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LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
EDITED BY T. E. PAGE, trrr.p. CAPPS, ru.p.,u.p. W. H. D. ROUSE, trrr.p.
OPPIAN COLLUTHUS TRYPHIODORUS
- i ay OPT
OPPIAN, COLLUTHUS, TRYPHIODORUS. |
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY A. W. MAIR, D.Lrrr.
PROFESSOR OF GREEK, EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY
LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
~NEW YORK:G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS MCMXXVIII
PREFACE
Tue present volume forms the third instalment of those translations from the Greek poets on which, almost by an accident, I have spent no inconsiderable portion of the little leisure of my life. If now, con- templating that work dispassionately, I am moved by some misgiving and am tempted to consider it as being, however useful,
orovens ye pévToe THS Euys ovK Gov, perhaps the same sober reflection occurs to most men m looking upon the finished labour of their hands : _fecine operae pretium? Be that as it may, if it should ' occur to any, otherwise approving, to regret that I ave selected for my purpose a series of poets who, fter all, dwell rather on the lower levels of Parnassus, am not altogether without hope that I may here- ‘ter find time to do similar homage to some choicer pirits, to Aeschylus, for example, and to Pindar : for which last, indeed, what I have hitherto written as in a sense and in the first instance merely pre- aratory. But for the immediate future another art of work suggests itself which cannot wisely be dstponed and which one might, when too late, regret to have left unattempted. Vitae summa brevis spem } 708 vetat incohare longam. Even as I write, while the September sea breaks at my feet on the grey stones
Vv
PREFACE
of Loch Ranza, not the least prominent thought in _ my mind is the moving memory of the vanished _ eyes—of Sir William Ridgeway, Sir John Sandys, J.S. Reid, Arthur Platt, J.S. Phillimore,to name but these, and of others nearer and unnamed—which _ would have looked upon these pages with a kindly ~_ interest, and, I would fain think, not wholly without ~_ approval : iS ects O€ Kai Te GavovTecow pépos Kav vopmov epdopevor, karakpurre. 8 ov Kdves cvyyovey Kedvav yapuy.
Some little inconsistency in minor detail between one part of the book and another will be explained by the fact that Colluthus and Tryphiodorus—apart _ from the Index—were in type so long ago as 1921, — while Oppian is only now completed. a
This last, being largely pioneer work, has occupied __ more time and labour than one would have cared — deliberately to contemplate. The identification of the animals mentioned, and of the fishes in particular, _ is a difficult and perilous task, and while I have doné — what I could by collation of the statements in ancient _ authors and by the use of such hints as could bé © derived from modern nomenclature or from , apparent etymological significance of the old names, — I can hardly expect that my identifications, some of — them novel, will command complete approval. But — the statement of facts as here presented may lighten — the labour of any future editor.
It only remains to thank all who have in sundry i ways and at divers seasons helped me. Dr. Page, P whose interest has been a great encouragement, has not only read my proofs with almost disconcerting
vl
PREFACE
vigilance, but has, in his capacity as one of the Editors, done perhaps some violence to his proper
| judgement in allowing me unusual space for ex-
ae
planatory or illustrative comment: superest ut nec me consilii nec illum paeniteat obsequit. Professor D’Arcy Thompson, rotavds dd rarpos, has given me kindly counsel and—d¢idwv édrcyxov aievdertatov— the loan of books, and, in addition, read and an- notated the proofs of the Cynegetica: those of the Halieutica he was unhappily prevented by cireum- stances from reading. Conversations at various times with some of my colleagues, Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer, Emeritus Professor Cossar Ewart, Professor Ashworth, and with my brothers, have been helpful. Dr. James Ritchie of the Royal Scottish Museum has generously placed his know- ledge at my service, and in these last days, when I have been beyond the reach of books, Mr. P. H. Grimshaw of that institution has supplemented some gaps in my knowledge of Natural History from Eels to Whales. In the same circumstances, Mr. W. R. Cunningham, Librarian of Glasgow Uni- versity, has at some personal trouble supplied me with information otherwise inaccessible. My col- leagues of the Greek Department in Edinburgh University, Mr. J. A. FitzHerbert, now Professor of Classics in the University of Adelaide, and Mr.
_ P. B. R. Forbes, have rendered me helpful services
of the most varied kind—pdAuora 8€ 7 exAvoy attoi— and in particular have read the bulk of the proofs ; in which matter some assistance was given also by Mr. C. J. Fordyce, of Jesus College, Oxford, as by my eldest son, C. G. R., in connexion with the Colluthus and Tryphiodorus Index. Nor must I
vil
PREFACE
forget my nameless informants both among landward men and among them that go down to the sea in
ships, toiciv te Gaddoow. épya péundAev, with whom, as occasion served, I have held illuminating converse.
Lastly, I would express my thanks, sincerely but
briefly—for gratitude lies not in the much predication of it—to Mr. William Maxwell, Managing Director of Messrs. R. & R. Clark, to their accomplished Reader, and to the rest of their Staff, whose patience I have often tried, but never exhausted ; for indeed
it seems to be inexhaustible.
A. 'W. M.
TO OPPIAN, COLLUTHUS, TRYPHIODORUS
Farewell awhile! who somewhile dwelt with me In sunny days and sullen, good and ill, Discoursing still your measured minstrelsy, Legends of lowly daring, craft, and skill, Lore of dead men which yet hath power to thrill Spirits attuned to Nature’s mystery, : Things secret of the everlasting hill And precious things of the eternal sea.
In other mood ye sang of him who chose __ For Beauty’s Crown the Daughter of the Foam, Mistook for gain what proved his bitter loss And prelude to an Iliad of woes— Won Helen from her happy Spartan home And drenched with blood the soil of Ilios.
A. W. M.
Vili
CONTENTS
PAGE OPPIAN: ; _. Inrropuction— A fof] -. 1. The Authorship of the Basan taectiditt xi u. Zoology before Oppian Serer . xxiii mt. Hunting, Fishing, Fowling . _ Xxxii _tv. On the Identification of certain Fishes” xlix v. Some Animal Idiosyncrasies ei a a vi. Analyses. : . > ns SEREV _vi. Bibliography a she . ¥ . . Ixxvi eens, or THe CHaseE— de hee ook I. : ¢ ; are 2 Book II . ; Zs : we RIOD 50 Saar AARON TO Tas okay £ . . 3 MaodetetyHT 169 Hawtevutica, or FisHine— Book I . . ; ; : . 200 Book II . : . . ; ; . 282 Book III . ; : . re : . 844
CONTENTS
Book IVs os ol ee Book V . : - ; : F . 458 CrassIFIED ZooLtocicaL CaTALOGUE . rays: |. § GENERAL INDEX . ; : § F Anes COLLUTHUS: InTRODUCTION— 1. The Life of Colluthus . : : . 535 1. The Text. : ; ; ; S387 Bibliography . : ; : ; = DoS. ae Tue Rape or HELEN . : : : . 542 TRYPHIODORUS: INTRODUCTION— 1. The Life of Tryphiodorus . . . 575 u1. The Manuscripts . ; : : ae m1. Bibliography ¥ 3 : i Be 7 i Tue Takine or Inios . ; ; . 580
InpEx oF Proper Names 1n CoLLuTHUS AND TRYPHIODORUS . : 2 Re ‘ - 634
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INTRODUCTION
I. Tue AvTuHorsHiIP or THE Poems
Tue authorship of the Cynegetica and the Halieutica presents a problem of some perplexity owing to the impossibility of reconciling some of the external evidence regarding Oppian with the internal evidence presented by the poems themselves.
I. Exrernat Evinence.— This consists in the ancient Vitae (Biov) preserved in various mss. of the poems, with a short notice in Suidas, and some references to and quotations from the Halieutica— there are no references to or quotations from the «© Cynegetica—in later writers.
Vitae. —Of the ancient Lives, which show at once considerable agreement and considerable discrepancy, Anton. Westermann, in his siorpaeor, Brunsvigae, 1845, distinguishes two recensions, which we shall here denote as Vila A and Vita B respectively.
Vita A, “quae narrationem praebet omnium sim- plicissimam,’ as printed by Westermann may be translated as follows :—
* Oppian the poet was the son of Agesilaus and Zenodoté, and his birthplace was Anazarbos in Cilicia. His father, a man of wealth and considered the foremost citizen of his native city, distinguished
xiii
OPPIAN
too for culture and living the life of a philosopher, trained his son on the same lines and educated him in the whole curriculum of education—musie and geometry and especially grammar. When Oppian was about thirty years of age, the Roman Emperor Severus? visited Anazarbos. And whereas it was the duty of all public men to meet the Emperor, Agesilaus as a philosopher and one who despised all vain-glory neglected to do so. The Emperor was angered and banished him to the island of Melite in the Adriatic. There the son accompanied his father and there he wrote these very notable poems. Coming to Rome in the time of Antoninus,’ son of. Severus—Severus being already dead—he read his poetry and was bidden to ask anything he pleased. He asked and obtained the restoration of his father, and received further for each verse or line of his poetry a golden coin. Returning home with his father and a pestilence coming upon Anazarbos he soon after died. His fellow-citizens gave him a funeral and erected in his honour a splendid monu- ment with the following inscription :
“<JT, Oppian, won everlasting fame, but Fate’s envious thread carried me off and chilly Hades took me while still young—me the minstrel of sweet song. But had dread Envy allowed me to remain alive long, no man would have won such glory as I.’¢
“ He wrote also certain other poems and he lived for thirty years. He possessed much polish and
* Emperor 193-211 a.p.
> i.e. Caracalla, Emperor 211-217.
© ’Ommavos Kdéos elAov deldtov' add we Molpys | Baoxavos einpmate ulros, kpvepds 7 ’Atéas pe | kal véov bvra Karéoxe Tov everins trogpyrny. | ef 5€ rodtv me xpdvov fwoy uluvev POdvos alvds | elac’, od« dv ris wot tov yépas é\NaXE PwTav.
Xiv
INTRODUCTION
smoothness coupled with conciseness and nobility— a most difficult combination. He is particularly successful in sententious sayings and similes.”
Vita B, which is “referta interpolationibus,’ is given by Westermann in its most interpolated form. In the main it agrees with Vita A and we merely note the discrepancies, apart from those which are only verbal.
1. The birthplace of Oppian is first given as “either Anazarbos or Corycos” and afterward it is referred to as Corycos.
2. The Melite to which his father was banished is described as an island of Italy, whereas in Vita A it is said to be in the Adriatic. This points to a confusion of the Adriatic Meleda with Malta—both anciently Melite.
3. While Vita A describes the poetry written at Melite quite vaguely as rowtra 7a roujpata a£codoyu- zara ovra, Vita B says, ra woujpata 7a KédAX Ta TavTa eve’ BiBXéous [1.e. the Halieutica}.
4, While Vita A says no more of his other writings than merely: éypave d¢ cai dAXa roujpard tia, Vita B has ; cvvérage 5€ xai GAXa Toujpata Gavpacra wais dv ért, Ta Te “[fevTixad Kai Kuvyyerixd, exarepa ev (sic) BiBAtors rapa pépos repiaBwv. ev Tovrors Se [sc. the Halieutica) pdéduora dvexpever, are dy wepi tiv axpiv Tov ppoveiv yeyevnpevos.
Westermann prints also a Life of Oppian in oriyou moAtrtxot by Constantinus Manasses which is merely a paraphrase of Vita A.
Lastly, we have the notice in Suidas s. "Orziavés- Kikié axd Kopixov roXdews, ypappatixds Kai érorotds, yeyoves exit Mapxov’Avrwvivov Baoihéws. “AXtevtixa ev BiBrios ¢, Kuvnyeruxa ev BiBXrios réocapor,
XV
OPPIAN
‘Tgevtixa BuiBAta B' (sc. éypaev). He adds a single sentence about his being rewarded by the Emperor —as he does not specify what Emperor, doubtless he means Marcus Antoninus as above. Other references or quotations
Athenaeus 13 b (in a list of verse ‘Adveutixd): Kat Tov OAtyp pd pov yevopevov ’Ormavdy Tov Kidtxa. The precise date of Athenaeus is not certainly known. Suidas has s, "A@jvacos Navxparirys: ypap- PaTLKOS, yeyovms exit TSv xpovwv Mdpxov. The con- temptuous reference to the Emperor Commodus in Athen. 537f zi otv Oavpaoriv «i Kat Kal? Apas Koppodos 6 avitoxpdtwp ext rév 6xnpdtov TapaKeipevoy cixev 70 ‘HpdxAccov poradov irertpwpéevys aire Aceovras kat ‘HpaxAjs Kxadeirbar 7GeAev suggests that the Deipnosophistae was not finished till after the death of Commodus (a.p. 198).
Suidas [10th cent.] s. "AcdddAws Hooeddv: “Aoda- Atos pifodxa Oepeirra vépbe pvAdoowv TeAcvTalos odtos rob ¢’ tov “AXtevtixov ’Ormiavod [ Hal. v. 680).
Geoponica [10th cent.] xx. 2 gives Oppian as the authority for that chapter: “Iy@ts «is éva témov cuvayayeiv. *Ormvavod.
Etymologicum Magnum [c. a.p. 1100] s. ddty .. . 7 pi) Tepukvia, TOU & KaKkdv onpaivovtos. *Omrmavds’ *Q6e Kai qredavis addins odAvynwedes Ovos | ovtivos exyeydacw ad aiparos ovde toxjwv | = Hal. i. 767 f.}- kat pel” érépous <S’>% Cres otixous’ éx de yeveOAns ovvoy exixrAndnv adpirides avdawvrat | = Hal. i. 775 +}. ypaderar aduytides. 8. Kwptxiov' . . . Kal “Ormavds ev tpitw “AXtevtixov: Lavi d¢ Kopvxiw Bvbiny rapa-
@ Added by Editor. xvi
Sin Chit *
INTRODUCTION
katGeo réxvny | radi TED [= Hai. iii, 15)... AdBpag-
os COTW oby Tapa 7d AaBpus eo diew: ddnddyov yap éote Td (Gov, ws icrope’ "Ormavds év Tois ‘AXtevtikois
(= Hal. i. vat
Eustathius [12th cent.] on Dion. P. ii. 270. tov
evpw7rov, oTEp Sy Aoi tov tAativ jj oxorevov, €£ od kai orjAaov rapa To ‘Onmiave evpwmov [apparently thinking of Hal. iii, 19 f. €x Te BepeOpov | dvpevac
: etpwrroio] ; on 538 ot d¢ repi-Kivifixor Kal Il poxovycav
Tov Médava KoAmrov TeBépevor Soxovey a dpdprupa Aaheiv, <i pup Apa ex Tivos Xwpiov BonPoivra Kewevon ev Tois zo ‘Onmeavod “AXtevtixois, Grov rept TAS TOY. 7nAapvdauv dy pas « éxeivds py [ = Hal. iv. 115); on 772° ‘Ormeaves de, kai Tobs meph Tiypw “Agoupious KaXet, ovs! Kai rodvytvacas, toropel: [= Hal. iv. 204]; on 803 Kai 70 ddyuvdes Tape. T® ‘Ormave [= Hal. iv. ee on 916 kai Orriavds tod adywvdes a dmurxvavas THY ipBoyyov cis povopOoyyov Sia tod t ypader ws mpoeppeOn THVv Tporapadijyouray = Hal. iv. 73); 3 on 1055 6 ore etpytae Ode TO dé vaos Sua evos 7 pera extdcrews THs dpxotens. tL -ydp, Kai mépov devdev OTAGO... el pH ‘Tes 77H TOV, dyziypaduy aitwopevos pavroryta puddooe pey Ty da. tov. Sto ypadriy, Depamever dé 70. mdbos Tov pétpov dua ovvigjoews, ws Kai ev TH PX 2 TOV “AAteutixay ’Orravov | = Hal. i. 24}.
Eustathius on Hom. quotes Oppian thus : on Hom. il. xxi. 337 otro de mus Kai Ormavos tHv AcEw AapBave, prEypa Ayo THY Gepiviy prASyoow [ = Hal. i. 20); on Hom. Od. xxii. 468 diddoxer dé (6 ‘AG@nvaios) dKohodOws ™] ‘Onmiarg kat Ore 7 tpiyAn tprydvors yovais emévupos otra = Hal. i. 590]; on Hom. Od. xviii. 367 toréov de kal éte Ormaves pev kat 70 aiva cap éby bua povov Tov € yerov [=Hal. ii, 618) ; on Od. ii. 290 6 tpddus, of aitiatiKy piv Tapa *Ouniive. 2 év
b xvii
“
OPPIAN
TO “iepov tpddw (v.1. tpdxuv) "Evvorvyaiov,” edbeta b& TANOwriKy rapa TH “Hpoddtp ev tH erav yévwvras tpodues (Herod. iv. 9) [= Hal. ii. 634]; on Il. iv. 20 ore pvga ov povov repittwpa Td (wixkdy GAAQ Kal Tis erepola 4 rapa 7H Ormiavd yAayderoa (ef. Eustath. on Ji. ii. 637) [ = Hal. iii. 376]; on Il. iii. 367 gore kai dvopa (i.e, adjective) rapa tO Onmrive dpérAupos, 3d twes oféAcysos eypavav Aiodixdirepov [= Hal. iii. 429]; on Il. iii. 54 Orriavds obv Aariores Oar mrepv- yiows [ = Hal. i. 628 Aarvocopern wreptyecow] ix bias kal éAadov rrocoew 7Aguarov [= Hal. iv. 590 eAador HrAtuara mrdccover}. Schol. BV on Il. xiii, 443 quotes H. i. 134 f. waaay)
II. Inrernar Evipence.—Cynegetica. 1. The Cyn- egetica is dedicated to Caracalla (more correctly Caracallus), one of the two sons (the other being Geta) of L. Septimius Severus, Roman’ Emperor, A.D. 193-211, by his second wife, Julia Domna of Emesa in Syria: Cyn. i. 3 f. “Avrovive | Tov peyadn peytrA diricato Adpuva YePypw. Caracalla (this is only a nickname), born at Lyons in a.p..188, was first called Bassianus. He was made Caesar in 196, Imperator under the name of M. Aurelius Antoninus in 197, and Augustus with tribunician power in 198. On the death of Severus at York in 211, his two sons shared the imperial throne till the murder of Geta in 212. The most natural date for the Cynegetica is after Caracalla: became sole Emperor, t.e., after 212.
2. The poem is in any case dated after 198 by the allusion in i. 31 éfpacdpnv IlapOwv re dias kat Kryovpowvra to the capture of Ctesiphon by Severus
in that year, when Caracalla was but ten ye age. 3. The author of the poem belongs to / pamea, on
XViii
Fe tT ~.
es ool
INTRODUCTION
the Orontes in Syria} as is shown by Cyn. ii. 125 ff. where, ng of the Orontes he writes :
‘abtbs © ev pecdroww eraryifov redioww,
aity ae€opevos Kal teixeos éyyis ddevur,
- Xéprov dpovd Kal varov,* eunv wow, vdart Xetwv and just below 156 f. (after mentioning the Syrian tomb of Memnon) he says:
GAAG Ta pov kata Kéopov deivopev evpea KEAAH watpys Hpetepns épary UcpardAnids podry.
Halieutica.—1. The author of the Halieutica is a Cilician as is proved by two passages :
(a) H. iii. 7 £.— , got & éué reprwAjy te Kal dpvyntnp avenxav daipoves ev KiAiceoow if “Eppaioi advrouwt. “Eppeta, od 5€ wor ratpwie KrX.
(6) H. iii. 205 ff.—
’"AvOéwv Se rpOta Tepidpova revGeo Ojpny, otnv npetéepys epixvdeos evrivovTat TaTpys évvaeTnpes trép Laprydovos axtijs ® xépcov duotd xal vicov=Xepcdvncov, ** quod versu dicere non est,” one of the names of Apamea or Pella on the Orontes. Cf. Steph. B. s. ’Amduea, Dupias wédis, awd *Amduas, THs Ledevxov pytpds- éxrHOn Kai Keppovycos, awd ris
* weptoxas Tav Vddrwy, xai Ilé\X\a, awd tis €v Maxedovia ; Strabo
752 75 ‘Amduea cal wid exec 7d whéov evepxi- Adgos yap éorw év wedi xolhw Teretxicpévos Kaas, dy movet xeppovnalforra 6 "Opévrys Kai Muvn wepixeuévn peyddy xal Xn wAaTéa Netuavas te BovBérovs xai immoB8érovs diaxeouévous twepSdddovras 7d péyebos- 4 Te On ods obws dogahas xeirar (kal 5 Kai Xeppo- vnoos éxAjOn dia Td cupBeBnxds) Kal xwpas ebwopel wrayrdddns evdaluovos [ef. C. ii. 150 ff.), de js 6 “Opdyrns pet. . . éxadeiro 6é «ai IléXXa wore bxd Toy rperwv Maxeddvwr dia 7rd Tods mielcrous Tay Maxedévwr évraida oixiicat Tay orparevopérwy,
xix
OPPIAN
doco. O “Eppeiao réAw, vavoikAvtoy Gotu Kwpvkvov, vaiovor Kai appipitnv “EAcotoar.
These passages certainly suggest that the author of the Halieutica came from Corycus, but they by no | means prove it. The poet is describing a method of fishing, and Anazarbos as an inland town (Ptolem. v. 8.7 among inland [pecrdyevo.] towns in Cilicia is Kaurdpeva Tpos “AvalapBy) would not be in point. Nor is ‘Eppeia, od 5€ pov rarpdie conclusive, as Hermes appears on coins of other Ciliciam towns, e.g. Adana and Mallos.
2. The Halieutica is dedicated to a Roman Emperor, who is addressed as: Antoninus ¢ Bi i, 3, etc.) without further specification.
38. That Emperor's ‘son, whose name ‘is not indicated, is several times in the poem coupled with his father: H. i. 66, the fish in a royal preserve are a ready spoil coi Te, paKap, Kal mrasde HEY aVNXEt 5 i v7 ff. cd 8 iPdvevas Exacta, | roTva Ded, Kal TaTpl Kal viet rap Pacrdjos |, Ovpjpy sible dopa Tei TOpTvvov: GOLONS 5 ii. tae Gol TE, WaKap TKYTTOLXE, Kab dyAadraude yeveOry 5 :
. 682 Justice prevails among men ¢€£ 06 jou Kpai- vovot peyav Opdvov eu BeBacres | dppo Deomerwos | TE Tarnp kal aidinos dopmrngé;_ iv. 4 ff. adXd ov pot, KdpTiore ToAUTTOVXOV BacrrAjor, | adros tT, Avrovive, Kal vieos iyabeov Knp, | mpoppoves etoaiorre Ps .
Suidas, as we have seen above, puts the Cilician Oppian éri Mdpxov ’Avrwvivov BaoAéws, which most naturally means Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Emperor 161-180, in which case the son will be L. Aurelius
* The ambiguity is sufficiently great since the name Antoninus was borne by Antoninus Pius 138-161, M. Aurelius Antoninus 161-180, Commodus 180-192, Caracalla 211-217, Opellius 217-218, Elagabalus 218-222, ete.
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INTRODUCTION
- Commodus,* son of Marcus Aarelius and Faustina,
Emperor 180-192. Born in 161, he was made a Caesar in 166, and Imperator in 176. As H. ii. 682
o£ (quoted above) implies that the son was associated
with his father in the imperial power, this would date the Halieutica between 176, and the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180. | For the sporting proclivities of Commodus ‘cf. Herodian i. 15. The schol. in most places, i. 66, i. 77, ii. 41, iv. 4 take the son to be ’Avtwvive (sic) 76 Topdiave, but on ii: 683
_ the father and son are given as “Avtwvivos xai
_ Képodos.
ba
The identification of the Antoninus of the Halieutica with Marcus Aurelius has been generally The date thus assigned to the Cilician Oppian agrees admirably with the external evidence mentioned above. It agrees too with the date given for Ce ened ie (Cron Hieron., vol. viii. —p.~ 722, ed. Veron. 1736), and Syncellus (Chronogr: pp. 352 f., ed. Paris, 1652), who place Oppian in the year 171 If there be anything at “in the somewhat suspicious story of the banishment of the father and his restoration through his son, the story would appear to refer to the poet of the Cynegetica. _ The latest edition (sixth) of W. von Christ’s Geschichte der griechischen Literatur (ed. W. Schmid and O. Stahlin) holds that the Cynegetica and the Halieutica, although .by different authors, are both alike dedicated. to Caracalla. von Christ himself held, as we hold, that the Halieutica was dedicated to Marcus Aurelius. The reasoning by which the
_* His imperial name was Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus.
Xxi
OPPIAN
latest editors reach their conclusion is nothing less than astounding :
(1) Assuming Vita A to be the most trustworthy, they take the banishment to refer to the father of the Cilician Oppian.
(2) They put the visit of Severus in 194, when he was marching against Pescennius Niger. £35
(3) The poet of the Halieutica, they say, died in the thirtieth year of his age, after the death of Severus in 211. But the Vita A—their sole authority—says that the poet was about thirty years of age when his father was banished, and that he died at the age of thirty. In any case the whole story seems to contemplate a short period of banish- ment. On the showing of Messrs. Schmid-Stahlin it extended at least from 194-212, a period of eighteen years.
(4) Caracalla had no son. It was, apparently, only after his death that any hint was made with regard to the paternity of Elagabalus or his cousin; in any case neither youth could possibly have been referred to in the terms in which the poet of the Halieutica refers to the son of Antoninus. Messrs. Schmid & Stihlin, feeling this difficulty, comfortably say that in H. i. 66 “ist wohl rarpi statt radi zu schreiben.” It is regrettable that their researches in Oppian should not have proceeded a little further, when the other references to the son, as quoted above, would
ve needed more serious surgery.
Our conclusion, on the whole, is that the Hatlieutica alone is the work of the Cilician Oppian. _ The Cynegetica, which shows knowledge of the Halieutica not merely in detail, eg. Cyn. i. 82 compared with Hal. iii, 35, but in general treatment,
Xxil
INTRODUCTION
is the work of a Syrian imitator, dedicated very _ naturally to Caracalla, with regard to whom, amid so many uncertainties, nothing about his later years
_ seems certain except his close relations with Syria. _
- IL, ZooLogy BeroreE OppiaNn
The earliest classification of animals in any detail that we possess occurs in Book II. of the [epi Acairys, a treatise in the Corpus Hippocrateum, the collection of writings which pass under the name of Hippocrates. This particular treatise is assigned to the 5th century and Hist been by some ascribed to Herodicus of Selymbria, teacher of Hippocrates and father of Greek Medicine (cf. Suid. s. “Imroxparys, Soranus, Vit. Hippocr., Tzetz. Chil. viii. 155). This classifica- tion is purely incidental and is confined moreover to animals which are eaten. The author is discussing the qualities of the flesh of various edible animals (rept Gov trav érOiopévev Sde ypy yevdoxerv) and he divides them according to their habitat, on land, in air, in water, into the three popular genera of Beasts— or as the writer calls them Quadrupeds (retpdroda)}— Birds (épviOes), Fish (ix@ves). Such grouping as there is within these great divisions is based on similarity in quality of flesh—distinguished as light or heavy, firm or flaccid, and so forth. Under the first genus he distinguishes Cattle, Goats, Swine (Wild and Tame), Sheep, Asses, Horses, Dogs, Deer, Hares, Foxes, Hedgehogs. Under the second genus he specifies ¢acoa (Ringdove), tepurrepd (Domestic Pigeon), Partridge, Cock, Turtle-dove, Goose ; then
xxiii
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boa oreppodoyée. (no specific bird is mentioned but the reference would be first and foremost to the Rook, Corvus frugilegus, L., cf. A. 592 b 28, Aristoph. Av. 232, 579, ete.), and lastly “the Duck (vjooca) and others which live in marshes or in water.” Here we have traces of sub-groups based on habit or habitat. Under the third genus (Fishes) we have several such groups. He specifies (1) cxoprios, Spdxwv, Kox- Kug, yAavkos, répxyn, Opioca; (2) of rerpaior (rock- haunting | fishes), of which he mentions KixAn, guxis, eAeperis (4Adyorys ?), KwPs ; (3) ot rAavnrar® (wandering fishes), no example being named; (4) vapKat Kat pivaw Kal Wnooot Kal 00a TOLAUTG 5 (5) fies which live in muddy and wet places—xepadou, Ke- otpaior, éyxéAves Kat. ot Aourot TovovTor 5 (6) fishes of River and Lake (oi TOT dp1ol Kat Arpvaior) ; (7) ToAv= TOES Kal onmias kat TO TOLAUTG } (8) Ta. KoyXvAva (i.e. Ostracoderms) : Tivvat, no pialaas Aer dées, KTPUKES, dorpea, poves, KTEVES, TeAA ivan, kvidat, € éxivor ; ; (9) xdpa- Bos, pies (waiae’), Kapkivor (rordpuo. Kai daAdgmaos) —1i.e. Crustaceans.
This enumeration, as we have said, is introduced incidentally and there are indications that the writer was familiar with more detailed classifications. For example, he uses the term Selachian (ra. ceddyxea), although he neither defines the group nor specifies the fishes which belong to it. Again, at the end of the list he makes a series of other distinctions such as Wild and Tame (these latter again being sub-
* This should correspond to Aristotle’s puddes or mehd-yrot but there is a curious discrepancy as to the quality of their flesh: THepi.A, of dé mhavijra Kal KumaToMANYES . » « TTEPEWTEPNY Thy cdpxa éxovow, 4.¢. than oi rerpaio., but A. 598'a 8 al odpKes cuvestaot waddov Tay roottwr ixOiwy [t.e. TEV mpoo-yeluv], Tov 6¢ medaylwv vypal elot Kal Kexupévat
XXiV
b a
INTRODUCTION
© divided into €Aovépa Kal a@ypovdpa on the one hand
v
and ra évéov tpedopeva on the other); Carnivorous (Gpopaya) and Vegetarian (bAodpdya) ; odryopdya and mroAvddya; xaprodéya and zondaya; dAcyordra and mwoAvréta; and what suggests more than superficial observation, roAvaipa, avaipa, 6ACyarpa,
The real founder of scientific Zoology is Aristotle (385/4—822/1 B.c.), and for more than eighteen cen- turies writers on Natural History hardly did more than copy or translate his works or comment upon them. We know but little of his predecessors in this field, as Aristotle is not prone to base his state- ments upon authority. In his History of Animals (ai rept ta (@a ioropiac) the writers referred to are
_ Aeschylus,* Alemaeon ? of Croton, Ctesias ¢ of Cnidus,
Democritus,? Diogenes ¢ of Apollonia, Herodorus/ of Heracleia, Herodotus? Homer,* Musaeus,’ Polybus / son-in-law of Hippocrates, Simonides* of Ceos, Syennesis! of Cyprus. But in any case, so far as scientific Zoology is concerned, the opinion of Cuvier is probably not far from the truth: “Je ne pense pas au reste qu'il ait fait grand tort aux ichtyologistes qui l’ont précédé, s'il y en a eu avant lui; ceux des fragmens conservés par Athénée que |’on pourrait
* 633 a 19. ” > 499 a14; 581al6.
tt 501a25; 523a26; 606a8.
+ * 623 a 32. -€ 511b30; 512b 12. “'? 563a7: 615 a9. &- ° 593al7: 579 b 2. ~ *® 513b27; 519a18; 574b34; 575b5; 578b1; 597a6; 606 a 20; 615b9; 618 b 25; 629 b 22. ¢ 568.4 18. 4 512b 12. ® 54207. 511 b 23; 512b 12.
OPPIAN
leur attribuer, n’annoncent point qu’ils aient traité leur sujet avec méthode ou avec étendue; et. tout nous fait croire que c’est sous la plume d’Aristote seulement que l’ichtyologie, comme toutes les autres branches de la zoologie, a pris pour la premiére fois la forme d’une véritable science’? (Cuv. et Val. i. p- 16). wet’
The chief writings of Aristotle upon Natural His- tory are 1. History of Animals, in ten Books. . In the best mss. there are only nine Books and Bk. x. is universally regarded as spurious.. Doubt has also been cast upon Bk. ix., and even upon Bk. vii., which in the mss. follows Bk. ix. and was) first. put in its present place by Theodorus Gaza (15th cent.). 2. On the Parts of Animals (Ilepi (wv popiwv), four Books. 3. On the Generation of Animals (Iepi (gov yeverews), five Books. 4. On the Locomotion of Animals, one Book. iihmtse
With regard to the achievement of Aristotle in the field of Zoology we may conveniently quote—especi- ally as a large part of his work is concerned with Ichthyology—the words of Cuvier in the Introduction to the Histoire Naturelle de Poissons : “Ce grand homme, secondé par un grand prince [Alexander the Great], rassembla de toute part des faits, et ils parurent dans ses ouvrages si nombreux et si nouveaux, que pendant plusieurs siécles ils excitérent la défiance de la postérité. Les personnages d’Athénée se demandent { Athen. 352 d] ot Aristote a pu apprendre tout ce qu'il raconte des mceurs des poissons, de leur pro- pagation et des autres détails de leur histoire qui se passent dans les abymes les plus cachés de la mer. Athénéé lui-méme répond a cette question, puisqu’il nous dit [Athen. 398 oxraxdove yap eiAnpévar TaAavra
Xxvi
E
« ve q
F. wap *AXeEdvdpov tov Lrayepirny Adyos Exer eis THY __ epi tov Gov ioropiav] qu’ Alexandre donna a Aristote,
a
INTRODUCTION
pour recueiller les matériaux de son histoire des animaux, des sommes qui montérent 4 neuf [sic] cents talens, 4 quoi Pline [viii. 44] ajoute que le roi mit
_ plusieurs milliers d’hommes a la disposition du
philosophe, pour chasser, pécher et observer tout ce qu il désirait connaitre. :(hs _ “Ce n’est pas ici le lieu d’exposer en deétail le parti qu’Aristote tira de cette munificence, d’analyser ses nombreux ouvrages d'histoire naturelle, et d’énumérer ‘immense quantité de faits et de lois qu'il est parvenu 4 constater; nous ne nous occu- pas méme de montrer avee quel génie il jeta
les bases de l’anatomie comparée, et établit dans le régne animal, et dans plusieurs de ses classes, d’aprés leur organisation, une distribution a laquelle les Ages suivans n’ont presque rien eu a changer. Cest uniquement comme ichtyologiste que nous avons 4 le considérer, et dans cette branche méme de la zoologie, n’eiit-il traité que celle-la, on devrait encore le reconnaitre comme un homme supérieur. Il a parfaitement connu la structure générale des issons. . . . Quant aux espéces, Aristote en connait et en nomme jusqu’a cent dix-sept, et il entre, sur leur maniére de vivre, leurs voyages, leurs amitiés et leurs haines, les ruses qu’elles emploient, leurs amours, les époques de leur frai et de leur ponte et leur fécondité, la maniére de les prendre, les temps ou leur chair est meilleure, dans des détails que l'on serait aujourd hui bien embarrassé, ou de contredire ou de confirmer, tant les modernes soient loin d’avoir observé les poissons comme ce grand naturaliste parait Yavoir fait par lui-méme ou par ses corres-
XXvii
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pondants. I] faudrait passer plusieurs années dans les iles de l’Archipel, et y vivre avec les pécheurs, pour étre en état d’avoir une opinion 4 ce a (Cuv. et Val. pp. 16 f.).
Two examples may be quoted to illustrate the accurate observation either of Aristotle himself or of his informants: (1) the assertion (A. 538 220; 567 a 27) that the Erythrinos and the Channa (both belong- ing to the genus Serranus) are hermaphrodite, a fact rediscovered by Cavolini.¢ (2) The assertion (A. 565 b 4) that in the Smooth Dog-fish, yaAeds 6 Aeios, the embryon is attached to the uterus by a “yolk- sac placenta,’ rediscovered by Johannes Miiller, “Ueber d. glatten Hai d. Aristoteles (Mustelus laevis),” Abh. d. Berlin. Akad. 1840.
As regards the classification of animals we can here notice only the main outlines of Aristotle’s system. All animals are distributed into two sar I. apa, blooded animals [ = Vertebrates]. avatya, bloodless animals {= inverteneres [
Group I., évaiya, is subdivided into:
a) (woroKotvra ev abrois L= NneseaTe TS b) opviBes Be ase ts TeTparroba i) droda woToKODYTE [Reptiles and Amphibia].
(d) ix Aves [Fishes].
Group II., avaia, is subdivided into : (a) subi Xd cte [Cephalopods]. Of paaxdorpaKa [Crustaceans].
{
c) évtopa (Insects, Arachnidae, Worms]. d) dorpaxddepna [Mussels, Sea-snails, Ascidia, Holothuria, Actinia, Sponges]. * Memoria sulla generazione dei pesci e dei granchi, Naples, 1787. XXvili
=o
b
INTRODUCTION
Theophrastus of Eresos (circ, 372-287), the suc- cessor of Aristotle as head of the Peripatetic school,
wrote | Ilepi_ (Gov (Athen. 387 b), Tlepi tov daKxéeTwv
kai BAntexov (Athen. 314 ce), epi ov petaBaddovtov Tas ‘xpéas (Athen. 317 f), Tlepi tov dwdevdvTov Athen. 314 b, etc.), Tlepit tov ev 7) Enpw Seartwpevov (Athen. 312 b: duarpeBovrav 317 ‘f); Ilepi tOv Kara térous dsadopov (Athen. 317 f), which are known to us only by quotations.
es of Byzantium (cire. 257-180 B.c.) saisdson Epitome of Aristotle’s History of Animals,
_ which was used by Aelian (circ. 4.p. 200) and Suidas _ (cire» avv.. 950) and is perhaps identical with the
= (ae
pseudo-Aristotelian (axa (Athen. 319 d, etc.). This
was extracted by Sopatros of Apameia (4th cent. a. D.), of Phot. Bibl. 104b26 6 be evdexaros € éXet Thy ovvaywyny wes GXXG pay Kal €k TOV “Apiurto- pdvous Tod ypappatixod rept (ywv BiBdiov zpwTov kai Sevrépov. Extracts were also made from the Epitome for Constantine VII. (Porphyrogennetos), Emperor 4.p. 912-959 [ed. Spuridion Lambros, Suppl.
_ Aristot. 1. Berlin 1885}.
-Clearchus of Soli (3rd cent. nic.) wrote [epi évidpwr
: (Athen. 332 b, ef. 317 c]. | Nicander of Colophon _ (b. cire; 200 B.c.) wrote the extant Theriaca and Alexi- _ pharmaca, the former on the bites of venomous
_ animals and their remedies, the latter on antidotes _ to poison. Tryphon of Alexandria (lst cent. B.c.) _ wrote Ilepi (@wv (Suid. s. Tpidwv, Athen. 324 f).
Dorion (for whom see Athen. 337 b, M. Wellmann, Hermes 23 [1888]) wrote, in Ist cent. Bc., Tlepi ix@iwv, frequently cited by Athenaeus. Juba IL,
_ king of Mauretania, after the death of his father in
46 B.c., was brought a prisoner (Plut. Caes. 55 ’IoBas
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vids Ov éxeivou Komidy) varios €v TH Oprdp By TmapnxOn, paxapuordrny dAovs drAwowv, ex BapBapov Kai Nopados ‘EAAjvwv tois roAvpabertaros évapiOp.os yever Oar avyypadetor) to Rome, where he remained till his restoration by Octavian in 30 B.c. One of the most erudite men of his time (Plut. Sert. 9 ioropixwrarov BaoiAewv ; Athen. 83 b avdpa roAvpabértatov ; Plin. v. 16 studiorum claritate memorabilior etiam quam regno), he wrote on Assyria, Arabia, and Africa—his work on the latter supplying information on the Elephant (Plin. viii. 7, 14, 35; Plut. Mor. 972 b; Ael. ix. 58), the Lion (Ael. vii. 23), the Crocotta (Plin. viii. 107) ete., cf. M. Wellmann, Hermes 27 (1892) “Iuba eine Quelle d. Aelian”’ About the same date Metrodorus of Byzantium and his son Leonidas (Athen. 13 c, cf. M. Wellmann, Hermes 30 Need, “ Leonidas von Byzanz u. Demostratos’’) and Demo- stratus wrote on Fishes (Ael. N.A. epilog.). Alex- ander of Myndos (first half of Ist cent. a.p., ef: M. Wellmann, Hermes 26 [1891], 51 [1916]) wrote Ilepi (wjwv (Athen. 392 c, Bk. IL. being on Birds, zepi amTyvov, Athen. 388 d etc.), based mainly on Aristo- phanes’ Epitome of the H.4. of Aristotle, as well as a Onpiaxds and a Oavpariwy cvvaywyh (Phot. Bibl. p. 145 b Bekker Leyes de mepi TE (gov kal puTov Kat Xwpav TLVOV Kat TOT OpLOV Kat Kpnvov Kab Botavey. Kal Tov TovotTwv). He made use of Leonidas of Byzan- tium and Juba, and was one of the sources of Aelian, Dionysius De avibus, and Plut. De sollert. animalium. Pamphilos of Alexandria (middle of Ist cent, A.D.) was the author of a lexicon Ilepi yAwooor 7T01 AeEewr, in ninety-five books. This lexicon, which was at once a glossary and an encyclopaedia of general information, was excerpted in the reign of Hadrian
XXX
eae
1 gee
INTRODUCTION
first by Julius Vestinus and then by Diogenianus of Heracleia—the work of the latter being the basis of the extant lexicon of Hesychius. The zoological matter in Pamphilus was utilized by Aelian, Athe- naeus, etc.; cf. M. Wellmann, Hermes 51 (1916). Plutarch of Chaeroneia (circ. .p. ety wrote De sollertia animalium (Ilérepa tov (Sov ppoviperepa, Ta Xepoaia 7} 7a €vvdpa) and Bruta ratione uti ee Tov Ta ahoya oye xpiirba),
More or less contemporary with Oppian é. e., the author of the Halieutica) was Julius Polydeuces (Pollux) of Naucratis in Egypt, whose extant ’Ovoya- arixov (ten books), dedicated to Commodus, Emperor 180-192, contains a good deal of zoological informa- tion. Somewhat later Claudius Aelianus of Praeneste (circ. a.p. 170-235) wrote De natura animalium (Ilepi (éwv) in seventeen books and Varia historia (LlotxiAy iatopia) in fourteen books. Lastly we may mention here, although we know on his own authority that he was a little later than the author of the Halieutica (Athen. 13 b rdv oAiy@ zpd jpov yevouevoy ’Ormavv tov KiArxa), Athenaeus of Naucratis, whose Acirvo- codiorai, in fifteen books, contains an immense amount of undigested information. His zoological information is probably largely based on the Lexicon of Pamphilus and thus indirectly on Alexander of Myndos.
M. Wellmann, who has discussed the sources of Aelian, Oppian, etc., in a series of articles in Hermes (23 [1888], 26 [1891], 27 [1892], 80 [1895], 51 [1916}) regards Leonidas of Byzantium and Alexander of Myndos as the chief sources of the Halieutica. The close agreement in many passages of Aelian and Oppian he attributes to the use of
XXXi
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common sources, not to direct borrowing of o one from the other. — .
Ill. Huntine, Fisurine, Hetteains
And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that seropsttt upon the rani —Genesis i. 26.
ixOvor pev Kat Onpot Kat oiwvols merenvois. | Hesiod, W, 277. “
pira e éprera roca Tpeper péAaiva yaa
Pipes od operk Gor Kal yevos peAuroav
Kat kvadad’ ev BévOeror roppupeas aXds, -
evdovorv 8 diwvov pidAa tavurteptywv. Aleman fr. 65 (10).
Koupovdwr TE pirov opviBey dppiBaey a dyet
Kal Onpav a aypiwv €Ovyn rovtov 7 civadiav ptow
oreipaurt SixTvoK Adorous
repippadys avip. Soph. Antig. 343 ff.
hn oS]
Tum laqueis captare feras et fallere visco
inventum et magnos canibus cireumdare saltus,
atque alius latum funda iam verberat amnem
alta petens pelagoque alius trahit humida lina... Verg. Georg. i. 139 ff...
Corresponding to the popular division of wild life according to habitat—creatures of the land, the water, the air—we find the art of capturing or
Xxxii
Ub 4 3
ft
' killing wild creatures divided into Hunting, Fishing,
INTRODUCTION
Fowling. Xen. Hell. iv. 1. 15 eva Kal Ta Bacirea
: iv PapvaBdl . . . ai Ojpac at pev Kal év TEpLetpy Levors
mapadeivots, at 83 ici év dvarertapevors TOToLs, TayKaAat. meprepper 5¢ Kai worapds ravtodarav ixOiwv rAjpns. hv 8 kai ra rrnva apOova rots dpviBetoar Svvapévors ; Cic. De fin. ii. 8. 25 piscatu, aucupio, venatione ; Plin. viii. 44 Alexandro Magno rege inflammato eupidine animalium naturas noscendi delegataque hac commentatione Aristoteli, summo in omni doc- trina viro, aliquot millia hominum in totius Asiae Graeciaeque tractu parere iussa omnium quos venatus, aucupia, piscatusque alebant quibusque Vivaria, armenta, alvearia, piscinae, aviaria in cura erant, ne quid usquam genitum ignoraretur ab eo. Pliny’s alebant reminds us that the capture of wild creatures was at first a practical affair, the provision of food ; cf. Pind. I. i. 47 pur Ods yap a&AAous aA.Aos ep Eppaciv dy Opurrous _yrorts, | pnAoBora 7 dpéra 7 Opvixordxy Te Kal by movTos tpéeper | yaorpi dé was Tis dptvev Aiwdv aiavy térarar. And it may be noted that Izaak Walton, The Compleat Angler, c. i. makes each of his three disputants, Auceps, Venator, and Piscator, in commending the rival claims of their different arts, refer to this practical aspect: Auceps: “the very birds of the air... are both so many and so useful and pleasant to mankind.
They both feed and refresh him; feed him with their choice bodies, and refresh him with their heavenly voices.” Venator: “the Earth feeds man and all those several beasts that both feed him and afford him recreation.” Piscator: “ And it may be fit to remember that Moses appointed fish to be the chief diet for the best commonwealth that
c XXXiii
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ever was.’ Later. the three arts are regarded more as forms of healthy recreation or, in the case of Hunting, as useful preparation for the art of war: Xenoph. Cyn. 1. 18 €y@ pév obv rapatv@ Tois véors py) Katadpoveiy Kuvyyeriov pande tas GAAns Taiwelas €K TOUTwY yap ylyvovTas Ta els TOV TOAELOV ayaoi.
In the Greek Anthology we have a series of epigrams (4.P. vi. 11-16 and 179-187) in which three brothers, Damis, a Hunter, Pigres, a Fowler, Cleitor, a Fisher, make dedicatory offerings of the instruments of their several crafts.
1, Fowling (6pyiGevrixy, ifevtixy, aucupium). The methods of the Fowler are alluded to C. i. 64 ff, H. i. 31 ff.; iv. 120 ff. (where see notes). The practice of Hawking is mentioned in Aristot. H.A. 620 a 32 ev S€ Opaxy TH Kadrovpévy wore KedperroAce év TO EXec Onpedovow ot avOpwror Ta opvidia Kowy peta TOV tepdxwy* of pev yap exovtes EvLa coBodor tov KdAapov Kat tiv VAnv tva réerwvTas Ta Opvilta, ot & tépaxes avwbev irephavdpevor KatadwsKovow* TavTa 5¢ dhoBotpeva Kdtw wérovtas wad mpds THY yRY: ot O avOpwro. timtovres Tois EvAows AapPdvovor, Kal THS Onpas petadiddaci adbtois: pixtover yap Tov dpvibwr, ot d¢ troAapBdvovow. The same story is told A. Mirab. 841 b 15 ff., Antig. 28, Ael. ii. 42, Plin. x. 23. For a different method of employing the Hawk see Dionys. De av. iii. 5 and for the employment of the Owl (yAat€, noctua) see Dionys. De av. iii. 17, Arist. H.A. 609 a 13 rs 8¢ jépas kal Ta GAXAa opvifca ‘Thy yAatka mepurératat, 6 KaXeirar Oavpdfew, Kal mpoomeTopeva, TiAXovew* 610 of dpyiGoOjpar Onpedovow att mwavrodard dpvidia; cf. 617b4. For Doves (repuorepai) as Decoy birds ¢f. Aristoph. Av. 1082
XXXi1V
INTRODUCTION
"ris mepurrepds 6’ spoiws cvrdaBov cipgas exe, | Kamavaykafe. tadevew Sedepévas ev Sixtrvw; Arist. _=#H.A. 6134223, Ael. iv. 16, xiii. 17; for Part-
ridges used in the same way, Arist. HLA. 614a 10,
' Ael. iv. 16. Cf. in general Xen. Cyrop. i. 6. 39 ab
ye emi pay Tas Spvibas, ev ™]? iXuporary Xeyove dyrrdpevos émopevov VUKTOS, Kai mpl Kweio Gat Tas dpv as émeroinvTd cor ai wdyat avrais Kal Td KEKt- vnpévov Xwpiov efeixarro T® aKuvyTo" dpvibes = éLeweraidervrd got Ws Gol pev TA TYpPEpovTa irnpereiv,
| Tas d& ouodidovs dpvibas eLararay. Fowling furnishes
; Homer with a simile O. xxii. 468 as & 6 érav 7) Kixae
Tavvei@repoe He weACvat | ¢ épxé évirdnéwor, Ta O ecripKy evi Gapry, abduy eo Lepevat, orvyepos = tmedéeEaro Koitos, | as ai Y. é£eins Kepadas exov, audi dé racats | Secpyoe Bpoxou jjoav. The Fowler's dedications in the A.P. vi. include vedéAat, ixvorédn, tayis, kAwP0i, ordArKes (stakes to support the nets), limed reeds, éruractip (=éridpoyos of the Hunter’s net), and a net or noose for catching cranes by the neck (Gpxuv te xAayepov Aawporédav yepavuv, cf. Sepayxy
_ ALP. vi. 109).
Of ancient writings on Fowling we possess, in
_ addition to some fragments of the De aucupio of _ Nemesianus (a.p. 3rd cent.), a prose paraphrase by _ Eutecnius of a lost poem—sometimes supposed to be _ the *[fevrixa ascribed to Oppian (Suid. s. Orriavds), _ but now generally attributed to Dionysius the _ Periegete (in time of Hadrian). We quote it as
Dionys. De av, i.e. Atovyciov epi Opviwv (Cramer Anec. Par. i. 22f.). The treatise (3 Bks.) reminds one of the Oppianic manner. Thus Bk. III. begins, like our Cynegetica and Halieutica, with a com- parison of Hunting, Fishing, and Fowling. While
XXXV
OPPIAN
the business of the first two is hazardous, “it suffices -the Fowlers to wander with delight in plain and grove and meadow and to hearken to the sweet singing of the birds, using neither sword nor club nor spear, nor employing nets and dogs, but carrying only birdlime and reeds, and fine lines and lightest creels (kvprous, traps, cages) under the arm. Some- times too they dress a tree with branches not its own and bring tame birds to share the hunt.” Fowling methods are summarized thus: (&@ ypwévors ) Opréiv tmreias 7) Alvouws } wayats 7} Kal wHKTIOW 7) tpopy SeXedfovow 7) Tov cvpdvdrov dpviy erderkvoow. Pliny x. deals with Birds. There are nine lines on Fowling (Paulini Nolani carmen de aucupio) in Poet. Lat. Minores, ed. N. E. Lemaire, Paris, 1824, vol. i:
\2./ Hunting (xvvyyéowov, Kuvnyerixy, venatio). On Hunting we possess the Cynegeticus of Xenophon (c. 430-c. 354 B.c.) and the supplementary Cynegeticus of Arrian (c. a.p. 150), and in Latin the Cynegetica of Grattius (contemporary of Ovid, cf. Ep. ea Pont. iv. 16. 34 aptaque venanti Grattius arma daret) in 541 hexameters, and the Cynegetica of Nemesianus (a.D. 8rd cent.). Much useful information is to be found in the Onomasticon of Pollux (circ. a.v. 166 dedicated to Commodus), especially v. 1-94, which is practically a systematic treatise on the subject; in the epi Zwwv of Aelian (in time of Septimius Severus); and in the Natural History of Pliny (a.p. 23-79), especially Bk. viii., as well as in the Res rusticae of Varro (116-273.c.), the De re rustica of Columella -(a.p. Ist cent.), and Palladius (a.p. iv. cent.). Merely incidental references are often instructive, e.g. Xen. Cyr. i. 6. 40 “ Against the Hare, again, because he
XXXVi
: rs -
INTRODUCTION
_ feeds in the night and hides by day, you reared dogs which should find him by scent. And because, when found, he fled swiftly, you had other dogs
" fitted to take him by speed of foot. If again, he
escaped these also, you would learn his roads and the sort of places that he is caught fleeing to, and in these you would spread nets difficult to see and the » Hare in his impetuous flight would fall into them and entangle himself. And, to prevent him from
_ escaping even from these, you set watchers of what
happened (i.e. dpxvwpot Xen. Cyn. 6. 5), who from elose at hand might quickly be on the spot; and
_ you behind shouting close upon the Hare frightened _ him so that he was foolishly taken, while, by in- _ structing those in front to be silent, you caused
PWT,
their ambush not to be perceived.’ See also “ Joannis Caii Britanni De canibus Britannicis”’ and “ Hier. Fracastorii Alcon sive De cura canum Venaticorum”’ in Lemaire, op. cit. vol. i. pp. 147 ff |The work of Dr. Caius—founder of Caius College, Cambridge—is addressed to Gesner. 3. Fishing (dAceutixy, piscatus). We possess a ent—some 132 hexameters—of the Halieutica of Ovid (ef. Plin. xxxii. 152 his adiciemus ab Ovidio posita nomina quae apud neminem alium reperiuntur, sed fortassis in Ponto nascentium, ubi id volumen
_ Supremis suis temporibus inchoavit: bovem, cercurum
in scopulis viventem, orphum rubentemque erythinum,
_ tulum, pictas mormyras aureique coloris chrysophryn,
praeterea sparum, tragum, et placentem cauda mela- nurum, epodas lati generis. Praeterea haec. insignia piscium tradit: channen ex se ipsa concipere, glaucum aestate nunquam apparere, pompilum qui semper comitetur navium cursus, chromim qui nidificet in
XXXVii
OPPIAN
aquis. Helopem dicit nostris incognitum undis, ex quo apparet falli eos qui eundem acipenserem existi- maverint. Helopi palmam saporis inter pisces multi dedere), the genuineness of which has been wrongly suspected. But for the most part we must depend on general works, such as Aristot. H.A4., Ael. N.A., Pliny (especially ix. and xxxii.) and other works mentioned in the previous section (Hunting).
In Plato’s Sophist 219 sq., Socrates, wishing to define a sophist and considering that the sophist is a yévos xaderdv Kai SvoOjpevtov, proposes to practise definition on an easier subject, and he selects the Angler (doraXtevr7s) as “known to everyone and not a person to be taken very seriously.” He pro- ceeds as follows :
Angling is an Art and of the two kinds of Art— Creative and Acquisitive—it belongs to the latter. Again the Acquisitive is of two kinds—that which proceeds by voluntary Exchange and that which proceeds by Force—and Angling belongs to the latter. Force may be open, z.e. Fighting, or secret, i.e. Hunting. Hunting again is of the Lifeless—this sort of Hunting has “no special name except some sorts of diving”’ (Plato no doubt means oroyyoOnpixy [sponge-cutting, Poll. vii. 139 or the like])—or of the Living, 7.e. Animal Hunting. This again is divided into Hunting of Land Animals and Hunting of Water Animals (Animals which swim). Water animals may be Winged, i.e. Birds, and the hunting of these is called Fowling, or they may live in the water, and the hunting of these is called Fishing. Of Fishing there are two kinds, that which proceeds by En- closures (€pxn)—i.e. kiptot, dixrva, Bpdxot, wépxKor,
and the like—and that which proceeds by Striking
XXXViii
INTRODUCTION
; nr i.e. by Hooks (éyxiorpa) and Tridents (zp.6-
vres). This again is divided into (1) Night-fishing, done by the light of a fire and called by fishermen
_ wvpevtixy; (2) Day-fishing, which may be called as
a whole dyxtotpevtixy, as €xévTwv év Axpous ayKurtpa Kat Tav Tpioddévrwv, but is further divided into (1) tpwodortia or Spearing, in which the blow is down- ward and the fish is struck in any part of the body; (2) doraXtevrixy or Angling, where the fish is hooked about the head or mouth and drawn upwards from below by rods or reeds (fjdPdors Kai xaddpors dva- orapevov); cf. Plato, Laws, 823.
_- Oppian, H. iii. 72 ff., distinguishes four methods of | Fishing—by Hook and Line, Nets, Weels, Trident.
_ With regard to the Hook and Line he distinguishes Rod-fishing from fishing without a Rod, z.e. with hand-
lines, and in the case of the latter method he dis-
Pa Sere
tinguishes two sorts of line—the xd@eros, or leaded line (see H. iii. 77 n.) and the zoAvdyxwrpoyv, or line with many hooks, for which cf. A. 621 a 15 dAtoKovrat (se. ai dAdéwexes, Fox Sharks) epi éviovs torovs roAv- aykiotpos ; 532b25 a certain monstrous sea creature
is said AaBéo Gar rote tov TwoAvayKioTpov TO aKpy atv-
Tod, t.e. to have seized a night-line with its extremity. Apost. p. 47 is disposed to identify the toAvdyxiorpov with a species of lines used in Greece to-day especially for catching “Epv@pivia (Sea-breams) but also for
_ other fishes. These lines are called zapaydé.a, _ presumably from being mainly used near the land
(wapa ynv, tapaydét). It isa species of line, he says, well known in the N. of France and on all the coasts
_ of England, where it is used for catching Congers
and Rays. It consists of a very long and strong
_ line, which, to protect it from the action of the salt
XXXIX
OPPIAN
water, is dyed red by dipping in an infusion of oak- bark and which carries a large number of hooks attached at intervals by short lines of finer quality (wapéuwda). This sort of line is employed at night. One end is anchored, while to the other end a piece of cork or the like is attached to indicate its position. On dark nights, in place of a cork, a triangle is attached, made of wood of the elder-tree, surmounted by a bell, which rings as it is swayed by the waves and so guides the fisherman to the spot. When this engine is withdrawn from the sea, the lines are arranged in a basket, the sides of which are furnished with pieces of cork into which the hooks are stuck. At Paxo, near Corfu, these lines are arranged in such a way that they float and small sails are attached which, driven by the wind, set the whole apparatus in motion. .
With regard to Nets the different sorts mentioned by Oppian are not easy to identify with certainty,
1, dixtvov is generic for every sort of Net. '
2. aupiBAnoTpor is usually taken to be a “ casting- net,” which is supported by Hesiod, Sc. 213 f. airap é axtais | Horo avnp aduels Sedoxnpevos: eixe Se xepoiv | ixPvow dphiBAnorpov dmroppipovTe orxws, although Theocritus i. 44 in a parallel passage has peéya Sixrvoy és BoAov Axe. This sense suits Aesch. Ag. 1382, where Clytemnestra, describing how she enveloped Agamemnon in a bath-robe, says: apudi- BAnotpov | dorep ixOiwy repirtix ilo, trOVTOV €iparos kakov. Cf. Aesch. Ch. 492; Herod. i. 1413 ii, 95. Pollux i. 97 mentions together dixrva, audi BAnotpa, ypipo., tavaypov Aivoy, and so x. 182 where he adds ydyyapov. Plut. Mor, 977 ¥F ot 8 dAteis cvvopdvres
. 74 tetera Siakpovdpeva Tas ax dykiotpov Bodas
xl
el
INTRODUCTION
érit Bias é€ erpdrnray, Kabdrep ot Iépoae warynvevovres (Herod. iii. 149, vi. 31), ¢ Gs Tots evox eOeiowy ex Aoyur pov kat godias Sudpevgev otoav. daudtBAHoTpors pev yap
Kal broxais Keorpels kat iovdides dXicKovrat, poppupot
Te kai Gapyol Kat KwBrol kal AdBpaxes* 7a. de : Bohuorixa kadovpeva, Tplyha kai Xprowirdv Kal oxopriov, ypirois [7.g. ypipors] Te Kai Tayivass wbpovce TeprAapBavorres: Tav Sitiwy ody Td yévos dpbas “Opnpos mdvay pov Tpoweimrev (il. v. 487). The primary meaning of “ casting-net’’ seems pretty well established, but it could easily be extended to any sort of Net (Aesch. P.V. 81 of the chains of Prometheus, Soph. Ani. 343 dvAov dpvidwv audiBadrov dyer oreipatot SuxtTvo- kAderos). In the N.T. Matth. iv. 18 and John xxi. some difficulties are raised which cannot be discussed here. Usually a “casting-net”’ is understood to be a Net cast by a single person and immediately with- drawn. It is thus the ze(éBoAos of modern Greece : Apost. p. 38 “Le ze(éBodos, épervier, est un filet qu'on jette de terre en entrant parfois dans l'eau jus- qu’aux genoux. On le tire a la hate et aussitét apres Yavoir lancé pour ne pas laisser aux poissons avant qu il ne se renferme le temps de s’échapper entre les
_ mailles et le fond de la mer. Cet engin est, croyons- _ nous, celui qu Oppian décrit dans ses “Adcevtixa sous le nom de c¢a:pwyv [see below]. La forme
méme de l’engin autorise cette supposition. I] faut une grande adresse pour se servir de cet filet. Le pécheur doit le lancer de maniére 4 ce qu'il tombe tout ouvert sur le bane des poissons qu'il a apercu du rivage.”
Those nets which are withdrawn a few moments after being cast are called in M. G. Nets axd Bods (at Paros ijepoBodia), or dppddvxra i.e, foam-nets,
xli
OPPIAN
being designed to catch surface fishes, a¢popapa, fishes which swim between two waters, such as Mackerel, Horse-Mackerel, etc. Nets, on the other hand, which are shot in the morning and drawn next morning are called azd orarov, and are generally “ compound,” pavepeva, consisting of a Net with fine meshes between two with larger meshes, as opposed to the simple Nets, arAdé.a, Apost. pp. 32 f.
3. ypipos (ypiros) is the generic name for the draw-net or seine. Plutarch, as we have seen, couples ypigos and cayijvy. Cf. A.P. vi. 23. 3 d€£o
gaynvaiowo Aivov Tetpippéevov adpy | AeiWavov, adx-
pnpov, EavOev ex’ jdvev, | ypirovs te; cf. Poll. i. 97, x.
132. So the Nets employed in analogous manner for the capture of land animals and bearing the same names are coupled by Plut. Mor. 471p ov 6 ypipors Kai cayijvais eAddovs pi) AapBadvev. Aposto- lides p. 35 (who errs in thinking that Oppian identifies ypipos and dudiBAnotpov) describes the yptdos as consisting of two parallel nets, to which is attached another having the form of a sack. These two nets are called at Poros [off coast of Argolis arepa, “wings.” The parallel Nets are suspend
on two cords; the lower having hung on it at equal intervals pieces of lead (uoAvfiOpes), the upper, called in some places oapdoivas (cf. Xen. Cyn. 6. 9 capdoviwv, Poll. v. 31 capddves), being hung with corks (feAAoé). The two pieces of wood, at the front ends of the two parallel Nets, to which is attached the cord by which the seine is drawn to land, are called at Paros
oradixia, the triangular cord being called yaAuvds. ©’
Three species of seine are used in modern Greece
according to Apostolides, 1. the ypiros proper, called’
in many places trata, consisting of two parallel nets
xlii
ee
|
&
INTRODUCTION
with very large meshes and the bag-net with very fine meshes, It is cast by a special boat and drawn to land. It is used especially for Sardines and other surface fish. One of these Nets employs fifteen or more men. 2. The yperapdAr or xwdroBpéexrys, a
_ smaller sort, managed by four men, used for catching
Grey Mullets and other shore fishes. 3. The dvepo- tpara, a very large seine. In the use of this two boats are always associated. They set out early in the morning, taking advantage of the off-shore wind
i Sete Alem in summer blows during the night
the land—and when they reach the open sea
_ they cast the seine, moor their boats, and remain till
mid-day. Then when the landward breeze begins to blow, the two boats proceed, parallel to one another, harbourwards, drawing the seine behind them.
4. ydyyapov. The name ydyyapov (yayyépov) is still used round the Black Sea, although in most parts of Greece a slightly altered form—yayyaBa— is in use. The Net is a dredge-net and is employed in fishing for Sponges, Oysters, and Sea-urchins. It is
constructed thus: “autour d’un arc en fer est cousu
un filet de forme conique; la corde, trés large, de
_ Pare est aussi en fer; de la corde et de l’'are partent
ec,
en rayonnant différentes cordes, au point de rencontre
_ desquelles est attachée une grosse corde au moyen _ de laquelle on tire l'appareil.” Cf. schol. yayyapov-
yayyapn, Aivos raxts. duxtvwrds, odjpw Kixrw repi- exopevos; Aesch. Ag. 361 péya SovdAcias ydyyapov arns Tavadwrov. Strabo 307, speaking of the cold in the region of the Sea of Azov, says: dpuktoé Té eiow ixGies ot drodnpbévres ev tH KprotdddAw 7H Tpoo- ayopevopévy yayydun. Poll. ii. 169 7d Sixtvades 5
xiii
OPPIAN
KaXeirar viv ydyyapov 7, os ot toAAol, caynvn; x. 132 ypipor Kat ydyyapov; Hesych. s. yayydpn: caynvn i) Sixtvov aduevtixdy; ELM. s. yayyapovr. . . onpaiver b€ 7d AapBdvov Sixrvov, errs Kupiws yayyapn caynvyn 1) Siktvov.
5. trox7. The schol, says “xupiws Sixkrva mepi- ppatrovta Kal éréxovta Torovs év ois Kai Td Ovvvo- oKoreiov Aeydpevov.” It looks as if this note which describes the cayjvy had got misplaced. All the evidence points to the troy being a bag-net, much like the modern shrimp-net. In modern Greek the word used is aroyx7, ef. Apost. p. 39 “ Les haveneaux, azoxat, sont des filets en forme de poche a mailles trés serrées, d'un métre ou 50 centimétres d’ouver- ture. Le bord est tendu sur un are en bois ou en fer dont une corde forme le rayon. Un baton ou manche, terminé par une fourche en bois, est attaché au milieu de la corde. La partie moyenne de lare est solidement fixée un peu plus haut. En se servant de cet engin, pour la péche des crevettes, le pécheur entre dans l'eau jusqu’au genou, ratisse le fond en marchant devant lui, d’un mouvement continu, rasant le sable au moyen de la corde tendue. L’autre extrémité du manche est tenue sous le bras ou appuyée contre la poitrine,” cf. Plut. Mor. 977 £ apdiBAnorpots pev yap Kal droxais Kerrpeis Kat tovrides adiokovtar, poppvpot te Kal capyot Kat KwB.ot Kat AdBpaxes; Ael. xiii. 17 Kopaxivovs rats taroxais ToAAods ovAAa Portes.
6. vayjvyn, from which our Seine is ultimately derived (Lat. sagena, Fr. seine), is a large Seine or Draw-net. It seems to be undistinguishable from the ypipos and, like the ypidos, is sometimes a Fishing-net (Alciphr. i. 13; 20; 21; Plut. Mor.
xliv
4
_
: INTRODUCTION
«OTT F; Lue. Pisce. 51; Tim. 22, ete.), sometimes a
_ Hunting-net (Plut. Mor. 471 p; Babr. 43. 8). 7. xdAvppa. What sort of Net this is, is very
_ uncertain. The metaphorical use in Aesch. Ch. 494
Bovrevroiow év xadippacr, referring to the bath- robe which entangled Agamemnon, suggests an apdiBAnorpov, which is used immediately before (v. 492). Otherwise it may be the form of troyy used in the Sporades and elsewhere for taking the Sea Crayfish or Spiny Lobster, Apost. p. 41 “C'est un haveneau dont le cercle de fer est disposé de
_ maniére a tourner autour d’un demi-cercle également
en fer qui se fixe perpendiculairement aux extrémités de son diamétre. Sur ce second demi-cercle est attaché le baton; il y a plus, le sommet de la poche du haveneau est pourvu d’un morceau de liége. Voila comment on opére: Aussitét qu’on a apercu,
_ au fond de la mer, une Langouste (doraxés vulg.), on
la couvre avec le cercle sur lequel est tendue la poche, qui, grace au liége flottant, reste ouverte dans toute sa hauteur. Une fois qu’on est certain
_ que l’animal est dedans, qu’on le voit se cramponner
contre les parois du filet, on enléve brusquement
_ Yengin, le pois de l’animal alors, faisant bascule,
=
_ entraine la poche de haut en bas et fait tourner les cercles de fer autour de ces points d’appui; ainsi Yanimal se prend comme dans un sac et on le sort
intact de la mer.”
8. wé{ac ace, to the schol. are a species of small Net (<iS0s kat totro Sixriov pixpod), while 9. odac-
_ p®ves ace. to the schol. are round Nets (éixrva atpoyytAa). The odapév is identified by Apost. p. 38, with the ze(6Bodos or Casting-net.
10. xavaypov is found already in Hom. Jl. v. 487
xlv
OPPIAN
py Tos, ws aiow Aivov addvre ravdypov, | avdpdor duvopevecrow ELwp Kai Kippa yévyo Oe, where the refer- ence seems to be to a Seine, which also is apparently intended in the only other Homeric reference to Net-fishing (also i ina simile), Od. xxii. 383 robs dé idev pada TAVTAS ev aipare Kai Kovinot | menTEOTAS toXAXois, @s T ixOdbas, obs G aAupes | Kory és aiysaddov wohuips extoobe Oardoons | dixri e€épuoay ToAvwoTm ot b€ TE mayres | Kbpal? Gdds roOéovres ert Yapdaboure Kéxvvran' | Tov pév T HéALos HacOwy eLeiAeTo Oupov.
Next we have fishing by means of Weels («iprot), of which Apost. p. 51, says: ‘La péche au moyen de nasses est bien simple, mais toutes n’ont pas la méme forme: elle change suivant les poissons qu’on cherche 4 capturer. Ce sont des paniers, avec un orifice précédé d’une entrée cénique, par laquelle, une fois entrés, les poissons ne peuvent plus sortir. Pour attirer les poissons, on les amorce en mettant a lintérieur des sardines salées, ou d’autres aliments souvent en putréfaction.”
Next we have the use of the Trident, or Fish- spearing, which, according to Tristram, p. 292, is much used in the smaller streams and the northern rivers of the Lebanon; cf. Job xli. 7 “ Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish spears?” This method was practised either by day or at night by the light of a fire. For the former ¢f- Apost. p. 49 “ La péche au harpon est fort simple, elle dépend surtout de l’agilité du pécheur a viser le poisson. Les habitants de l’ile de Spetzia [off S. coast of Argolis] attachent 4 la hampe du trident une longue corde, lancent ainsi quelquefois le harpon a de grandes profondeurs. Mais les pécheurs de Missolonghi sont plus adroits que tous les autres
xlvi
eT ee
an ie
INTRODUCTION
_ pécheurs grees. Cvest a une véritable chasse aux poissons, surtout contre les daurades, les loups et les anguilles, qu’ils.se livrent dans les lagunes qui entourent leur ville. Trente ou quarante bateaux armés de harpons (énormes fourchettes a trois dents) ou tridents se mettent en marche. Un seul pécheur se tient sur le devant du bateau qu'il gouverne et fait marcher avec le trident en guise d’aviron et avec lequel il transperce les poissons qui se trouvent a sa e.
Night-fishing by firelight (tvpevrixy Plato, Sophist, 220p, zvpias A. 537a18, Poll. vii. 138) might be either with Trident or Net. The former is referred
to in Oppian, H. iv. 640-646, Q. Smyrn. vii. 569-576,
of. Scott, Guy Mannering, c. xxvi.; the latter in Oppian, C. iv. 140 ff., ef. Apost. p. 40, where he describes the method of fishing for Belone (Gar-fish) in the
es: “ Pendant les nuits les plus obscures du mois d’Octobre, aussitét aprés l’arrivée des poissons, les bateaux quittent leur mouillage le soir et se rendent au large. Arrivés 4 l’endroit désigné, les pécheurs ameénent les voiles et marchent lentement _ ala rame en examinant la mer de tous cétés. [] est "facile de se rendre compte de la présence du poisson
: en écoutant le bruit que font les dauphins qui le _ poursuivent 4 la surface de l’eau. Alors, les pécheurs _allument un grand feu avec du bois résineux sur une -espéce de gril en fer, qu'ils fixent 4 la proue du _ navire (rupodav et rvpia vulg.). Les poissons attirés
par la lueur accourent vers le bateau comme pour y chercher un abri contre lennemi qui ne cesse de Jes décimer.” After rowing about and making the boat turn upon itself some score of times, so as to reflect the light in all directions, they row slowly
xlvii
OPPIAN
shorewards, followed by the fish. “On arrive ainsi a la céte. Laon prend des précautions pour que le bateau ne touche terre, le moindre choe faisant déguerpir aussit6t les poissons. On l’arréte 4 une distance d’un ou de deux métres, et, laissant les rames, on prend les haveneaux en main, et l’on com- mence a envelopper le poisson des deux cédtés du bateau.”
Fishing by poisoning the water, referred to by Oppian, H. iv. 647 ff., is said by Tristram, p. 292, to be very commonly practised on the Lake of Galilee hy the poorest classes. “Men sit on a rock over- hanging the water, on which they scatter crumbs poisoned with vitriol, which are seized by the fish. As soon as they are seen to float on their backs, then men rush into the sea and collect them.”
Apost. p. 52 ff. gives an interesting account of fishing by Weirs and Stake-nets as practised in modern Greece; in a great number of river-mouths, the shallower waters of several gulfs, in lakes, pools, and lagoons, “les poissons sont pris exclusivement au moyen des écrilles et des claies de roseau. Tous les endroits sont appelés vulg. BiBdpua,” i.e. Lat. vivaria. Similar methods are practised in Palestine, Tristram, p. 292, who says “Among the laws of Joshua, the Rabbis relate, was one forbidding the use of stake-nets in the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee), for fear of damage to the boats.” The reader will remember that the use of stake-nets got a fictitious Joshua (Geddes) into trouble (Scott, Redgauntlet).
Finally, for the earliest references to Fly-fishing, — natural or artificial—Mart. v. 18. 7f., Ael. xiv. 22, — xv. 1, the reader may be referred to the discussion in ~ Radcliffe ¢. ix,
xlviii
——_— | se
INTRODUCTION
— IV. Own rae Ipentirication or Certain Fisnes Ce que Yon doit le plus regretter dans cette masse d instructions si précieuses, c’est que l’auteur [Aristotle] ne se soit pas douté que la nomenclature usitée de son temps pat venir 4 s‘obseurcir, et qu il n’ait pris aucune récaution pour faire reconnaitre les espéces dont il parle. est le défaut général des naturalistes anciens ; on est presque oblige de deviner le sens des noms dont ils se _ sont servis ; la tradition méme a changé, et nous induit souvent en erreur: ce n’est que par des combinaisons _ trés pénibles, et le rapprochement des traits épars dans les auteurs, qu'on parvient sur quelques espéces a des résultats un peu positifs; mais nous sommes condamnés a en ignorer toujours le plus grand nombre. . - Cuvier et Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle de poissons, i. p. 23.
Diese Unzulanglichkeit unsers jetzigen Wissens darf man sicherlich nicht ignoriren—wir sind iiberzeugt, dass mit der Vermehrung unsrer Kenntnisse in dieser Rich- tung, der Beobachtung des Haushaltes, der Lebensweise.
der Instincte der Thiere Griechenlands eine grosse Anzahl _von Angaben des Aristoteles bestitigt und in das rechte Licht gestellt werden wird. : 2 Aubert u. Wimmer, p. 55.
Certains procédés de péche qui existent chez nous _€tonnant le voyageur au point qu’il les range parmi les fables, se sont maintenus par la tradition, Ceux qui sont familiers avec les éerits des anciens, Aristote, Athénée, _Théophraste, Xénocrate, Oppien, etc. et qui se sont oceupés qWhistoire naturelle, ne trouveront pas étrange notre asser-
tion. Aucun naturaliste moderne n’a poussé la curiosité de _Tobservation et de la connaissance des mceurs et habitudes
des animaux aussi loin que les anciens.
Apostolides, La Péche en Gréce, p. 44.
d xlix
OPPIAN
Alphestes, Alphesticus, or Cinaedus ; Phycis ; Cirrhis
H. i. 126 f. Kat Kixhac padivat kal puxkides ovs 0 aAries avdpos é erovupiny lag nvodEavro. Mss. and schol. as 1, There can be no doubt that the reference in dvdpos éxwvupinv Ondidpovos is to the fish called kivaubos (cf. the synonyms of xiva:dos in Poll. vi. 126 KatTamvywv, . . . OndAv6pias, si ante yevaikias, 4 avdpoyvvos, . . . OjAvs tiv Wryx7jv), ahpnoris, Didlee orixés, The first name occurs Plin. xxxii.146 Cinaedi soli piscium lutei, and is no doubt intended in Hesych, s. kuvaovides (sic)* ty#ds. For the other names cf. Athen. 281 e. Apollodorus of Athens (b. care. 180 - B.c.), after quoting Sophron’s “ Karamvyorepav z. addnorayv,’ says: “The aAdnorai are a species of fish, yellowish (xippoede’s) as a whole but purplish in parts. It is said that they are taken in couples,
one following in the rear of the other. From this |
following in the rear (kata rv rvyjv) of one another the name was applied to the licentious and lewd”
(daxpareis kat Kataepts) [2.e. katamvyoves |. Aristotle — ev TO mept Zisov says “povadxavOov (with a single :
spine) eivar Kal Keppdv (yellow) Tov aAdnotikéy.”
Numenius, of Heracleia, év ‘AdueuTiKy mentions it | thus: <dAAore & abd répxas, ote be or popadas Tapa. meTpyy>4 poxidas adgnotiy Te kak ev xpoujory épvOpov —
| xopriov <i mépKaurt Kabyynriy perdvoupoy>.* Also Epicharmus, ¢ ev "HBas ydpw pies aXdnorai te kopa- Kivol te Koptoedées; cf. Eustath. Hom. J//. xviii. P. 1166. 42; Athen. 305 b Diocles év zparw “Yyvevov.
ot S€ werpaiot Kadovpevor padaxorapKor, Koorvdor, @ Supplied from Athen. 319 b, 320 e. ]
‘
wor
as Mie
INTRODUCTION
KixAat, répxat, KwBtoi, puxides, GApyotixos. E.M. s. aAdnoris repeats ating ae in Athen. 281 © as " quoted’ above ; cf: E.M. s. @nXvrepdwv* ore TH AouTa
_ Ga Spov Exéet Tis pigews A othAnvu, abrar b€ dei bad éx Tov évavTiov ot avdpes adpyorat Aéyorrat ot Karepepeis, Kata perapopayv ard tov ixOiwrvs aXdynorat yap «idos ixPivos. Hesych. s. addnoris’ ixOvos eidos. In Homer aXAdnorai is an obscure epithet of men in general, but in later Greek a bad association
_ seems to have attached to aA¢avo and its derivatives, perhaps through an idea that zapGévor dAdeoiPorar (Hom. Z/. xviii. 593, H. Aphr. 119) meant—to quote Dugald Dalgetty—“ such quae quaestum corporibus faciebant, as we said of Jean Drochiels at Marischal Deira "a; ; of. Lycophron 1393 Tis (Mestra) zavto-
prov dpas Aaparovpisos | roxjos (Erysichthon), rh * éXgaion Tais ka?’ 7pépav | Bovreivav adOaiverxer paiav TaTpos.
The fish intended is one of the Wrasses (they had the repute of lasciviousness, ef: Epicharm. ap. Athen. 305 ¢ [see too 287 b, E.M. s. Bee Spas] BapBpaddves re Kat KixAar Aayoi Spcicdv-rts T GAxipot, where perhaps _ Adyvor should be read: ef. KrxAifw), such as Creni- _ labrus melops, the Gold-sinny or Corkwing.
f 2. The reading of the mss. and schol. ads @
{ _ would make as refer to oxides. So the Schol. duxides" ai Aarivat, touto 8 «ime oxomrtov tov yuvarKddn.
) gpuxibas eirev evtradOa 6 rontis OeAwv AodopHoral
“Tiva edvovdxov _puKapilovra AG e. rouging) Tas Tapetas
avrov. iv & 6 etvodxXos obros ov AowWopyrat Bere 6
Tour hs, os couxer, 6 _Karahadioas tov “AynoiXaor
_Tdv marépa Tob wownrov <is tov Baciréa Leijpov, ds
_etropev, Sti Kateppovycev 6 “Aynoidaos e£edAGciv cis
* Scott, Legend of Montrose, c. ix. li
OPPIAN
cuvavTnow Tov Baciréws,. ire Ov dirtogddws Kai katappovov 7a mavta. All this seems to be pure invention. The fish called uxis is mentioned fre- quently. A. 567b18 tixrovor & of pev GAAoL Tov @orékwy ixOiwv drag tov éviavtov, tAny TOY puKpov prkidwr, abras dé dis. Suahéper 8 6 appyv Pixs rhs Onreias TH peAdvTepos civar Kal peifovs exe Tas Aeridas; 591 b 10. 7a 8 ws eri 7 Tor vépovrat pev Tov mn Adv Kat TO pdKos . . . olov puis Kat KwBuds kal ot meTpaiou 9 6€ uKis GrAAns pev wapKds ovx dmretat, Tov de Kapiowv; 607 b18 petaBadrr« de Kal 4 puis THY Xpdav> Tov pev yap Gov xpovoy AcvKy éott, Tov O° e€apos morkidyn: povn © airy tov Oadatriwv ixOvwv (builds a nest), ds act, Kal tikres ev TH oriBdds; Plut. Mor. 981 F idia 8 at duKides ex tov ukiov oiov veortiav Siaracdpevat Teprapmexover TOY yovov Kat oxérovoew ard Tov KAvdavos ; Ovid, Hal. 122 Atque avium phycis (mss. dulcis, emend. Ulitzius) nidos imitata sub undis; Plin. ix. 81 mutat (colorem) et phycis, reliquo tempore candida, vere varia. Eadem piscium sola nidificat ex alga atque in nido parit; xxxii. 150 phycis saxatilium; Ael, xii. 28. ixOds de THY xXpoav peraPdyrucot oide* KixAat te Kal Koocvpor Kat puKides te kal pawides; Athen. 305 b AvoxrAjs . . . “ot 6& retpaior,” pyciv, “ kadovpevor porakooapKor, Kborvpor, KixAa, mépxat, Kwfroi, ukides, GAdnoriKds”’ ; 319 b Lrevourmos ev Sevtépp ‘Opoiwy maparAnoias «ivar Aéyov Téepkynv, Xavvav, punida . 4 + Novpnrvios d ev “AdeutiKy “G@AXore & ad mépxas, ote Oe orpopdsas Tapa méerpyv | puxidas aAdnotiv te Kal ev Xpouja ev epvOpor | oKopmudy (cf. 982 a, 320: ¢) i535: ,819s¢ “Apurroredys ev TO wept (wuKk@v dxavOoorrepin- pyow eivar kat rorx.rAdxpoa puxida; Mare. S. 19 kai oxdpoi avOepndevtes epevOjerod Te puxis;
lii
‘
7 INTRODUCTION
AP. vi. 105 rpiyAav dx dv@paxins «ai duxida coi, | Atpevire | "Aprep, Swpetpar (=Suid. s. duxida). The statement that the ¢uxis builds a nest led Cuvier 4 to identify it with Gobius niger, the Black Goby. But all the other evidence points to one of the _ Wrasses (Labridae), for which yetAov, duxdyapo, metpoyapo are in M.G. generic names, and it is now known that some at least of the Wrasses build nests. The schol. here, as we have seen above, interprets dvxides by Aarivat. In M.G. Crenilabrus _ pavo is Ajrawva, at Chalcis Aariva paipy and X. peyérn _ and this identification is in all probability right. It should be pointed out that, both ¢duxis and the _ kivaidos being Wrasses, it is quite possible that | ian or Oppian’s source may have identified _ them and thes" as & may after all be the correct -reading. 8. The Cirrhis (xéppis) of H. i. 129, iii. 187, which is not mentioned in Aristotle, seems to be another of the Wrasses, perhaps Labrus mixtus, of: ELM. ‘s. kippus* 6 txOds, ered Kippos éote tiv xpordy. In H. i. 129 the schol., reading oxuppis, interprets Aerdurai ih texas.
___ Anthias : Aulopias : Callichthys : Callionymus __ The chief references may be grouped as follows : (1) A.570b » 19 tixter O€ kai 6 avAwrias, dv Kadovel tives av@iav, tov Oépous.
(2) A. 610b5 the Anthias is one of the gre- ape (ayeAaior) fishes.
(3) A - 620 b 33 drov dv dv@ias opaby, ovK éore
Onpiov- © Kat onpeto Xppevor karaxohup Booey oi oroyyeis, Kat Kkadovow iepovs ixOts tovrovs; cf.
liii
‘OPPIAN
Athen. 282 ¢c; Plut. Mor. 981 &; -Ael. viii. 28; Plin. ix. 153 certissima est securitas vidisse- planos {[anthias?] pisces, quia nunquam sunt ubi maleficae bestiae, qua de causa urinantes (.e, divers) sacros appellant eos.
(4) Ovid, Hal. 45 Anthias his. tergo quae non videt utitur armis, Vim spinae novitque suae versoque supinus Corpore lina secat fixumque inter- cipit hamum; Plin. xxxii. 13 anthias tradit idem [sc. Ovidius in eo volumine quod Halieuticon in- seribitur, 7b. 11] infixo hamo invertere se, quoniam sit in dorso cultellata spina, eaque lineam praesecare; . ix. 182 idem anthiae cum unum hamo teneri viderint, spinis quas in dorso serratas habent lineam secare traduntur, eo qui teneatur extendente ut praecidi
possit; Plut. Mor. 977 c ot & dv@iac tO cvpdpirg —
A > iA . ‘ c \ > , ‘ Bonfotow itapurepov’ Thy yap dppidav avabenevoe Kara,
‘ e-7 \ / > ‘ X ” > nw THV paxXw Kal oTioavTes OpOnv TiV GKavOav Extyerpovor —
Suarpiev 7H TpaxvTyte Kai dvaxdrrew; Ael, i. 4 drav vorrwre teOnpar Oat Tov cbvvopor, ™ porveovow OKLTTO"
cira. és avtov Ta. vara dmepeidovew Kal ‘dine
kal OD ovpevor TH Suvdper KwAvovow €AKer Oa,
(5) Plin. ix. 180 describes the mode of cabhing the Anthias practised in the Chelidonian islands [ev peOopiy tis LappvdAias cat Avxias, Strabo 651): parvo navigio et concolori veste eademque hora per — aliquot dies continuos piscator enavigat certo spatio escamque proicit. Quicquid ex eo mittitur, suspecta fraus praedae est cavetque quod timuit. Cum id saepe factum est, unus aliquando consuetudine invi- tatus anthias escam appetit. Notatur hie intentione — diligenti ut auctor spei conciliatorque naturae, neque est difficile cum per aliquot dies solus accedere audeat. Tandem et aliquos invenit paulatimque comitatior
liv
:
INTRODUCTION
_ postremo greges adducit innumeros, iam vetustissimis
_ quibusque adsuetis piscatorem agnoscere et e manu
_cibum rapere. Tum ille paulum ultra digitos in esca
iaculatus hamum singulos involat verius quam eapit, ab umbra navis brevi conatu rapiens ita ne ceteri sentiant, alio intus excipiente centonibus raptum, ne palpitatio ulla aut sonus ceteros abigat. Conciliatorem nosse ad hoc prodest ne capiatur, fugituro in reliquum grege. This is evidently the method described in Oppian, H. iii. 205 ff. and is identical with that which was used for the Aulopias in, the Tyrrhenian islands (i.e. the Aeoliae insulae between Italy and Sicily) according to Ael. xiii. 17: “Having selected in adyance places where they suppose the Aulopias to congregate and thereafter having caught in their seoop-nets (izoxa‘) many Crow-fish (xopaxivous), they anchor their boat and keeping up a continuous din they project the Crow-fish attached to lines (appact). The Aulopias, hearing the din and beholding the bait, swim up from all directions and congregate and circle about the boat. And under the influence of the din and the abundance of food they become so tame that even when the fishermen stretch out their hands they remain and suffer the touch of man, enslaved, as I should judge, by the food but, as the experts say, already confident in their valour. And there are among them tame ones whom the fishermen recognize as their benefactors and comrades and towards these they maintain a truce. These leaders are followed by stranger fishes which, as aliens, so to say, the fishermen hunt and kill. But with regard to the tame fishes, the position of which is like that of decoy pigeons, they refrain from hunting them and observe a truce, nor would any
lv
OPPIAN
pressure of circumstances induce a wise fisherman to catch a tame Aulopias intentionally: for he is grieved even when he catches one accidentally.’ Ael. xii. 47, on the capture of the Anthias, has nothing which helps identification.
(6) Ananios, ap. Athen. 282 b, the Anthias is in prime condition in winter. .
(7) The Aulopias is described Ael. ° xiii. 17: «“ About the Tyrrhenian islands fishermen catch the huge («77#dn) fish which is found there and which they call Aulopias. . . . In size the largest Aulopias is inferior to the largest Tunnies, but in strength and prowess it would bear away the palm in comparison with them. . . . It opposes the fisherman as an equal adversary, and for the most part gets the better of him. . When caught it is beautiful to behold, having the eyes open and round and large, like the ox-eyes of which Homer sings. The jaw is stron;
. yet adds to the beauty of the fish. The back is of the deepest blue, the belly white; from the head a gold-coloured line extends to the hinder part where it ends in a circle.”
(8) Oppian thrice mentions the Anthiagy @ H. i. 248-258 the Anthias frequents deep rocks, but ranges everywhere under the impulse of gluttony. ‘The mouth is toothless. ‘There are four species— yellow, white, black, and a fourth called evwxés or avAwrds,
a , c 7 \ % ' ovveka Tots KuOimrepOev EXicoopevy Kata KUKAOV opprds yepderoa TepiSpomos extepaverar (256 f.).
The precise meaning of avAwrds is not easy to determine (schol. crevofOddpous . . . Tobs éxovras peydrous 6pOarpors Sixny avrAGv, Oroiot ciow ot TOV
lvi
INTRODUCTION
Tayovpwv [Grabs] kal aoTaKov [Lobsters] ; ef. Hesych. is. ovum ias- KoiAdpOadpos, $. avAdridt: otery repi tovs ofGadpors), whether * hollow-eyed” or “ with lobster - like eyes DE of. Xen. Symp. v. 5 kapkivov ebopOadporarov civat tov (wv. (ii) H. iii. 192 the bait for the Anthias is the Basse (AdGpa€). (iii) H. iii. 205-334, where he describes modes of fishing for the Anthias, and says its “mouth is unarmed” (crépa toiow daerov), i.e. is toothless (328). His account of its struggles to escape—Pudpevos eis dda d0vat (310)—shows that he means by Anthias what Aelian means b Aulopias, xiii. 17 os mpos avriraXov ioraras Tov dAvea kat Kparet ra mreiota, ext paddov éavtov meéras Kal KaTw vetoas TIV aeeifia Rie kat wOjoas Kata tod BvOo%. (9) Archestratus 3 ap. Athen. 326 a veapod peyadov 7 even like ev Géper ovot | kpavia also suggests a large fish. s. To Oppian Callichthys (1) differs from “Anthias, (2) is called icpds ‘vs, (3) is comparable in strength to the Anthias, (4) is a deep-sea fish, (5) is called Callichthus, i.e. Beauty-fish, on account of its beauty: H. i. 179 of & ev dperpiroww adnv weAd- yeoow éXover, | TAov ard tpadepys oud’ noow eciciv €Taipor . . . €v ois Kai KaddrxOus emdvupos, iepos XGbs 5 H, iii. 191 Oivve pev KaAALX Gus t taiverat, avrap “bvioxots | dpxvvos, AdBpaxa S ex’ avOiy SiN CORE iii. 835 (after an account of capture of Anthias) Toiov Kat KdAALxOus Eyer oOévos 78e yeveO An | opxtver 6ocot Te Sépas Kyrddecs dow | AdLovtat’ Toiors 5 Bpaxioow dypwooovrar; v. 627 ff. sponge-cutters are safe if they see a caddy bus: TO Kai pu eprpuray iepov ix Ouv. Bussemaker, identifying it with dv@ias ebwros, makes it Serranus gigas, the Métou, which we identify with op¢és.
lvii
OPPIAN
The epithet tepds is used of a fish in Hom. JI. xvi. 407 ws Gre tis pos | réetpy Exe mpoBARTL KaOjpevos iepov tyObv | ex wovtowo Oipage Aivp Kat nvori XadrK@ (sc. €Axy), where ace. to the schol. some interpreted toprthes, some KxaAAtxOvs, while others took the epithet in a general sense (dverbv Kal evrpadn, ws iepov Botv A€éyopev Tov dverpevov). From Athen, 282 e sq. it seems that fepds was used of several fishes besides the Anthias (Dolphin, Pilot-fish, Gilthead, ete.) and, while Athenaeus himself seems to identify Anthias and Callichthys, he tells us that Dorion denied the identity: Athen. 282 ¢ pvnpoveter 8 aitod Kai Awpiwv év TO wept ixOtwv: “dv 8 dvOiav tives Kat KaAALXOvv kadovow, éTe dé KaAAévupov Kal €Aowa”’. . . . “Apioro- téAns 5€ Kal Kapxapddovra eivar tov KdAALyOuv capkopayov te Kal ovvayea(spevov. “Erixappos ev Movoats tov pev €Aora [ef. Ael. viii. 28] Kat aptOpetrar, Tov S¢ KaéAALXOvv 7 KadALHvYpoY ws Tov avtdov ovta ceriynkev.... Awpiov & ev to rept ixPiwv Suadépev pyolv dvOiav Kal KaddAdtxOvv, ere Te Kat kaAAwivupov kai €dova; cf. E.M. s. avOeva (sic): eldos ix Avos" dvOiav tives Kal Ka dex Our kadovo. Kal Kad Auwvupov kal éAhora 5 Suid. s. fepdv ixOOvr.. ov Tov KdAALX Our 7) TOV TopTiXrov, ws TUES.
Callionymus.—The Callionymus is almost certainly Uranoscopos scaber, the Hemerocoetes or Nycteris of Oppian (see note on H. ii. 199 ff.). It is an ugly fish and was only euphemistically called Kaddudvupos : of. E.M. s. éAecotpios: <idos ixOvos Paracciov dv tues Kat evoynpurpov KadALvbvupov kaAdodow «tA. ; Hesych. s. kaXhuavupos and s, dAecovpiov. From its habit of hiding in the sand it was also called Pappodirns or Sand-diver, Hesych. s. Wappodirns ix Otis, ov Kat kaAAvdvupov arava: The similarity of name
viii
;
Fa
| INTRODUCTION
. might easily lead to confusion with «éAAv,@us, but we think that in discussing the identity of that fish
_ and_of the Anthias the Callionymus may be left out
__ of the question.
__. The identification of the Anthias and the Cal- lichthys has hitherto proved an insoluble problem. Both are pelagic fishes, comparable in size to the Tunny. The one definite distinction between them, if we can trust it, is that the Anthias is, according
_ to Oppian H. i. 253 and iii. 328, toothless, whereas
_ according to Athen. 282 c Aristotle described the
_ Callichthys as xapxyapddovs.
__.. Rendelet,* who supposed the name Anthias to be
_ applied to more than one fish, identified his Anthias primus with Serranus anthias—the Barbier of the
_ Mediterranean—Labrus anthias L., Anthias sacer Bloch,
“le plus beau poisson de mer, aux couleurs les plus
_ éclatantes” (Apost. p. 13). “Le barbier est un des
plus. beaux poissons de la Méditerranée et des plus
faciles 4 caractériser. La longue épine flexible qui séléve sur son dos, les filets qui prolongent ses
_ . ® Guillaume Rondelet (b. at Montpellier in 1507), the
I - of the sixteenth-century naturalists who laid
_ the foundations of modern Ichthyology.. He had a unique
_ knowledge of the fishes of the Mediterranean. Of his work _ on fishes the first part, Libri de piscibus marinis in quibus _ verae piscium effigies expressae sunt, ap at Lyons in _ 1554; the second, Universae aquatilium historiae pars altera, | cum veris ipsorum imaginibus in 1555. Almost simultane- ously P. Belon (who was murdered by robbers when rata herbs at a late hour in the Bois de Boulogne, no _ doubt in connexion with a translation of Dioscorides, on _ which he was engaged) published his De aquatilibus libri ii., Paris, 1553; H. Salviani his Aquatilium animalium historia, _ 1554-1557 ; and Conrad Gesner—the correspondent of Dr. John Caius—his Historiae animalium liber iv., qui est de piscium et aquatilium animantium natura, Ziirich, 1558.
lix
OPPIAN
ventrales, et les deux lobes de sa caudale, surtout Vinférieur, suffiraient pour le distinguer de tous les autres poissons; enfin, l’éclat de lor et du rubis dont brillent ses écailles, auraient. dé attirer de tout temps l’attention des naturalistes” (Cuv. ii. p. 250). Against this identification Cuvier vigorously protests : “rien n’a été hasardé plus légérement, et méme, si quelque chose en cette matiére peut étre susceptible de preuve, c’est qu’aucun des caractéres attribués a des anthias ne convient au barbier.”” For his own part Cuvier would identify the Anthias with Thynnus alalonga, the Albicore: “ Pour moi, si j’étais obligé de me prononcer sur le poisson qui a porté ce nom autrefois, je dirais au moins de l’anthias d’Elien que e'est le germon (Scomber alalonga). Il est un peu moindre que le thon, qu'il accompagne souvent ; il va en grandes troupes. Son dos est bleu; son ventre blane. On voit sur ses flancs une’ ligne argentée. On ne peut pas dire qu'il manque de dents; mais il les a plus faibles méme que le thon. On en prend en abondance prés des cétes de Sardaigne, et l'on y en prendrait encore davantage, si l’on faisait les mailles des pater iir oy ui pens, pins petites que pour le thon.
“ Certainement bien des poissons décrits par les anciens, et que l’on croit avoir reconnus, ne Yont pas été sur autant de caractéres.
“A la vérité, il n’y a point de germons, ni d’espéces voisines, qui soient blancs, jaunes ou rouge-noir, comme Oppien le dit de ses anthias; mais nous sommes si accoutumés a voir le méme nom appliqué chez les anciens aux étres les plus différens, que nous ne devons pas nous étonner qu’Oppien ait entendu celui d’anthias autrement qu’Elien. Peut-étre a-t-il
lx
’
q
INTRODUCTION
voulu parler du mérou, du cernier, ou de tel autre _trés-grand acanthoptérygien: toujours. est-il certain _ quil n’a point désigné, par lépithéte de peyaxyrea, le barbier, petit poisson qui passe 4 peine cing ou _ six pouces.”
Glaucus
The chief references may be grouped as follows:
(1) A. 508b20. The Glaucus has few caecal appendages (drogvdéas). (2) A. 598a13. It is a pelagic (weAdy.os) fish. Cf. gaudent pelago, Ovid, _ Hal. 94. (3) A. 599 b 32 yAatxos: otros yap rot | Gepovs pwret repi éEjxov’ jpépas. Cf. Ovid, Hal. 117 Ac nunquam aestivo conspectus sidere glaucus ; Plin. ix. 58 quidam rursus aestus impatientia mediis fervoribus sexagenis diebus latent, ut glaucus ; xxxii. 153 (tradit) (Ovidius) . . . glaucum aestate nunquam apparere. (4) A. 607 b27 dporor dé Kvovres Kai pi) 6Atyor [i.e. a few fishes are in the same condition whether with spawn or not], ofov yAatxos. (5) Opp. C. iii. 113 ofyy pev Kopdqv texéwv evi Kipace deAdis | _aiev éxer yAatxds te xapow; H. i. 749 of all ovi- _parous (goroxjes) fishes it shows most affection for its young. When the young are hatched, it remains with them, and when danger threatens, du¢:xavev _Katédexto Oia. oTdpa, pera xe deipa | xdoonTar, Tore O atris avertvoe Acvxavinfer. So Ael. i. 16; Phil. 90. (6) Opp. H. i. 170 yAatxor, are mentioned among fishes which €v wérpyot kai év Yapaowr véesovrar. (7) Opp. H. iii. 193. The bait for Glaucus is the rey Mullet (xeorpevs). (8) Mare. S. 66 civ xAoepois Aaxadvors Sé KaGeopévov yAavxowo Lwpds ayer yada Aevxdy eeBopevyoe TrOjvats | revdpevos, THPat de pirat Tore vyaridxowr | EXxovow ropa Aapdy evyAayéwy ad Ixi
OPPIAN
partov. (9) It was obviously a large fish: Geopon. xx. 7. 2 mpOrov 6€ rdvrwv earl S€An pds TA peydra ovdpw, ofov .. . yAatvKovs; Eupolis ap. Athen. 107 b Ketpevov tXOvdiwv | puxpov, TpepdvTmv ro See Ti meioerat, | Oappeiv KeAetvous Eve éuod Tavr ovde ev | pjoas adikjoew erpidpnv yAatkov péyav. Hence special cuts of it are commended: Archestr. ap. Athen. 295 ¢ dAda pot oaiver yAavKov Kehadiyv ev ’OXivOy | kat Meydpos; Anaxandr. ibid, x 6 mpdtos etpov roduteAes Tuntov péeya | yAavkov mpdowrov Tov T dpdipovos dSépas | Oivvov; Amphis ibid. F yAadxou & bro, paxioTa Kpaviov pépy... and yAavKuvidion xepddava; Antiph. ibid. yAavxou rpotopy. (10) Numen, ap. Athen. 295 b ixnyv 7 KéAAcyOvy, dre xpdpuv, dAAorE & opdhdv | 7) yAateov repdwvta Kata pvia ovyadoevta, The legend that the Glaucus takes in its young would suggest a Dog-fish, but the possession of caeca
mentioned in A. 508 b 20 is against that supposition, —
since Selachians have no caeca. Cuvier makes the Glaucus Sciaena aquila. Bussemaker makes it some species of Cod (Gadi quaedam species).
Onos or Assfish: Oniscus : Callarias
1. The d6vos is mentioned twice in Aristotle: (a) A. 599 b 26 “Some fishes hide (wdc?) in the sand,
some in the mud, with only the mouth projecting. —
The majority hide only in winter—Crustaceans and Rock-fishes and Rays and Cartilaginous fishes only
during the wintriest days, as is shown by the fact —
that they are not caught when the weather is cold. But some fishes hide also in summer, for instance the Glaucus, which hides in summer for about 60
days. ‘The Onos and the Gilthead also hide [?.e. in summer]. That the Onos hides for the longest time —
Ixii
4 §
=
Rte | (tina
seems to be proved ‘by the fact that there is the gest interval when it is not caught. And that ‘the fis fishes hide in summer seems to be indicated ee _ the fact that catches are made only at the rising * of the constellations, particularly at the rising of the _ Dog-star; for at that time the sea is turned up, a thing which is very well known in the Bosporus. For the mud comes to the top and the fishes are _ brought up. It is said too that often when the sea- _ bottom is dredged, more fish are caught by the _ second haul than by the first ; and after heavy rains _ many creatures become visible which previously _ were not seen at all or only infrequently.” Cf. _Oppian, H. i. 151. See below. (6) A. 620 b 29 kaBappifovor 8 éavra Kat évos Kat Paros kai Witra Kat pivy, Kal Grav Tomon eavTa adyXa, efra paBdeterac Tots €v 7G orépati a Kaovetv of dALeis paPdiar rporépyovrat & ae mpos puxia ad Sv tpépovrat. It may be noted that the évos is absent in the rendering of this passage _ in Pliny ix. 144 simili modo squatina [| = ivy, ef: Plin. -xxxii. 150 rhine quem squatum vocamus]} et rhombus [=r] abditi pinnas exsertas movent specie _vermiculorum, item quae vocantur raiae [ = Paror}. a Other references to the dvos are Athen. 315 e vos Katd dviokos. “6v0s, pyoiv “ApwrroréXys év TO Tept (wixey, €xee ordpa dveppwyds Gpoiws Tots yareois" Kal ov “ovayehaorixds. Kat pévos otros txOvwv Thy Kapdlav év tH Kothin Exec Kal ev 7G eycepary Aious ehepets poras. dwredver te povos ev tals td Kiva Geppordarats “Fntpass, Tov ddAwv tais Xempepwraras dwXevovTov.
- INTRODUCTION a
* As the Editor has elsewhere shown, references to a star
indicating the time of year are (unless the context very
B-Gnitely—not merely implies—but explicitly asserts the opposite) always to the rising (heliacal) of a star.
lxiii
OPPIAN
pvnpovetes 8 adtav ’Exixappos év"HBas ydpor “ peya- Aoxdopovds Te Xdvvas KHKTpareAoydaTopas dyvovs.” Suapéper 8 vos ovicxov, os Pyar Awpiwv év TH Tept ixPiwv ypadwv ottws* “ dvos, dv Kadovoi tives yddov" yarrXepias, dv Kaovoi tives dvicKkov Te Kati pa§ewov.” EvOvdnpos 8 év to wept Tapixwv “ot pev Baxxov, dno, kaXdovow, ot b¢ yeAapiny, ot € dvicxoy.” *~Apxéorparos dé hyo “roy 8 dvov ’AvOndav, rdv KaAAapiay Kkad€ovcriw | extpeper eipeyéeOn”’ xtA.; Ael. vi. 30 6 ix Obs 6 dvos Ta pev arAa, doa evTos tpoomepuxev, 0d wavy TL TOV ETEPwV SueotOTa KexTyTAL, povdtporos b€ éote Kal adv GAAo.s Buotv odk avéxeta. exer de dpa ixOvwv podvos odtos év TH yaotpt tHv Kapdiav [=Ael. v. 20] kai ev tO eyxeddadw idovs, oizep obv Eoixact piAas TO oXHpA. Leiplov Se éexitoAR pwrAcver pbvos, tov GAov ev Tais Kpupwoertarats pwrevev ciGurpevwov ; Oppian, H. iii. 138 ff. GAN drérav Kabérourr reduipior dpdtxavocey | ixOves, ofa Body re reAet rpoBarwv re yéveHXra | 7) Baris 7 Kal dvov vwOpoy yévos, ovk eOédAovow | eorer Oat, Yapddouwr & eri mrratd vopa Badrdvres.| dOpdor ep- BapiOovor, poyov & aAcedow EOnxav. | toAAGKL SD €€- édicbov ax ayxiotpo.o AvOEvtes,
2. Dorion, as quoted above, distinguished évos and évioxos, Which we may take to mean that they were not usually distinguished. Oppian thrice mentions the ovioxos, H. iii. 191 as bait for the épxvvos; H. i. 105 where he says its habitat is in ryAoiou Kat ev tevayerot Gaddoons (102), while the habitat of the dvos is év BevOeoow H, i. 145 ff. — Lastly, H. i. 593, the mode of propagation of the ovioxos is said to be unknown. To Oppian therefore the évos and ovicKos were different fishes. On the other hand they are identified by Eustath. Hom. p. 862 évos, ix@ds rotds,
¢ S27 \ , O K@t OVLOKOS KG@t Baxxos.
lxiv
="
INTRODUCTION
_ 3. The Latin asellus represents évos. Ovid, Hal. f 131 Et tam deformi non dignus nomine asellus ; Pilin. xxxii.145 peculiares autem maris . . . asellus. ‘See below for Plin. ix. 58. . Callarias.—Oppian, H. i. 105 mentions xaAAapiat along with the évicxos, where incidentally it may be noted that the schol. has 6vicxwv dewddpwv (yadapiwv ?). We have seen above that Archestratus ap. Athen. 316 a equates évos with kahAapias. Cf: Athen. 118 ¢ kaOdrep Kai Tov xeAAapiny Kai yap TouTov éva évtTa ixOiv roAOv Svopac voy TeTUXmKEVAL® kadeio Oar yap * Baxxov kat évickov Kai xeAAapinv ; Hesych. &. yadapias ix fis 6 dvixés, and Hesych. s. yaXiac ot évioxot 3 Hesych. s. Aativyns: xapadpias xadapias iy Gis; Pliny. ix. 61 postea praecipuam auctoritatem fuisse lupo et asellis Nepos Cornelius et Laberius poeta mimorum tradidere . . . asellorum duo genera collyri {=callariae] minores et bacchi, qui non nisi in alto capiuntur, ideo praelati prioribus; Plin. xxxii. 146 collyris, asellorum generis, ni minor esset. Plin. xxxii. 145 mentions bacchus among the “peculiares maris. “ - 3 _. The generally accepted opinion is that those fishes are Gadidae or members of the Cod-family. A difficulty is suggested by Athen. 306 e where dis- cussing the Grey Mullets he says Karadeéorepot dé mavrwv ot xeAAGves of Aeyopevor Baxxou. The dvos is traditionally identified with the Hake (Gadus merluccius L., Merluccius aris Cuv.), cf. Ital. asinello, Gr. “abo. A, 620b29 (quoted above) would seem to imply that the évos has some sort of oral appendages which it employs in catching smaller fishes. The Hake has nothing of the sort, not even barbels (which the Fork-beard Hake,
e€ Ixv
rca
OPPIAN
Phycis blennioides, and the Mediterranean Hake, P. mediterranea, have). But it seems probable that in Aristotle /.c. either 6vos should be omitted, as Plin. ix. 144 omits it, or that paPdeterac should not be extended to. it. Bussemaker makes dvos ierne mustela L.., 6vioxos, Gadus merlangus L.
This is a convenient place to explain Oppian, H. i. 151 ff. ‘ Among these also is numbered the Hake, which beyond all fishes shrinks from the bitter assault of the Dog-star in summer, and remains retired within his dark recess and comes not forth so long as the breath of the fierce star prevails.’ The origin of this passage is A. 599 b 33 pore dé Kai 6 dvos Kat 0 xptrogpus: onpetov dé doe? efvas Tov Tov dvov wheiorov poreiv xpovov 7d dua. tAEiotov xpévov dXdicKerOar. Tod be Kat Gépous Tovs ixOvs poreiv doxet onpetov elvac tO ert Tois dotpors yiverOar tas dAdoes Kal padworra ext Kui’ THVLKGLTA yap dvarperer Ga tiv Oddarrav: Srep ev TH Boordpy yropyporardy éotiy 1) yap iAds erdva — yiverar Kal erupepovTa ot ixOves. A. and W. under-— stand émi trois dorpors to mean “at the setting” of — certain constellations and the Oxford translation “ between the rise and setting of certain constella-— tions”’ is no improvement. It means “at the rising of the constellations” as Pliny ix. 58 rightly under-— stood; Quidam rursus aestus impatientia mediis— Séxtoniditis sexagenis diebus latent, ut glaucus, asellus, — auratae. Fluviatilium silurus caniculaé exortu side- ratur . . . et alioqui totum mare sentit exortum eius— sideris, quod maxime in Bosporo apparet. Alga enim et pisces superferuntur omniaque ab imo versa. The : meaning is that the hiding of the évos in summer is — indicated by the fact that when the sea is turned op ; by stormy weather catches of this fish occur. Cf.
Ixvi
my ot
Se ee SMI
INTRODUCTION
Ael. vi. 30 2etpiov é eriroAR dwAcver povos [6 dvos], Trav G\XAwv év Talis Kpypwderraraus porcvery cic péevo 5 Ael. ix. 38 dprOpoiro & av ev Tovrous (i. e. among fishes which hide in Aeonaoaga Kal 6 dvos” dedorxe 5€ pddvora ix Gvov tiv tov Leeptov exeroAjy otros. For the con- vulsion of the sea at the rising of the Dog-star cf. Plin. ii. 107 caniculae exortu accendi solis vapores quis ignorat? cuius sideris effectus amplissimi in terra sentiuntur: fervent maria exoriente eo. And for the association of weather phenomena with the Rising and Setting of certain stars cf. Plin. ii. 105 ut solis ergo natura temperando intelligitur anno, sie reliquorum quoque siderum propria est quibusque
_ vis-et ad suam cuique naturam fertilis. Alia sant in
liquorem soluti umoris fecunda, alia concreti in as aut coacti in nives aut glaciati i in grandines,
alia flatus, alia teporis, alia vaporis, alia roris, alia
ris. . Nec meantium modo siderum [i.e. Planets} Haeé vis est sed multorum etiam adhaeren-
tium caelo [7.e. Fixed Stars).
Cetus : Phalaena ; Physalus Kijrea is used in Oppian, C. i. 71, H. i. 360, v. 46
_ to denote the larger sea-beasts generally, including _ not only the Cetaceans (Whales and Dolphins) but
also Selachians (cf. H. v. 63 where vécdu kxvvadv
implies that the Dog-fish are included among the Fijpes dmepprees = Kijred). Cf. Strabo 24 tois peifoor
TOV (Sov otov deAdivev kai Kkvvov Kai dXAwv KynTwddor. But in H. y. 71 ff. the singular xjros seems to
_ indicate a definite animal, and the indications point to the Cachalot or Sperm Whale, Physeter macro-
cephalus, the only large Whale possessing teeth Ixvii
OPPIAN
(v. 140). For the occurrence of the Cachalot in Greek waters cf. H. 368n. With the account of the hunting of the «jros H. v. 111 ff. the reader may compare the hunting of the Sword-fish (ipias or yaAedérys) in the Straits of Messina as described in Strabo (after Polybius) 24: “One outlook is set for a large number of men who lie in waiting in two- oared boats, two men in each boat. One man rows, the other stands on the prow armed with a spear, when the outlook indicates the appearance of: the Sword-fish—the animal swims with a third of its body projecting above the water. When the boat has come to close quarters, the spearman strikes the fish and then withdraws his spear from its body excepting the point, which is barbed and is purposely attached but loosely to the shaft and has a long rope fastened to it. This rope they pay out to the wounded fish until it is weary of struggling and trying to escape. Then they hale it to land or, if it is not altogether a full-sized fish, they take it on board the boat. Even if the spear-shaft fall into the sea, it is not lost, as it is made of oak and pine, and while the oaken part is submerged by its weight the remainder floats and is easily recoverable. Sometimes the oarsman gets wounded through the boat owing to the size of the animal’s sword and because its strength, as also the manner of hunting it, is comparable to that of the Wild Boar.”
Phalaena H. i, 404 and Physalus H. i. 368 are sufficiently discussed in the notes on these passages. If they are not identical, possibly Phalaena may be, as A. and W, incline to think, Delphinus tursio, and Physalus the Cachalot. Bussemaker, identifying
Ixviii
—— —_——
ee —
INTRODUCTION
| Physalus with the Cachalot, takes Phalaena to be _ Balaena musculus, properly Balaenoptera musculus, the h Common Finner, the average length of the males _ being about 60 feet, that of the females rather more.
V. Some Anima. IpiosyNcrasies
1. Narce, Torpedo, Crampfish, or Electric Ray : H. i. 104, ii. 56 ff., H. iii. 149 ff. In all the Torpedoes _ the electric organ consists of a large patch of hexa- _ gonal cells, as many as 400 in the larger species. _ These are placed under the skin on each side of the head, below and behind the eye, and covering the base of the enlarged pectoral fin. They are modified muscle-cells and each is filled with a clear jelly-like substance. The shock which the animal communi- cates when touched is capable of being carried along a metallic conductor, such as a knife or spear, and is said to render the needle magnetic and to decompose chemical compounds. The exercise of this power soon exhausts its possessor and renders a period of recuperation necessary.
2. Fox feigning death: H. i. 107 ff. “ When a fox _ is caught in a trap or run down by dogs he fights _ savagely at first, but by-and-by he relaxes his efforts, drops on the ground, and apparently yields up the ghost. The deception is so well carried out that dogs are constantly taken in by it, and no one, not previ- ously acquainted with this clever trickery of nature, but would at once pronounce the creature dead, and worthy of some praise for having perished in so brave a spirit. Now, when in this condition of feigning
lxix
OPPIAN
death, I am quite sure that the animal does not al- gether lose consciousness. It is exceedingly difficult to discover any evidence of life in the opossum ; but when one withdraws a little way from the feigning fox, and watches him very attentively, a slight open- ing of the eye may be detected ; and, finally, when left to himself, he does not recover and start up like an animal that has been stunned, but slowly and cautiously raises his head first, and only gets up when his foes are at a safe distance. Yet I have seen gauchos, who are very cruel to animals, practise the most barbarous experiments on a captured fox without being able to rouse it into exhibiting any sign of life. This has greatly puzzled me, since, if death-feigning is simply a cunning habit, the animal could not suffer itself to be mutilated without wincing. I can only believe that the fox, though not insensible, as its behaviour on being left to itself appears to prove, yet has its body thrown by extreme terror into that benumbed condition which simulates death, and during which it is unable to feel the tortures practised on it.’ W. H. Hudson, The Naturalist in La Plata (1903).
7 3. Deer and Snakes: C. ii. 233 ff., H. ii. 289 ff. | “The gauchos of the pampas give a reason for the powerful smell of the male deer. . . . They say that © the effluvium of Cervus campestris is abhorrent to snakes of all kinds . . . and even go so far as to describe its effect as fatal to them ; according to this, the smell is therefore a protection to the deer. In places where venomous snakes are extremely abund- — ant, as in the Sierra district on the southern pampas
of Buenos Ayres, the gaucho frequently ties a strip |
eT
lxx
i
INTRODUCTION
the male deer’s skin, which retains its powerful odour for an indefinite time, round the neck of a -yaluable horse as a protection. . . . Considering then _ the conditions in which C. campestris is placed—and _ it might also be supposed that venomous snakes have in past times been much more numerous than they _are now—it is not impossible to believe that the powerful smell it emits has been made protective. . . . The gaucho also affirms that the deer cherishes a wonderful animosity against snakes; that it be- comes greatly excited when it sees one and proceeds _ at once to destroy it, they say, by running round and _ round it in a circle, emitting its violent smell in larger measure, until the snake dies of suffocation. It is hard to believe that the effect can be so great ;_ but _ that the deer is a snake hater and killer is certainly true: in North America, Ceylon, and other districts deer have been observed excitedly leaping on serpents, and killing them with their sharp-cutting hoofs.’” W. H. Hudson, op. cit.
__ 4. The Life-history of the Eel (Anguilla vulgaris) : _ H. i. 513 ff.. The propagation of the Eel is referred _ to several times in Aristotle’s History of Animals : | 538 a 3 “ The Eel is neither male nor female and _ engenders nothing of itself. Those who assert that _ they are sometimes found with hairy or worm-like _ attachments speak inconsiderately, not observing the _ situation of these attachments. For no such animal is viviparous without being oviparous and no Eel has ever been seen with an egg ; and viviparous animals have their young in the womb and closely attached, not in the belly.” To the same effect 570 a 3 sq. where he adds: “Eels spring from the so-called
f Ixxi
OPPIAN
‘earth’s entrails’ (yjs évrepa, earth-worms), which grow spontaneously in mud and moist ground. Eels have in fact sometimes been seen to emerge from such earth-worms and at other times have been rendered visible when the earth-worms were laid open by scraping or cutting. Such earth-worms are found both in the sea and in rivers, particularly where there is decayed matter.” Cf. 517 b 8, 567 a 21, 569 a 6, 608 a 5.
Till within the last half-century or so the problem remained in much the same position as it was in the time of Aristotle, but in recent years and in particular through the systematic and elaborate investigations of Dr. J. Schmidt, the life-history of the Eel has been greatly elucidated. The result of these investigations may be briefly summarized :
The Eel is oviparous and its spawning-ground is in the deep waters of the Atlantic Ocean near the Bermudas. Thence the larval “ Ribbon-eels ” travel eastward, a direction of migration which is instinctive and not due to drift of the current, as is proved by experiments with bottles and the like cast overboard. After a journey which lasts for about two years the young Eels in their third year, when about three inches in length, enter the European rivers, being now known as Elvers or “ Glass-Eels.” ‘They ascend the rivers in spring, travelling in compact bodies and swimming close to the river-banks. They show re- markable determination in their upward journey, overcoming such obstacles as waterfalls by wriggling through the grass upon the banks. Examination of the growth-rings on the minute scales, on the otoliths
‘‘ ear-stones ’’), and on the centra of the vertebrae, shows that at three years of age, after a year in fresh
Ixxii
aging
en
INTRODUCTION
_ water, an Eel is about 34 inches long, at 5 years it is about 6 inches, at 8 years about 1 foot, and at 13 years nearly 2 feet in length. _ Eels do not spawn in fresh waters. When the _ period of maturity approaches and with it the repro- ductive impulse, at the age of from 6 to 10 years, they become silvery in appearance (“ Silver-eels ”’), _ their eyes become larger, and they make for the rivers in which they descend to the sea. Having reached the sea they travel oceanwards, at an ayerage _ rate of more than 9 miles a day, on their final journey _ —pour l'amour et pour la mort—of over 2000 miles to _ their breeding-ground in the depths of the Atlantic Ocean, where they spawn and die. , ___ The occurrence of Eels in land-locked waters, which _ seemed to complicate the problem of their origin and _ mode of propagation, is explained by the ability of _ the Eel to exist for a considerable time out of the _ water (A. 592 a 13, Plin. ix. c. 38) and to the agility of _ the young Eels in travelling for some distance over- land (A. Part, An. 696 a 5, Theophrast, zept ixO@dwv _ tév €v TG Enp@ SiatprBdvrov fr. 171), and so making _ their way even into waters from which the adult Eels _under the reproductive impulse in vain endeavour _ to escape. On the other hand there are no Eels in _ the Danube, nor in the Black Sea or the Caspian Sea, these waters being beyond the reach of the young _ Eels migrating from the Atlantic Ocean. _ Cf. J. Schmidt, “‘ The Breeding-place of the Eel,” Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. Washington, 1924 [1925], 3 pp- 279-316; C. Rabot, “ Les Anguilles du Pacifique,” Nature, Paris, 1926, pp. 113-118; K. Mareus, « Uber Alter und Wachstum des Aales,” Jahrb. Hamburg miss, Anst. xxxvi (1919), pp. 1-70.
> ata
=
a cad
xxiii
OPPIAN
VI. Oe
Analysis of the Cynegetica:
Bk. I. 1-46 Prooemium ; 47-80 Triple aévisiii of the hunting of wild creatures—Fowling, Hunting, Fishing ; 81-90 Physical qualities of Hunter; 91-109 The Hunter's equipment; 110-146 Seasons of Hunting; 147-157 The Hunter’s weapons; 158-367 Horses ; 368-538 Dogs.
Bk. II. 1-42 The Inventors of Hunting; 48-175 Bulls; 176-292 Deer; 293-295 Broad-horn ; 296-299 Ioreus ; 300-314 Antelope ; 315-325 Gazelle § 326- 444 Wild Goats and Sheep; 445-488 Oryx; 489-550 Elephant; 551-569 Rhinoceros; 570-585 Panther, Cat, Dormouse ; 586-597 Squirrel; 598-604 Hedge- hog and Spiny Mouse; 605-611 Ape; 612-628 Blind Rat.
Bk. III. 1-6 Prooemium; 7-62 Lion; 63-83 Leopard ; 84-106 Lynx ; 107-138 Digression on the affection of animals for their young; 139-182 Bear; 183-250 Wild Ass; 251-261 Wild Horse; 262-339 Wolf and Hyena; 340-363 Tiger; 364-390 Wild Boar; 391-406 Porcupine; 407-448 Ichneumon,
Crocodile, and Asp; 449-460 Fox; 461-481 Giraffe; —
482-503 Ostrich ; 504-525 Hare.
Bk. IV. 1-76 Prooemium; general precepts on — Hunting; 77-211 Lion Hunting; 212-229 Hunting ~ of Thos and Leopard; 230-353 Leopards and — Dionysus; 354-424 Bear Hunting; 425-488 Hare © Hunting; 439-447 Gazelle Hunting; 448-453 Fox —
Hunting. Analysis of the Halieutica :
Bk. I. 1-79 Prooemium; comparison of Hunting, i Fishing, and Fowling ; 79-92 Depth of the Sea, etc.; _
lxxiv
INTRODUCTION
93-445 Habitat and Habit of various Fishes; 446- 512 the Mating of various Fishes; 513-553 Mating of Eels, Turtles, Poulpes; 554-579 Mating of _Muraena; 580-583 Mating of Dolphin; 584-637 _Fish-breeding in general; 638-645 Molluses, Sel- _achians, ete. ; 646-685 Dolphin ; 686-701 Seal; 702- 783 Love of offspring among animals ; 734741 Dog- fish ; 742-746 Angel-shark ; 747-755 Glaucus; 756- 761 Tunny; 762-797 Oysters and Aphya.
_ Bk. II. 1-42 Prooemium ; 43-55 Fishes prey one on the other; 56-85 the Torpedo; 86-119 the Fishing | Frog; 120-127 Cuttle-fish; 128-140 Prawn; 141- 166 Ox-ray (Cephalopterus Giorna); 167-180 Crab and Oyster; 181-185 Star-fish and Oyster; 186-198 Pinna and Pinnoteres; 199-224 Uranoscopus scaber ; 225-231 Sea-urchins; 232-252 Poulpe (Octopus) ; 253-421 Spiny Lobster, Muraena, Poulpe; 422-500 ‘Venomous Fishes—Scolopendra, Iulis, Poulpe, Cuttle- fish, Goby, Scorpion, Sea-swallow, Weever, Squalus eentrina, Sting-ray ; 501-532: Parasites of Tunny and Dog-fish; 533-552 Dolphin; 553-627 Dolphin and _Amia (Bonito); 628-641 Dolphin; 642-663 Grey Mullet (xeorpevs); 664-688 Epilogue.
Bk. III. 1-28 Prooemium; 29-49 Attributes of the Fisherman; 50-71 Seasons for Fishing; 72-91 ‘Instruments of Fisherman; 92-97 Wiles of Fish; 98-116 Grey Mullet (xeorpevs); 117-120 Muraena; 121-125 Basse; 126-127 Mormyrus; 128-131 Basse ; 132-137 Oreynus (largest size of Tunny); 138-143 _Ox-ray, Sea-sheep, Skate, Hake (?); 144-148 Bonito and Fox-shark; 149-155 Torpedo; 156-165 Cuttle- fish ; 166-168 Squid; 169-204 Baits for various Fish ; § 205-337 Anthias; 338-370 Cantharus or Black Sea- } bream ; 371-413 Admos ; 414-431 Saupe ; 432-442 Red
Ixxv
OPPIAN
Mullet; 443-481 Melanurus; 482-528 Grey Mullet (ceri) 529-575 Sword-fish ; 576-619 Mackerel, Tunny, Needle-fish, Dentex ; 620-648 Tunny.
Bk. LV. 1-10 Fishes captured through love of their kind ; 11-39 Address to Love (Eros); 40-126 Parrot- wrasse ; 127-146 Grey Mullet (xéepados); 147-171 Cuttle-fish; 172-241 Merle-wrasse and Thrush-wrasse; 242-263 Dog-fishes; 264-807 Poulpes; 308-403 Sargues ; 404-436 Hippurus ; 437-438 Pilot-fish ; 439- 449 Squid; 450-467 Eel; 468-503 Aphya; 504-592 Pelamyds; 593-615 Divers catch Sargue; 616-634 Divers catch Sciaena; 635-646 Weel, Hook, Net, Trident, Burning the water; 647-693 Poisoning the water.
Bk. V. 1-45 Prooemium; 46-357 Sea-monsters ; Whale-guide (67-108); Whale-hunting (109 ff.); 358-364 Lamia (Lamna); 365-375 Dog-fishes ; 376- 391 Seal ; 392-415 Turtles; 416-588 Dolphin, Legends of ; 589-597 Testaceans ; 598-611 Purple-shells ; 612- 674 Sponge-fishers ; 675-680 Epilogue.
VII. BrstiocRaPHy
i As Epirions or Oppian
1. Editio princeps. Greek Text of Hal. and Cyn., with Lat. verse rendering of Hal. by Laurentius Lippins, Ald., Venice, 1517.
2. Oppiani de Venatione libri IV., Parisiis apud Vaseo- sanum, 1549.
3. Oppiani Anazarbei de Piscatu libri V., de Venatione libri IV., Parisiis, 1555, apud Turnebum.
4, Oppiani Poetae Cilicis de Venatione lib. IV., de
Ixxvi
INTRODUCTION
_ . Piseata lib. V., cum interpretatione latina, com-
ment. et indice rerum . . . studio et opera Conradi
_. Rittershusii, Lugduni Bat., 1597.
5. Poet. graec. veteres carm. heroici scriptores qui exstant omnes, apposita est e regione latina interpretatio ... cura et recensione [ac. Lectii, Aureliae
: Allobrog., 1606.
. 6. Opp. Poet. Cilicis de Ven. lib. IV. et de Pisce. lib. V.
=~ a phr. gr. librorum de Aucupio, gr. et lat.,
. G. Schneider, Argentorati, 177 1776.
SB Opp. Poem. de Ven. et Pise. cum interpr. lat. et schol.
‘ .. tom. I. Cynegetica . .. recens. Iae. Nie.
ones de Ballu, Argent., 1786.
. Cyn. et Hal. .. . emend. J. G. Schneider. . . ea ma os om versiones lat. metrica et prosaica, plurima anecdote et ind. graecitatis, Lipsiae 1813 f e Lat.
metrical version of the Cyn. is by David Peifer (1555) ; there is no metrical version of the Hal., no prose version of either poem, no anecd., no index
graecitatis]. “9. et Nicandr. quae supersunt . . . gr. et lat. ed.
“8 OppretS S. Lehrs in Poet. bucolici et didactici, Didot, et _Paris., 1846.
10. des jiingeren Gedicht von der Jagd .. . I. uch, ea iibers. u. mit erklarenden Bemerk. -versehen von M. Miller, Programm, Amberg, 1885 ; II. Bueh (1-377), Munchen, 1891; IV. Buch,
Programm, Amberg mal. NOopuadh eee Le Cie ta: crit. p
Zz bon Boudreaux, Libr. pane La Ch Paris, 1908. Translations: Halieutica, English verse, by Diaper and _ Jones, Oxford, 1722. Cynegetica in French, Limes, © Pais 1817. Both poems in Italian, Salvini, — 1
2. Epirions or ScnHonta AND PARAPHRASES
Sei olia et Paraphrases in Nicandrum et Oppianum ed Bussemaker, Didot, Paris, 1849. Cf. O. "Piiselmann,
Ixxvii
OPPIAN
Zur handschrift. Uberlief. v. Oppians Kyn., Progr., Ilfeld, 1890, and Abh. d. Kéniql. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch., Philol.-hist. Klasse, N. Folge, iv. 1, 1900; A. Ludwich, Aristarchs homerische Teatkritik, ti. 597 fF.
3. Orner Oppianic LireraTuRE
Bodinus, J., Opp. de Ven. lib. IV. I, Bodino ... . interpret. - + « accessit commentarius, Lutetiae, 1555.
Brodaei, J., Annotationes in Opp. Cyn. libr. IV., Basileae, 1552.
alte ee Various Conjectures, Journ: of Philol. xxiii. (1895
Schmidt, O., De elocutione Oppiani Apameensis, Leipzig, 1866.
4, Cuirr ABBREVIATIONS USED IN QUOTING ANCIENT AUTHORS
A.=Aristotle, History of Animals. Other works of
Aristotle are quoted by A. with abbreviations for particular works as eg. A. P.A.=Aristotle, De Partibus Animalium, A. De Gen. = Arist. De Genera- tione, and so on.
Ael. = =Aelian, De Natura Animalium. i the Varia
Historia is referred to, V.H. is added.
Antig.=Antigonus of Carystus (8rd cent. es! Hist. Paradox. Synagoge.
Arr. C., Tact. = Arrianus of Nicomedia (c. a.p. 100), Cyne- getica; Tactica:
Ath. (Athen.) = Athenaeus (ec. a.p. 200), Deipnosophistae.
E.M.=Etymologicum Magnum (12th cent. A.p.).
Dion. P. = Dionysius Periegetes (2nd cent. a.p.).
Geop. = Geoponica (Cassianus Bassus), 10th cent. A.p.
Gratt. = Grattius, Cynegetica.
Mare. S. = Marcellus of Side in Pamphylia (2nd cent. a.p.), author of Jatrica (101 lines extant).
Nemes. = Nemesianus (8rd cent. a.p.), Cynegetica.
Ixxviii
INTRODUCTION
Phil. = = Manuel Philes, De Animalium Proprietate.
Plin. =Pliny’s Natural History.
J ely Julixs Pollux (Iodvdetxns) of Naucratis (2nd cent.
.. D.), ‘Ovouacrixdy.
¥ Solin. — C. Iulius Solinus (rd cent. a.p.), Collectanea rerum memorabilium.
_ Varr. = Varro, De Re Rustica.
_ Xen. C.= Xenophon, Cynegeticus.
5. Carer ABBREVIATIONS USED IN REFERRING TO Mopern AurtrHors
” and W.=Aubert and Wimmer, Aristotles Thierkunde, ; Leipzig, 1868. Berit Apostolides, La Péche en Gréce*, Athens, 1907. mo D. Badham, Ancient and Modern Fish Tattle, Pr laedon” 1854. Bik. =Bikélas [i.e. Vicelas], La Faune de Gréce, Paris, 1879. - Bussemaker=U. C. Bussemaker, Index Animalium in edition of Scholia to Nicander and Oppian, Paris, ; 1849, Cuvier =Cuvier et Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des ! Poissons, Paris, 1828-1849. Day =F. Day, British Fishes, 1889. - Erh. = Erhard, Fauna der Cykladen, Leipzig, 1858. _ Forbes=Edw. Forbes, Natural History of the European ' Seas, 1859. _ Gesner = Konrad von Gesner, Historia Animalium, 1551-8. _ Giinther =Giinther, Introduction to the Study of Fishes,
~-
1880. _Lindermayer=A. Lindermayer, Die Végel Griechenlands, Passau, 1860.
Mommsen = August Mommsen, Griechische Jahreszeiten, Hft. IIL., Schleswig, 1875. M‘Intosh =W. C. M¢Intosh, British Marine Food Fishes, é 1897. ~Mithle=H. von der Mihle, Beitriige zur Ornithologie Griechenlands, Leipzig, 1844. lxxix
OPPIAN
Radcliffe = W. Radcliffe, Fishing from the Earliest Times, London, 1921.
Ridg.=Sir W. Ridgeway, Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse |Cambridge Biological Series], Cambridge University Press, 1905.
St. John, V.H.=C. St. John, Natural aieieey and Sport in Moray, Edin., 1863.
St. John, Wild Sports. =C. §t. John, Wild Sports and Natural History of the Highlands, "Lond., 1846.
Sundevall=C. I. Sundevall, Thierarten des Aristoteles, Stockholm, 1863.
Thompson, Glossary =D’Arcy W. Thompson, 4 Glossary of Greek Birds, Oxford, 1895.
Tristram =H. B. Tristram, The Natural History of the Bible, London, 1880.
Turner = Turner on Birds (1544), ed. Evans, Cambridge, 1903.
VIII. Mss. or Oppran
A=Venetus 479, XI. century (Cyn. only).
B = Parisinus 2736, XV. cent. (Cyn. only).
C = Parisinus 2860, XV. cent. (Cyn. only).
D =Neapolitanus IL. F. 17, XV. cent. (Cyn. and Hal.)..
E =Laurentianus 31. 27, XVI. cent. (Cyn. only).
F =Parisinus Suppl. Gr. 109, XVI. cent. (Cyn. only).
G =Parisinus 2723, XIV. cent. (Cyn. only).
H=Venetus 468, XIII. cent. (Hal. and Cyn., the latter incomplete). :
I = Matritensis 4558, XV. cent. (Hal. and Cyn.).
K =Laurentianus 32. 16, XIII. cent. (Ha/. and Cyn.).
L=Vindobonensis 135, XV. cent. (Hal. and Cyn.).
M =Laurentianus 31. 3, XIII. cent. (Hal. and Cyn.).
N=Venetus 480, XV. cent. (Hal. and Cyn.).
O =Laurentianus 86. 21, XV. cent, (Hai. and Cyn.).
P =Parisinus 2737, A.D. 1554 (Cyn. only).
Q =Salmanticensis 1-1-18, copied 1326 (Hal. and Cyn.).
R=Vaticanus 118, XV. cent. (Hal. and Cyn.).
Ixxx
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OITIIANOY KYNHTETIKQN TO A
Loi, waKap, deidw, yains epixvdes eperopa, géyyos evvadiwy moAunpatov Aiveaddwr, Adcoviov Zyvos yAvKepov Oddos, ’Avrwvive: Tov peyddn peyddw diticato Adpva LeBypa, oABiw edbynbeioa Kai dABiov wdivaca,
, > , \ / , vipdn apiotorrocea, Aexyw Sé Te KadXdToKeLa, > / /, ‘ > , 4 Acovpin Kuéépeva Kai od Aeizovea Ledyjvn,
29. > / A Ud / ovdev adavpdotepov Znvos Kpovidao yevebdAns: (cdpevéor Trav Dadbwy Kai DoiBos ’AmddAwv.) T@ pa TaTnp peydAno. movnodpevos traAdpnot’
kev €xew Tacav tpadgepyy, macav dé Kal vypiy. coi pev yap BadéBovca Kver ravdwpos apoupa, Kal mdAw evdudwoa tpedper KAvTa didAa OdAacca*
1 yl. Kpatepycc.
* M. Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus (Caracalla), Emperor a.p. 211-217.
’ Romans. Lucret. i. 1; Verg. Aen, viii. 648.
° Italian.
¢ = Divus, of Roman Emperors; here of L. Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus, Emperor a.p. 193-211, in which year (4 Feb.) he died at York.
¢ Julia D. of Emesa in Syria, second wife of Severus (Gibbon c. 6); died a.p. 217.
‘The Syrian (Assyrian) Ashtoreth or Astarte, the 9
OPPIAN
CYNEGETICA, or THE CHASE I
To thee,* blessed one, I sing: thou glorious bulwark of the earth, lovely light of the warlike sons of Aeneas,” sweet scion of Ausonian © Zeus,? Antoninus, whom Domna* bare to Severus, mighty mother to mighty sire. Happy the husband whom she wedded -and happy the son to whom she gave birth—bride of the best of men and mother of a noble son, Assyrian _Cythereia,’ the uneclipsed Moon; a son no meaner _than the breed of Cronian Zeus (with favour of Titan Phaethon ” be it spoken and of Phoebus Apollo !) ; to whom thy sire, by the labour of his mighty hands, _gave in keeping all the dry land and all the wet sea.” Yea, for thee doth earth, giver of all gifts, conceive -and blossom; for thee again the sunny sea rears
-**moonéd Ashtoroth” of Milton (Nativ. 22), was pictured with horns, representing the crescent moon, and by the Greeks usually identified with Aphrodite, but also with the oo coc Selene: Plut. Mor. 3578; Lucian, De dea Syr. For Assyrian=Syrian see C. i. 340 n.
_* The poets often use Phaethon (Verg. den. v. 105) and Titan (Verg. Aen. iv. 119) for the Sun. For this paren- thetic apology cf. H. v. 339 n.
~* Lycophr. 1229 yijs cal Oaddoons oxirrpa Kal povapylay ‘AaBévres; Luc. i. 83 populum terrae pelagique potentem.
3
OPPIAN
got dé te mavta vdovow dm ’"Oxeavoio pécbpa, padpa Te peWuowoa Oger KduTOs * Hpeyevera. Toryap é eyav epaya Onpns kAura, onve™ deioau. TOOTS pe Kaddvonn Kéherat, Toor’ "Aprepus avT?. exdvov, 7 4 Outs éori, Oeeins €xAvov AXIS» Kat Oeov nueihOny: Tparn d€ poe Todd’ eviomrev * A. "Eypeo, Kal Tpnxetay emare(Buyrev arapiov, THY pepo ovmw TIS éjs endrnoev dovwats. O. “Trabe, morvia dia, ra 6° ev pet ofa pevowds, apples op Huerépy peporrntde Aefopev Cae Ovx eOéhw TpreTH Ge Ta vov OpiBaxxov deidew, od xopov ’Aoviov Tapa. Bevbcow *Aowroito. O. Acixpowev, ws KeAeor, ta YaPdlva* at Oo0Xa° dnbaKis apdhexdpevoa Ovwvaiw Avoviow. A. My yévos Tpaov elms, } a) vavridov “Apyo, pede pobous [LepoTr@v, 27) [ou Bporodovyov a detons. O. OdvxK épéw roAeuovs, odk “Apeos € épya KaKioTa" edpacdunv Udp0wv re Svas Kal Krnowdwrra.
1 ra od Bafew Mss.
* Lucret. i, 920 avia Pieridum peragro loca nullius ante Trita solo; Nemes. C.'8 ducitque ee qua sola Milton, Trita rotis; Verg. G. iii. 291 ; C. iii. 1. 2; Mi Pkid. 3G, > OF. salasaned Nonn. ii. 230.
° rperh here =rprernpixdy. Trieterica (Ov. R.A. 593, M. vi. 587; Verg. Aen. iv. 302; repetita triennia Ov. M. ix. 641; rpuernpls Eur. Bacch. 133; Diod. iii. 54, etc.) is what we should call a biennial festival, recurring in alternate years, ap’ éros (Paus. vi. 26. 2, viii. 23. 1, x. 4. 3). Hence Stat. A. i. 595 Alternam renovare piae trieterida matres Consuerant.
4 y, in Boeotia (Aonia). '
¢ Dionysus (Phrygian): Aristoph. V.9. @c6da, the thyrsi and the like (Hom. //. vi. 134), here perhaps ** Bacchic rites.”*
f dnOdxis: whecordxis Suid.; dnbdxe- muxvGs, woddAdnes Hes. Properly “for a long time”; the transition is seen in Hom.
4
CYNEGETICA, I. 14-31
her splendid broods; for thee flow all the streams from Ocean; for thee with cheerful smile springs up the glorious Dawn. _._ Fain then am I to sing the glorious devices of the chase. So biddeth me Calliope, so Artemis herself. _Ihearkened, as is meet, I hearkened to the heavenly _ voice, and I answered the goddess who first to me _ spake thus. ARTEMIS. Arise, let us tread a rugged path, which never yet hath any mortal trodden with his song.* __oppran. Be gracious, holy Lady, and whatsoever _ things thou thinkest in thy mind, these will we de- clare with our mortal voice. __ art. I would not now have thee sing Mountain-
_ opp. We will leave, as thou biddest, the nightly tites of Sabazius*; often’ have I danced around Dionysus, son of Thyone.
art. Tell not of the race of heroes, tell not of
Sing not to me the Destroyer of Men*
opp. I will not tell of wars, nor of Ares’ works “most evil; I have remarked the Parthians’ woes _and Ctesiphon.?
T. xxi. 131 @ 6 dn04 wodeis iepevere tadpovs, where Didymus 70 **dn04” os ob “Ounpxds xeivevor aitiavra, i.e. én6d was taken to be not =ézi roddv xpévory or éx woddod xpébvov, as usually in Hom. but =zod\d, cuveyas. Cf. E.M. s.r.
a 2 i.e. Semele, d. of Cadmus and m. of Dionysus. Cf. Pind. P. iii. 99. ® Ares (Hom. Jl. v. 31). __ * Ctesiphon (Polyb. v. 45. 4; Strabo 743; Tac. A. vi. 42; -Plin. V.H. vi. 122; Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6. 23; T. Simoc. iv. 3. 3) on left bank of Tigris, seat of the Parthian kings in second century, taken by the Emperor Septimius Severus AD. 198: Herodian iii. 9,
t 5
<a
OPPIAN
A. ’Apudi md8ors' ddooiow axiv exe, Aeiné Te KeaTous*
€xPatpw Ta A€yovow abvppatra Ilovroyeveins.
0} "ExAvoprev oe, pdKaipa, ydpwv apvnrov
éodcar. A. MéAme pdfovs Onpdv te Kal avip@v aypevty- wy:
peArre yern oxvAdcewy Te Kal inmwv aida godAa,
Bovdds wkuvdovs, atiBins eiKxepdéos € epye:
ex9ed. pLou Orjpeva Acyew, dirdtntas aetdew
Kal BaAdpous ev dpecow ddaxpvrovo Kvdeipns
Kal ToKeTovs evi Onpalv dparedtowo Aoxeins. Totat ovvbeciat Znvdos peydAowo Ovyarpos.
exAvoy, aetdw* BadAoyu 8 émioxoTov HxHV.
aAAa ot y’, avtodinBev én’ ’Qxeavov Baorredwr,
evdiov apBpocinow br’ ddpvot ojou yeynbas,
deEitepiv omdoao travidaov oABoddretpav
yain Kat troAiecou Kal edOijpovow aowdais. Tipix8adinv Onpny Beds amracev dvOpasrovow,
Tepiny XPovinv Te Kal evadiny eparewnjy:
ovK loos aeOAos: éemet 700ev toa réruKrat,
ixOdv aomaipovra Bvbav azopnpvoacbar, |
Kal tavaods dpvias am Hépos eiptcacba,
hal \ / > ” Ld
7 Onpaiv doviowew év ovpeot Sypicacbar;
od pev ap ov0 adj Kai odk eros i~euripe
1 7600s Koechly: udéocs.
* Hom, JI. xiv. 214.
» i.e. Aphrogeneia, Aphrodite : Hes. 7. 196.
¢ The epithet (applied to Athena, Colluth. 33) is used of Artemis as the huntress maid, doxéa:pa rapOévos Pind. P. ii. 9.
4 Of. ii. 15; Herod. iii. 35 éricxoma rotetovra. For metaphor ef. Pind. O. ii, 98, xiii. 94; NV. vi. 27, ix, 25.
CYNEGETICA, I. 32-53 4 art. Be silent about deadly passion and leave _ alone the girdles * of love: I abhor what men call _ the toys of the Daughter of the Sea.” opp. We have heard, O blessed Lady, that thou art uninitiate in marriage.° art. Sing the battles of wild beasts and hunting men; sing of the breeds of hounds and the varied tribes of horses ; the quick-witted counsels, the deeds of skilful tracking ; tell me the hates of wild beasts, sing their friendships and their bridal chambers of _tearless love upon the hills, and the births which among wild beasts need no midwifery. _ Such were the counsels of the daughter of mighty Zeus. I hear, I sing: may my song hit the mark ! 4 ' But do thou, who rulest from the East unto the Ocean,’ with serene joy on thine immortal brows, vouchsafe thy right hand gracious and prosperous to land and cities and to songs of the happy chase. Triple sorts of hunting hath God bestowed on men—in air and on earth and on the sea delightful. But not equal is the venture : for how can these be -equal—to draw the writhing fish from the deeps or hale the winged birds from the air and to contend with deadly wild beasts on the hills? Yet not for the fisherman either and truly not? for the fowler
* ie. the West.
_ * Cf. Walton’s Piscator, Venator, Auceps; Greek Anthol. vi. 11-16, 179-187. More elaborate division, Plato, Soph. 219. See Introd. p. xxxviii.
9 otx ér6s normally means * not for nothing,” haud frustra, ¢.g. Aristoph. Pl. 404, 1166. But the old Lexica (Hesych., etc.) confuse this érés with érés=genuine and érécws=vain (the schol. on our passage has érés- éort udracos) and, what- ever the punctuation and syntax intended, the sense seems to be as we have given it.
7
OPPIAN
aypn vdode mévoio* révy 8° dua reps dmndet pow, kal povos ovTis' avaipakro. dé méAovTat. WTO O pev méTpHow edrpevos ayxudAovou yupaheois Sovdxecor Kal ayxlotpovor Sadowors Grpowos aomaheds éredijcato Saidadov ixOdv A > « ag ¢ \ s ! ? :
tepTwaAi 8°, ote xaAKxot® bral yevvecor Topyjoas ¢ , , ~ 2 ity D8) hath] vy pdda OpwocKxovta Bv0dv trep donaipovra
ets , a7- 35? : a ; etvdAvov dopénor du Hépos opxnothpa.
‘ \ > ~ / 7 \ te ae
vai nv iLevripe aovos yAuKis: 4 yap én” aypnv — ovK dop, ov Sperdvynv, od xdAKea Sotpa pépovrar, — GAN abrots emi Spupa cuveparopos EoTTeTO KipkKos — kat doAryal Badpuyyes - dypes TE peAixpoos ios .: ot te Sinepinv Sdvaxes maréovow arapmov. tis Tade ToAUHcEey deidew icordAavTa; 7 BaowHi A€ovri ris aierov avtiBaAotTo;
JA , A / ba) 7 2h
i@ mopdaXiwy S€ tis av pdpawayr etoxor,
”
7) OGas Kipkois, 7) pwoKxépwras exivois,
1 ], 58 is omitted in Aldine (Editio princeps), Venice, 1517. 2 yadkov MSs.
Pg.
@ xipxos hawk generically ; specifically A. 620 a 17 ray lepdxwy Kpdtistos pév oO Tpopxns (Buzzard ?), devrepos 5 6 aicddwy (Merlin?), rpiros 6 xlpxos. Cf. Turner on Birds (Evans), pp. 14 f.; Hawks of English fowlers, Walton, Cowte.C. ds
> Ps. 140. 5 ‘*The proud have hid a snare (nz, LXX mayida) for me and cords” (oan, LXX cxowia). Cf. AP. vi. 109 -ynpadéov vedédas rpixos rbd€ Kal tpréXcxrov iyvorébay — kal Tas veuporevets mayldas KX\wBot's 7’ dudlppwyas dvacmactots Te depdyxas; Aristoph. Av. 194 and espec. 565 ff. épyiBeuris tornot Bpdxous, rayldas, paBdous, épxn, vepéhas, dixrua, THKTOS.
¢ Made of mistletoe berries: A.P. vi. 109 nai rav edxo\Xov 8
CYNEGETICA, I. 54-70
is their hunting without toil. But their toil only pleasure attends and no bloodshed: unstained of
_ gore are they. The angler sits on the rocks beside _ the sea and with curving rods and deadly hooks he catches, at his ease, the fish of varied sheen; and _ joy is his when he strikes home with barbs of bronze _and sweeps through the air the writhing dancer of _ the sea, leaping high above the deeps. Yea and to the fowler his toil is sweet; for to their hunt the _ fowlers carry nor sword nor bill nor brazen spear, but the Hawk“ is their attendant when they travel _ to the woods, and the long cords® and the clammy _ yellow birdlime ¢ and the reeds that tread an airy path. Who would dare to sing of these things as of equal weight? Or who would pit the Eagle against _the Lion King’? And who would liken the Muraena to the venom of the Pard, or Jackal to Hawk, or Rhinoceros to Sea-urchin, or Gull to Wild Goat, or any
; ixudéa tév te werewav aypevray tig pvdadécy dévaxa. if. Athen. 451 p “Iwv 5é . . Spvds idpara elpnxe tov itov & otras’ Spuds uw’ idpws | xai Oapvounxns paSdos qr’ Alyunrria | | Booker Awwovdxds xAaiva, Ojpaypos xédn. It may have been sometimes. made, as now, from holly bark. ___ * The limed reeds (** lime-twigs,” Milton, Com. 646) of the fowler: ifevrais xaddvos A.P. vi. 152. As in the case of _the fishing-rod (dévaxa tpirdvverow A.P. vi. 192), several reeds might be so joined together as to be capable of _ extension. Cf. Bion, iv. 5 (iteuras) tas xakduws dua wdvras €m adXdXoet cuvdarev; A.P. ix. 273 dowaxéerra Kpiruv _cur@eis 56h0v; Mart. xiv. 218 Non tantum calamis sed cantu fallitur ales, Callida dum tacita crescit arundo manu; Mart. ix. 54; Sil. vii. 674; Ov. M. xv. 474, and especially Val. Fl. Arg. vi. 260 Qualem populeae fidentem nexibus umbrae Siquis avem summi deducit ab aere rami, Ante manu tacita cui plurima crevit harundo; Illa dolis viscoque super _correpta tenaci Implorat calamos atque inrita concitat alas. |. © Ael. iii. 1 Xéwy . . . 6 Tov Sdwv Bacrrets; Phil. 34 Onpay | Baordeds Opacis dvat Néwr. | g
OPPIAN
2 Adpov aiydypos, } Kirea wdv7’ edéhavTe; onorrtige AvKous ddecav, O’vvous dAtes, dypeuTipes dis, Tprpovas éAov Sovarijes, dpKrov eTAKTHPES, Kat poppvpov aomaduijes, Tiypw oo lames, Kat tpyAiSas txOuBodjes,
Kam pwov iXVEUTHPES, dnddvas i€euTipes. aAra od pev, Nuyped, Kal Saipoves * saemue ee HOE propvideoy Apuddwyv xopds, iAjKoure:
57) yap éemuotpodadny pe didau xahéovaw dowat: daipoor Inpogovoror maAwTpoTos € EpXop’ delowy. 8 para prev ailnot py joe pdda moves éorwy: 7 yap TOL oKoreAowat OGopeiv fuev Urretpoxov tmmov
Xpera dvayrcain, xXpevw O° dpa tadpov adécbat.
dn Pax 8° ev Spypotow | avaykn Ofpa Siecbar, Tmoaatv eAadpilovra Kat edpoprous preAdecor.
TO a) muaréour Onpys eml p@dov t touev,
pnd’ ére Aeradgor* Kal yap tore Snpicacbat Onpow evvadiouat Xpew Tohvaypéea para.
TOUVEKA [OL d€pas de Kepacadpevor Popeotev, dypdrepov Kpaimvov TE Geew obevapov Te ‘paxeobar. kai 8° dpa dekireph pev emixpaddovey dKovras dpprdvjovs Tavaovs, Sperravyny 8 emt wecadht Covys-
@ Of. H.i. 100, iii. 126. pcs oagatthe beet breams (Sparidae). M.G. uovpyotpi(ov): known in Rome as mormillo, Venice as mormiro, Genoa as mormo. A. 570 b 20; Ov. H. 110 (=Plin. xxxii. 152) eee mormyres ; pOpuns Epicharm. ; opudos Dorio ap. Ath. 313 € f.
® We assume that rpry\is=rpiy\y. So, in Arist. fr. 189, ~
Porph. v. 45 has rpryAléos, Diog. L. viii. 19 rpi-yAns.
° Cf. C. ii. 158; Emped. frag. 35 abrap éye madivopoos éhet-
coua és mépov tuvev; Luer. i. 418.
4 Poll. v. 18 ely dé (6 Kuvnyérns) véos, Koddos, éXadpds, Spouxds TD.
¢ Cf. Eutecn. par. mpss te radpwr cal cKxoréhwy ddpara.
10
*
CYNEGETICA, I. 71-92
Sea-monster to the Elephant? Hunters kill Wolves, fishermen kill Tunnies; the hunter with his net takes Sheep, the fowler with his reeds takes Doves ; _ the hunter with his hounds takes the Bear, the angler takes the Mormyrus*; the mounted hunter takes the Tiger, the fisher with his trident takes the Red Mullet ®; the tracker takes the Boar, the fowler with * his birdlime takes the Nightingale. But thou, Nereus, and ye godsof Amphitrite and the choir of Dryads who love the birds, grant me your grace! For now dear themes of song invite me earnestly ; I, turning back,° proceed to sing to the gods of the chase.
First, give me young men who are not over-stout.?
_For the hunter must mount’ the noble horse amid the rocks and anon must leap a ditch. And often in
the woods must he with light feet and nimble limbs pursue the wild beast. Therefore let them not be stout who come to the warfare of the chase, nor
_yet over-lean ; for at times the keen hunter must - contend with warlike wild beasts. So I would have them bear a body tempered thus—both swift to run
and strong to fight. And in the right hand let them brandish two/ long javelins and have a hunting-bill? at
So of the war-horse Xen. Eg. 3. 7 ragpous tarndav, recxia
_brepBaivew, én’ bx Hous avopote, am’ byGav xaddddecOac; Arr.
Tact. 44. 2 wai rddpov 5é diarndaGy medXeTGow atrois of imran kai Tecxlov trepad\\ec Oa.
t dugid.* dudorépwlev xéatwr schol., but d%0 Eutecn, oe: Cf. Hom. Il. iii. 18 dodpe dw: so x. 76, xii. 298, etc. Verg. Aen. i. 313=xii. 165 Bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro ; of. v. 557, xii. 488; Xen. Cyr. i. 2. 9 wadra dbo, ore 7d ev agdeivat, Te 5, av Sen, Ex xetpds xpHcAat.
2 Cf. v. 63; Xen. C. 2. 9 wai 7a Spéxava, va F THs HAns téuvovta ppdrreay ra dedueva; Gratt. 343 et curvae rumpant non pervia falces; Poll. v. 19 dpéwava 5¢ dws ei déoe THs HAs Tt KoWae els THY Tv apKiwy axwuTOV oTdow Urdpxa Ta Spéwava.
11
OPPIAN
Kat yap Kat Ojpeco. muxpov ddovov evtdvowTo, Kal te Kak@v dopéoev adrcEnripia dwrav. Aarh S€ welds prev adyou Kvas, immeAdrns Be imma iOdvere kuBepvytipa yadweov. edotaréws S€ xiT@va Kal eis emvyovvida mas AxéoIu, odgiyyoto 8° emnporBois: TeAap@ow. avxévos av? exdrepbe TmapHopov ék maAapdey ela mepioreAdowr” dicw obevapdv trép wpwv, phiov és Kduarov’ yupuvoior d€ tocol odevew Kelvous, Totow tyvn péAerar SvadepKéea Onpdv, ddpa Ke p27) Onpecow am oppatos Umvov €AotTo 4X1) TpiBopevev Avrrapois dO tocol medidwv. und’ dpa Amos exew para Adiov- ovveKev ipa moNd.ce KuUpevov mvoun KeAddovros airouv Ofjpas averroinoev, avni€ay dé peBeobar. dde peev ed orédowrTo Boov d€uas aypevThpes* Tolous yap pidrcet Anrwias “Toxéaipa.
"AMore 8 dAAoinv cdpyv emi Ofpas ¢ idvTwy,
HATS torapevovo, Kab Taros dvopevoto,
Kal pecatouv, mote 8 éomepiov: more 8° atte Kal
opprn)
Oijpas on dxriverot cehnvains édduacoay. "Has pev rérarar mepideEws aypevTips méoa yadnvidwoa tavnuatiovot Spdmovow elapt dvddAoTéKw Kal dvdAdAopow POwoTrdpw:
@ Poll. v. 17 yxerav eborahns mpos Thy lyviav xadjxeav; Hes. Se. 287 éricrorddnv 6é xirGvas éorddaro. evoradhs =succinetus, in ref. to the high-girt tunic of the hunter: Ov. Am. iii. 2. 31 Talia pinguntur succinctae crura Dianae Cum sequitur fortes fortior ipsa feras; J/. x. 536 Fine genus vestem ritu succincta Dianae; Juv. vi. 446 Crure tenus medio tunicas succingere debet ; Philostr. Jm. 28 (of a hunter) cuymerpetrac dé 6 xuTwy els Sucre Tod unpot ; Ov. A.A. iii. 143; M. iii. 156,
ix. 89. 12
95
100
105 —
110
115
CYNEGETICA, I. 93-116
the midst of their girdle. For they should both array bitter slaughter for wild beasts and also carry de- fences against evil men. With his left hand the hunter on foot should lead his hounds ; with his left the mounted hunter should guide the bridle that steers his horse. Let him wear a tunic well-girt * and fastened above the knee and held tight by crossing straps. Again on either side of his neck let his mantle ® be flung back over his strong shoulders to hang away from the hands, for easy toil. With - naked feet should they travel who study the dim tracks of wild beasts, lest the noise of their sandals grating under their sleek feet drive sleep from the eyes of the wild beasts. To have no manile at all were much better ; since many a time a cloak stirred by the breath of the noisy wind alarms the wild beasts and they start up to flee. Thus let hunters well array the agile body ; for such doth the archer daughter of Leto love.
Other times ¢ at other hour let them go after the wild beasts—at rising morn and when the day wanes and at mid-day and anon at evening; sometimes again even in the dark they slay wild beasts by the rays of the moon. The whole span of day is favour- able and fair to the hunter for all-day coursing in leafy spring* and in autumn when the leaves fall.
> Poll. v.18 xal xAauds duola fy det rH Nad xerpl wepeNrrewy Ombre werabéan Ta Onpla } rpocudxorro To’TaLs.
¢ Poll. v. 49 @nparéov per tolvuy év ravti xaipg; Xen. C. 4. 11 dyécOwoar 5é (ai xives) Oépous wer wéxpe peonuSplas, xetuavos 6€ de’ nuépas, werorwpou dé ELw pernuBpias, évrds 5 jucpas Td Eap. Of. ibid. c. 5.
¢ «* Many a deer is killed during the bright moonlight nights ~ (St. John, Wild Sports, p. 50).
* See v. 459 n.
13
OPPIAN
” \ / onl ‘ / eoxa yap TeABovar Kai immo Kal pepomecor
‘ ~ Kal Kvolv Wpnornot Oéew edkpaces pat
” ~ ~ elapt xpvociw, Kpvepav vepéwv éeAaript, e onmote movromdopoot Bari mAdwovaor OddAacoa, 1 dpyuda Tewapevorot Awortepvywv dtrAa vyndv- onmote yaia Bpototo. duTrnKkopeovor yeyynfev- OmmoTe Kal KaAvKeoo. Kal avOeow adupata Ave’ *” ~ ~ 7 wadw éecxatinow oTwpwio. Tpomjow, nvika d@ya Ttébnrev dmwpoddyoo yewpyod, 12
‘ > , \ hid / /
kap7os “A@nvains Aurapiy ote yavdida wAnfer
\ / ¢€ , / > 7 / Kat Botpus jyepidwy OAiBwv éemAnvia xaiper,
/ / a / / aipBAa peAvcodwy ore Aeipia Kypia Ppiber. xelwart & ev peodtw pécov Huaros aypwacoter, edTé Tis ev Spupoitow bro omndAvyye ALacbeis, 1 Kdpdea AcEdpevds Te Kal WKUpopov Prdsya vicas, ayxt mupos KAwOeis oAiccato Sdpmov apopBos. > \ / \ / / > ev d€ Oéper ype duyéew proydecoay evimrijv »* > > / / > te a is / alav 7° nediov: KéAojar 8° em’ aebXov tkavew
* repl dOivovcay émwpav Eutecn. poral here, not in its — strict sense of the Solstice, but of the Equinox. Cf. Sext. Empir. Adv. M. v. 11 év Kpig pév yap éapwh yiverar tporn, év Aiyoxépw 5é xetmepivh, ev Kapxivy d¢ Oepwi, cal ev Lvy@ POwvorwpv}. So in Latin tropicus of the Equin. as well as the Solst. Cf. Auson. Opuse. vii. 15. 1 Nonaginta dies et quattuor ac medium Sol Conficit, a tropico in tropicum dum permeat astrum; ibid. 15 Scandit Lanigeri (Ram) tropicum Sol aureus astrum; Manil. iii. 621 Quae tropica appellant, quod in illis quattuor anni Tempora vertuntur signis.
> The Olive.
. pean pail, basin, tub. Cf. xupris Nicand. 4. 493 with schol.
@ For @\Bwy érdjvia cf. Mart. iv. 44. 2 Presserat hic madidos nobilis uva lacus. We assume that émiAjnor is part of the wine-press, whether the press strictly, ef. Suid. | and E.M. s. rpirrip . . . miOdkvn éxrérados ola Ta émchjria,
14
CYNEGETICA, I. 117-134
For excellent well tempered for the running of horses and men and carrion dogs are the seasons in golden spring which puts to rout the chilly clouds ;
when the sea is navigable for seafaring men, who spremtrthe wiite Higging of thelr canvas-winged ships, what—timethe—earth rejoices”in~ themr that” tend plants ; when, too, she looses the bands of bud and flower ; or again in late autumn? when the year is on the turn, when the house of the rustic vintager flourishes ; when the fruit of Athena ? fills the shining pail and the clusters of the garden vines joyfully straiten® the wine-vats; when the lilywhite combs fill the hives of the bees. But in mid-winter let the hunters hunt at mid-day, in the season when in the woods the swain shelters in a cave and gathering dry sticks and piling a swiftly dying flame lies down beside the fire and makes his supper. Andin summer the hunter must shun the fiery assault and heat of the sun: at earliest dawn I bid him come to his
or=vro\jqvorv, Lat. lacus, a sense which tpirrjp also has (rod\a onualve: rotvoua L.M.), cf. Poll. x.130 rperrnp, 6 kparip, els 6v droppet Tothavovy adda Kal Anvds Kal brodyjviov. Our rendering, reached independently, agrees with the Lat. version of D. Peifer (1555): Cum premit arcta nimis sibi toreularia botrus Gaudens. Schn.’s Sérpvv assumes that the subject to yalpec is yewpyés. If that is right, then the con- struction of éri\jma is difficult. Does it go with @\iSur or xalpe? The schol. taking B57pus as acc. pl. has éwi Aja’ ért ras midas (i.e. Lat. pilas, presses). Eutecn. has duré\wv 6€ Bérpvs amaNois mooi O\:Bduevos oKipTay wapacKkevdfe Ta éri\jvia. We hear of songs of the wine-press: Ath. 199 a éwarovy 6€ €Ejxovra Larvpo mpds avddv Gdovres méNos EmtAHvioy 3 Anacreont. 57. 9 (Hiller) émAnviocw tuvas; Poll. iv. 55 (ef. ib. 53) érXjniov ai\nua éxi Borpiwr OBoudvwr; and of a dance, Long. Daph. and Ch. ii. 36 Apias 5€ dvacras xal KeXevoas cupitrew Acovuciaxdy pwédos émthjvioy aitots bpyyow apxjoaro. But ériAjma yaipew would be a very bold expression.
15
OPPIAN
, ¢€ > > tA > ce 4 > a“ mpwrn vm apdirdcn, 60’ éEwlwov aypodrat » ioroBofos evepbev bn’ edroinrov éxétAnv yevoropov SaudAnow émibdvovow dapotpov*
) maAw éomepinaw dr’ Hédvos Cvya KXivet, ommoTe onuaivovow éais ayéAnor vopijes, edTe KaTaotelyovot ToTl apeTepous Tad onKods 1 BpOdpevar alods te Kai ovata Kvpaivovoa
¢ bo ee - fF ” 4 3s 4% ot & amo Aaivéwy ayotov mpobopdvtes evatAwv mavtes éator pidnou mepioxaipovot TeKovaais, > \ \ > / / e / api prev edyArjvous Sauddas BAoovpwree pooxw, avrap éiixpaipous dias mepi BAnxddas aya, 14
/ Ss 3 OS \ - > / 4
pnkddas abr’ epidw, Kat dopBadas wkéc uAw.
Kai pi to00a dépowTo roti Kvnods EvdAdxous TE €pyorrovor Kpatepol Oxnpns epixvdeos OrrAa, évred T edOypoto péya mveiovta pdvo.o, dpxvas evotpepéeas Te Avyous Tavadv Te Tdvaypov 150 dikrud Te ayadidas Te Bpoywv re toAvarova Seopa, aixpny tpryAdywa, ovytvnv edpvKapyvor, dprdAayov Kduaxds Te Kat eUrTepoy wKvv dioToV,
¢ Of, Ov. M. xi. 257 Pronus erat Titan inclinatoque tenebat Hesperium temone fretum; Hor. C. i, 28. 21 devexi Orionis.
> Of. Poll. v. 17 ff.; Xen. C. 2.
¢ For hunting-nets in general cf. Xen. C. 2; Arr. C. 1; Gratt. 25 ff.; and espec. Poll. v. 4, who says that while all nets may be called dixrva, hunting parlance distinguishes (1) dixrva=ra ev rots duadois kal loorédas iordmeva (i.e. set up on level ground); (2) évédia 7a év rais ddo%s (i.e. set up on the ** roads” or tracks of wild beasts); (3) ai 6 dpxves rovrwr per éddrrovs elol Tots weyébeot, Kexpupdry 6é éolxagt Kara TO oXTMA, eis 6&0 karadtyovca. Thus dixrvov = Lat. rete, net in general or specifically a large net or haye; é¢vdduv=Lat. plaga, a net placed in a known ‘* road” of the game; dpxus=Lat. cassis, a funnel-shaped net, resembling, as Pollux says, a xexptvpados = Lat. reticulum, which means (1) a _net-work cap for the hair (Hom. J/. xxii. 469); (2) any bag-shaped reticule
16
ee
CYNEGETICA, I. 135-153
task, when in the morning the countrymen with well- fashioned stilt guide the earth-cutting plough behind the steers beneath the pole ; or again at evening when the sun slopes* his team toward the West ;
when herdsmen command their herds what time they travel homeward to their folds, heavy of breast and
_ swollen of udder : and, bounding incontinently from the stone-built steading, all leap about their beloved
mothers—the bright-eyed calves about the large- eyed cows, the lambs about the bleating horned ewes, the kids about the bleating goats, and about the brood mares their swift foals.
And these are the weapons ” of the glorious chase which the stalwart hunters should carry to hill and wood, these their arms breathing of the blood of beasts : purse-nets ° and well-twisted withes and long sweep-net? and hayes and net-props°¢ arid grievous fettering nooses, three-pronged spear, broad-headed hunting lance,’ hare-stick ’and stakes and swift winged
or purse (the ** women’s ridicules ” of Noah Claypole, Oliver Twist, c. 42). Cf. Nemes. 299f. casses venatibus aptos plagas, longoque meantia retia tractu.
4 Cf. Hom. Il. v. 487 dior Nivov Ghovte wavd-ypou ; -Hesych.
wdvaypa,; mwavdyua, év ols Ta ewra Onpederar; E.M. avis; Poll. i. 97, ix. 12, x. 132. _* Forked sticks for supporting nets=Lat. varae, cf. Luc. iv. 439 Dum dispositis attollat retia varis; Xen. C. 2.°7 ff. (w.l. orddixes, oradides), vi. 7 ff. It is hard to know if oxanides differ from orddxes (v. 157). Poll. v. 19 has oraNlées, cra\dwyara as well as sxaNides, cranides, cxabduara (cf. ab. 32)... Hesych. cxaXis* 7d dixtvoy, and cxaNldes* de) dv oxdfouct 7a dixrva 6p0a écrGra, which suggests that cxaNides may =Lat. amites and have been used with the clap-net. Cf. Poll. vii. 114 pudypas, dv Td iordpeviv re Kal oxafouevov wartdaNuov. |
4 Athen, 201 b xuvnyol xovres oiBivas éxixpicovs; Verg. Aen. iv. 131 lato venabula ferro.
2 Only here; possibly = a Theoc. iv. 49, vii, 128.
17
OPPIAN
ddoyava BouvrAnyds te Aaywoddvov te Tpiawar, ayKvrAidas oKxodvas podBooduyyéas Te Kopwvas, omapTodeTov pnpwlov eitAeKrov Te moddypny, appara TE ordhucds TE ToAbyAnvev TE oaynyyny.
“Inmous o cis Orjpyy péya, Kvdnevras ayecbuwv dpoevas* ov jLovoy OTT. XEpEeloves eto modecat OnAvrepar TeAcew Sodtyov Spopov ev Evddxorow, 1 add’ or dArevacbau Xpever dtAod€uviov Top im7ewv wKuTddwv, ano 8 immdSa tyAdo’ épdxew, oppa KE Pa xpeebwor AvAaropevac piroryros, Kal 7 dlovres adnv’ Kpvepny pvlarde veéwvTat veBpot Sopkadrides Te Ooal Kat Seysadrdos m7wE. immwv 8 aidra dida, té0° Even pupia dwrav, 6c0a Bporoiar yévebAa Seducpéeva otrov €dovow* aAn’ eumns epew, Toaoot pera maou Kparavol docot @ immadéoiow dprorevovow opinors
; 1 yl. abdny.
# Poll. v. 19 mentions gi¢7 among the hunter's weapons.
> Poll. lc. cai divas wapacKevacréoy, el Kai mpeura tej? 5éou.
* Lat. tridens, fuscina.
4 The sense of ayxvAldes (only here) and Kopavat is only to be guessed.
* Stipa _tenacissima L. (or allied species), which grows wild in Spain and Africa, still called sparto or esparto. Plin. xix. 26 ff.; Cato 3; Varr. R.R. i. 23.6; Colum. xii. 52. 8; Aul. Gell. xvii. 3. 4; Xen. C. 9. 18; Ael. NA. xii. 43; Bliimner, Technologie, i. 294.
f Cf. C. iv. 43; A.P. vi. 296 doreugA roddypny; Xen. Cyr. i. 6. 28 éXdgous (80050) moddypats kal dpredévats. See Xen. C. 9. 12 ff. for description of the rodocrpdé8n (pedica dentata); Gratt. 92 dentatas ik igno robore clausit Venator pedicas.
9 The precise sense of &uuara here is uncertain: possibly the same as the apredévac of Xen. Cyr. i. 6. 28.
* See n. on v. 150. Cf. A.P. vi. 152, vi. 187, xii. 1465 Theocr. Ep. iii. 2; Tryphiod. 222; Poll. v. 19, 31, 80; x. 141; Hesych. s. réhaies and s. doxdvat, who has also oraNldas- Tos KduaKkas 7) Xdpakas.
18
CYNEGETICA, I. 154-169
_ arrow, swords * and axes? and hare-slaying trident,¢ bent hooks? and lead-bound crooks, cord of twisted broom* and the well-woven foot-trap/ and ropes % and net-stays* and the many-meshed seine.’
As for Horses, let them bring to the hunt proud stallions ; not only because mares are inferior in speed for accomplishing a long course in the woods but also because it is needful to avoid the amorous passion of swift-footed horses and to keep mares far away, lest in their amorous desire they neigh and, hearing, the wild beasts incontinently’ betake them to chilly flight—fawns and swift gazelles* and timid hare!
Various are the tribes of horses, even as the count- less races of men, the diverse tribes of mortals that live by bread. Nevertheless I will declare which are the best among them all, which are foremost in the companies of horses; to wit, the Tuscan,” Sicilian,”
* Lat. verriculum, a large sweep-net; more usually of fisherman’s -net (Opp. H. iii. 81). Cf. caynveio. (Herod. iii. 149, vi. 31; Plato, Legg. 698) of ‘*rounding up” the inhabitants of a country (procedure described Herod. vi. 31 and Plato J.c.).
4 dy» abrapxas, dayrdGs (schol.); ef. Hesych. &5nv- é6pdws, ealgyns, dayrds. diovr’ aidjv K, Boudreaux, perhaps rightly. Dual for plural is common in late epic.
* Assuming that dopxaXls (cf. 441) means the same as dépxos C. ii. 12, 315 ff., 405, 428, iii. 3, iv. 439 fh (cf. rapdadss, mdpdos) we may suppose that this is Aristotle’s dopxds (HA. 499 a 9; De part. an. 663 a 11, 663 b 27), prob. Antilope dorcas,
e.
+ Hor. Epod. ii. 35 pavidumque leporem.
™ **Down to modern times Tuscany, Ancona, and the region of Bologna have been noted for fine breeds of black horses” (Ridgeway, p. 314).
" Gratt. 524 Possent Aetnaeas utinam se ferre per arces, Qui ludus Siculis; Arr. C. 23 Scythian and Illyrian horses are not, to look at, comparable ixaw OcccadixG # Dixedd.
19
OPPIAN
Tuponvoi, LuceAoi, Kpires, Maluces,* "Ayavol, 170 Kammadéxat, Madpor, Uxv6iKol, Mdyvqres, ‘Enrevot; | “loves, “Apjevior, Aifves, Opnixes, “EpepBoi. immov 5° €v mdvrTecot maveEoXov eppdooavro pp ipoves inmodpopenv Kal Bovkodiwy emlovpot, . eldcow 6 és Totovow OAov (demas corepdvwrat* Baxov dmep Seipyipe [eT T}opov oye Kapyvov: rig detpou, peyas avTos ea Tepiyyea yutas , : ty. Kdpa, vedtyny dé yevuy qoTt miei vevon
1 ol. Mdgnxes. bin
* The Mazices (Amm. Mare. xxix. 5. Bi) or 5 Meant (Suet. Ner. 30; Luc. iv. 681; Claud. Stil. i. 3565 Besar 261), Macues (Hecat. Sr. 304; "Steph. _Byz. Mdgves: of A vouddes), Mdéves (Herod. iv. 191 dporhpes Hon AlBves kal olkla voulfovres éexrjoOat, rotor otvoua Kéerac M.) were ‘a people is Mauretania famous for horsemanship. See C. iv. 50n. As Mazaca was an old name for Caesarea*in Cappadocia, there is sometimes a doubt as to the reference,
» Nemes. 241 Cappadocumque notas referat generosa propago; Mart. x. 76 Nee de Cappadocis eques catastis.
¢ Nemes. 259 Sit tibi praeterea ee Maurusia tellus quem mittit; Strabo 828; Paus. viii. 48. 3; ae ‘PP 242 and 248:
@ Arr. C. 1. 4, 23. 2; Strabo 312 té.ov 88 Tod Bcvdutos weld Tod Dapyarikod wayrds ébvovs. 70 Tobs tmmous éxréuvew ebredelas xdpiv: pixpol perv yap elow, déets dé opddpa Kal tunes Bdge
125 5 f. It is not clear whether this refers to the ‘Thessalian Magnesia or the Lydian, near Mt. er or that on the Maeander.. For the horses of the first ef. Lue. vi. 385 Magnetes equis gens cognita; Pind. P. ii. 45; for Eiraliene horses, Ridg. pp. 194 f.
f i.e. Eleian "Strabo 340; Steph. Byz. s.v.): rods é “HAdos Eutecn.
9 Strabo 525 imméBoros 6¢ Kal airy éort feavehlete kal 7 "Appevia. Cf. Strabo 529 and note on Nesaean v. 312. Togarmah in Ezekiel xxvii. 14, ‘*They of the house of Togarmah traded in thy fairs with horsemen (or wat- horses?) and mules” is Armenia or neighbouring country
20
CYNEGETICA, I. 170-178
Cretan, Mazician,* Achaean, Cappadocian,® Moorish,¢ _ Seythian,? Magnesian,* Epeian’ Ionian, Armenian,’ Libyan, Thracian,‘ Erembian.’. As the best horse of all men skilled in horse-racing and overseers of herds have remarked the horse whose whole body is crowned with these features.* He should have a small head! rising high above his neck, himself being ' big™ and round of limb; the head should be high, the nether jaw curving toward the neck; the brow”
(Ridg. p. 193). Armenian mounted archers, Arr. Tact. Melo 0 |
* See C. iv. 50n; Arr. C. 1. 4, 24. 1f.; Ael. NLA, iii. 2; Ridg. 238 ff., 470 ff. The horses of Cyrene were specially famous, Strabo 837 imrorpigos éoriv apiorn (se. Kupjvn); Pind. P. iv. 2 evirrov K.: P. ix. 4 dwwtirrow K. :
* Schol. Theoer. xiv. 47 tro: Opnixios Aaxedatpdvial re yuvat- ces. Of. Hom. /i. x. 545 ff.; Verg. Aen. v. 565 ff.; Ridg. p. 108.
F robs éx Tis Tpwyhodirid0s, Eutecn. Cf. Hom. Od. iv. 84 where Schol. and Eustath. say Aristarchus identified them with the Arabians. Strabo 41; Dionys. Per. 180, 963. -
® Cf. in general Xen. Eq. 1; Poll. i. 189 f.; Geopon. xvi. 1; Verg. G, iii. 72 4%.; Varro, R.R. ii. 7; Columell. vi. 29; Nemes. 240 ff.; Pallad. iv. 13; M. H. Hayes, Points of the Horse (London 1904); Goubaux and Barrier, The Exterior of the Horse (1892).
. § Ken. £g. 1.87 dt xeparh 60745ys ofa puxpav craybva Exor : Poll. i. 189 Kedah dorddns, mporouh Spaxeta (Opposed to Kepahip Bapetay capxwdn ib: 191); Geop. xvi. 1. 9 riv xedaddv éxet puxpdv; Verg. G. iii. 79 Illi ardua cervix argutumque caput; Hor. S. i. 2: 89 breve quod caput, ardua ‘cervix; Varro, R.R. ii. 7. 5 si caput habet non magnum ; Colum. vi. 29 Corporis vero forma constabit exiguo capite ; Pallad. iv. 13 exiguum caput et siccum. Cf. Hayes p. 193, ‘* When the head is large and ‘fleshy’ we may generally assume that the animal is ‘soft’ and wanting in * blood.’ ”
:' ™ Geop. Le. rq reptoyg Tod séparos uéyav, ebray} wast Toss
te
* **Good width between the eyes is generally regarded as a sign of intelligence and of a generous disposition ” (Hayes, p. 196).
21
OPPIAN
evpv méAor hadpov Te jeadgpvoy * ex 8° dpa Kdpons
appt pérwra TpIX@v muKwol cetowro KopupBow* 1
oppa Topdv, Tupownov, éemaxvviorar Sadowdy*
evpeiar pives, ordua 8 dpKiov, ovara Baia: yupadrén Seep?) TeA€Gor Aaovatxevos t imrov,
ws OTE Xaurijecoa Addov vever Tpuddrcca
movAd méAot otépvov, SoALxov Seas, edpéa vata,
Kal paxis audidupos péoov loxia matvovga":
1 leg. meipaivovea ?
@ Poll. i. 189 wpoxducov (forelock) edrperés; Xen. Hq. 5. 8 bédo0ra: mapa Pedy Kal dyatas evexa xaltyn Kal mpoxbudy Te Kai ovpd.
» «* The eye should be clear and free from tears, the pupil black,” Hayes p. 212. Cf. G. and B. p. 54 among the beauties of the eye is ‘‘ the clearness and little alent of the tears’; Xen. Hg. 1. 9 7d eédpOadpov elvae éypryopis pahov lends TO KoioPOdduov; Poll. i, 189 dupa mporeres ws €£dpOadpov elvar, 6GOadpuol mupwoets, bparuov BAérovres (Opp. to xoihopOaduos ib, 191); Geop. lc. buna wédav; Varr. Le. oculis nigris ; so Colum. /.c.; Pallad. l.e. oculi magni.
¢ The nostrils should be .. . of ample capacity, so as to suggest the possession of large air-passages,’ ” Hayes, p. 214; **The absolute beauty of the nostril resides in its width . . . Small nostrils are an absolute defect and associate themselves with a chest that is narrow,” G. and B. p. 60; Xen. Hq. 1. 10 cal puxripés ye of dvaremrapévan Tov CULTETTWKOTWY stgler Te dua eiol Kal yopyérepov Tov trroy dmodexviovgr.; Poll. i. 190 jwuxrfpes dvarenrauévor (Opp. to MuKTipes cummemrwxdres tb. 191); Geop. Le. pias uh cup- mentwxvias; Varr. ic, naribus non angustis; Colum. /.c. naribus apertis; Pallad. /.c. nares patulae.
@ «The old practical rule of finding whether a nese is wide enough between the jaws is to try if the clenched fist can be placed within the hollow,” Hayes, p. 216.
* «The ear is beautiful when it is short,” G. and B. p. 43; Xen. Lg. 1.11 ra pixpdrepa; Poll. i, 190 Gra Bpaxéa (opp. to Sra peydda ib. 191); Geop. l.c. Sra rpocecradpéva ; Varr. l.c. auribus applicatis; Colum. /.c. brevibus auriculis et arrectis; Pallad. /.c. aures breves et argutae,
22
CYNEGETICA, I. 179-186
should be broad and bright; from the temples the hair should wave in dense curls about the forehead ¢ ; the eye® should be clear and fiery under beetling _ brows; the nostrils ° should be wide, the mouth*# adequate, the ears ¢ small ;_ the neck’ of the shaggy- maned ” horse should be curved, even as the arched crest of a plumed helmet; the breast* should be large, the body long, the back broad, with a double chine‘ running between fat hips’; behind should flow
* ardua cervix, Verg. G. iii. 79; Hor. S. i. 2. 89; cervice a lataque nec longa, Colum. /.c. ; erecta cervix, Pallad.
‘Ce
# Varr. /.c. iuba crebra; Verg. G. iii. 86 and Colum. Lc. densa iuba; Pallad. lc. coma densa; Geop, l.c. xairqy BaGetav ; Poll. l.c. xairn edOmé. ‘
* Xen. Eq. 1. 7 orépva wharirepa bvra Kal mpds Kdddos Kai apes icxiv Kal wpés ro wh émaddAGE GAAA dia woAAOD Ta oKéAy dépew eigvécrepa; Geop. l.c. crifos eipd penvwuévoy; Poll. Le. orépva tharéa; Varr. l.c. pectus latum et plenum; Verg. G. iii. $1 Luxuriatque toris animosum pectus; Colum. Lc. lato et musculorum toris numeroso pectore; Pallad. l.c. pectus late patens.
* Xen. Eg. 1. 11 paxes % SerAH rhs awhfs wal éyxabjoba Madaxwrépa kai ideiy Hdiwy; Poll. i. 190 dcgis diardF 7d dé abrd kal paxes kai €6pa (ib. 190 the bad horse has dc@vv déeiav, ef. Gratt. 526 tenuis dorso curvatur spina); Geop. l.c. paxw padsota wév dumdiv, ei 5é wa, wh ye Kupravy; Verg. G. iii. 87 At duplex agitur per lumbos spina; Varr. l.c. spina maxime duplici, si minus, non extanti; Colum. /.c. spina duplici; Hayes, p. 250 ‘‘In many draught animals the upper muscles of the loins and back stand out as distinct
i of muscle on each side of the backbone. This beauty in the coarser breeds is not confined to them, but may sometimes be seen in well-bred horses. . . . This * double-backed ’ condition [well shown in a photograph of a Boulonnais horse in Hayes, p. ae may come on or dis- appear according to the amount of ‘ flesh’ which the animal carries.” Cf. G. and B. p. 119.
9 Xen. Lg. 1; 13 icxia wraréa . . . wai eicapxa. Cf. Poll. J,c,
23
OPPIAN
ék dé O€ou odd) peTomobe Tavitpuyos otpy: pnpot 8° edrayées, pvddees* adbrap eve dpBorevets doAixol TE modGy Trepunyees adAoi Kal pada AerrraAéo Kat capKi AcAeyspeva K@AG, ola TavuKpaipo.ow aeAAoTrobec0 eAddotot* kal opupov dykAivouro, Aéou de mrepiSpopos Omrdr) Dye pan’ ex yains, muKwi, Kepdecoa, Kparacy. Totds por Baivo. Kparepiy Orjpevov Evy Oupaivewr, ovvdeb os, dpyios, OBpysos t Ur7ros . Tuponvol rowide Kai ’"Appévior Kat "Axauol Kamzadonat te KAvtot Tavpouv mpomap ot Te
VeLovTau. Badpa de Kanmadoxecor bey ” €8paxov ‘rcsiibbedee elooxe fev veoytAov bd oToparecow dddvTa, Kat yAayepov popéovor dépas, teAcfove’ dpevqvot Kpaumvorepor de wéAovow, dow pada yypacKovor. kelvous ets mohepov peyadjropa Bwpijacoro. aidwrds 7 emt Ojpas: ere dda Oaponevtes Omdous avriday, muKwry pH€at re dadayya,
1 rpémap ot re Koechly : rpordpote mss.
* Cf. Xen. Eq. 1. 5, 7;: Poll. le. ovpa seiaiadedl ‘anmes Le, odpay peyddnv ovdérptxa; Varr. l.c. cauda ampla subcrispa ; Colum. J.c. cauda longa et saetosa; Pallad, Jvc: eauda profusior.
> «The muscles of the thighs should be well dexniopesktt (Hayes p. 311); Geop. l.c. wnpods ueuvwpévous; Colum. I.c. feminibus torosis et numerosis. Xen. Lg. 1 distinguishes the pnpol .oi. trd tals dyworhdras (§ 7), 4.¢. what are now called the *‘* fore-arms ”’ (extending from elbow to knee), from the ynpol of bd 77 ope, i.e. thighs + gaskins (the latter term now being used to denote the hind leg from thigh to hock
$ a the part of the leg between knee and. fetlock: the ‘shanks ” (Cossar Ewart ap. Hayes p. 16). aidol=tibiae. |
24
a aa an em Sie
tS
“-
CYNEGETICA, I. 187-204
- an abundant hairy tail*; the thighs ® should be well
compact and muscular; the rounded cannons ° be- neath should be straight? and long and very thin,’ and the limbs’ should be unfleshy, even as in the horned windswift stag ; the pastern’ should be slop- ing; the rounded hoof* should run high above the
und, close-grained, horny, strong. Such would I have the horse to be who goes to the fierce warfare with wild beasts, a spirited helper, warlike and strong. Such are the Tuscan horses and the Armenian and the Achaean and the famous Cappadocian horses which dwell in front of Taurus A marvel have I seen among the Cappadocian horses; so long as they have their foal teeth in their mouth and are milk-fed, they are weakling, but as they grow older, they become swifter.. Those are the horses which
_ thou shouldst array for manly war and against fierce
wild beasts; for they are very brave to face arms and break the serried phalanx and contend against
@ Geop. l.c. cxédn 69943 Varr. /.c. cruribus rectis ; Colum. Lc. altis rectisque cruribus. ;
* «.¢. not fleshy. Cf. Xen. Eq. 1.5 ray xvquéy ra dora mwaxéa xpn civarr .. ..o0 pévra prepi ye obdé capti taxéa; Poll. lc. xvijuar doapKxor.
7 It seems on the whole better to take the vague term x@ha as continuing the description of the leg from knee to fetlock (as in 408) than to refer it to the ** gaskins.”
* Xen. Hg. 1.4 dei ra dvwrépw yev rdv owhadv xatwrépw dé Tay Kuvnrddwr (fetlock) éc7& pyre dyav ép0a elvar Gorep alydss + spe 0862 why Gyay rawewd. — ;
*® Xen. Eg. 1. 3 oddé rodro de? NavOdvew, wérepov ai érdal elow byndal rawewai. . . ai pév yap bWnrdai wéppw ard Tod darédov Exover Thy xeddéva (the ** frog”) cadoupévny . . . Kal TO Pod dé Pyotr Diuwv Shrovs eivat rods eiirodas, kad@s héywr- nae yap xipBadov Yoget xpos TG Sarédw H Koihn dah. Cf.
oll. dc.
* Mountain range in Asia Minor.
25
OPPIAN
Onpoi 7 evvariovow evavtia Sypicacbar. 205 Tas fev yap Te paxatow apihios éxAvev tmmos Axov_ eyepotwobov doALydv TodeuHiov addAGv ;
H TOs avra dédopKev aKkapdapdrovow" Omwrats ailnotor Adxov TeTTUKAG|LEVOV OmAiryot, | | Kal yaAKov gehayebvra, Kal darpdarovra atdnpov, 21 kal pdbev etre evew Xpetos, mote 8 abdtis dpoveww, Kal wdbev etoatew Kparepav ovvOnua Aoxayav; moNaxct Kat dfpw* avdpav emeAdgaaro TUpyots TPE HOS domddceaoay dmomrEpov, «tre Bporotow dois omep Kehadjs emixdpavov aod épeider, 2 onmor eéASovrau dniwy mohw e€adardéau,
Kal tediov TevXOUaL METHOpOV, émraBdevov, dadad€ov, mruxwov, todvoudadov, avria 8 atyAn xaAKod dob pidoxet paeBovrids, alba 8’ drriccw | KAwopevns aKrivos dmaorpamret mods aidrjp. ot 2 immous yap mepiadra vos mmépe TeXvnEooa, . Tepito padiny Kal or/eow aidrov Arop-
atev ywaoKkovow éov didov jvioxfha
Kal xpeweJovow ‘doves dyadurov iyspovaja
Kat Troh€movae TeoovTa eye orevdxovow éraipov. 2 imaos ev dopivn ph€ev more Seopa ours a Kat pvovos Oeapods trepédpaye Kat AaBev Hy
Lt yv.ll. bed! leyretph =A doxapdamiroow, a: Sat ook 2 Sytwy most Mss.
an
* The distinction between the rhetorical interop and the exclamation disappears in late Greek, so that és, —— ws, boos. Cf. rboon 330.
» Of. Job xxxix. 19 ff.
¢ Here and in iv. 134 dxapdautvraow (given by three mss. in the latter place) seems the safest reading. kapdapioow (for acxapé-) is recognized by Hesych. and £.M.s.v. See further iii. 478 n.
4 The lect. vulg. Sylwy necessitates (1) the change of
26
CYNEGETICA, I. 205-227
warlike wild beasts. How‘? in the battle doth the war- horse ® hearken to the martial note of the long trumpet that makes the din of conflict !: How with unwinking ¢ eyes doth he look upon the dense array of armed warriors, the gleaming bronze, the flashing sword ! He hath learned also when it behoves him to stand and anon to charge ; and he hath learned to hearken to the watchword of mighty captains. Often, too, he calmly brings nigh to the towers the warfare ® of men with soaring shields, when athwart the heads of men shield presses upon shield, what time they are fain to sack the city of the enemy and fashion aloft a plain with their shields of sevenfold hides, daedal and dense and many-bossed; in front the sunlight glances from the bronze and straightway behind great space of sky lightens with rays refracted. To horses beyond all mortal creatures cunning Nature has given a subtle mind and heart. Always they know their own dear charioteer and they neigh when they see their glorious rider and greatly mourn” their comrade when he falls in war. Ere now in battle a horse has burst the bonds of silence and overleapt trémrepov to iwd wrepdv ; (2) the assumption that Opp. used the fem. termin. -eccay with a neuter (for the converse ef. Nicand. T. 129 WoNrsevros éxtdvns, Colluth. 83 wepdvny Ovéevra); (3) taking wrepév to be (as in Procop. De aed. ii. $)=Lat. pinna but here as denoting not a defensive pro, um but the testudo, xe\wvn (for which ef. Arr. Tact. 11. 4; 36. 1f.). On the other hand éfpw, which Boudreaux reads (apparently with some ms. authority), makes 6. dor. irérr. a simple metonomy for the xeddvy. &. Lue. iii. 474 Ut tamen hostiles densa testudine muros
ecta subit virtus armisque innexa priores Arma ferunt galeamque extensus protegit umbo.
* Cf. Tryph. 14; Verg. Aen. xi. 89 Post bellator equus positis insignibus Aethon It lacrimans guttisque humectat grandibus ora; Solin. xlv. 13,
27
OPPIAN
dvBpopeny Kat yA@ooav opotiov avOpeimovew.
immos evvaXiovo Makndoviov BaoAjos
Bovxepddas omAovow evavtia Sypidackev. 230
im7os én dvBepixcov eGeev Kovouat 7decow,
dAAos brép movTowo, Kal ov orepavyy edinver.
intros dzrep vepewy Xipaporrovov Tyaye dara,
Kal xpeneBov mote ma@Aos Bh’ Avidxoro SdAovot
OnKato Tay Hepody "Aounyevéwy Bacidja. : 235
eLoxa 5” ad tiovar pvow: TO d€ mdayrav dmvorov
és pirdornTa. poreiv, T7H)V ov Bepus adda évovow
dxpavrou pvoewr,' Kalapis 7 épdovat Kudetpys.
éxAvov ws mporrdpoe TmoAvKTedvwy Tis avaKTwV
Kadov €xev rediows immwv ayedaiov duirdov: 2
Tovs mdvtas petémerra Sapaccapevy mpoberdpvous
immaden vodoos mpoAurev Svo, pnrépa povyny
Kal pntpos diAins drropdCvov elaére m@Aov.
avrap evel peyas: hv, metparo oxethuos avnp
pntépa Traudos éoto Tap” ayKoinar Badéobar. —- 245
Tovs So ws obv evonoev dvawopevous pirornra
Kal ydapov audotéporow dmrchporov, avtix’ €meura
aiva TiTVGKOMEVOS Sodiny | emt prw vdaivev,
eAropmevos Kadéew yévos tmmovow traXivopaov.
dudw pev mpwriota Kadvxaro Buvacodopetwv 250 ovow pwois’ perémerta S€ ypicev erate
may déwas edwoder, Knwodet* EAmreTO yap 8H
douny Wynreipay apaddivar dirdoryntos*
1
pucG@y MSS.
* Hom. Jl. xix. 404 Xanthus, the horse of Achilles, prophesies his death.
> The charger of Alexander the Great: Ael. vi. 44; Diod. xvii. 76 and 953; Plin. viii.. 154; Arr. Aviad. vy. 14. 4 and ve 19.4. &.° Hom. JI. xx. 226 (of the offspring of Boreas and the
28
CYNEGETICA, 1. 228-253
the ordinance of nature and taken a human voice? and a tongue like that of man. Bucephalas,’ the horse of the warrior king of Macedon, fought against armed men. A horse there was which ran with light feet over the corn-ears © and brake them not ; another ran over the sea and wetted not his coronet.? A horse carried above the clouds him that slew the Chimaera® ; and the neighing’ of a horse through the craft of his charioteer made one king of the Asian Persians. Above others, again, horses honour nature, and it is utterly unheard of that they should indulge unlawful passion, but they remain unstained of pollution and cherish chaste desire. 1 have heard? how of old a prince -of great. possessions had in his fields a fair herd of horses. All these a disease of horses utterly destroyed, leaving but two—only a mare and a foal yet at its mother’s foot. But when it grew up, the wicked man essayed to mate the foal with its dam. And when he saw a union forsworn of both, imme- diately he with dreadful design wove a subtle device, hoping to call back his breed of horses. First in his craft he covered both with alien hides, and then he anointed all their bodies with sweet-smelling oil and fragrant; for he hoped to destroy the tell-tale scent. mares of Erichthonius) ai & ére wey cxiprgev éxi Feldwpoy dpoupay, axpov éx’ avGcpixwy xapwov Oéorv ofdé xaréx\wr> GAN dre 5m oxipreev éx’ cipéa yGra Paddooys, Axpor éxi pyypives aos wooo Géecxor.
-* The portion of the pastern immediately above the hoof. * A monster (Hom. Ji. vi. 179; Lucr. v. 905) slain by
_ Bellerophon (tetrico domitore Chimaerae, Ov. 7'r. ii. 397)
— the aid of his winged horse Pegasus; Pind. O. xiii. 84, - Vi. 44. # Darius, s. of Hystaspes, became king of Persia by the craft of his groom Oebares: Herod. iii. 84. ? The story is told A. 631 a 1-7; Ael. iv. 7; Antig. 54; Varr. ii. 7. 9; Plin. viii. 156 ; Hierocl. Hipp. p. 173. - 29
OPPIAN
kal Adbev, & pwaxapes, pélwy Kaka* Kal TeTéAcoTO feivos, amontvatos OdAapos, oTuyepwraros lmmots, 255 olos ev dvOpebrrovow evuppevOn mpomrapoule
Kadpetos ydpos aivos dArjpovos Oiurdda0.
ot 8 ore yopvabertes €nV crn. evonoay, Aogjoty T abpnoav dvedlovres Orrwsrais
7 pev dpa TAnwwr a dyovov. yovor, avrap oy aipa 260 aivoyapos KakoAEKTpos apynTopa BaTEpa Seu, yb pan’ n€pOnoar, dpethixa pvowwvtes, Seopa T amoppygavres t try peyaAa xpepebovres, ola Deods pdxapas [apTupopmevot KAKOTHTOS, apas 7 edXSpevor moAum wove vuppevripe owe de pupopevot TE Kal adoxeTov alacovtes, avrimépyny métpnow é€as Kehadas éddwvtes, 6oTa avvynAcincay, éov 5° amd déyyos apepoav atvrodpovot, KAivayres en” aAArjAouat apna. ade paris _mporépots KAéos tmovow pey’ deider. 270 inrmreny 8° daca yévebN dririAaro puplos ata, e@KUTaTOL Lucedot, AdrvBniov oire vewovrat
kal Tpucdpnvov Opos oO TOL okémas "EyeAddovo, mupoois aidepiovow €pevyouevowo Kepavvod LuxeAukys Aitvys avexaxAacerv aévaov rip. 27 Kpaimvotepor LuKeAdv dé map’ Eddpyrao pécbpa “Appevioe IldpAou TE BaburAdiapoe TeAeHovow. aX dpa Kat [lapAovor peéya mpodépovow TRIPS: @KUTEpoLat mddecot Kpoaivovres mediovo. Kelvotow Taxa podvos evavtiov icodapilor 280
to
* King of Thebes, who unwittingly married his own mother: Soph. 0.7.
bo Ok Soph. El. 1154 pejrnp aunrwp.
¢ Cic. Verr. Il. iis 20, 4.S.W. Sicily:
30
p>
CYNEGETICA, I. 254-280
And, ye blessed Gods, without their knowledge he wrought his wickedness and there was fulfilled a union monstrous and abominable and most abhorred of horses, like that dread marriage that was made of old among men, the Cadmean bridal of the wanderer Oedipus.* But when they were made naked and knew their sin, and in sorrow and with eyes askance looked one on the other, the unhappy mother on her dishonoured son, and he anon, victim of a terrible and evil union, upon his poor unmothered® mother,
_ they leapt on high, snorting terribly, and brake their bonds
s and went neighing loudly as if they were calling the blessed gods to witness their evil plight and eursing him who contrived their woeful union ; and at last, rushing wildly in their grief, they dashed
. their foreheads against the rocks and brake the bones
and took away their light of life, self-slain, leaning their heads on one another. So report proclaims the fame of the horses of former days. Now of all the breeds of horses that the infinite earth nourishes most swift are the Sicilian,° which dwell in Lilybaeum ¢ and where the three-peaked hill that covers Enceladus,’ as the thunderbolt belches forth in beams reaching to the sky, discharges the eternal fire of Sicilian Aetna. Fleeter than the Sicilian are by the streams of Euphrates the Armenian and Parthian’ horses of flowing mane. Yet the Parthian horses are greatly
excelled by the Iberian,’ which gallop over the plains
with swifter feet. With them might vie only the
* Giant buried under Aetna: Apollod. i. 6. 2; Callim. fr. 117: Lue. vi. 293; Verg. Aen. iii. 578; Stat. T. iii, 595; Q. Sm. v. 642.
? Cf. 302 and C. iv. 112 f.; Strab. 525; Gratt. 508; Ridg. pp. 189 f.
9 Ridg. pp. 256 f.
31
OPPIAN
aletos aifepiovow émbivwy yudAouw, 7) KipKos Tavajot TWaccdpevos TTEpUyEcoW, | oe deAdis mohotow dAvobaivev poBiowr. Hy toaoov “IBnpes Eeace Boot modas HvewoevTas* . aA’ dAiyot Basot Te pévos Kal avdAKides Frop, 285 kal Spoor €v mavpovow. ddeyydpuevor oradiovow™ - eidea 3 dyAacpop pa KAutov déuas audiecavto, — omAnv 5° od Kpatepynv, mnAdTtpodov, <pumedidor. Mavpwr 8 aicdva poha mond mpopepovaw a amayTw appt dpopous Tavaous TE Kal dpdt ovous aAeyewous. Kal AiBves eta Tovs SoAuxov Spopov SOREN ogcou Kupyyay mrovduypn pida vepwovra. 2 eldea 5’ audorépoiow opoua, maj dcov. QUTE preiLoves etovdéew AiBves Kparepot yeydaow, adAd dS€uas SoAtxot* aAevpiou yap duis Exovor Tay dAAwy aA€ova omabiny KTEVG' TODVEREY eto” mdcooves elowdeew Kat Kpeloooves tds dpovew, eo8Aol & jediov dopéew Hecate epany Kai Te pweonuBpwrp Sixbous 6 pywetav every. immot Tuponvot S€ Kat amAeta Kpyjova goha dpporepov Kpaxmvot te Oéew dSoAvxoi Te médovrat. avpwv 8 wkvrepo Lucedol, sete S€. te Tidpbou* Kal Xaporrol teAcBovar kat efoxov aiydhevres, | Kad podvot polpuvouot péyo. Bpvxnwa A€ovtos.. - y] yap TOU Oipecow én’ adAos adda yevebra immwv appeva 7oAAa Tad TOU ppalovow Omwmat.. otixtoTrodeco eAddois Kvavedmeas OmAilouo,
iat t
1 Ildp00x Brodaeus (ef. iv. 112 ff.): @vgéy mss: Gesner supposed that a line has been lost after v. 302 which men- tioned the Ildp@o.
* The eagle (Pind. P. ii. 50, v. 112, N.iii. 80; Hom. 2. 32
CYNEGETICA, I. 281-307
eagle* speeding over the vales of air, or the hawk hasting with long pinions spread, or the dolphin gliding over the grey waves. So fleet are the Iberian horses of wind-swift feet; but they are small and weak of spirit and unvaliant of heart and in a few furlongs are found wanting ® in speed; and though clothed in fair form and glorious shape, yet the hoof is lacking in strength, bred to soft ground and broad.
_ The dappled breed of Moorish horses are far the best
of all for extended courses and laborious toil. And next to these for accomplishing a long course come the Libyan horses, even those which dwell in many- pebbled Cyrene. Both are of similar type, save only
_ that the strong Libyan horses are larger to look at ;
but these latter are long of body, having in their sides more space of broad rib than others, and hence are stouter to look at and superior in a charge and good at enduring the fiery force of the sun and the keen assault of noontide thirst. The Tuscan horses and the immense Cretan breeds are both swift in
ing and long of body. The Sicilian are swifter than the Moorish horses, while the Parthian are
_swifter than the Sicilian. grey-eyed* also and emin-
ently handsome, and they alone abide @ the loud roar of the lion. For verily against different wild beasts different breeds of horses are fitting in many cases, as the eyes declare. Against the deer of spotted feet thou shouldst array dark-eyed horses; blue-
xxi. 252); the dolphin (Pind. P. ii. 51, NV. vi. 72); the hawk (Hom. Ji. xv. 237, Od. xiii. 86) are types of swiftness.
> But Nemes. 253 says Spanish horses * valent longos intendere cursus”; Mart. i. 49, xiv. 199.
© xaporoi may here mean merely ‘ bright-eyed.” For the sense of the word when applied to colour see note on 308. 5 Oe Cf. Cc iv. 116.
D 33
OPPIAN
dpxtowt yAavKots, Kal topdaXleoor Sadhowovs, atBavas 8 Ummous mupidapimréas dui avecow, adrap epuyAqjvous Xapo7rovs Xaporrotot A€ovar. 3 KdAAet 8 ev mayTEcot Tenet mavumretpoxos imros Nyoaios,’ tov ayovow épiKTéavot Baordijes: Kados ety, atadds te hépew eimeiBei Seopa: Bavos pev Kehadyjv, troAdos dé Babdtpixa Sep, Kvdtowy éexdteple peAryptcorow eOeipats.
Nai piv dAdo yévebAov ernpatov wrrjcato OTLKTOV, apilnrov, Tods cpuyyas Kadgovaw, i ore kadhuxopovow €v ovpeow drdijoKovew, 7 OTt mayxv Gedove’ emt Ondutépnow dpovew. doud oe em wpvyywv TreAcGet moAvavGéa Kady ° Tol pev yap Seipyy KadXizpiyd 7 evpéa vara yeypaparat dodAuyjow em} T pyLa. Tawinot, Tlypves ola Bool, Kpatrvobd Ledvporo yevebAn: Tol 8 ap eirpoxdhovor mrepidpopa Sarda.AAovrat oppayiow muKwijow opotia mopdaAlecou' Tovs €Tt vymidxous yparbav Texvipoves avdpes aidouevw yaAKk@ Tavanyv tpiya mupoevortes. dnbaxi 8 dAda Bporot maveridpova pyticavTo, a@dAov éemvypaisbar Kai vndvi pntpos éovra.
]
3
1 vl. Nio(c)atos.
* y\avxés and xaporés are not easy to distinguish, Cf. A. 491 b 34 6@@aduob 5é 7d wev NevKdy Buorovy ws él 7d word maow, Td 6€ kadovmevov pédav diadéper- Tots wev yap éore pédav, Tots Se opsdpa yhavxdv, Tots 5€ Xapordv, évlos dé alywrdv; Hom. Od. xi. 611 yaporol Aéovres but yAavxidwy of lion Jl. xx. 172. Perhaps if we call yA. ** greyish-blue” and yap. ‘*bluish- grey,” we shall be nearly right. |
> Or Nisaean: famous breed of horses from the Nesaean — plain in Media: Steph. B. s. Nycatoy rediov, dg’ od rapa Midas of Nycaio immo; Herod. iii. 106, vii. 40; Strab.
34
ee ee
CYNEGETICA, I. 308-329
eyed* against bears; tawny-eyed against leopards ; fiery and flaming against swine ; brilliant and grey of eye against the grey-eyed lion. In beauty the most excellent of all horses is the Nesaean,’ which wealthy kings drive ; beautiful to behold, gentle to ride and _ obedient to the bit, small of head but shaggy-maned,
glorying in the yellow locks on either side his neck.
Yet another lovely breed thou mayst see, the dappled conspicuous breed which men call the Orynx,° either because they flourish on the grassy hills (otperwv), or because they are very eager to mate _ (6poverv) with their females. In the case of the Orynxes there are two species of many-patterned beauty. One species are inscribed on neck and broad hairy back with a series of long stripes, even as the swift tigers, the offspring of rapid Zephyrus.? The others are adorned all about with densely set round spots, like those of leopards; this species while they are still but baby foals, are tattooed by skilful men, who brand their long hair with the flaming bronze. And ofttimes men have contrived other subtle devices for inscribing ¢ the foal while yet 525, 530; Athen. 194 e; Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6.30; Synes. Ep. 40; Arr. Anab. vii. 13; A. 632a30; Lucian, Hist. 39; Ridg. pp. 190 ff.
° jan seems to denote by this name two species of horses: (1) with neck and back striped like tiger, (2) spotted like leopard. The first he regards as a natural breed, the
~ second as an artificial production. Cf. Eutecn. rods pév
mporovs 4 pics ofrw dtefwypadnce, Tav Sevrépwv 3° dvdpav etphyara Ta wotxiti\uara. The first suggests the zebra.
4 The West Wind (Lat. Favonius) was supposed to have an impregnating influence; Hom. J/. xvi. 150; Plin. xvi. 93; Lucr. i. 11; Verg. -G. iii. 272 ff.; Plin. x. 166; Warr. ii. 1.19; Colum. vi. 27; A. 560a6; G.A.749b1. Of other winds: Hom. J]. xx. 222; Ael. vii. 27; Solin. xlv. 18.
* Cf. O.T. Genesis xxx. 37 ff.; Scott, Red Gauntlet, c, xviii.
35
OPPIAN
@ moaon Kpadin, mocon pepomecot méAEL opty. 3 epfav dress eGédovar Géoav mohveweas t immous, pnTpos ert yAayepijor fe Romeo Aaydvecow. onmore Ondurépyy yap €An dtiAorHotos opp immov T éyyds tovrTa kAuTov peyaAnropa pinvn, o7) TOTE dardadAovar Toow KaAdv: appt dé ravTn may dépas eVOTiKTOLOL TrEpl Xporfjor ypapovor, Kal mott AéxTpov dyovow ex ayAatn KopowrTa. ws dé TIS niBeov or vupmokopotot yuvarkiv elwacw dpyevvotor Kat avOect mopdupéorot orepdpevos, mvelwy TE IaAaorivovo ptpovo, és OdAapov Baivnow bury tpwéevarov aeidwy* Os immov om€pxovra. yapnda Te xpeucborvra, mpdoobev éfis aAoxowo KAuToV méowW dadpiowrra, Snpov epyntvovar didns AcArnpevov edvis* ope 5€ ror peOidow emjpatov és diddtyTa- 7 So drroxvoapevn moAvav0€a yelvaro maida, vyndvi prev Tdcvos yovysov Bopoy déeipaca, SeLapuevn popdny dé _ mot xpoov dfbadpotor. Tod vu Kakelvol, Totow ddvaxes peweAnvrat, pnodobny muKwotot vorjpacw i€evripes, ommote SaidaAAovet meAniddecot veocoovs* evTE yap és prornra Boat tprpwyres twat, pryvdpevae oroudateco. Bapudboyyots aASxovaL, on) Tote pytw vpawe KAvTiv TYWacoTpdédos avip, ayxXe dé OndAvtépnow eOnxaro daidaa TroAAa elwara mroppupea: ral be KAWdov dace Bahodoa Oupov tawopevar tiktovo’ adAvmoppupa Téxva. @ Of. 206 n. > Stat. S. v. 1. 213 Palaestini simul Hebraeique liquores. It is not to be ‘assumed that the perfume meant is one
native to Palestine (which is not rich in aromatic shrubs). The spices and perfumes of the Far East came to Europe
36
CYNEGETICA, I. 330-357
in his mother’s womb. O what? a heart, what a _ mind have mortal men! They do as they list ; they make horses of varied colours while yet enveloped in the milky mother’s loins. What time the mating impulse seizes the mare and she abides the approach of the glorious high-spirited horse, then they cun- ningly adorn the beautiful sire. All about they _ inseribe all his body with spots of colour and to his _ bride they lead him, glorying in his beauty. Even _ as some youth, arrayed by the bridal women in white _ robes and purple flowers and breathing of the per- fume of Palestine,® steps into the bridal chamber singing the marriage song, so while the hasting horse neighs his bridal song, long time in front of his bride they stay her glorious spouse, foaming in ' his eagerness; and late and at last they let him go to satisfy his desire. And the mare conceives and bears a many-patterned foal, having received in her womb the fertile seed of her spouse, but in her eyes his many-coloured form. Such devices have they also with cunning wits contrived whose business is with the reed, even the fowlers, when they variegate the young of doves. For when the swift doves mate and mingle mouths* with their deep-noted spouses, then the breeder of tame birds contrives a glorious device. Near the hen-birds he puts many vari-coloured purple cloths; and they, beholding them with eyes askant are gladdened in their hearts and produce sea-purple children. Nay, even so also
by way of Palestine and Syria (Diod. iii. 41) and are nerally called indifferently Syrian (Propert. iii. 5. 14; ibull. iii. 4. 28, iii. 6. 63; Hor. C. ii. 7.8; Catull. vi. 8) or Assyrian (Hor. C. ii. 11. 16; Catull. lxviii. 143; Verg. 2. iv. 25; Tibull. i. 3. 7, iii. 2. 23). ¢ A. 560 b 26. 37
OPPIAN
\ ‘ a , anak , val pnv de Adkwves éeridppova pynticavto alow didas aAdyous, dTe yaorépa Kupaivovar* ypabavtes mudKeoo. méhas Oécav aydad KdAAn, Tovs mdapos aorpdiavras ev Hueplovaw ediBous, Nipéa kai Ndpxicoov éijupediny 0 ‘Yaxwbov, Kaoropa 7° edxdpvdov cai ’Auveoddvov Tlodv-
dev,
fs /, , > > / > 7 nibous Te véovs, Tol 7 ev pakdpecow aynrot, DoiBov Sadvorduny Kal Kiacoddpov Arovucov: at 5° émiréprovta: moAvijparov eldos iSodcar, tiktovaly Te Kadovs emt KdAdet wemrnviar.
Tocca pev aud’ immovow: arap KataBn Oe, didn
/ Ppmys
> | 4 / > a, | ~ 7 oiwov emt oxvAdkwv: Tocco 8 emi maou Kivecow ” > 2 uw, / > > ~ / e€ox’ apilnAot, dda 7° adypevTipor péAovrar, Ilaioves, Adodviot, Kapes, Opnixes, “IBnpes, *Apxddes, "Apyetor, Aaxedapovior, Teyeprar, Lavpopdta, KeAtoi, Kpires, Mayvyres, ’Apopyoi,
* Next to Achilles the handsomest Greek at Troy : Hom. II, ii. 671.
> A beautiful youth of Thespiae who, for hopeless love of his own reflection, died and was turned into the flower which bears his name: Ov. M. iii. 341; Paus. ix. 31. 7.
¢ A beautiful Spartan youth, accidentally slain by Apollo: from his blood sprang the ‘* hyacinth.’ See n. on Colluthus 248, Cf. Apollod. iii. 10. 3: Paus. iii. 1. 3, iii. 19. 5; Nicand. 7. 902; Ov. M. x. 162, xiii. 394 ff.
@ Castor and Pollux, the Dioscuri, sons of Zeus (Tyndareus) and Leda: Hom. JI. iii. 237.
* King of the Bebryces, slain by Pollux: Apollod. i. 9. 20; Theocr. xxii. 27; Ap. Rh. ii. 1; Val. Fl. iv. 99.
* Of. generally Xen. C. 3ff.; Arr. C. 2ff.; Poll. v. 37 ff. ; Geop. xix. 1ff.; A. 574a 16 ff. and passim; Verg. G. iii. 404 ff.; Varr. ii. 9; Plin. viii. 142ff.; Colum. vii. 12; Gratt. 150 ff.; Nemes. 103 ff. 9 Poll. v. 46 f.
* i.e. Italian, including the vividus Umber of Verg. Aen.
38
q
ij
3
CYNEGETICA, I. 358-373
the Laconians contrived a subtle device for their
_ dear wives when they are pregnant. Near them
they put pictures of beautiful forms, even the youths that aforetime were resplendent among mortal men, Nireus® and Narcissus? and Hyacinthus‘ of the goodly ashen spear, and Castor? with his helmet, and Poly-
_deuces that slew Amycus,’ and the youthful twain 'who are admired among the blessed gods, laurel-
crowned Phoebus and Dionysus of the ivy wreath.
And the women rejoice to behold their lovely form
and, fluttered by their beauty, bear beautiful sons. Thus much about horses; but now descend, my
- soul, to the lay of Dogs.—- These among all dogs are
the most excellent and greatly possess the mind of hunters: to wit, Paeonian,? Ausonian,* Carian,‘ Thracian, Iberian, Arcadian,* Argive,’ Lacedae- monian,” Tegean, Sauromatian,” Celtic,? Cretan,? xii. 753 (ef. Varr. ii. 9. 6; Gratt. 172 and 194; Senec. Thy. 497; Sid. Ap. vii. 191; Sil. iii. 295); the Sallentine, Varr. ii. 9. 5; the Tuscan, Nemes. 231.
# Poll. v. 37; Arr. C. 3. 1f.; Dio Chr. Or. 15.
# Poll. l.c.; Nemes. 127. There seems no ground for supposing that the Iberians zepl rév Kavxagov (Strab. 118,
_ 499 f.) are meant.
® Poll. Le.; Ov. M. iii. 210, A.A. i. 272 (Maenalius) ; Gratt. 160 (Lycaones).
» Poll. lic. "ApyoXlées.
™ Poll. l.c.; Soph. 47.8; Xen. C. 3. 1; Lac. iv. 45; Gratt. 212; Varr. ii. 9.5; Callim. H. iii. 94; Ov. M. iii. 208; Plin. x. 177 f.; A. 574a 16 ff.; Shakesp. M.N’s.D. iv. 1. 123 ** My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind.”
" The Sauromatae or Sarmatae inhabited S. Russia. Herod. iv. 110 ff.; Dion. P. 653.
° Poll. L.c.; Arr. C. 1.4, 2.1; Gratt. 156; Plin. viii. 148.
» Cf. H. iv. 273; Poll. lc.; Xen. C..10.1; Arr. C. 2-3; Aela iii. 2; Gratt. 212; Ov. M. iii. 208; Luc. iv. 441; Senec. Hipp. 33; Claud. Stil. iii. 300; Shakesp, M.N’s.D. iv. 1. 130.
39
OPPIAN
¢ > ee! a of >. De
dooo t Atydrrow todvipapdbovew én’ 6yOais / > / / ,
BovroXiwy odpot, Aoxpoi, xapotoi te ModAocaol. 37,
Ei 8€ vt tow Kepdcat didrov Exdero Sora yévebda, elapt ev mpwtiota A€yos mépouve KUvecow*
” \ ~ / / mw elap. ‘yap padMov prrorjova peuprerar Epya Onpat TE Kal oKvAdierot Kal ovAopevotot SpaKovow Tjeplous 1 opvict Kal cwanrious veTrOdecow. 3 elape prev xoAdevTos exis mepopvypevos tod lero A€xos mot Giva Padacoains addxov0* elape TOVTOS ddos 5é€ mepiopapaye? Kufepein Kal vérrodes yapéovres emippiacovar yaAdjvn’ elape Kal Tpipwyres emBdvovor medias,
a > > 4 ds Nh / ¢ /
immot & aypavaAocis ext dopBdow omAilovrar, Tabpor 8° ayporépas én moprvas oppaivovot, Kal Kridou ethucoevres ev clap. undAoBarebor,
kal Kdmpou mupdevtes emrarxpalovar oveoot,
Kal xipapo. Aacinow edummevovar yiywaipas*
Kal 5 adrois pepdmrecow ev elape waddAov Epwres* ” A / > / ,
clap. yap mavdnpos éemPpile. Kubépera.
"Eovea col S€ Kvvdv Gadrapunroddovts pwerdéobw dppeva T aq Aovow eoucdra 7 eoxa pira. ’Apxddas °HAelous emyioyeo, Ilaioo. Kpfras, Kapas Oprixiors, Tuponva yeveba Adkwot, Lapparucov TE moow popéors ge "1 Bypida vopdny.
aoe jeev ed Kepacetas* aTap Tr0A v péeprara TOVTWV
* The dogs of the Carian ee are ont mentioned Poll. v. 47; Ael. V.H. xiv. 46. Cf. N.A. vii. 38
> Here prob. =Nile, as in Hom. Od. iv. 47 etc. For Egyptian dogs cf. A. 606a23; Ael. vi. 53, vii. 19; V.H. i. 4; Plin. viii. 148; Solin. xv. 12.
¢ Xen. C. 10. 15 Poll. v. 37.
2 Poll. /.c. ; Ael. iii. 2, xi. 20; Athen. 201b; Aristoph. T. 416; Lucr. v. 1061; Verg. G. iii. 404 ; Hor. Eypod. vi.
40
i
CYNEGETICA, I. 374-398
Magnesian,* Amorgian, and those which on the sandy banks of Egypt? watch the herds, and the Loecrian’ and the bright-eyed Molossian.?
If thou shouldst desire to mix two breeds, then first of all mate ¢ the dogs in spring’; for in spring chiefly the works of love possess the hearts of wild beasts and dogs and deadly snakes and the fowls of the air and the finny creatures of the sea. In spring the serpent, foul with angry venom, comes to the shore to meet his sea bride’; in spring all the deep rings with love and the calm sea* foams with fishes mating; in spring the male pigeon pursues the female ; horses assail the pasturing mares and bulls lust after the cows of the field ; in spring the rams of crooked horn mount the ewes and fiery wild boars mate with the sows, the he-goats the shaggy females ; yes, and mortals also in spring are more prone to
_ desire ; for in spring the spell of Love is heavy upon
all.
In mating the tribes of dogs take heed that the breeds are fit and right suitable for one another. Mate Arcadian with Elean, Cretan with Paeonian, Carian with Thracian, Tuscan? breed with Laconian ; put a Sarmatian sire with an Iberian dam. So shall you mix the breeds aright; but far best of all it
5, S. ii. 6. 114; Stat. T. iii. 203, S. ii. 6. 19, A. i. 747; Plaut. Capt. 86; Luc. iv. 440; Mart. xii. 1; Senec. Hipp. 32; Claud. Stil. ii. 215, iii. 293; Gratt. 181 ff.; Nemes. 107; A. 608 a 28.
* Xen. C. 7.1 ff.; Arr. C. 27 ff. ; Varr. ii. 9. 11; Gratt. 263 ff. ; Nemes. 103 ff.
? = Lucr. i. 1 ff.; Verg. G. ii. 323 ff.
9 The Muraena. Cf. H. i. 559.
* This sense of yahjvn occurs Hom. Od. vii. 319. Cf. Callim. E. vi. 5.
41
OPPIAN
pora pevew povodguia, Ta 8 Foxe TeKENpavro dv8pes emaKThpes* TA Oe pupia poha méAovrat, 400 Tav apobev Hoppat Te Kal elbea Tota med€ou. pnkedavev, Kparepov déuas dpkiov, nde Kapyvov xodgov, evyAnvov: Kvavat ori\Bovev omwirat- Kdpxapov extad.iov TeA€ou oTOpa Bova 5° drepbev ovata AerraXdous, mepiotéAAowl” bpuevecat: 4065 | Seip7) nKkedavyn, Kat ornbea vépbe Kpataia, evpéa’ Tw mpdoberv dé T dAlorépw m0¢es €oTwy dpGoreveis KwAwY Tavaol Soduxnpees b iorTot*
evpees apomAdrat, mAcupav emucdpava Tapod.: dadves eVoapkor, 7) TMloves: adtap dmicbe 41 atpudvy 7 exTddis Te méAow SoALydaKtos ovpy. Toto. ev Tavaotow edorrAilowTo Spdporce
ddpkois 75° eAddorow aeAAoTddy Te AaywO.
. Oodpor 8° abd Ere por, Totow pevedijios aAKy, . doco Kal tavporow éméxpaov Hiryevelous 41 Kat ovas vBpioripas emal€avtes OAecoav’ . doco pnd A€ovtas €ods Tpeiovow avakTas,
® Gratt. 154 mille canum patriae.
> rév adder is taken from Hom. Od. i. 10, and the meaning seems to be either that the ‘ points of the dog” here enumerated are not an exhaustive description of any breed or that they do not apply to all breeds. Putecn. dpwoyeros, Cf. Suid. 8. aunyérn.
¢ Arr. C. 4. 2f. rpdra pév 6h waxpal Eorwy amd xehadfs én’ otlpay.
4 Xen. C. 4. 1 xegadas édadpds. Cf. Arr. C. 4, 4; Poll. v. 57.
* Xen. l.c. dupara weréwpa [sint celsi vultus, Nemes. 269] wédava Naurpd. Of. Arr. 4.5; Poll. Le. Geop. xix. 2 5 Varr. ii. 9. 3 oculis nigrantibus aut ravis; Colum. vii. 12 nigris vel glaucis oculis acri lumine radiantibus.
4 Xen. lc. Gra Nerrad xal pra bricdev. Cf. Poll. lc. On
4.2
CYNEGETICA, bk 399-417
is that the breeds should remain pure, and those all hunters judge best. Those breeds are without _ number,* and the form and type of them should be approximately? these. The body “should be long and strong and adequate ; the head “ light and with good eyes*; the eyes should be dark of sheen; the saw- toothed mouth should be long; the ears’ that crown the head should be small and furnished with mem- - branes; the neck?’ long and under it the breast* strong and broad ; the front legs‘ should be shorter than the hinder ; the shanks/ should be straight, thin, and long ; the shoulder-blades* should be broad ; the row of ribs? sloping obliquely ; the haunches™ well- _ fleshed but not fat; and behind the far-shadowing tail" should be stiff and prominent.. Such are the _ dogs which should be arrayed for the swift chase of gazelle and deer and swift-footed hare. Another species there is, impetuous and of stead- _ fast valour, who attack even bearded bulls and rush upon monstrous boars and destroy them, and tremble not even at their lords the lions; a stalwart breed,
the contrary Arr. C. 5. 7 Gra weydda éorw xai wadOaxd; Varr, ii. 9. 4 auriculis magnis ac flaccis.
9 Xen. L.c. rpaxjAous waxpots. Cf. Poll. l.c.; Arr. lc. ' & Xen. Lc. orH@y wraréa wh doapca. Cf. Poll. lic.3 Arr.C. 5. 9; Colum. J.c. amplo villosoque pectore.
* Xen. lc. cxé\n Ta wpdcGe waxpd, dpOd, crpoyytda, oritppa ; Poll. v. 58 oxéX\n éxdrepa uév iymra peiftw 5¢ ra efdmioGer.
4 igrol=aiXoi (189) = tibiae.
© Xen. l.c.; Poll. l.c.; Arr. l.ce.; Colum. l.c. latis armis ; Nemes. 274 validis tum surgat pectus ab armis.
+ Xen. lic. whevpas uh éwl yhv Babelas Gdn’ eis 7d wAAyjtov Tapnkotcas.
™ Xen. Lc. do@is capxadeas. Cf. Poll. l.c.; Arr. Le. dogiv waretay icxupay.
™ Xen. l.c. obpas paxpds, dpOds, Avyvpds; Poll. v. 59; Arr. le.
43
OPPIAN
larpedees, mparvecow eoucdres axpordodoror*
oUorepor pev “€aot mpoowrara, dew 5° vrepbe
vever emuakvviovst peaddpva, Kal TupdevTes 420
opBahwot xXaporraiow drroorihBovres Orretrais
puvos daras Adovos Kparepov dépas" evpéa vata"
Kpamvot 8 od teACFovow, arap pevos evd00t oAAov,
Kal obévos adpactov, xabapor, Kal Oupos dyadic.
és per vuov Onpnv omdileo Tota yevebra
aiyyint@v oxvddxwy, Toi Kvwidada mavra dievrac.
ypo.at 8 dpyevvai te Kkaxal pada Kxudveal Te:
ovre yap neAiovo pépew peevos WKG Svvavrae .
ovre vpoBArjrovo peevos mrodvxeurepov Opns.
Ketvot 5° ev Tavrecow dprorevovor KUVEooL,
tots txedar popdat pdra Ojpeow epnorior,
pnrodovoror AUKois 7) Tiypeow Hvepwoeooais
7 Kat dAwmyjKecot Ooaici Tre topdadiecow
7) Omdao. Anuntpe maveixedov eldos Exovot —
auToxpoo. wdAa yap Te Bool Kparepot re méAovrat. Et 6€ vd tor mwvt? oxvdakorpodin penéAnrat,
vt? nN pewednrar,
pnmor apéerAyecbar oxvAaKxas veoOyrA€di pala
aiyav mpoBdarwr, pnd oikidinot Kivecow*
) yap ToL venbpot te Kat odtidavoi Bapvborev:
add’ eAddwv 1} tov pale TBacoio Acaivns
] Tov Sopkaridev 7 7 PUKTUTOpoLo Avaivns:
@de yap av Kparepous Te Kal wKeas ELoxa Oeins,
eldouevous adrior yaAaxroddpotou TiOjvais.
@ See 308 n.
> Xen. C. 4. 7 7a 62 xpdpara od xph elvac Tov Kuvév ore muppa ore uéNava o're Neva TavTEN@s- Eore yap ov yevvatov ToUTO GNX’ amodv kal Onpi@des. So Poll. v. 65. But Arr. C. 6 7a dé xpauata ovdéy dolce dota av Exywouv, ovd’ ei wayTeh@s elev pédXawvar 7} muppai 7 Nevkal- ovdé 7d ardodv xph Vromwrevey Tis Xpbas ws Onprddes.
44
CYNEGETICA, I. 418-443
like unto high-crested mountain peaks. Somewhat _ flat-nosed of face they are, and dread are their bended brows above and fiery their eyes, flashing with grey @ light ; all their hide is shaggy, the body strong, the back broad. They are not swift, but they have abundant spirit and genuine strength un- _ speakable and dauntless courage. Array then for _ the hunt such breeds of warlike dogs, which put to flight all manner of beasts. But as to colour,® both white and black are bad exceedingly ; for they are not readily able to bear the might of the sun nor the rage of the snowy winter season. Among all _ dogs those are the best whose colour is like that of ravenous wild beasts, sheep-slaying wolves or wind- swift tigers or foxes and swift leopards, or those which have the colour of Demeter’s® yellow corn ; for these are very swift and strong. _ If now prudent dog-breeding is thy care, never suckle whelps on the fresh breast of goats or sheep nor domestic dogs 4—for they will be sluggish and feeble and heavy—but on the breast of deer or tame lioness or gazelle or she-wolf that roams by night ; for so shalt thou make them strong and swift ex- - eeedingly, like unto their milky foster-mothers them- selves.
© fav Anugrnp (Hom. Jl. vy. 500)=fiava Ceres (Verg.-G. i. 96).. The name of the goddess is a common metonomy for corn: Verg. G. i. 297 At rubicunda Ceres medio suc- ciditur aestu; Mart. iii. 5. 6 Hic farta premitur angulo Ceres omni; Gratt. 398 Blanditur mensis Cereremque efflagibat ore; Nemes. 161 Interdumque cibo Cererem cum lacte ministra. Cf. H. iii. 463, 484.
4 Xen. C. 7. 3 advises that puppies should be suckled by their own mothers. Cf. Arr. C. 30.1f.. For domestic
dogs cf. 473 n. 45
OPPIAN
Atrap vymidyouow én’ obvéuara oKvdAdKecor \ / \ 4 \ ¢ 4 > 4
Baa riPer, Ooa amadvra, Ooi wa Baéw axovn. immovst Kparepotor 8 ourbees aypevTipow efér. vnmidxwv coTwv, eporTrecol Te TACW AO Lo ir / / PS) \ 0 / > 0 7 HOaSior irvoi re, pdvoror Se Ojpeow exOpot. pnd’ dAdav ebédovev- errei pedAa Onpevrijpar ovyy) TEOds eoti, mave€oxa 5 ixveutipow.
Eidea 8€ otiBins dvadepKéos EmAeTo Sia0d, > ~ > A ~ , \ HF > / avipa@v nde Kvv@v- pépotes prev ap’ atoAdBovdAor Oupact TeKpnpavto Kal edpacoayto KéAevba: pvgwripor Kvves 5€ Tmavixvia onpivarto.
\ \ > / / / i val pny avOpero.or méAer mepideEos wen xeysepin, oreiBovai 7 apoyxOrjrovow omwr7ais, otveka Kal videTotor yeypappeva av? apy’ oparat Kat mndAotou péver TeTUTAGpLEVa €lKeAa Tapo@.* exOpov cap dé KUvecat, pidov S€ 7éAer POwdmwpov* etapt yap Boravnow adnv mountpddos ala avleot mAnOer Te ToAUTVOOS, adi S€ TavTy
> / ~ > / 7 + evoredpavor Acyu@ves avijpota topdvpovar, Kal maoayv oTiBeccow eippivoro. Kivecow dopiv mpeoBevteipay apaddvvovow apovpau*
> \ > > / re y abtap ev evkdpmw yAvKepootadiAw dbworwmpw
1 rerumwpéva delkeda tapoav Brunck.
@Xen. C. 7. 5 ra dvduara adrais rifecbar Bpaxéa iva evavdkAnra eln (where he gives forty-seven dog names, all dissyllabic). Colum. vii. 12 Nominibus