty stone residences. Behind these, again, ex- tending another quarter of a mile, is the College Park., wherein is held the famous Annual Athletic Meeting., always graced by the presence of the Lord Lieutenant and the fashionable world of Dublin. In the centre of the two- front quadrangles is a beautiful campanile, raised through the munificence of Primate Heresford. The bells of this structure correspond in their tone with those of St. Paul's, London. When the excavations were being made for the erection of this, campanile, some stone coffins and part of the old Priory were- discovered. The human remains were reinterred beneath, the cloisters in the [jresent Chapel, where also may be seen the- coffins of nearly all the Provosts.
The Catholic schools and colleges are specially worthy of commendation. Their architectural features, admirable system, of education, the wide range of subjects taught, and the- advanced course through which students in the more impor^- tant colleges pass, combined, render their curriculum in most respects equal to that of any University. In this connection, the Jesuits, Christian Brothers, and the other male and female religious orders do most important work, and fulfil their noble- mission in a manner worthy of their high vocation. The other ■ religious denominations, such as the Presbyterians, Wesleyans, . and Society of Friends, in like manner adequately provide for the intellectual development of their rising generation, and possess many handsome and thoroughly efficient educational, establishments.
Then there is that vigilant public body,
TIIF. X.\TIONAL DEPARTMENT OF IRISH EDUCATION, whose chief object is to maintain schools in every part of Ireland, and whose head-(|uarters are located in Marlborough Street, a thoroughfare parallel to O'Connell Street, on the north side of the Liffey. The land on which the buildings, are raised originally formed the gardens of " Tyrone House,"*
DUBLIN.
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the town residence of a former Marquis of Waterford. The buildings, though unpretenlidus, arc substantial, and sugtjcstive by their number and si/c of the imjiorlant work transacted wiiliin their walls. Old Tyrone House is chiefly used for the ofiices of the Executive Commissioners. A building to its right is the Training Establishment, in which upwards of one hundred and eighty teachers are trained annually for the work of conducting model schools. In the background are three juvenile schools, that in the centre, surmounted by a turret and clock tower, being for infants, while those which lie north and south of it, are the boys' and girls' schools respectively. More than three thousand pupils of all denominations were entered on the rolls of these seminaries some years ago. Primarily intended for the poor, these schools have, from the general superiority of the education given in them, attracted large numbers of
under the control of the Commissioners of National Educa- tion. A large number of young men are being trained here, on a farm of one hundred and eighty acres, in the science and practice of agriculture, a pursuit which is of the highest importance where the cultivation of the soil, as it is in Ireland, is the occupation of the great majority of the inhabitants of the country.
At the junction of St. Stephen's Creen with York Street, stands
THE ROVAE COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, a fine building of mountain granite, two storeys in height, and presenting a farade, the pediment of which is decorated with colossal statues, representing Minerva supporting .•Escula])ius and Hygeia. The cost of the building, which was commenced in 1865, exceeded ^35,000. Besides the Board
VIKW AT KI.NGSTOWN.
children from the middle classes. For these a higher scale of fees has been devised. Not merely are drawing, singing, and the use of the sewing-machine here taught, but those who can afford to pay reasonably can learn the harmonium, the piano, and even modern languages, from competent teachers. In another building are the " Practising Schools,' commanding an attendance of from sixty to a hundred pupils, and presided over by one teacher and an assistant. These are designed to exhibit what an ordinary rural national school, managed by local parties, should be in its arrangements and discipline. In the garden in front of the schools, and facing the Catholic Pro-Cathedral on the other side of the street, there is a statue, by the Irish sculptor Farrell, of the late Right Hon. Sir Alexander Macdonnell, Bart., who, as Resident Commissioner, guided the administration for more than thirty years.
About three miles from Dublin is the Model Farm called after the Prince Consort, and which is another institution
Room, the Examination Hall, and the Library, the building contains three museums which are open to the public. Amongst the objects of interest to be seen here, is an ex- ceedingly well-preserved Peruvian mummy, the first, it is said, ever brought to this country ; and a collection of fine pre- parations in wax, representing the human body, the gift of the Duke of Northumberland.
Somewhat allied in methods and aims with the foregoing is
THE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE.
This institution, which is situated on the east side of St. Stephen's Green, is a continuation of what was once the " Museum of Irish Industry and School of Science." When first founded, the museum was simply exhibitional, and was formed on the model of the London School of Mines, then in Craig's Court, but now in Jermyn Street. Subsequently, when Dr. Lyon Playfair was one of the Secretaries in the English
C 2
28
DUBLIN.
Department of Science and Ait, the courses of lectures which used to be delivered in the Royal Dublin Society House were transferred here. A particular branch of the present course of studies is chemistry. To aid the development of this study a laboratory has been added, and under the present Professor of this science, the College has made much advancement, several of the pupils having gone from it to Engl.ind, and there gained the highest chemical honours the London University can bestow. In 1S64, a select committee advised that the ex- hibitional functions of the institution should be handed over to the Royal Dublin Society, in whose buildings a National Museum on the plan of South Kensington has been inaugurated. The title of the St. Stephen's Green estab- lishment afterwards became '"The Col- lege of Science," and the whole of its duty is now instructional. The College costs the country ^^7,000 a year.
Another noted and eminently useful educational centre is
THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. In the year 1731, two gentlemen named Madden and Prior started a society for the advancement of " Hus- bandry and other useful Arts. ' ^Vith their own capital the institution was inaugurated ; but as prizes were offered for progress in the linen manufacture, and industrial and agricultural exhibi- tions were promoted by the society, its usefulness became most manifest. The first cattle show which ever took j)lace in Dublin was held on the ground where now stands the Theatre Royal, jian of which, that in Hawkins Street, was built by the Madden and Prior Society. For this building, as well as for other philanthropic efforts of the society, the Irish Parliament voted a handsome annual grant. \\'l)en (icorge II. was on the throne the society became a chartered institu- tion, and assumed its present title. Its duties have also been enlarged, and it now not only fosters husbandry and literature, but science of all kinds and all the useful arts. The present build- ing in Kildare Street is historically famous, having been for a long period the town residence of the Dukes of Leinster, and was celebrated for the fesnMties carried on there, as well as for the notable escape of Lord Edward I'iizgerald from the town major and his officers by means of a spiral staircase. In 1815 the Royal Dublin Society bought this Hou.se for j^20,ooo ; It had cost ^80,000, but the then Duke of LcinsleF sold it at a sacrifice, seeing it was to be used for such benevolent pur- ])oses. Till recently you were reminded of this great family on entering the grounds, by seeing a venerable old man, Mr. BoshaU,
OCON.NELLS GRAVE, GLASNICVIN.
the head gardener, whose father, grand and great-grandfather had each acted in the same capacity to Ireland's premier Duke. The gardens, called the Leinster Lawn, of which he had charge, are small, but very ornamental. In the centre of the green slopes rises an equestrian statue of the Prince Consort. There is also here a stauie of the " Irish Railway King," J)argan, and a bust by Farrell of the greatest of modern Irish composers, lialfe. Irishmen, and the citizens of Dublin in particular, have always held a front rank position in the domain of An. Their most famous productions in painting and sculpture may be .seen in
THE ROYAL HIBERNL\N ACADEMY.
This building was erected in 1S23, when also the society was incorjiorated by the munificence of Mr. Francis Jolmston, its first president. He has been succeeded in the presidential chair from time to lime by Martin Cregan, George Petrie, Catterson Smith, and Sir Thomas Deane. In 1S29, the Royal Hibernian Academy opened their first Exhibition, to which George Petrie contributed "Ardfmnan Castle," one of his largest and finest works. Amongst the more famous con- tributors from time to time have been Sir Martin A. Shee, Maclise, Turner, and Stanfield. Sculpture and sculp- tors are adinirably represented in the works and person of Mr.Thomas Farrell, of Mounljoy Square, who is a most distinguished member of the Academy. Tiiis artist is a genius of the first order, ar.d possesses the unitiue distinction of having embellished his native city with the works of his skilful hand and fertile brain. \\'ith the exception of a tew by Hogan and Foley, most of the statues and monuments which ornament the public ])laces, churches, and buildings in Dublin, have come from the studio of Mr. Farrell and his father, who, like his son, was an eminent and widely patronised sculptor.
In close connection with the .Vca- demy is
THE NATIONAL GALLERY. .■\t the close of the Exhibition of 1R53, which was held upon the Leinster Lawn, Merrion Stpiare, a number of in- fluential citizens, admirers of Mr. ^\'illiam Dargan, assembled together with the object of establishing a memorial of this gentleman, whose enterprise and patriotism were shown not only with respect to the Exhibition, but also in originating and developing all the great railways in Ireland. A sum of ^{^6,000 was collected, and with this a colossal Art Gallery was erected at the northern end of the Lawn, and a statue of .Mr. D.r^an,
JJUIIJ-IN.
29
the work of Mr. Thomas Parrell, was placed in front of the structure. No sooner was the building of the Gallery, which was intended to be called the Industrial Institution, begun, than the (lovernment handsomely came forward with a large annual grant. The building when completed, in January, 1864, was opened as the National Ciallery of Ireland. It assumed the character of a .'!ei)aralc Government department
i;-v^^>*3S^sa» ?i4A^-t^^^^i:>:j^::£^
''C^''"r^ '^*
NtW TC.NNEl. LMilk PHCEMX PARK.
directly under the Treasury, like tl)e London Gallery. It differs, however, from the latter in that its governing body is larger, and partly of a representative character. The chief executive officer is the director, the present occupant having held the office for several years, and directed the institution with the tact and ability so characteristic of his immediate pre- decessors. The collection is remarkable for its comprehensive- ness, comprising, in addition to a singularly fine collection of casts from the antique in its sculpture hall, one large gallery of original paintings by the Old Masters of various schools, and five smaller ones, divided as follows : I, Modern Pictures : 2, Water Colours ; 3, National Portrait Gallery ; 4, A Loan Collection of Pictures ; 5, Original Drawings by the Old Masters, Engrav- ings, Autotypes, etc. The collection, as a whole, may fairly claim a place amongst European galleries of the second rank, and it contains at least a few- pictures of the chief schools which might not un- worthily find a place in those of the first. In the Italian schools may be mentioned the double por- trait by S. Bellini and Giorgione, the Holy Family by Ghirlandajo, the Perdella by A. del Sarto, the St. Sebastian by Caravaggio, the portraits by Moroni and 'Mntorct, and the unique I'ete at Rome by Panini. In the Dutch and Flemish, the choice examples of Cuyp, Van der Velde, Teniers, Ruys- dael, P. Potter, and Bega ; and in the -Spanish, the Infant St. John, and the portrait by Murillo, the singular St. Jerome by Morales, and a good Ribera. In the Modern Room, though a certain prominence is given to native artists, such as Maclise, Danby, O'Connor, Shee, there are several fine pic- tures by Wilkie, Roberts, and Leslie, etc., and a few by foreign painters. In the Water Colour Room will be found represented all the great masters of the branch ; the fifty-two sketches by Turner being a loan from the Trustees of the
Turner Bequest. The National Portrait Gallery is fortunate
in the high standard of merit that has been preserved in the
pictures, indejjendent of the interest of their subjects. One of
the most delicately finished works is a portrait of Lady
Morgan, "The Wild Irish Girl." Reynolds, Gainsborough,
Hogarth, Lawrence, are all rejtresented worthily. This will
suffice to indicate the general character of this interesting
collection. I will only add that the gallery has developed
rapidly, though gradually, into its present position, and that
it is not nearly so well known as it deserves to be. It
would well repay a visit to Dublin, although t'.ie city
possessed no other attraction.
The Fourth Estate is a powerful factor in the educa- tional economy of every civilised people. In few countries in the world does the newspajier exercise such potent influence as in Ireland, whose capital has its interests and inhabitants guarded and enlightened by a section of
THE PRESS,
which is at once ably and independently conducted and
entirely devoted to the public good. In Dublin, as elsewhere,
the various organs of public opinion are politically divided,
but this fact is never allowed to interfere with their highest
duly — the promotion of every movement and object tending to
the mental and material advancement of their readers and the
city. Even in political matters, in which their divergence of
views is greatest, except on very rare occasions, questions are
discussed in a moderate, reasonable, and open spirit. The
Freetiiait's Journal is the oldest and most influential of the
dailies published in the city or anywhere else throughout the
country. It is the leading organ of the Nationalist party,
whose policy it supports and urges with the most conspicuous
Nt.u KAU.w.W MAiKi.N AT N0R1 H WALL.
vigour, ability, and consistency. This journal was founded early in the last century, and during the greater part of its existence has been owned and directed by the Gray family, whose sympathies have ever been identified with those of the great body of their countrymen. Sir John Gray and the late Edmund Dwyer Gray, under whose control the paper acquired its greatest prestige and influence, have both made their mark in Irish history, owing to the |)rominent part they played in the political struggles of their time and their ardent advocacy
3°
DUBLIN.
of popular demands. It is but a short time since Mr. E. D. Gray's decease, and that sad event was and is justly regarded as nothing short of a national calamity. It is no exaggeration to say that he was one of Dublin's most respected citizens : his moderation, his patriotism, his charit)^ and his unfaltering devotion to what he considered just and worthy of support, won for him the esteem of every class and creed, and will no doubt cause future generations of citizens to hold in reverence the name and brilliant and honourable career of the worthy son of an illustrious father. Some time prior to I^Ir. Gray's demise, the proprietorship of The Freeman s Joui-iial \\2a taken over by a limited liability company. Its policy under its new proprietors has undergone no change, nor has its success suffered any diminution. The Irish Times is the e.xponent and representative of the Liberal Unionist doctrine, and is run with considerable skill. Its articles are smartly, and from its standpoint impartially, written. Its news is always "up to date," and there is a freshness and crispness in its style of presenting current items which have secured it an influential following. The Express is the Conservative organ, and upholds constitutional principles without mincing phrases. Its literary contents are quite on a par with its more powerful competitors, while its leaders and leaderettes are written with considerable power, vivacity, and undeviating adherence to the interests of the party it represents. The Mail may be regarded as the even- ing counterpart of Tlie Express, and The Evening Telegraph (the best and most ably conducted evening paper in Ireland) as the duplicate of The Freeman, their politics and principles being in all respects similar to those of their morning prototypes.
The Amotion is the oldest and most select of the weeklies, just as The Irish Catholic is the newest and one of the most useful. Both issue from the same office, and are the property of the late Lord Mayor, Mr. T. D. Sullivan, and have very extensive circulations. The Nation is a paper eminently worthy of the support of every man of culture or patriotism. Its articles are singularly logical and powerful, and written in a clear and dispassionate style calculated to bring conviction to the mind of any man of a frank disposition, or not absolutely possessed by ignorance and prejudice. Then there is United Ireland, the most widely read weekly newspaper in all Ireland — if not in the British Isles. The history of this journal would be a synopsis of the National movement during the past decade, and the exigencies of space forbid the introduction of this subject. United Ireland is a political force of the first magni- tude, and the results of its teaching and victorious struggles are evident to-day throughout the land in a manner that renders com- ment here quite unnecessary. Its editor, Mr. AViiliam O'Brien, is known and revered — and, it may be added, hated — wherever the English tongue is spoken. Mr. O'Brien is also president of that useful body, the .Association of Irish Journalists. In addition to these, tlicre is Sport, vigorously conducted by Mr. Gallagher, and a large number of religious, class, and trade papers and magazines, foremost among which rank The Weekly Freeman, The Irish Afanii/aetiirer:' Journal, Irish Society, The University Magazine, The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, and The Dublin Ret'icici, whose pages are literally storehouses of trade news, and classical, historical, and scientific research and learning.
I'rom the very dawn of civilisation Art and Religion have been inseparable handmaids ; and in no city in the world is
this fact more amply demonstrated than in the Irish metropolis, whose splendid churches may be justly ranked among the architectural gems of the age. Among the numerous classic and imposing places of worship with which Dublin is studded, the premier position, both in regard to historic interest and beauty of architecture, fs by common consent accorded to
CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL.
This magnificent pile is regarded with reverence by every citizen of the Irish capital, whatever his religious belief. Sitric, the founder of the Cathedral, was a Dane, but inasmuch as Ireland became the country of his adoption, as he reigned over Dublin for many years, and for all we know died in it, he may be considered a Dane by birth only. The structures, and they are many, said to be designed by so-called Danes, may all be held to be the work of " settlers," and not of the Ostmen proper, who too frequently came and went as robbers, and pillaged and destroyed churches and palaces, and whole districts, whenever they were permitted to make an entrance into them. The Danes of Dublin were, however, a settled colony, who relinquished the life of Vikings, made a city, erected fortifications, and fought in many a bloody war for its protection. It was in 103S that Sitric, with the aid of Donat, Bishop of Dublin, ordered the erection of the Cathedral. The church was over and over again enlarged by the addition of smaller chapels, but in 1 120, in the same year that St. Patrick's Cathedral was built by Comyn, Archbishop of Dublin, that prelate so altered and renovated Christ Church that it became in almost every detail a new erection. Early in the present century it was described as a " lumpish cruciform pile, with a wide tower rising a little more than high enough over the inter- section of the nave and the transept to make the whole mass seem hunchbacked." It will be in the recollection of many that Mr. Henry Roe, the well-known Irish distiller, restored this splendid ecclesiastical building at a cost of more than ^200,000. He entrusted the work to Mr. G. E. Street, and that architect made the Cathedral one of the most perfect specimens of early English architecture in the kingdom. As far as possible he adhered to the designs of its founder, and added a new Synod House for the use of the Synod and the united dioceses of Dublin, Glendalough, and Kildare. A further sum of ^^20,000 for the sustentation of the clergy and the choir was given by Mr. Roe, whose sad i-everse of fortune some years ago evoked deep sympathy among all classes. The traditions of the fabric are full of interest. A Parliament was held within the walls by Henry VL in 1450, and it was here that the inq)ostor Laniljert Simnel was crowned as king in 1487, the crown used on this occasion having been borrowed from a slatue of the N'irgin in the neighbouring church on Cork Hill. It has for generations been believed that the bodies of Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, and his wife Eva, daughter of Dermot, King of Leinster, were interred here. Doubt, however, has recently become somewhat pronounced on this point, and Canon Finlayson quotes heraldic authorities in support of his idea that the arms on the tomb are not those of Strongbow, but of one of his followers, I'itz-Osbert. The Canon also agrees with the view that the mutilated stone supposed to have represented l^va is in reality Strongbow's
DUBLIN.
3'
son, who was cut in two by his father as a punishment for his cowardice. I.eland, in his history of Ireland, remarks that there is an inscription in Ciioucester Cathedral intimating that the body of the Earl of Pembroke was interred in the cloisters there. It is only fair to Canon Finlayson to add that in his book he i|uotcs the followinj; words from Ciraldiis Cambrcnsis, the author of "'I'hc Coniiuest of Ireland:" '"The carl was interred in Christ Church, and his funeral obse(|uies were performed by .\rchbishop Lawrence O'l'oole." Though a modern building,
THE CATHOLIC rRO-C.\THEDR.\L
of Dublin is in few respects inferior to the foregoing. It is situated in Marlborough Street, and is built in the Grecian, style of architecture. In this case it contributes all the cha- ■racteristics of sublimity of conception, beauty and symmetry ■of proportion, and that reverential solemnity of air which harmonises with the mystic functions of religion.
The Cathedral consists of a lengthened nave and side aisles, divided by stately rows of massive Doric columns, supporting an architrave and entablature, and an arched ■ceiling surmounted by a lofty dome. The high marble altar was executed by Turnerelli. In the concave apse of the ■ceiling over the altar the Ascension of our Saviour is repre- sented in relievo, and is an original spirited and highly admired work of art, full of expression, and designed by the Irish sculptor, John Smith. There are two porticoes, built by Archdeacon Hamilton. The church was designed by Mr. John Sweetman, of Raheny. It cost ^50,000, and stands on •the site originally occupied by the city mansion of Lord Annesley. The site and house were purchased in the year 1S03 for the sum of ^5,000, but the committee, for want of funds, were unable to commence the erection of the church ■for twelve years after. During that interval the mansion was ■rented for a barrack at ^^300 a year to Government. Until 'the close of the last century the chief Catholic Episcopal parish of the city was that of St. Nicholas of Myra, Francis Street, but was changed for St. Mary's of the Immaculate Conception ■by Archbishop Troy.
This Pro-Cathedral was the first majestic church erected by the Roman Catholics of Ireland after the repeal of the ipenal laws, and its erection was an era associated with many most memorable events in their modern history. The first ■stone was blessed and deposited on the 14th of November, 1815, the Feast of St. Lawrence O'Toole, by the Archbishops Troy and Murray. Curran, the great orator and eloquent -advocate of the Catholic claims, was present on the occasion, and in the course of his speech used the words, "I rocked ye in your cradle, and come here to-day to see ye step forth in jour manhood." Archbishop Troy died in 1823, and, though church then was not entirely completed, his obsequies -were observed, and were the object of the first funeral func- tions celebrated within the fabric. The churcii was dedicated -and opened for worship on the 14th November, 1825, by Archbishop Murray, assisted by nine Bishops, and in presence •of a congregation of 3,000 persons, who on that day con- tributed ^£'2, 371 to the Church Building Fund. The dedica- -tion sermon was preached by the BOssuet of the age, James
Doyle, IJishop of Kildare and Leighlin. The Bishops were entertained at dinner on that evening by 300 gentlemen, presided over by Sir Thomas Esmi»nde, and amongst the distinguished company were .'^heil and O'Connell. The (unc- tions of religion are celebrated in this church with all the j,'randeur and solemnity of the Roman ritual, under the pre- sidency of his ( Irare, 1 >r. Walsh, than whom a more popular or patriotic prelate has • never filled the See of St. Lawrence O'Toole.
Perhaps the most celebrated religious edifice on the banks of the Liffey is
ST. P.\TRICK'S CATHEDRAL,
which owes its origin to John Comyn, .■\rchbishop of Dublin, who, in 119c, is said to have selected this site because there was here in ancient days a well, and some say a church, which had been used by St. Patrick. The steej)le and the spire, which is low, and of the square extinguisher pattern, are growths of later periods. The Cathedral has had an eventful history. It has been used for the Courts of Law, and over and over again for a military barrack and a prison ; and it was so sacrilegiously despoiled and damaged by arrows in 1492, when the Fitzgeralds, who were for the Yorkists, quarrelled with the Ormonds, who were Lancastrians, that the Holy Sec, as an atonement for the outrage, commanded the Mayor of Dublin to walk every Corpus Christi Day barefoot through the city. It has been the scene of many splendid ceremonies. The Prince of Orange attended here with his army to return thanks for the victory at the Boyne ; and within these walls George IV. and our own Prince of Wales have been present (the latter as recipient of the honour) at an Installation of Knights of the Order of St. Patrick. The principal monu- ments in the Cathedral are those to the memory of Swift and "Stella ; " of the great Earl of Cork, the lawyer's clerk of Elizabeth's reign who rose to be a peer and one of the wealthiest landowners in Munster ; of Curran, the orator ; of Charles Wolfe, author of the "Burial of Sir John Moore;" of Archbishop Whately ; of Lord Mayo, Governor-( General of India ; of Dame St. Leger, who was married to four husbands, and yet died at the age of thirty-seven ; of Captain Boyd, of H.M.S. Ajax, drowned at Kingstown Harbour in trying to save the lives of shipwrecked sailors ; of Carolan, the last of the Irish bards ; of Sam Lover, painter, poet, and novelist ; of the Rev. James Henthorn Todd, D.D., the biogr.ipher of St. Patrick ; and a host of other distinguished men.
The interior of the Chapel Royal reveals a picture of the richest architectural beauty. The galleries are of polished Irish oak, and the panelling in them displays carvings of the coats-of-arms of all the Governors of Ireland since the landing of Henry II. There are a large number of exquisitely painted windows. On these also the escutcheons of the Lord-Lieu- tenants are portrayed. Over the altar is a magnificent oriel window ; and the painting here, representing an episode in the life of Our Saviour, is the work of an eminent Dutch master. It was bought in Flanders by Lord Whitworth for ^400, and presented by him to the Chapel. There is no doubt but that the principal monuments of the Danes still left in Dublin bear the date of the eleventh century, from which fact we may infer that at that period they were most numerous,
32
DUBLIN.
and had most complete mastery over the capital. Their taste seems to have been pronounced in the direction of sacred buildings. Christ Church Cathedral was raised in 103S, and tradition informs us that in 1095 St. Michanus built the church which became the cathedral for the whole of Dublin on the north side of the Lifley, just as Christ Church was the cathedral on the south.
Mr. Gladstone, when in Dublin, thought
ST. MICHAN'S CHURCH the most characteristic specimen of native architecture he had seen. It is situated at the rear of the Four Courts, and its magnificent square tower is a most conspicuous object above a neighbourhood of low-sized houses. Next to the Liberties, this parish is the poorest and shabbiest in the city, and the pilgrimage to this church, so interesting as a national as well as an antiquarian relic, has to be made through narrow streets filled with shops and tenements of a hopelessly wretched cha- racter : old clothes are dangling from triangular lines at the windows; and potatoes, soap, hair-oil, and cheap domestic requi-
STATUE OK GRATTAN.
sites, are the principal merchandise bartered in this poor and densely populated locality. And yet it is not all decrepitude and want, for there are one or two good iron-foundries, and droves^of cattle are constantly pushed through the streets to a market- place called by the somewhat grandiloquent name of Smithfield. The church, in addition to its antiquity, is otherwise most interesting. The vaults beneath the edifice are amongst the marvels of the age, possessing antiseptic qualities of such effectiveness that above a score of bodies interred centuries ago are preserved so remarkably that the form and feature of life arc easily distinguishable. The skin is in most cases intact; the teeth have not fallen from their places ; and in some instances ribbons, stockings, and other portions of the adorn- ments and coverings of the corpses still envelop the perfect though discoloured head and limbs, as though dust and worms did not exist. The prince, the peer, the patriot, and the poor, all lie here together ; and could the relatives <)( the departed themselves come to life again they could have no manner of difficulty in jjicking out their own kinsmen, or " verifying the manner in which they died.
The wonderful effect produced is attributed to two causes : first, they say that the graveyard was built on the site of an old forest, that the soil is in fact a bog, and every visitor to the Royal Irish Academy can satisfy himself as to the wonder- ful preserving property inherent in the peat soil of Ireland ; secondly, it is believed that the vaults are built with Phoenician lime, which becomes so dry and hard that no destructive agent can penetrate through it. One of the vaults has been purchased by the Leitrim family, and here, some years ago, were placed with his kinsmen the remains of the late lord, the melancholy and tragic character of whose death sent a shudder through the land. The late rector, the Rev. T. Long, expended large sums of money in renovating and beautifying the edifice. A great many historical tombs are scattered over the ground without the building. One of these contains the remains of Robert Emmet; no inscription is yet written on the long plain slab, as it was his wish that no epitaph should be written over the place of his burial till Ireland should take her place among the nations of the earlh. The organ within .St. Michan's is the one on which Handel played
STATUE OK BURKE.
his Messiah fur the first time ; it was removed from Fishambic Street Theatre, the scene of the great composer's performance. The parish registers date back to the year 1636, and the church plate, which is very beautiful, to the year 1676.
In entire consonance with the splendour and beauty of her churches are the magnificence and utility of Dublin's public
MONUMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS.
Gratitude and charity are the two most striking features of the Celtic character ; and this fact is nowhere more un- mistakably evident than in the Irish capital, where almost every important thoroughfare and suburb are possessed of public memorials to departed greatness and merit, and insti- tutions for the relief of the fatherless, suffering, distressed, fallen, or abandoned. O'Connell, Grattan, Curran, Sir John Gray, and numerous other champions of popular rights and national aspirations, are still in evidence in their magnificent monuments which ornament the city's noblest streets and public buildings, or add impressiveness and additional
DUBF.IN.
33
solemnity to graveyard surroundings. Wellington, Nelson, and others whose bravery, iiolitical capacity, and elo<|uence saved the State, remedied wrongs, and won the admiration of the multitude, have in like manner been " jierpetuated in stone orbron/e." It has often been rcmarkcil — and with absolute truth — that there is no city in the empire richer than, and few as rich as, Ireland's chief city in monuments to men whose lives and deeds lent lustre to their age. Its great hospitals, like the Mater Misericordia, Steeven's, Dun's, and the Royal, with many others scarcely less important, show what ample provision exists for the application of remedial agencies in disease or suffering, tiie result of accident or natural decay. The night refuges, homes for the fallen, and those invaluable establishments in which the orphan is trained for the combat of existence, and the aged and infirm end their days in peace, are studded all over the city, and bear eloquent testimony to the active spirit of charity and benevolence which actuates the great mass of the inhabitants, and so effectively promotes that part of the city motto embraced in the words felicitas urbis. Religious differences are altogether discarded in maintaining the efficiency of these training, reforming, and charitable homes — which are, indeed, supported by the public of every creed, with that generosity and sympathy for human misfortunes which are generally regarded as the strongest proof of active and practical religion.
The Pl-re Lachaise of Ireland, and the most famous spot in the capital, is
GLASNEVIN,
the nation's Campo Santo. Here the remains of the orators, statesmen, and patriots who during the past fifty years have won the affection of their native land, and the respect of the world, have found a quiet resting-jjlace. The cemetery, which is about two miles north from O'Connell Street, was established through the instrumentality of Daniel O'Connell and the Catholic Association. A piece of ground, only three and a half acres in extent, was bought at Golden Bridge for the interment of Catholics ; but in a short time, finding this too small, the .Association bought twelve acres of the present cemetery, and gradually extended it, till it now contains fifty- nine acres. On entering the enclosure by the old gateway numerous long avenues crossing each other in all directions, planted with dwarf Irish oak, cedar, and palm trees, meet the eye. Curran Square, so called because the remains of John Philpot Curran are placed here, borders on the gateway. Curran's monument is very beautiful, and is a facsimile, by Papworth, of the square sarcophagus over the Scipio family at Rome. Here also are the tombs of Edward Ruthven, M.P., and Lord Chief Justice Monahan. On the Long Walk, in a bare spot of ground (the grass being worn away) sixteen feet square, lie the bodies of Terence Bellew M'Manus, Colonel O'Mahony, and Sergeant M'Carthy. The vista shown by this walk is very beautiful -^nd Mr. Gladstone during his visit expressed his admiri»iwn of the scene. On one of the cross walks is a plain monument commemorating the fidelity and virtues of Ann Devlin, the faithful servant of Robert Kmmet, who could neither be bribed nor forced to yield up the hiding- place of her master. A magnificent Celtic cross, the largest in Ireland, marks the last resting-place of John B. Dillon, M.P.
for Tipperary. Just opposite this the tomb of Eugene O'Curry, one of the compilers of the Annals of the Four Masters, is marked with a very handsome Celtic cross ; but how different have the remains of another and the chief of the compilers been treated by the public I The body of John O'Donovan, LL.D., lies in the old O'Connell Circle without a sign to show its last resting-place.
Advancing to the new O'Connell Circle, on the right-hand side is the cenotaph to the memory of Allen, Larkin, and O'Brien, the " Manchester Martyrs." Before entering O'Con- nell's crypt, underneath the Round Tower erected to his memory, there stand three monuments, sacred to the memory of Monsignore V'ore, Dr.^Pratt, the great temperance advo- cate, and " Honest 'i'om Steele," the faithful friend and supporter of O'Connell. The remains of the late Sir John Gray, who was a Protestant, lie in the O'Connell Circle, and were some time ago placed beside Monsignore '^'ore's monument. The crypt is the great object of interest. O'Connell's remains were left in the old O'Connell Circle for twenty-five years, and were only placed where they now rest in 1S69. The tower has an elevation of 150 feet. The crypt beneath it is tastefully decorated and coloured, and on the walls are the patriot's famous words : " My heart to Rome, my body to Ireland, my soul to Heaven." At the east of the tower is the tomb of William Dargan, the Irish Railway King and the promoter of the Dublin Exhibition of 1853. It may be mentioned that the Emperor of Brazil, on seeing O'Connell's sarcophagus, said it was fit for a monarch, and his aide-de-camp, at His Majesty's express wish, collected some grass and daisies from the mound surrounding the tower for the Emperor to keep as mementoes. The new mortuary chapel is a fine jjiece of sculpture. It is built of Dalkey granite and carved in Romanesque, in the style of ancient Irish architecture, the eaves being supported by the heads of Irish and English kings. The most simple tomb in the cemetery, and yet one which appeals keenly to the senses, is that of John Hogan, the sculptor. It is a plain marble slab, with only the words " John Hogan " upon it. Another interesting monument is the unassuming stone marking the grave of the great scholar, James Clarence Mangan, who died 21st June, 1849. There are five old watch-towers in the walls encircling the cemetery, which were erected for men to watch the graves during the time when body-snatching was carried on. Another reminiscence of this period is an old dog yard, where the committee kept, as late as 1852, a pack of bloodhounds which were let out in the grounds at night.
Unlike the large and densely populated cities of England, Irish towns do not so urgently require for the use of the masses those open spaces which have, not inappropriately, been called the lungs of every populous centre. " Dear, dirty Dublin " is, however, well provided for in this respect, by her possession of the
PH(L;NIX PARK,
which is considered by many to be the finest and grandest of all enclosures of the kind in the British Islands. It lies to the west of Dublin, and covers the enormous space of 1,753 acres;
:54
DUBLIN.
-of these i6o are occupied with the demesne surrounding the Viceregal Lodge. Etymologists tell us that the name of " Phoenix is derived from the Irish word ' Finniske,' a spring of clear water." This term, which may be intended as a figurative description of this salubrious rendezvous, in process of time has been comipted into Phcunix : and this name has been the more lastingly ensured to the park by Lord Chester- field, who, when Lord-Lieutenant, erected therein a Corinthian pillar of Pordand stone, on the abacus of which there is a neatly chiselled Phtenix, represented as if fluttering forth from the flames surrounding it. No one can penetrate so far into the park without perceiving the extraordinary beauties with which its scene is embellished. S^one of the public parks in London can boast of possessing a drove of deer, yet here on all sides short-horned antelopes, with skins of
Wage of a Court. Not many hundred yards from the Viceregal residence is that of the Chief Secretary for Ireland, which is also surrounded by a demesne. In the Phconix Park also are residences and buildings for the use of the l\.angcr, the Royal Hibernian Military School, the Head-quarters of the Royal Irish Constabulary, and the Ordnance and Trigonometrical Survey Department of Ireland.
The Wellington Memorial, which commemorates tlie victories of the most illustrious soldier Ireland has produced, is an obelisk of granite, so lofty as to be visible from every part of the city. The pet scheme of Lord Carlisle, to have a people's garden within the park, has long since been carried out, and the citizens of Dublin have shown their gratitude by placing a statue of his Excellency in its midst. The Zoo- logical Society of Ireland have also their " garden " here, and
KINGSTOWN HARIiOUR.
black and dun colour, are browsing on emerald grass, or gracefully skipping at lightning speed amidst the trees. Not so far distant as to appear even separated from the Park, sweeping upwards, till they reach almost to a blue cloud, are the Dublin mountains. Prom no point of the metropolis but ihis is the long range of Dublin mountains so imposing, and •in all weathers their grandeur is apparent. \\'hen (^ueen l-^liza- belh directed that a park should be made here, a design not ■completed till Charles II. was on the throne, the deer and the mountains were the staple attra< tions ; but the work of the later generations has added the features for which it is now more famous. The Viceregal Lodge, originally the mansion of the Park Ranger, Mr. Clements, has since the Union been the summer palace of the Viceroy. It is a long, white, two- storeyed building, and though insignificant in status, contains Jipariments sufficiently numerous and capacious for the assem-
the enclosure owned by them contains an extensive lake, which is an advantage that the kindred societies of London and Paris cannot boast. The many "corkscrew" roads, flanked by well-stocked plantations of pine and sycamore and holly, and more than one natural lake, help to render a drive through the less public byways of the park always 'La'. pleasant ong^There is one portion of the park which husy'r^ Been cleared of trees for the purpose of holding reviews of thejilg^t^ Vjjublin garrison. / There is another plot, also bare of foliage, not far distant from the review ground. It is the first object of interest pointed out to you by your danger-loving carman, famous in history as the sward whereon all the more notorious of the Irish duels have been fought, and is called by the name of "Thu irilmcn .^rrwf" ^^TU^^-t^ CUau^
In point of intrinsic attractiveness and natural beauty, the many fine and spacious
DUBLIN.
35
DUliLIN SQUARES
rival those of London. Indeed, such lovely //<7:<7X as Merrion, Fil/william, and Mountjoy Squares, surrounded as they are by the town residences of the aristocracy, may be pointed to as embellishments of which any city might be i)roud; but there is one square in Dublin larger than any of these, or of any square in Europe — that known as St. Stephen's Green. This enclosure, which occupies a whole scjuare mile, has been, through the munificence of Sir Arthur Guinness, who spent over jCSiOco upon it, thrown open to the public as a park. The Green was formerly the Tyburn of Dublin, several male- factors have been gibbeted therein. It boasts two statues, one of George II. on horseback, and the second of Lord Eglinton, Lord-Lieutenant in 1852 and again in 1S58-9. The buildings of the Catholic University, the Royal College of Surgeons, the College of Science, and the Wesleyan College, form por- tions of the line of fine houses on each side of the Green. The Guinness family, who ip many ways have done so much for the welfare of the city and its adornment, have a town residence on one side of the square.
There is no name in connection with the city more gene- rally known than
COLLEGE GREEN,
the Place de la Concorde of Dublin, which is now unadorned by a single blade of grass to remind one of its old existence as a green. The advantages conferred upon it by the near presence of the Irish Parliament House and the College are in these days rendered still more attractive by a number of beautiful statues. It has been said that when his biography comes to be written, the fame of the Praxiteles of modern times will be traced in the two famous places of the world where his most numerous achievements in statuary are concentrated, namely, the Maiden of Calcutta and College Green. Burke and Gold- smith look down the grand avenue of Dame Street from the College ; and facing them, in the centre of the Green, stands Grattan. A few yards further on, in the direction of the Castle, is the equestrian figure of King William. This statue, •erected to commemorate the battle of the Boyne, has often been a source of contention between rival political parties. On one occasion an attempt was made to file off the King's head ; and on another a painter was employed to cover the horse with tar and whitewash the King, on which occasion, when his work was finished, the painter fastened his bucket to the head of the horse, producing a most grotesque effect when the citizens woke up the next morning. In 1S36, His Majesty was blown by gunpowder clean off his horse, and, the statue being of lead, much difficulty was experienced in soldering him together again. Happily for the peace of the metropolis, of late years the manifestations either of undue adulation or disrespect have been abandoned.
In close proximity to Glasnevin Cemetery, and on the banks of the same famous stream, are the
BOTANIC GARDENS,
which, in their natural and artificial beauty, are perhaps the most perfect Eden in the neighbourhood of Dublin. There are
over forty acres of ground, beautifully undulating, shaded with trees, and adorned with shrubs and flowers, laved by the limpid waters of the 'i"olka, and enriched with magnificent conser- vatories of the rarest exotics, 'i'hc demesne was once in the possession of Tickell, the poet, who planted several of the trees ; and in tlie house in the grounds he passed with .\ddison many coiigenial hours when the latter was secretary to the Earl of Sutherland, Viceroy in 17 14. At Delville, close by the house of Swift's friend. Dr. Delany, the unhappy but celebrated " Stella " resided for some time. The ground of the gardens was purchased in 1795 for its present purpose by the Royal Dublin Society, with a grant from Parliament. Subsequent grants were likewise obtained for the support of the gardens, which in October, 1877, became a branch of the Science and Art Museum, under Government control. The I'otanic Gardens have five divisions — i, the conservatory department, for exotics ; 2, hardy herbaceous plants, including the com- partments for the British and Irish species, the medicinal species, and the general collection ; 3, the tree and shrub division ; 4, culinary and agricultural plants ; and 5, the pleasure-grounds. The splendid range of conservatories cost upwards of ^^^5,000.
The gardens are remarkable for fine collections of Cape heaths (Erica), orchids, tree-ferns, and insectivorous plants, including a unique collection of sarracenias, droceras, and nepenthes, and a plant of Derlinglonidi ialifornica that has a European reputation. Amongst orchids, the culture of the " Flower of the Gods " {Diia grandiflora) is here a complete success. The tree-fern collection contains good specimens of the following scarce plants: — AlsophilaMoorii,Dicksonia fibrosa, Dicksonia Youngii, Cyathea dcalbata, Cyathea Smilhii, Cyathea Burkei, etc.
There are also in the gardens some very fine palms, such as date palm, cocoa-nut palm, fan palm, sugar palm, oil palm, etc. In the store, the collection of economic plants, foreign fruits, and medicinal plants, is thoroughly representative; the gardens are open from 10 a.m. till 6 p.m. on week-days; the conservatories from 12 noon till 5 p.m. On Sundays, both gardens and conservatories are open from 2 p.m. till sundown in winter, and 7 p.m. in summer. In the outside grounds, the collections of hardy herbaceous plants and alpines are very complete. There is also a splendid collection of plants representing the pine family.
Fulfilling in one branch of nature what the Botanical Gardens do in another,
THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS
are a great attraction to visitors and the rising generation of citizens. They are very extensive, and planted and laid out with skill and taste. Though not very comprehensive, the collection of animals is one of great interest. Close to the entrance may be seen a whole cageful of white eagles; the golden species of the king of birds has often been seen in Kerry, but no specimen has been captured. The elephant " Prince " was presented to the gardens by the Duke of Edinburgh' on his return from India. The lions are mag- nificent in every respect, and the keepers have been very- successful in breeding these monarchs of the animal world. The whole establishment is directed in an efficient way : its
36
DUBLIX.
chief aim, that of being a centre of instruction to the thousands around it, has been attained and consistently kept in view.
That form of amusement and recreative instruction afforded by the exponents of the histrionic art has always been popular in the Irish capital No city in the Empire gives a more steady or valuable support to
THE STAGE. Dublin lias since the seventeenth century been famed for
the benefit of two hospitals. This music-hall — or theatre, as it afterw.irds became — had a long and remarkable career. All the celebrated actors, including Vandermere, who visited l^ublin during its existence, performed there : and masquerade balls, Lord Mornington's concerts, and State lotteries have taken place within its walls. The theatre building still stands, but is no longer used for the^ exhibition of dramatic art, but for the
i sale of hardware and agricultural implements. The first theatre established in Dublin was, however, one in Werburgh
I Street, opened in 1633, by John Ogilby, one of the secretaries
.4_iL_
OCONNELL STKEET.
its dramatic and musical tast;; and to this day every effort of Thespian genius is encouraged by its people. Edmund Kean, Miss O'Neil (afterwards Lady Ikerher), Richard Jones, William Earren senior, and a host of other dramatic stars, were born in Dublin. In 1742, Lifford, WofTington, and Garrick acted together, and the rush to see them caused an epidemic whitli was known as " Garrick fever." Macklin and Quin afterwards displayed their native talent on the Dublin boards. Handel played his " .Messiah " for the first time on the organ of Fishaiuble Street Mu:iic Hall, in .Vprii, 1741, for
or writers who came to Ireland in the suite of Lord 'A'entworth. The Smock Alley Theatre, the next in order, maintained jiopularity for over a hundred years, and here Earl Stafford caused Shirley's comedy of The Royal Mos/cr to be played in 1637. Some years later, Ogilby, having returned from service in the Royal Army, was appointed Master of the Revels to- the Viceregal Court, a post which conferred on him the privilege of watching over the interests of the drama. In the presence of the Duke of Ormond one of Coriieille's jilays, in which Mrs. I'hillips, " the matchless Orinda," took the leading
DUBLIN.
37
part, was put upon the stage, and the dance and other tunes played between tlie acts were tlie coni|)osition of this versatile manager.
When the news of the marriage of the Princess Mary with William of Orange reached Dublin, the Hiike of Ormond and all the nobility went in great spleiuloiir to the play ; and until recent years the Lord- Lieutenant lias often presided at a " Command Night " in the theatre, on which occasions the buildings used to be filled with ladies in the richest toilettes and officers of the garrison in uniform. In 1785, Macklin, who was then ninety-five years of age, played at the Smock Alley Theatre. On the night of his benefit the excitement was too much for him, and in the second act of The Man of the World he had to be assisted from the stage, on which he never again appeared.
THE G.METY THE.XrRF,
which is the properly of Mr. Michael Ounn, is the most im- portant temple of Thespis in the LifTey city. It is situated in South King Street, off St. Stephen's Green, has an attractive exterior, and internally is fitted up in the most luxurious manner. Every description of high-class drama, opera, and burlesque is presented at this house, and there is an entire change of programme and performers almost every week. Mr. Gunn is one of Dublin's most respected citizens, and he has done more for the adx-ancemenl of drama and music in the capital and Ireland generally than any man li\ing. Mis taste and judgment are seldom at fault, and in supplying what the public require in the way of musical and dramatic recreation, expense has always been with him a matter of secondary consideration. His popularity in Dublin is widespread, and confined to no section of the community, as is abundantly proved by the generous manner in which they appreciate his successful efforts to provide them with elevating, refined, and instructive amusement. On the south side of the LifTey theatre-goers are amply provided for by the energetic proprietor of the
QUEEN'S THEATRE.
This house is of ample dimensions, neat interiorly, and perfectly adapted for the representation of melodrama and burlesque. The management is of an enterprising order, and the bill is changed to meet the demands of habitues. The ■Grafton Theatre, in South Ann Street, with its excellent entertainments, and the Star Music Hall, in Crampton Court, near the Castle, at which some of the most daring acrobatic feats are performed, cater adequately to different classes of citizens. It can be truthfully asserted of the Dublin theatres and music-halls that they are remarkably free from every ■element of vulgarity and obscenity, and that, while amusing, they instruct and recreate, and thus practically demonstrate their utility and their right to the high jiosition they occupy in .the esteem of the inhabitants.
The beauty and unsurpassed rural charms of the Dublin
SU]!URi;S
•have often been a theme of inspiration to the poet and local historian. Bray, that most delightful and fashionable watering-
place ; Ijlackrock, scarcely less notable in this connection ; and that important and rapidly-developing centre,
KIXC;SI'0\\ N ;
all claim attention. They will doubtless in the course of time attain to proportions which will bring them much nearer the capital than they are at present. The scenery around Kingstown is certainly magnificent, and its other attractions are so manifold that no visitor to the country siiould fail to "do'' the town. The Dublin and Kingstown Railway was opened for traffic on the 17th of December, 1834, and is one of the most prosperous in the country. It is six miles in length, and was constructed at an expense of ;i{^37o,ooo, or about ;^62,ooo per mile. The Railway Station at the Dublin end is in Westland Row. This terminus, which was long insufficient for the traflic, has now been rebuilt upon an extensive scale ; and in many other respects the present directors deserve the grateful thanks of the public for the reforms which they have effected to secure the comfort and convenience of passengers. The line was the second established in the United Kingdom, and the first started in Ireland. There are stations at Lans- downe Road, Sydney Parade, Pooterstown, Blackrock, Sea Point, and Salt Hill (Monkstown), with its pretty terraces and villas. The old harbour of Dunleary lies beneath as you run into Kingstown. This southern shore of Dublin Bay was the scene of many shipwrecks in the olden time, previous to its possession of a lighthouse, the Bay being traversed by sand- banks, denominated " The Bulls," from the roaring of the sea there resembling the bellowing of those animals. Kings- town owes its present condition, name, and, indeed, existence, to the visit of George IV. in 1821, since which time it has become a fashionable watering-place. Previously it was the little fishing village of Dunleary. Here there is an Asylum Harbour — in the words of the Tidal Harbour Commissioners, "one of the most splendid artificial ports in the United King- dom." It embraces an area of 250 acres, and has a depth of from fifteen to twenty -seven feet. It cost little short of one million of money. At the end of the east pier is a revolving light, visible every half-minute nine miles at sea in clear weather. The town has a population of about 18,000, and comprises several streets, of which George Street, over half a mile in length, is the main one. Marine Terrace, and some similar situations commanding the sea, are occupied by very handsome residences. The Town Hall, which is close to the railway station, was opened in 18S0. It is a large and highly ornamental edifice, with a lofty clock-tower. The assembly rooms which the Town Hall contain are well suited for balls, concerts, etc. .\ portion of the building is occupied by the Kingstown Court-house. The post-office, a handsome and commodious building, is close by. Tramway cars run at short intervals from the railway station to Dalkey, passing by Sandy- cove, Glaslhule, and Bullock. The walks and rides in the neighbourhood are picturesque and delightful, as are also the sea-views from the rising grounds inland. The military bands, which perform often in the summer evenings on the east pier, add greatly to the attractions of Kingstown, and draw crowds by the railway from Dublin. \\\ obelisk on the east pier com- memorates the bravery of Captain Boyd, R.N., of H.>rS. Ajax,
38
DUBLIN.
who lost his life in attempting to rescue sailors from a wreck on the 9th of February, 1861. The trains start every half- hour daily, stopping at intermediate stations ; through trains start at a quarter before every hour ; and the City of Dublin Steam Packet Company's mail-boats make trips twice daily between Kingstown and Holyhead.
As long ago as the fourteenth centurj-
DALKEV
was famous as a port, and noted for the safe anchorage it afforded shipping. Down to the end of last century it was
the daily routine of existence to be anything but lethargic or humdrum. The country around abounds in scenery of the most charming description, and features of antiquarian interest exist on every side, the ruined fortifications and Dalkey Island, with its old church, Druidic altar, and Martello tower, being particularly noteworthy.
Though a distance of about twelve miles separates it from the metropolis,
tht
BRAY,
' Irish Brighton," is generally regarded as a suburb of
CUSTOM HOUSE.
much more important than Kingstown; but since that time the progress of the latter has been of such a nature as to com- pletely eclipse its former successful rival. During ihe sixteenth and seventeenth < cnturies most of the imports and exports of Dublin were received and despatched by way ot Dalkey, the merchants of the capital thus avoiding the risks of sending their goods by ihc Liffey, whose navigation in those days was attended with considerable danger. The town is largely frequented by tourists, and is, indeed, one of the brightest and most attractive watering-))laces on the east coast. The population now numbers about 3,500, and there is an amount of briskness and animation about the business operations of the town which render it somewhat like Kingstown, and cause
Dublin. This delightful watering-place has, within the last
twenty years, become a town of considerable imjiortance, and
has a population of close on 7,000. Tlie name is derived
from the word Bri, signifying a hill. lis streets and public
buildings are admirably arranged, and present an attractive
and imposing appearance. The Esplanade runs for a mile
along the beach away to Bray Head, and is a magnificent
\ promenade ; while Novara and High Street are quite equal to
anything in street architecture outside Dulilin or Belfast. The
Roman Catholic church, Christ Cliur.h, the Presbyterian
j Meeting-house, the Old Church, the liiliL-rnian I'.ank, and the
I Court-house, are sjilendid buildjngs, jierfect in every detail of
construction, commodiousness, and external embellishments.
DUBLIN.
39
The surrounding scenery is unsurpassed for magnificence and diversity, and, it may be added, is remarkably easy of access. The growth and development of Bray have been very rapiil : and this fact is due as much to the prompt and energetic manner in which the local authorities and business men have combined to meet modern popular requirements, as to the unrivalled natural advantages of which it is, as a seaside resort, possessed.
The trade of Dublin has until recent years been greatly handicapped by a variety of causes, some local, others govern- mental, the great majority owing to the economic and deplor- able political circumstances of the nation. This fact more than any other has prevented the natural development of the capital's commerce, and to a certain extent accounts for the fewness and comparative insignificance of the city's commercial temples. A building which in this connection merits prominent notice, as well on account of its local importance as for its being the most extensive, attractive, and classical of its kind in the British F;mpire, is
THE CUSTOM HOUSE,
which stands on the north side of the Liftey, its front facing the river. The best view of it is obtained from the south side, whence its magnificent elevation may be seen to great advantage. Un- fortunately, the commerce of the port of Dublin is wholly inade- quate to require the utilisation of so extensive a building. For many years the greater portion of the space within the walls was unused, and for some time past Government has been appropriating the unoccupied oftices to departments for which they were not originally designed. Besides the offices of Excise and Customs, we have here a heterogeneous gathering, comprising amongst others the Poor Law Commissioners, the Board of Works, Stamps, Quit-Rents, and, lastly, the Com- missariat and the District Army Pay Office. The whole building is insulated, exhibiting four decorated fronts to view, answering almost directly to the four cardinal points of the compass ; the form is an oblong quadrangle, 375 feet long by 205 feet deep. Within are two courts, east and west, divided from each other by the centre pile, which, 131 feet broad, extends the whole depth from north to south. The whole is decorated with columns and ornaments of the Doric order, with some innovations. The principal front, which faces the river, is of Portland stone, and presents a magnificent portico, surmounted by an entablature, the frieze of which is orna- mented with "o.\-heads entire." On the attic storey, over the four pillars of the portico, are well-executed statues of Nep- tune, Plenty, Industry, and Mercury. On the tympanum is an alto-relievo representing the friendly union of Britannia and Ireland, who are exhibited cordially embracing each other, while Neptune, on the right, is driving away in despair. A beautiful arcade runs along the lower storey of this front, which is ornamented above by a balustrade and cornice. From the centre of the pile rises a cupola, said to be built on exactly the same plan as that of Greenwich Hospital : a dome, twenty-six feet in diameter, crowned by a statue of Hope resting on her anchor, surmounts the whole, at a distance of 113 feet. The northern front has also a portico of four columns in the centre, but no pediment. Statues repre-
senting Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, are placed over each column. This front has neither the arcades nor recessed columns which add so much to the eflTect of the southern side. From the main entrance the passage leads to an octagonal vestibule immediately under the cupola, from which, by a very elegant staircase, we gain access to the Long Room, a trul)- noble apartment, seventy feet square, decorated down eacS side by a range of composite columns supporting an arched ceiling, through which the light is admitted by two large circular lanterns, richly ornamented with devices in stucco. On the whole, the Custom House may be considered the most highly decorated of all the city's public buildings. The cost of its erection and fitting up has been estimated at half a million.
The various markets throughout the city for the sale of the different agricultural i)roducts of the country, live stock, im- ported provisions, and foreign goods of all sorts, are of suitable dimensions, and in an architectural sense do no dis- credit to the trading community. The
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
are the great head-quarters of the merchants and brokers of the city, and are situated on the north side of Dame Street. This structure is a fine specimen of modern architecture, being both striking and classical, and at the same time thoroughly adapted to the uses to which it is devoted. It dates its origin from the year 179S, at which period it was found necessary, owing to want of accommodation, to vacate the building now utilised as- a Town Hall. The present pile includes a Stock E.xchange, offices for Lloyd's Underwriters, an .'\ssurance Office, and a Restaurant to provide for the wants of the inner man. All these departments are connected by an elegant and spacious hall, and the whole combines to form a structure of singular commodiousness and completeness. Two other commercial buildings which possess historical interest are the Corn Exchange and Conciliation Hall. The former is famous for its- connection with the Catholic .Association and O'Connell ; and in the latter the great Liberator used to harangue some of his- largest meetings. The
TRADE
of the city has within the last decade considerably increased.. ^Vhen making his survey of the handsome docks which line the River Liftey, Mr. Gladstone was surprised beyond measure by the activity he witnessed, and declared Dublin the busiest capital in Her Majesty's dominions after London. Intercourse is maintained by the shipping of Dublin with- the Continent and America ; but the cross-Channel trade is the most important of the port industries, Great Britain, furnishing a most extensive market for all sorts of Irisl> produce, especially cattle. The Customs duties collected at the port of Dublin amount to over ^900,000 a year. Though a small city, Dublin is the seat of many thriving manulactures.. In ancient days the staple industry was that in woollen goods, including the friezes so geneniUy worn by the people : and in 1792 as many as five thousand persons were engaged in working woollen looms in the " Liberties."' This trade has, however, decayed, and the commercial reputation of I^ublin is now more displayed in poplin, liner, and paper manufactures-
40
DUBLIN.
The linen manufacture was originated by the unfortunate Lord Stafford, who, when Viceroy of Ireland, gave ^30,000 of his private property to establish it. He encouraged the importation of flax S8ed from Holland, erected looms, and placed skilled foreigners over them. A public grant of money was given by Queen Anne to build a Linen Hall, the capacious building in which sales, though greatly diminished, are still continued ; the export value from Dublin of these linen yarns and manufactures alone exceeds ;^io,ooo,ooo annually.
The city is also celebrated for its porter breweries and .whisky distilleries. Of the latter Ireland possesses thirty, as against about a dozen in England ; and most of these are in Dublin. ScQtland is in reality the whisky country, having now in existence no less than one hundred and thirty distilleries. There is, however, a considerable quantity of " mountain dew," or "' potheen," with its tempting aroma of turf flavour, still pro- duced in the more remote districts of Ireland : from a return issued some years ago, it appeared tiiat one hundred and seventy-six persons were tried for selling untaxed spirits, as against one case in Scotland and eight in England. The inland trade in Dublin is carried on chiefly bv several railways, three of which have vast depots and termini at the North Wall. The revenue produced by railways in Ireland is largely augmented by there being no passenger duty.
There are two canals, the '"Grand" and the "Royal,"' which, starting from north and south of tiie Liffey, encircle the city, and proceed thence to Mullingar and the Shannon, and by means of these an extensive trade in bricks, timber, turf, and coal is maintained.
From the reign of James II. till 1861 the population of Dublin steadily increased. From 1S61 to 1871 it declined from 254,808 to 246,326 ; since then it has been gradually increasing, and in 1881 was 249,602.
Since the erection of the South Wall at the end of the last century, and the building of the North Wall in 1S19, under the old Ballast Board, the bed of the Liffey has been greatly deepened, and the navigation of the river has become not only easy but a matter of absolute saiety. Owing to this and con- comitant causes, the port has become the most important in Ireland, and the aggregate value, tonnage, and operations of its shipping have been steadily increasing. Indeed, the number of vessels registered as belonging to the port forms about one-sixth of the entire shipping of the country.
In iSSi, 506 vessels were registered as belonging to the port, and their total carrying capacity was 59,403 tons. During the same period 9,353 vessels, with a tonnage of 2,535,437 tons, were entered at the Custom House, and 8,47 i cleared outward?, with a tonnage of 21,329,626. For the year 1880 the Custom dues collected in the port amounted to the total of ^863,034. A very large proportion of the trade of the port is transacted with the l-^nglish West Coast commercial centres, particularly Holyhead, Liverpool, and Bristol. The commercial interests of the port are studiously guarded by the Dublin Chamber of Commtrce, under the competent i)residency of Sir R. B. Martin ; whilst all riparian and dock matters are attended to by the Port and I )ocks Hoard.
FLOREAT EBLANA : It is universally admitted that the natural and indus'rial
resources of Ireland have never been fully developed. Indeed, if we except tlie efforts made to retrieve her commercial position during the all-too-short jieriod of legislative inde- pendence, there has never been any serious attempt made to encourage the country's manufactures or turn her immense mineral wealth into the markets of the world — quite the reverse. The result is painfully evident in the lack of enter- prise among the people : the absence of factories of all kinds (except in three or four favoured centres), the constant emigration of the masses, and the small aggregate of our shipping tonnage, directly resulting from the dearth of mining and manufacturing operations. And yet the success and pros- perity of the nation under the regime of men who understood . her requirements, and ministered to them with fostering care, show that, under altered political and economic conditions, and with a spirit of patriotic emulation widely diffused among capitalists, manufacturers, and the masses, Ireland may not only gain her lost prestige as a producing centre, but may even attain to commercial distinction among the great manufacturing countries of Europe. Her world-wide eminence in the few branches of commerce that still survive is ample en- couragement to those who look to the near future for the commercial regeneration of the country. Every one understands that upon this depends our greatness as a people. To the observant, signs are not wanting that the dawn of a brighter day for Irish industry and com- merce is breaking, and that the barriers, political and religious, which have often prevented united action in this respect in the past, are being broken down. There is the movement througliout the country to use only home- made goods, which, within certain reasonable limits, can have but a beneficial effect ; there is the effort made, by the company with which Mr. Michael Davitt's name is so closely allied, to revive our drooping woollen industry; and finally, the Irish Exhibition in London, which may be said to have been the first independent Irish Exhibition held outside the island. In all these endeavours to awaken general interest in Irish manufactures men of every political, religious, and social class are united ; and the city of Dublin, as becomes the capital, is taking a prominent and worthy part. Close on two hundred of her leading merchants and manufacturers exhibited at the Olympia Exhibition, and the display was one that furnished convincing evidence of the fact that in every branch of industry to which Irish handicraft and genius are devoted, productions of the highest excellence are turned out, not for exhibition pur- poses only, but in the ordinary course of trade. The ultimate result of this increased and widespread interest in the pro- motion of the industries of the country must be an immense augmentation of the \olunie of business done with other nations, and particularly with l-'.ngland and Scotland. Dublin will naturally be the first and greatest gainer under this improved state of affair.«, to assist in the realisation of which "The Industries of Dublin" is produced. In the following p.iges will be found a concise and succinct account of the foundation, development, and importance of the leading firms in Dublin — lioises whose honourable commercial principles and united oijcrations and influenre have succeeded in main- taining the trading reputation and eminence of the Irish metropolis.
INDUSTRIES OF DUBLIN.
41
Arthnr Guinness. Son, & Co., Limited, St. James' Oate
Brewery. l'<>r thr pa^'l tlircc luiinlrcil years Itrcwin^ has been one of the chief iinhisirics <>1 tl» s ctmntty, ami its nn)sl noted rciilrc during all that time has lx.-cn the nitlro|K)hs. The foundation of the above universally famed establishment marked a new era in the history of an important branch of Uritish commerce. 'l"his mammoth brewery is the largest con- cern of its kind in the woild, and produces a jjicatei cpiaiitity of lieer than perhaps any two other concerns of its class on the globe. It was founded in the )ear I7V> hy ancestors of the present chairman of the company, Sir Kdward C'ecd liuinness, Bart. I'or about sixty years «fter its inc ption, the trade, though extensive, was entirely confined to Ireland ; but about that lime the superiority of the porter produced began to gain popularity in England and Scotland, and as a resultant came a r'pid extension of the business sicross the Channel. From this date to iSlio the business in-
TRADE MARK.
Flunkett Brothers, Maltsters and Patent
Malt Roasters. IVlIe \'ue Malt:n^'^.--Oiie of the most iiUercsiiiiL; of all the processes of brewing is that of malt- ing and preparing the various colour and flavour imlls useil in porter brewing. The leading house in the king- dom is that of riunkelt lirothers, a sketch showing Iront elevation of whose extensive mall-houses is here shown. The sketches are facsimiles taken from photographs of the malt-houses, and are not mere fancy sketches of problc- m.itical building-. The privilege of visiting their malt- houses and maU-roasiing establishment at Belle Vue is ac- corded to few, as this tirm have discovered several methods of treating mnlt, the secret of which is well guarded and is never divulged. So we are not at bhorty to give details of all that wis shown and explained to us in their method of making candied malt, golden brown malt, nmber
brown malt, patent cho- colate malt, patent black malt, and patent roasted maize (patent granted Jan., iSSo). They have a particular method of misting malt so as to MX iis aroma ; and it iuis retains all its uour till put by the
creased by leaps and bounds, ami that year saw a new departure in the adililion of the tirst orders receivcil from foreign stiles. To show the great development of the tr.a<le, we may stale th.at in 1887 it was thirty times as great as in 1837. Krom time to time it was necessary, as the trade in- creased, to add considerably to the alrcaily large premises, so that at present the immense area co%'ercl is fully forty acres. As a proof of the value of the business, the fact that the brt-wery was s<jld to a limited lialidily com- pany for six millions sterling by its owner (in 1886), .Sir E. C. Guinncs<, is alxiut the be^t testimony and convincing proof of the unique prominence of this gigantic estate. The splendid premises are .'o extensive, that to do them justice would take up far more lime and space than are at our disposal. Besides, the establishment itself and its unei|ualle<l and un- surp.issable productions are so universally known and fame>l, that a lengrhy description on ojr part is utterly unnecessary.
an<I <lay (or several weeks at a lime. The power to supply the electric light it is intended to take from a gas engine, one of Ciossley*s new lype of siven-horse power which has just been put up. The Pale Malt Houses are built for the most part of limestone, and are very handsome, one of them with its round barley-swea'ing kiln, drying kiln, and bins, Ixring a perfect model. The sleeps and kiln are built from Messrs. rbnikelt Brothers' own designs. The screening machines are of a pirculiar p,attern, the invention of one of the .Messrs. flunkett. We believe ihey are not in use in any other malt-house in the kingdom. One of these we saw working will screen 24Q bushels of mall per hour, an 1 in the one operation will separate the line dust or malt combings, and stone, grit, or piece ; it will also take out any small or light grain and deliver the cleaned mall into a sack standing on scale ready to be weighed. When \vc say that a child, eight to ten years of age. would be quite strong enough to keep the machinery in moion, it will give an idea of the value of such a machine. We have seen machines in breweries and distil- leries costing thousands of pounds, and taking steam power to put in motion, that did not do the work so well. There are screens working automatically, cleaning and separating the bar-
NO. I MALT roLSE,
brewer into the mash tun, where it imparts its full ll.avour to the norts, and gives to the Miishrd porter a line palate-fulness which has mule porters brewed .NO, 3 MALT iiou L. W'l'' ''''s malt cele-
brated. If proof were , u 1 ■ 1 needed of this, a look
through their books would show accounts with most of the celebrated porter brewer es, not only of Ireland, but also of England and Scolland and the United Sta'cs. Indeel, the excellence of their method of pre- paring iTialls and the unsurpassable quality of their productions are univer- sally acknowledged, while it is no ex.iggeration to say that their tr.ade mark (the lig.re of a horse) is known and prized among brewers in every quarter of the world. We have .also seen, besides testimonials from Messrs. A. (.uiniiess, Sons, & Co., several unsolcit.J testimonials of a highly complimentary nature from several of the largcs'. brewers in Eng- Tu" 1 « I>"ticular system by which the malt is roasted by Messrs. 1 lunkc-tt Brothers, is essentially ililTerent to that employed bv the I^ondon an.l other roasters. There are three engines driving the num^ rous ro.isting machines .at the factory at Belle Vue, and it is intended to light the works with electric light, as during the busy season the factory has to be run night
Mj. 4
ley before the steeping oper.ations. Also ma- chines specially de- signed for cleaning foreign barley ; some of th^se require no power to drive them ; the machine is station- ary, and the gravitation of the barley sliding
over trays of peculiar |iiltern, cleans it from all dust, stone, grit, or light grains as desiretl, it being merely necessary to keep the screen supplied with barley at the upper hopper, and the machine will deliver the bailey perfectly clean into the *tecp. There are thermometers for testing and regulating temperature and for registering the heat at any given time in the floors and kilns, and an ingenious plan for heating the malt-house in frosty or very- cold weather. To describe all wouM take more ihan space permits. Messrs. Plunkett Brothers were successful in obtaining the prize gold medal at Brussels Exhibition for the excellence of their various malts. From the official list it would appear that theri were fortj- different firms of maltsters exhibiting at Bnis>.ls. The dusiness is an old estaulished ONE, BEING FOUNDED BY IIIE CrANDKATIIKK OK THE PRESENT PRO- prietors in 1s19, when he invented the process of roasting Malt.
42
INDUSTRIES OF DUBLIN.
John Power & Son, Distillers, John's Lane Distillery.— Many years have rolled by, and many are the events that have transpired to change nearly the whole features of the commercial world since 1 791, when the industrial operations of this firm were commenced. The date of its inauguration might be said to be at a time that saw the first light of the renaissance of British commerce, for it was in the beginning of the nineteenth centur)- that the regenerated spirit of mercantile enter- prise opened to trade many of the most important marts of the world hitherto closed to our merchants. With each decade of years came new indications, with the steady progression of success on success, of the future
self in the handsomely equipped counting-house, to which is attached the private reception offices, etc. Passing through a passage-way, on each side of which are offices, into the asphalte yard at rear of counting-house, and looking round, on all sides are seen workshops, warehouses, and stores; and high above our heads are raised the Kifiy chimneys of the distillery. The I'usy hum of business commingles with the bass sound of machinery. Crossing the asphalted yard, the first building, or rather the first division of a long row of buildings, reached is the mechanical shop, the roof and upper floor of which are carried on metal columns, thirty feet in height, cast by Messrs. Koss & Walpole, of Dublin. Entering this department,.
eminence of Messrs. Power's firm. Time, that mellows its products, has been equally generous to its business in spreading its opcralions over the civilised world ; and the lever that forced the hand of old Time was the indefatigable and energetic characteristics of the (oundcis, and which were the noblest legacies that the present proprietors, Messrs. James & Thomas IV.wer, inherited. The distillery is Imt a short distance from Chiist Church Cathedral, which was founded in 1038 bySitricus, a Dani.sh king of Dublin. 'I he outward a-pect of the premises is strikingly in accord with the firm's fame. The frontage in Thomas .Street is built of white Glencullen granite, and the clear style of ils architecture lends an impressive air of superiority to the vicinity. On entering the hall to the tight the visitor finds hini-
we find it beautifully built with while enamelled bricks, and replete with every necessary for the purposes for which it is used, viz., a smithy, fitting and turning shop, etc. It contains, amongst other machinery, a fine lathe, by Messrs. G. ti<iolh & Co., of Halifax, 21 ft. long, 10;^ in. centre ; a large drill- ing machine, by Messrs. Craven, of Manchester ; and sever.al other valuable machines too numerous to mention. Ascending to the second floor, arc seen several high-class machines by Messrs. Robinson & Son, Rochd.ile, at which many expert carjienlers are busy at their trade in making, planing, and mortJMng the requirements that a large concern like this is ever in need of. We next enter the corn receiving-rooms, and on the left find a friction hoist of very ingenious construction and ijuick action. These rooms
SSsSSSSSSSEmH:
JNnUSTRIES OF DUBLIN.
4J
dried c,.„ ...... U..1;, grti;rI::I^,:::v,^7rhrc.r'"u^'eJ't
of bfin' ,h?L.f ' "r^' ^T" ^"^ '''"f ^:'--'' "'•■" "'^ '■'■" has the reputation
the ca e of a pc b i ' h" sces^hatr '""''""^ """"'•■■ "'"'•■'' '^ ""''" to sample \Ve then ;.„Lr ,1 "^ consignment received is up
i« sample, v>e then enter the corn stores, a massive building, 232 ft.
rlthr^.-f V , °"l"2-.',''=. J"™ ""^'""^ '^ "^^^ '■" "'« manufactnre of the celebrated wh,sky d.stilled by this firm. In connection with ,i-,cse stores are also .he requisite k.lns, which are constructed with a flooring of the s'tnrl'/ P'''"'^'f "'■r^- '^"'i/'-'^ >°="icd by me..ns ofshoois connectedTith the stores. The cleansing and separating of the com is a matter to which
O 2
44
INDUSTRIES OF DUBLIN.
the firm gives the most special attention. The chief means they employ for the careful cleansing of their corn are the ingenious machines patented by Messrs. Vangeldor & Apsimon, which are so constructed that, in the passing of the com through them, they reject not only the dust and smaller corn but every little stone or other foreign matter that may have become mixed with the grain. Some idea of the rapidity of these machines may be had when it is stated that the cleansing and separating power of each is a hundred barrels an hour. From the corn stores to the next department we proceeded, and were greatly interested in the beautiful horizontal engine used for working the mechanical shop, seen here in a compartment that is kept as scrupulously clean as the other divisions of the distillery. Ifeside the last-mentioned' room is situated the mill engine-room, containing a compound beam-engine of 400 horse-power, erected by Messrs. Turnbull, Grant, & Jack, of Glasgow, in 1S80, which is used for driving the machinery in the mills, into which we now proceed. Here are viewed seven pairs of stones, each of which are 4 ft. 10 in. in diameter, as well as the 1 oiler mills.
same wc see two large Lancashire steel boilers, each 37 ft. long, with a working pressure of 80 lbs. Passing through the hopper loft over mash- tuns, the next place of especial interest demanding noiice is the back loft, wherein are nine fermenting w.ash-backs, capable of holding one brewing each of 36,000 gallons. Then we enter the fine still -hou'e enclosing six pot stills, two of which are supposed to be the l.irgest in the world. The stills, which are kept brightly polished, are fitted with sight-glasses, through which can be seen the boiling; liquor. There avc four of Morton's refri- gerators, which are also kept brightly polished. Mounting another stairs, our trouble is repaid in looking down uj^oi^ the three wrought-iron worm tubs containing the condensing coils of the stills. Descending, we enter the can-jiit, or sampling-room, and are shown the safe, which is beauti- fully finished, and was made on the premises from a desis;n by Mr. Angus, the late distiller and manager, to test and separate the distillations, which are then received in oak receivers beneath the floor. When finished, the whisky is conducted by p pes to the spirit stores and filled into
the rollers ol which measure 3 ft. by 18 in., and have the enormous capacity of grinding a hundred barrrls an hour each. Kntering the brew- house, our reward is ample in scing the large mash-tuns, 7 ft. 6 in. <leep and 33 ft in diameter, and worked by another condensing steel beam- engine of 150 hor^e•powcr in a mom adj.accni. The engine and house have just been complrttd, and we fiel certain it is one of the finest in the kingdom. The building wa^ designed by W. 1). Caroe, Ksq., M.A., IxHidon. and the engine, McNaught's patent, manufactureil liy Messrs. Turnbull, (iiani, iV Jack, of Glasgow. Tne wails are entirely of enamelled brick, and the roof handsomely panelled in jiitchpine. Ascending an iron ttair(, we reach Ihc copper head, which is one of the most remarkable ilcparimcnls of ihi» concern. There are four latge coppers, each capable of Ixiiling alKiul 25,000 gallons, the whole being covered with a mclal lloor, which i» dailf l>lack -leaded and kept in the most peifect order. 'Ihc valves on the charging and discharging pipes, numbering twenty-live in all, have brass hand-wheel!, which »ie engraved, indicating their use. The Bliiring gear in the coppers is entirely of Muntz metal. Looking from
casks, and stored in the private distillery warehouses, of which there are- eighteen on the distillery premises, and the bonded warehouses under the City Market and under Westland Kow Railway Station, making a total capacity of 1,1 13,000 cubic feet of private warehouses. The stables, with Musgiave's patent fillings, are very perfect, and are built of specially made enamelled bricks. Short as this sketch is, we cannot help atlording a short space to the fire brigade division ; .and fiie appliances, which are very complete and afi'ord every necessary precaution against lire, arc distril)uted over the entire concern. Kach department of the distillery is at night-time lit up by Wenham's jiatent gas lamps. The lnisine>s is carried on in most perfect order and discipline, which ensures the greatest punctuality an<l must perfect execution of its operations. The quality of the manufacture is of the purest character, and its merit receivcj the best accenlualion from every quarter of the globe into which it has found its way. '1 he number of gallons distilled annually shows the splendid average for -omc years past of 900,000 gallons, a fact that, in addition to the em- ployment they give to 300 hands, induces us to believe that in importance.
INDUSTRIES OF DUBLIN.
45
this house is second to none in its line in the United Kingdom. The trade controlled is of the glcatc^l nugnitudc and importance at home and abroad,
old. di^tinguishell, and commercially historic firm. Th-ir future, krepingin view their splendid resources, good minag m:nt, and succ%«ful pitt, is -uxfc
.and Messrs. Powe- Si .Son's commercial connections are of wider influence and greater value to-day than at any previous period in the annals of this
Messrs. H. Moore & Co., House, Land, and Insnrance Agents, 8. I'pper .'^ackvillo Street. —The business of house and land agency is one requiring abilities of no mean order, the duties to be per- formed being of an onerous and often of a harassing character. The responsibility attaching to the letting of houses is always very great, and a diligent care is necessary in inquiring into the character and antecedents of the intending len.ints. Of late years, unhappily, the corresponding difficulty in the matter of the letting or leasing of land, h.rs, owing to agrarian depression and the disturbed state of the country generally, been largely enhanced ; and it is all the more necessiry that those having either houses or .acres to let, should be particularly careful whom they employ, the choice of a careless agent often involving his client in the loss of hundreds of pounds, which it is often perfectly impossible to recover either from tenant or from agent. We merely make these few preliminary observations, be- cause we have the plcisant duty of noticing the house and land agency office of Messrs. II. Moore & Co., who occupy handsome chambers at the above address ; and who since they have been Ijcfore the pulilic as agents in house and land have succeeded in earring a very hi'jh reputation. Messrs. Moore & Co. have on their bnoVs a large number of desirable 'residences to be let in Dublin and the suburbs, and sufficiently varied in their style and character to suit the requirements of every cl.ass ; fr mi those requiring a small modern-built house, fitted with all the'latest improvements in bath-room and kitchen, and at a yeativ rent bringing them with n the reach of the most moderate incomes, to ih .■ more exiK'nsive houses in the most fashionable quartets of the town. Those engaged in the wearying laskofhouse-hunting, can hardly do better than pay Messrs. II. Moore & Co. a visit, and consult their list of available residences. A large business is
to I e one of continued prosperity. We understand that visitors can see over the distillery at any time, on application at the offices in Thomas Street.
done by this fitni in the collection of rents, a task of great difficulty and requiring considerable nicely in its operations, and which the business tact and prudence of Mr. H. Moore parlicufarly fits him for performing. The firm also do a good business ns insura ce agents, Mr. H. Moore being representative of The National Provident Institution, and The Lancashire and Yorkshire Accident Insurance Company. Boih of these companies have been veiy largely patronised in Dublin, many persons during the year availing themselves of the many advant.iges affjided by the companies in question. The l^nca.shire and Yorkshiie especially is a paiticularly useful institution, being founded for the purpose of insuring .against acci- dents. It contains among its Directors many gentlemen of high s >cial posi- tion, and eminent in various branches of commerce. The head offices of the Company arc 37, Prince's Street, .Manchester, opiwsite the entrance to the Town Hall, and there are other important branches at Glasgow and other great business centres. The National Provident Institution is one of very old foundation, having l>een establi-hed in 1S35 for the transaction of mutual assurances, and the granting of annuities and cmlowments, and since its commencement h.as is-ued over 49,500 policies, a"d has paid claims amounting in the aggregate to over ;^7,ooo,ooo steiliiig. The financial state of the .Vssociation as pulilished in its annual lepoit is most satis, factory. They are also agents for the Pha-nix l'"ire Office and the London and Provincial Horse, Cattle, and Carriage Insurance Compiny, Limited. Wc regret not being able, through want of sp.ice, to deal a; gre.itcr length with lie various branches of Messis. H. Moore & Co.'s eMeiisive and varied business. Considering the short time the firm of MiKire & Co. has been established, it has wonderfully succeeded in foiming a con- nection which promises to be second to none, in this line of business.
46
INDUSTRIES OF DUBLIN.
Messrs. Maguire & Son, House Turnishing and Building Ironmongery Stores, Dublin Sanitary and Ensincerlng Works, 10, Dawson Street, and 6, 7, 8, Frederick Street.
In the year that wa; marked by the accession of Her Majesty the Queen to the throne, the corner-store was laid of the business firm of Messrs. Maguire & Son, a firm which has contributed much to the health and happi- ness of so many of the homes of our people. The show-rooms of this firm arc situated at 10, Dawson Street, and the sanitary and engineering works in Frederick Street, directly in connection. The different departments into which the establishment is divided are : the sanitary and engineering, house furnishing and builders' ironmongery, and house decorating and glazing. The subject of proper sanitation of dwelling-houses is one that must always occupy public attention. Practical specialists are more than ever needed to carry out such work, and to advise the authorities on the subject of special legislation in sanitary refor.-n. The excellent appliances manufactured by this firm ought to have a peculiar interest, from the fact of the successful way in which they have, wherever used, prevented the diseases that are the sure attendants of unsanitary dwellings. An eminent Leeds surgeon states "that one-third at least of the incidental illness of the kingdom is the direct result of drainage defects, and can be and ought to be pre- vented." Among the numerous articles in this department calling for special notice are, the patent sa'ety-joint diain, which secures perfect joints and easy access; Maguire's patent flushing tank, for autom.itic cleansing of the drains ; Maguire's hydraulic and smoke-testing appliances, which can severely test any drain and localise defects ; Maguire's gold medal universal water-closet, considered the simplest and most perfect of the numerous appliances recently devised ; and many other sanitary inventions due to the genius of Mr. W. R. Maguire, to which a leading sanitarian has borne the high testimony that they have all fullilltd the special sanitary purpose for which they were designed. Mr. W. R. Maguire, the head of this extensive business, on whose capacity and practical knowledge its success depends, is himself an Associate Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland, a Local Sanitary Surveyor of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, Fellow of the Royal Meteoro- logical .Society, and Lecturer arid Demonstrator at South Kensington on Sanitary I'lunibing and Drainage to the City and Guilds of London Technical Institute, and a registered master plumber. Mr. Maguire was one of the most active promoters, and acted as one of the honorary secretaries, of the memorable Sanitary Congress and Exhibition held in Dublin, in 1884, under the presidency of .Sir Robert Rawlinson, K.C.IJ. He also helped to accomplish the opening of the Dublin Technical School for Artisans, of which he is honorary treasurer ; and he has conducted technical classes in his own factory, where eighty workmen and lads received instruction at his hands in the science underlying the technicalities of their handicrafts. Mr. .Maguire is consulted daily as a specialist on sanitary matters, and from his long experience he advices all who desire to secure a sanitary residence, first and before entering into any agreement, to have a thorough sanitary inspeciion, with rigid tests, of the existing drains and fittings, made by a f|ualilied sanitary surveyor ; then to have a detailed report furnished, pointing out the (lefects, item by item, specifying the prof>er remedies ; and for this service the surveyor to be paid, by agree- ment, a nio lerate fee, that his insjiection may be independent and complete, for such services rendered gratuitously are of little or no real value. In many instances sanitary work done by inexperienced con- tractors has had to be removed, and the work done over again at great loss. By Mr. .Majuire's system of sanitary reform, a householder is enabled to sec clearly all defects, and to decide what extent of work he will carry out in the direction of reform before committing hini^clf to the expense. The plan usually adopted is, to sign the agreement taking a
house on the interested advice of the landlord or house agent, and then, in a panic, when dangerous defects beco:ne apparent through illness in the family, to send for the nearest contractor and leave the work in, perhaps, incompetent hands. Maguire & S)n have become celebrated, not only for their unequalled saritary reform system, but also for their cooking apparatus and kitchen fittings. They have heated and ventilated many hundred public buildings, churches, and residences, and are con- sulted daily as to the most approved systems to adopt, whether steam, high or low pressure hot water, or hot air systems. 1 hey erect laundries and ^tabling ; and Dr. Scott's disinfectirig cliambers, manufactured by them, are now adopted by Government and sent to stations abroad and at home. The many different styles of lavatories designed and supplied by this firm would be too numCNius to mention ; sufficient to say that the' gold medal was awarded for their noiseless and spray lavatories and baths, that are constructed on the most advanced sanitary principles, and made in every convenient shape, in white and ivory wares, in bronzed iron brackets, or set in pine, ash, maple, or mahogany stands ; some with' mirrors attached, others with marble tops and backs, each replete with' pitented taps, and showing in the carving of the wood or the casting of the metal some of the most beautiful designs. These are to be seen in' almost every public institution or office in the city. The [ilumbing section of this department contains every kind of the most improved apparatus,, and every article used in connection with the plumber's craft, turned out in a style that leaves nothing to be desired. The house furnishing and builders' ironmongery department contains a most valuable stock of electro- plated ware, cutlery, kitchen furniture, many patterns of table lamps, gaseliers, grates, stoves, and kitchen ranges, and every class of house ironmongery ; iron and brass bedsteads, and exquisitely wvirked hat and umbrella stands and hall tables. The work executed by the third depart- ment, the house decorating division, is to be seen and appreciated in all parts of the city and country, and proves the class of workmen employed are carefully chosen and well instructed in all the branches of house- painting, room-papering, and wall and floor tiling. In its entirety the establishment C(mtains a larger and more varied stock than any other firm of the kind in Dublin, and from the orderly arrangement of its depart- ments and business is an example of what a business house ought to be. The business connection is one of the most extensive, and the principal custom of the house is reckoned among the nobility and gentry, as w^ell as the leading mercantile houses, clubs, and hotels in the city and country, in addition to the support of the principal builders and contractors. For the sanitation work done by competent hands and in an efficient manner, the film has received many testimonials of approval from the highest sani- tary authorities, who testify to the advantages of their system over the best methods of other firms. It follows from the large tr.ade done that they are enabled to give permanent employment to over two hundred hands, sup- porting probably five hundred persons in an honest independence. The selection of the employes has always received the most careful attention, as none bat the most competent and trustworthy are engaged, and this care has been rewarded in the ability of a staff that can compete successfully with any of their trade in the United Kingdom. The supL'rior quality of the goods and work of this firm has gained for it a marked preference in the public favour, whilst the energy and close attention to business of the principal and the managers have kept pace with the advances and changes of ihe times. Their zeal in being foremost in introducing all real improve- ments, and in securing the newest designs for the inspeciion of the public, and the invariable courtesy and attention to all who deal with them, have obtained a distinguished name for their firm everywhere. The amount of table cutlery of high class alone sold by this firm would cause astonishment, as it has become well known that American and other foreign visitors can- purchase for cash, when passing through Dublin, ivory-hafted tible-knives and electro-plate forks and spoons, at twenty-five per cent, under the prices charged in ihe Sheffield manufieturing centre-, or in London or Paris. Maguire & Son's table cutlery is now known over the world ; orders from abroad accompanied by cash are carefully tilled and promply despatched daily.
Mastersou & Co., Grocers, Wiue, Spirit, and Fro-
Vislon Merchants. -20, Lower Dorset .Street. — This is a very well-known and noted house in the family grocery and provision line, and has for many years enjoyed considerable patronage from a large connection of supporters in the northern quarter of Dublin. Founded about fourteen years ago, the house has ra|iidly come to the front, showing signs of considerable future development, and is at present well abreast of all competitors. At an early si.age in its career the house obtained a high name lor the excellent quality of its groceries and provisions, and the reputation thus early and deservedly achieved it has been the constant aim of its man.igement to maintain unimpaired down to Ihe present mnment. The stock, which is considerable and valuable, contains a fine assortment of groceries, wines and sjiirils, malt liquors, and provisions. The house has long borne a good name for the quality of its teas. The wine supply also is varied and attractive, all the most favourite brands being represented, as well as several descriptions of lighter wines suitable for dinner purposes. The stock of provisions is very comprehensive, including as it does butter and eggs, cheese, bacon, and hams, and other items of familiar household con- sumption. All these conimoditie> are of the most a])proved quality ; and the steady support which the firm has received from the public throughout the whole of i s commercial career is the best proof of the public's appre- ciation of the effoils made to cater successfully for it. The firm occujiy a very high ]iosilion in the estimation of business circles.
INDUSTRIES OF DUBLIN.
47
A. & B. Thwaites & Co., Mineral Water Manufac-
tnrors, Upprr Sackvillc Street. — I'Vuciiiusl aiiiun^sl lliu inaaufacliitin^ iiiiliislric^ which oriyiiiaUvl and still lloiiri^h in Iiclaiul is that of nrlilicial mineral waters ; anil to Dublin belongs the honmir of le.nling the van in llie army of thir.-.t-qiicnclicrs. Towards the enil of last century there was an eminent cliemisl — Mr. Aiifjiistlne Thwaites— practising in Lifley Street, then one of the principal business streets of the city ; his son, Mr. Augus- tine Thwaites, jun., who w.as studying medicine at the time, was the lirst to invent soda-water. This was early in 1799, and in falkiia's Journal o{ that period may be found the .advertisements of "Augustine Thwaites, Senior and Junior, Chemists, and .Makers of Soda-water." Mr. A. Thwaites, jun., died at an early .ige, when Mr. Thwaites, sen., took into partnership his nephew, Mr. Richard Thwaites, and his daughters, Mrs. Orr and .Miss Thwaites. The firm, thus constituted, took the name of A. & R. Thwaites & Co., the subject of the present article. A. & R. Thw.iilcs & Co. very shortly moved into Marlborough .Street, and afterwards, as their business kept on growing, they moved to Upper S.ickville Street, where they are to be found, still growing and flourishing, midway between the Post Office and Rotunda, types of progress and healing. The .soda-water first made was of two strengllis, and was called " Single " and " Double." These were and arc still of a medicinal character, made by a secret process, which has never been imparled to any one outside the lirm. These Soda-waters are most useful in giving tone to the stomach when strained by an over-rich diet. They improve the appetite, stimulate the liver, without producing flatulency, and .are particularly suited to persons of sedentary habits. They are invaluable as thirst -allayers in cases of fever. That the great usefulness of this invention was very early recognised is shown by the fact that it re- ceived the rare distinction of being prominently spoken of, in his public lectures in iSoo, by the late Robert Percival, M.I)., then Professor of Chemistry in Trinity College, Dublin. The late .Archbishop Whateley spoke of Soda-water as the only invention origin.iling in woman's mind ; however, in this he was mistaken, as the son, not daughter, of Mr. Thwaites was the inventor. Archbishop Whateley was not the only great writer who had not clear ideas as to the invention of .Soda-water, as Thackeray, in "V.mity Fair," writing of the time of the Battle of Waterloo, tells us, " Soda-water was not invented yet. Small-beer — will it be believed ! — was " the only drink with which unhappy gentlemen soothed the fever of their " previous night's potation." Happily for Ireland — that land of "punch and potatoes" — A. S: R. Thwaites li Co. had then come to the aid of the sulTerers, for the modern "Soda-water" was being made by them, accord- ing to letters -patent procured in l8og-io — these letters, by the way, being the first granted in any branch of this great industry, and A. & R. Thwaites & Co. still show them with their great waxen seal attached. The Patent Soda- water was so eminently satisfactoiy that a large number of unsuccessful imi.atioi^s were at once started, none standing the test of years ; their number, however, is constantly being added to, many of them having been given fancy names to attract public attention. It is most interesting to lord-; over A. & R. Thwaites & Co.'s books, and to notice the introduction of the various modern drinks, the principal ones — such as Ginger-Ale, Seltzer, Kali, Lemonade, etc. — being all manufactured in the first quarter of the present century ; among the later ones coming Champagne Cyder, Sarsaparilla, Tonic Water, etc. Besides aerated waters, A. & R. Thwaites & Co. make their justly-celebrated Syrup of Ginger, which is a most agreeable addition to their Patent Soda-water, particularly when used as atlinner drink, wann- ing the stomach, and promoting digestion. This .Syrup is very useful in relieving relax.ation of the throat, occasioned by long speaking. For cramps, or wind in the stomach, it gives instant relief. It is hard to pick out any of the preparations of this firm for special mention, as, where all are so excellent, who can decide as to the best? A. & R. Thwaites & Co. are very conservative as to their modes of manufacture, but, w ithal, are not slow to adopt genuine improvements, their machinery being of the most efiicient char.acter, and mostly produced in their own city. The strict care and attention given by the members of the firm to all the details of m.inu- facture results in their goods finding their way into all the leading clubs, hotels, and business houses in the land. On the occasion of Her Majesty's visit to Ireland, the leading medical men of Dublin kindly came forward and signed a testimonial as to the excellence of A. & K. Thwaites & Co.'s productions, which had the eft'ect of securing them the appointment of sole manufacturers of mineral waters to Her Majesty in Ireland. A. & R. Thwaites & Co. are laige importers of foreign mineral waters, in addition to their prin- cipal business, any of the leading springs being procurable at their house in Dublin. The past twenty years have seen vast strides in the output of this firm, the last ten alone showing an increa.se of over 300 per cent., while the four years just p.ast have doubled their business. A. & R. Thwaites iV: Co. have never had to resort to the ordinaiy way of selling goods from their vans, as every bottle sent out by them has been previously ordered. These facts speak loudly in praise of the energy, skill, and attention with which their business is conducted, and on all sides one meets with their praises. Long may they prosper ! is our wish.
Kobert Stralian & Co., General House Furnishers, Upholsterers, and Cabinet Makers, -4 & 25, Henry Street. — The firm of R. Strahan & Co. is one of the oldest and most important houses in Dublin connected with the branch of manufacture with which it has so long and so notably been associated. Founded more than one hundred and twelve years ago, the house has, for many years past, been looked upon as one of the leading concerns in this line. The premises occupied are situated as above, and are on the most extensive scale. They probably measure
about 250 feet from front to rear, and possess a handsome and imposing fronl.ige in Henry Street of about 60 feel. In the general fitting up and appointments of the establishment neither expense nor trouble have been spareil, and the result is certainly satisl'actory. The fiim are to be particu- larly complimenteil on the impetus they have given to tr.ide in Dublin, and the good example they have shown to other houses in encouraging industry by having nearly all their goods manufactured on their own premises, except in certain cases where, to meet the taste of customers, they, like other houses, have had to import foreign goods. We have before us an illustrated list of their productions, and, judging by the style of the work, wc can safely .say that, in this branch of home industry, its products may most favourably compare with those of the best houses, either in EnglamI or upon the Continent. The well-filled and tastefully-.appointed sli.,w.rooms of Messrs. Strahan & Co. are well worthy of a visit, and certainly will repay the trouble taken to any person interested in the matter of furniture manu- facture. The stock of plain and artistic furniture held by the firm is of great extent ami value. This stock is made up of drawing-room, and dining- room, and bedroom suites, and miscellaneous articles, all designcil in the best style, and distinguished by an admirable degree of finish. Here are to be found cabinets and whatnots, sofas and lounges and couche;, chairs and tables and easy-chairs, card-tables and secretaires, brackets and screens, and a whole host of pretty and attractive objects. All these articles of really high-class furniture are manufactured in various and valuable woods, such as oak, mahogany, rosewood, walnut, and satin-wood, many of the latter being remarkable as beautiful specimens of marqucteric- work. Next to the make and finish of their furniture, we would call atten- tion to the exquisite taste displayed in the upholstering line, the workman- ship and choice of material covering the various articles leaving nothing to be desired. In close connection with this latter branch, the firm hold a large, valuable, and varied stock of curtain and drapery materials, all of which are deserving of the utmost notice, being of the very newest and most charming patterns in silk damasks, velvets, reps, tapestries, and block- printed French and British chinties. In the inspection or contemplation of this varied assortinent of the most sumptuous materials, we have a regular feast of colour provided for us, yet so skilfully are the tints manufactured and blended, anil so well is one strong and powerful colour subdued and harmonised by another of a cooler and quieter tint, that we come away without any feeling of weariness to the sight, which is more than could be said of many a picture collection. In the general furnishing department there is an admirable supply of bra.ss and iron bedsteads, as well as some in various woods, and a very fine assortment of bedfling of a most superior description. In addition to their important premises in Henry Street, the firm are possessed of a very extensive set of buildings situated at 12, Went- worth Place, which are used as a f.ictory, with workshops and timber-yard, and wdierc nearly the whole of their valuable supply of furniture is m.anu- factureil. The firm also are the proprietors of the " Dublin Pantechnicon Furniture Stores" at Park-gate Street, which are used by the public for the storage of furniture during absence from town, and for which a certain rent is charged by the firm. 1 he business done by the house is simply enormous, their connection being of a most extensive, and, we should add, influential character, as is only to be expected of a house of such old and respectable establishment. Messrs. Strahan & Co. were fortunate enough to obtain prize medals at the Exhibitions held in London and Dublin in the years 1S53, 1S62, and 1S64 respectively. We feel how inadequate a sketch like this must prove in conveying anything like a true conception of the magni- tude and importance of what is, w itliout gainsay, one of the principal houses in the trade in Ireland, but we have, at any rate, said enough, we trust, to rouse the interest of our readers, and cause ihem, in making their purchases, to give a share of their patronage to an old, honourable, and thoroughly reliable film.
Mr. Prosper Lore, Hat Manufacturer, Wellington Quay.— Mr. Prosper Lore, of Wellington Quay, m.iy .assuredly lay claim to the honour of being one of the oldest as well as the leading hat manufacturers in Dublin. He has been established in Dublin for thirty-five years past, and the excellent hats he makes have sheltered nearly two generations of citizens alike from the torrid heat of the sun and the moisture of the rain. Mr. Lore's business is chiefly wholesale, and his hats are truly a national product inasmuch as they are worn by the nation. He employs a staft" of between twenty and thirty men and women. The new and costly machinerj' which Mr. Lore has provided obviates to a very large extent any necessity for hand work. He in.anufacturcs every description of hat, and one is be\yililcred on going through his extensive premises to note the singular v.iricty of head covering to which human nature is addicted. Here we can equip ourselves with the holid,ay-m,aking straw, the Bohemian bowler, the picturesque wide-awake, and the convei'aional chimney-pot. Mr. Lore is somewhat of an enthusiast over hat-making, and it can be seen at once that he is as great on hats in theory as he is an ex])ert at making them. It m.iy be mentioned in this connection that at the Irish Fxhibition of 18S2, he was awarded the first prize medal, an honour which, from the sterling quality of his exhibits and the long standing of his honourable house, he richly deserved. He w.as also awarded the first certificate at the Irish Artisans' Exhibition held in 1SS5. One cannot s.iy that these decisions of juries could in any way enhance .Mr. Lore's great reputation, but they un- questionably show that Mr. Lore holds a very high pbcc in the ranks of Irish hat manufacturers, and that that place has not been won without being deserved.
48
INDUSTRIES OF DUBLIN.
The Sablin Whisky Distillery Co., Limited, Jones Road, Dublin. — Dublin is, and long has been, the centre of attraction for
building, until now the premises present an appear.-ince at once striking and attractive, forminj in themselves a co'oisal erection symmetrically con-
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THE NEW CO.NXKEIE BO.MDED STOKES.
all who may be interested in distilling operations. From a vciy early period in the history of the country, the pro'ur-f'"i "f 'ri<h whiskv has been closely associated with, and has all along played a mo^t important part in, the commercial operations of the metropolis, and has brought Ireland under the notice of the world as the best and most productive centre in this re- spect. Irish whisky is a recog- nised beverage now on the t.ablcs and in the cellars of the highest and most powerful potentates of the old and the new world, and in spile of associations organised in oppo- sition to its interests the na- tioml beverage still holds its own. Among modern under takings there is probably r^ more popular establishment than that cirried on under the style of the Dublin Whisky Distillery Company, Limiud, and familiarly known as the "D.W.D." This mammoth concern having iis headquarters in Jones Road, first started its operations in 1873, and fEom the very dale of its inception, it has given i«.: iking proofs o, its producing powers, and is in itself a happy illustration of the national importance of distillation in the mercnnlile undertakings of Ireland. It was indeed a bold and ambi- tious undertaking to start a concern of this kind in such a competitive field as Dublin, the vcr)' seat of eminent dis- tillers whose reputation is not bounded by parallels of lati- tude. In face of this fact and ill combAting many other con- tingencies which might prove unfavourable under ordinary circumstances, the ' • I). \V. D. " has gone on flourishing, ad- vancing each year