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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
OF
PHILADELPHIA.
1899.
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION: THOMAS MEEHAN, -CHARLES E. SMITH, Epwarp J. Nouan, M.D., HENRY SKINNER, M.D.,
Henry A. PItsBry.
Epitor: EDWARD J. NOLAN, M.D.
PHILADELPHIA : THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, LOGAN SQUARE, 1900,
THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA,
February 14, 1900.
I hereby certify that printed copies of the ProcrEpines for 1899 have been presented to the meetings of the Academy and mailed us follows :—
Pages 1to 80 mailed April
“e
81 to 112 118 to 176 177 to 216 217 to 256 257 to 320 821 to 336 337 to 302 353 to 368 369 to 384 385 to 400 401 to 482 433 to 464 465 to 496 496 to 544
17, 1899, presented April 18, 1899. April 26, 1899, ee May a oh bo May 26, 1899, a May 30, 1899. June 2, 1899, ey June 6, 1899. July 7, 1899, ee July 11, 1899. July 26, 1899, < August 1, 1899. August 22, 1899, a August 22, 1899. August 29, 1899, es August 29, 1899.
September 8, 1899, September 29, 1899,
October 5, 1899, October 20, 1899, November 9, 1899, January 11, 1900,
February 12, 1900,
September 12, 1899. October 3, 1899. October 10, 1899. October 24, 1899. November 14, 1899. January 16, 1900. February 13, 1900.
EDWARD J. NOLAN,
Recording Secretary.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
With reference to the several articles contributed by each.
For Verbal Communications, Announcements, etc., see General Index.
Axpport, JAMES Francis, The Marine Fishes of Peru, . 324
Notes on Chilean Fishes, with Descriptions of a New
Speeies of Sebastodes, (32 | 2: 2. we 6408
Busu, KATHARINE JEANNETTE. Descriptions of New Spe- cies of Turbonilla of the Western Atlantic Fauna, with Notes on those previously known (Plate
Ariba ts 8 ; CsA AS
CALVERT, Puiuip P., Pu. D. Werseteeus Bracenieilteatd by Dr. A. Donaldson Smith in Northeastern
wivtce (Pinte My, OS ; . 228
Parallelisms in Structure iigveae Certain jae of
Odonata from the Old and the New World, v2 CocKERELL, T. D. A. Some Notes on Coccide, . . 259 Exrot, C. Notes on Tectibranchs and Naked steaks
from Samoa (Plate XIX),. . . 512 Fow.er, Henry W. A List of Fishes Collated’ at
Port Antonio, Jamaica, We Pea | LS
Notes on a Small Collection of Chines PiaBed wae ele
Description of Ameiurus lacustris Okeechobeensis, . . 480
Observations on Fishes from the Caroline Islands
Geiser “Vil and XVITE) Ss SS. 482
Fox, Wiii1AmM J. Synopsis of the United shite Beeaie of the Hymenopterous Genus Centris Fabr., with Description of a New Species from Trinidad,
Contributions to a Knowledge of the Hymenoptera of Brazil, No. 6—A Collection from Rio Grande
Aoibulbandisar ramets, ook peenih | 196
Contributions to a Knowledge of the Hymenoptera of Brazil, No. 7—Eumenidz (Genera Zethus, Labus, Zethoides, Eumenes, Montezumia and Nortonia),
HARSHBERGER, JOHN W., Po.D. Thermotropic Move- ment of the Leaves of Rhododendron maximum L..,
JOHNSON, CHARLES W. New and Interesting Species in the Isaac Lea Collection of Eocene Mollusca (Plates I, IT),
Meenay, THomas. Contributions to ah, Life- eee Ff Plants, No. XIII: 1. Sex in Flowers —Corylus rostrata; 2. Clethra alnifolia in Relation to its Morphology ; 3. Sanicula—A Biological Study; 4. Rosa rugosa in Connection with the Evolution of Form; 5. Viola in Relation to Pollinization and Fecundation; 6. Isnardia palustris—Additicnal Note on its Stipular Glands; 7. Parthenogenesis; 8. Lactuca scariola in Relation to Variation and the Vertical Position of its Leaves; 9. The Stigma of Asclepias; 10. Phyllotaxis in Connection with Che- nopodiaceze and Polygonacee; 11. The Influence of Fungi on the Forms and Characters of Plants; 12. The Movements of Plants; 13. Eccentricity of the Annual Wood Circles in Rhus toxicodendron L. ; 14. Morphology of the Grape,
MILLER, GERRIT S., JR. Descriptions of Two Now Can Foxes, I (2 i MeL eae
The. Vols. Gcllectad — Us iy 1g Ata an Coste Asia (Plates XII, XIII), bees
Descriptions of Six New Atneriag Rabbits, .
Moors, J. Percy. A Snow-inhabiting Enchytreid (Mesen- chytrzeus solifugus Emery) Collected by Mr. Henry G. Bryant on the Malaspina Glacier, Alaska (Plate VIT),
Leurognathus ROA a Wey eee a ‘Bpcaes of Salamander of the Family Desmognathidze (Plate po hee eye ee ee
OBERHOLSER, Harry C. Some Untenable Names i in Omi- thology,
84
276
281 380
125
316
201
Prurssry, Henry A. Newand Little-known Species of Pris- tiloma (Plate IX), ade A New Australian Eulima (Plate XI, 5 Notes on a Few Northwest American Land Snails, . Descriptions of New Species of Mexican Land and Fresh-water Mollusks, : New Species and Varieties of Miotiunks from Masa, Fla., : A New Species of is : Additions to the Japanese Land Snail Pacis (Plate XX), ere Be ae ; Pirspry, Henry A., and T. D. A. Codeweenn ke munella, a New Genus of Helices, Agee Pirspry, Henry A., and Epwarp G. Vanarra. Morpho- logical and Systematic Notes on South American Land Snails: Achatinide (Plates XV, XVI),. Stone, Wirmer. A Study of the Type Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia, with a Brief History of the Collection, . A Small Collection of Repeies ad aineitads flow Eastern Mongolia, A New Species of Coccyzus from St. nachos, ; : On a Collection of Birds from the Vicinity of Bogota, with a Review of the South American Species of Speotyto and Troglodytes, The Summer Moulting Plumage of Cortsin Wicks, :
Vanatta, Epwarp G. A New American Land Shell,
West American Eulimide (Plate XI), A New American Species of Zonitcides,
Vaux, GeorGe, and Wiitii1aM §., Jr. Some Dp cbans on the Illecellewaet and Asulkan Glaciers of British Columbia (Plates III, IV, V, VI),
Additional Observations on Glaciers in British ear tibia (Plate XX),
iil
366
oO
PROCEEDINGS
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
PHILADELPHIA.
i899. JANUARY 3. Mr. CHarves Morris in the Chair.
Twenty-two persons present.
The Council reported that the following Standing Committees had been appointed to serve during the ensuing year:
On Lisrary.—Arthur Erwin Brown, Thomas A. Robinson, Henry C. Chapman, M.D., Dr. C. Newlin Peirce, and Charles Schaeffer, M.D.
Own Pusiications.—Thomas Meehan, Charles E. Smith, Henry Skinner, M.D., Henry A. Pilsbry, and Edward J. Nolan, M.D.
On Instruction anp Lectures. —Uselma C. Smith, Benjamin Smith Lyman, Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., Philip P. Calvert, Ph. D., and Charles Morris.
SranpinG ComMITTEE orp Councin on By-Laws.—Isaac J. Wistar, Theodore D. Rand, Arthur Erwin Brown, and Benjamin Sharp, M.D.
The death of Theodore Caruel, a correspondent, was reported.
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899 JANUARY 10 Mr. ArTHUR ERwIN Brown in the Chair. Pe Thirty-two persons present.
A paper entitled ‘‘ New and Interesting Species in the Isaac Lea Collection of Eocene Mollusea,’’ by Charles W. Johnson, was presented for publication.
The deaths of Francis M. Brooke and Mrs. Bloomfield H. Moore, members, were announced.
The Calaveras Skull.—Mr. Witi1AM H. Datu called attention to the fact that the authenticity of the celebrated Calaveras skull, about which so much controversy had arisen in 1866, has recently again been called in question. It seemed to him, as the small number of persons who were cognizant of the facts when they occurred is already greatly reduced, that it would be desirable to put on record his own testimony as an eyewitness to. some of them, which in his opinion are incompatible with the theory that a hoax had been perpetrated, or a skull from some recent burial place subject to the lime deposit from springs, fraudulently foisted upon Prof. J. D. Whitney and his associates in the State Geological Survey.’
Mr. Dall described briefly the nature of the formations which make up the table mountains of the region alluded to, consisting of beds of basaltic lava more or Jess alternated with gravel, which fill the prehistoric stream beds in which gold was sought by means of tunnels from the side, or shafts from above, and which are now practically abandoned since the returns do not pay for the labor.
He was in California at the time of the discovery and in June, 1866, examined the skull, then in the office of the State Geolo- gist, in the presence of Prof. Whitney, William M. Gabb, W.
1 The main facts as thoroughly investigated at the time are given by Prof. Whitney in his work on the auriferous gravels of California, Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Vol. vi, Part 1, pp. 267-273, 1879. The evidence has generally been regarded among scientific men as convincing and sufficient, the skull being shown by analy- sis to be in a fossilized condition, and to have been taken, according to his own statement, by a mine owner of respectability, from a bed of gravel 132 feet below the surface of the uppermost lava bed of Bald Hill, one of the ‘table mountaius” of Calaveras County, Cal., and to have been so covered with cemented gravel that it was not recognized as a skull until the party to whom the original finder bad given it in his presence, removed some of the covering, and that it passed without fee or reward into the hangs of the State Geologist, who with his colleagues immediately investigated all the circumstances.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3
Ashburner, Dr. James Blake and others, of whom the speaker is the only present survivor.
The skull was then in the condition in which it was first ob- tained, except that a portion of the gravel which had originally covered the whole of it had been removed by Messrs. Mattison and Scribner (the finder and first receiver) from the anterior dome and right side of the cranium. The rest of it was still filled or covered by a hard mass of small gravel stones cemented together by iron oxide and calcareous cement. so that a too] was necessary to separate or remove the pebbles and other particles of which the conglomerate was made up. ‘These pebbles were obviously water- worn, and mixed with them were particles of other human bones,’ a perforated shell ornament or bead of small size and the fossilized remains of a thin and fragile snail shell, recognizable as the still existing Helix (Epiphragmophora) mormonum.
It was the speaker’s opinion that by no artificial agency could such a conglomerate have been assembled about a recent skull, and the sight of it was sufficient proof of the fact to any reasonable person. Unfortunately, however, no photographs were taken of the specimen in this condition, or at Jeast none are recorded; and when it was placed in the hands of the celebrated anatomist, Dr. Jettries Wyman, the encrusting material was removed in order that the characters of the skull should be determined. The specimen is now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and it is probable that part of the matrix is also preserved there. At al] events the recollection of the speaker was clear that the mass of the hard incrusting conglomerate was composed of smal] pebbles, with some ferruginous matter, entirely unlike the calcareous deposits from ealciferous water in caves. The mass of the material was not limy, but gravel; in al] essentials resembling the material taken from the gravel beds under the lava, of which specimens were at hand for comparison. Subsequent examination showed that the skull had been violently fractured and that portions of bones of the extremities and sternum had been crowded into its inter- stices with the gravel. It was found among a lot of wood also included in the gravel, as if the prehistoric stream in flood had washed away part of an ancient graveyard and crushed the bones and timber into a miscellaneous heap of débris, left behind, as the waters fell.
If, as has been intimated, the skull had been taken from some cave where the present Indians interred their dead, and where remains had been gradually covered with a stalagmitic crust, how is the peculiar agglomeration to be explained ?
In the speaker’s opinion, the attempts on the part of unscientific
— = =
? Part of which from their size must have belonged to another individual.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
persons of the vicinity to discredit the authenticity of the skull after it had attracted general attention were due to that spirit, unfortunately too common among ignorant persons, which leads them to disparage that in which they have no share. As the per- sons chiefly concerned made no attempt to utilize the discovery as a source of profit, and the coming of the specimen into scientific hands was due to circumstances which could not have been foreseen, the speaker believed that so far, no sufficient reason had been adduced for doubting the genuine character of the skull and its original situs below the Java; though the question of the coéxistence of man and the extinct mammals whose remains have been found in the same gravels is entirely distinct and may reasonably be left open.
JANUARY 17. J. Cueston Morris, M.D., in the Chair
Twenty-three persons present.
JANUARY 24, The President, Samuet G. Drxon, M.D., in the Chair. Eighteen persons present.
A paper entitled ‘‘ Contributions to the Life History of Plants, No. XIII,”’ by Thomas Meehan, was presented for publication.
A paper entitled ‘‘ The North American Species of Argia (Order Odonata),’’ by Philip P. Calvert, presented for publication August 17, 1897, was withdrawn by the author.
JANUARY 31. Mr. CHarues Morris in the Chair. Fifteen persons present.
A paper entitled «* A List of Fishes collected at Port Antonio, Jamaica,’’? by Henry W. Fowler, was presented for publication.
Rev. A. B. Kendig was elected a member.
The following were ordered to be printed:
1899.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 0
A STUDY OF THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF BIRDS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, WITH A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COLLECTION.
BY WITMER STONE.
The ornithological collection of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia has long been known as one of the largest and most important in the world. It was reported by Dr. P. L. Sclater in 1857 to be ‘‘ superior to that of any museum in Europe and therefore the most perfect in existence.’’*
Early ornithological activity in America naturally centred around this collection, and we find the names of all our earlier ornithologists connected with the Academy specimens, while the majority of their publications appeared in the Proceedings of the society.
Having been engaged for some years in cataloguing the collection and in identifying the type specimens which it contains, I wish to present in the present contribution the results of my investigations in order to record exactly what types are preserved, and the prob- able history of others which were supposed to be in this collection. The collection of birds was begun soon after the foundation of the Academy in 1812, and by the year 1837 contained about 1,000 specimens ; these were contributed by various members, among whom Dr. Harlan, Dr. Trudeau and J. K. Townsend are best known to ornithologists, though Dr. Thomas McEwen seems to have been most active in the care of the collection.
During the succeeding ten years the additions amounted to about 550 specimens, received from John Cassin, §. F. Baird, A. L. Heermann, S. W. Woodhouse, Dr. Watson and R. C. Taylor.
In 1846 Dr. Thomas B. Wilson, afterwards President of the Academy, became interested in the collection, and took steps to enlarge it at his own expense. He entered into arrangements with a European dealer to furnish him with specimens of such species
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 1, ‘‘ Notes on the Birds in the Museum of the Acad. of Nat. Sci. Phila.’’? An interesting account of the collection.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
as the Academy lacked in lots of one hundred at so much per specimen, but upon asking the advice of Dr, J. E. Gray, of the British Museum, as to the terms asked, he was strongly advised to abandon this plan and to purchase an entire collection, several of which were then on the market, that of Victor Massena, Due de Rivoli, Prince d’Esling, being especially recommended.
Accordingly Dr. Gray was authorized to proceed to Paris and ' secure the collection, which he promptly did, much to the chagrin of De Blainville and other French naturalists, who had fully expected that the French government would purchase the collec- tion.”
The Rivoli collection, numbering about 12,500 specimens, arrived in Philadelphia in September, 1846, and was deposited by Dr. Wilson with the Academy : the old collection being merged with it.®
Dr. Wilson followed this purchase with that of the Bourcier collection of Parrots and Tanagers, while his brother, Mr. Edward Wilson, of London,* who was also interested in building up the collection, purchased many small collections from J. and E. Ver- reaux and other dealers, including a number of specimens from the museum of 'femiinck.
In the following year two more collections were purchased for Dr. Wilson in London: the Gould collection of Australian birds and the Boys Indian Collection.
The former formed the basis of Gould’s magnificent work on the birds of Australia, and contained nearly all of his types of Australian birds. It was always Gould’s desire that this collection should become the property of the British Museum, and he offered it to the trustees for the moderate sum of £1000. His offer was, however, refused, and his disappointment was so great that ina moment of chagrin he disposed of it to Dr. Wilson.’
The Boys collection consisted of a full series of the species col- lected by Capt. Boys, of the British army, during several years’
2 See Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1869, Vol. iii, p. 317. ’ See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1846, pp. 75, 128, 131, 343.
* Mr. Wilson was the immediate agent of his brother in the purchase of the Rivoli and other foreign collections.
® See Sharpe’s Index to the Works of John Gould, p. xviii.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 7 residence in India. The duplicates of his collection were dispersed at auction, and Dr. Wilson obtained the only full set.°
Neither of these collections reached the Academy for a year or two afterward, the Gould collection being placed in Verreaux’s hands for mounting and the Boys collection being loaned to Mr. Gould for use in preparing his Birds of Asia.
While Dr. Wilson was bringing together his enormous collec- tion, many smaller additions were being made to the Academy’s series.
Between the years 1846 and 1860 the collections of Gambel, Cassin, Edw. Harris, Kern, Krider, Dr. Kane, T. C. Henry, Dr. Heermann, Dr. Woodhouse and McCall were received, and mate- rialiy increased the ¢ollection of North American birds.
On March 20, 1860, Dr. Wilson formally presented his entire collection, then estimated at 26,000 specimens, to the Academy.
The next ten years show comparatively little increase in the collection, the most important additions being the African birds received from the DuChaillu expeditions which were sent out partly under the auspices of members of the Academy,’ and the D’ Oca collection from Mexico.
Quite a number of specimens were received at this time by gift and exchange from the Smithsonian Institution. With the death of Dr. Wilson in 1865, and of John Cassin in 1869, active orni- thological work at the Academy ceased, and with the exception of a few scattered specimens, no addition of importance was made to the collection until 1887.
The accéssions since that date, as shown in the appended list, have been extensive and number to date about 17,500 specimens.
In the absence of any catalogue of the individual specimens, Cassin’s estimate of the collection in 1860 can only be regarded as approximate, and seems to have been too great. He states that there were about 29,000 specimens in the collection at thut time, while up to 1887, 2,590 more were received, but our catalogue of the specimens in the museum in 1887 shows only 25,945.
While no doubt a number of specimens were lost or exchanged, it seems hardly possible that as many as five thousand were dis-
6 See Jardine’s Contributions to Ornithology, 1848, p. 23. 1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 410: —
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
(1899.
posed of or destroyed, especially in view of the fact that nearly every type specimen or other of especial note is still in our pos-
session. ®
The following is a summary of the several collections contained
in the Academy’s museum:
Academy collection in 1860,
Rivoli collection, first purchase,
Rivoli collection, second purchase,
Gould collection (Australia),
Bourcier collection,
Boys collection (India), :
Collections obtained by Edward Wilson. .
Dr. Thomas B. Wilson’s original collec- tion, .
1860-64 Du Chaillu collections (Africa)
1864 D’ Oca collection (Mexico), . Miscellaneous, 1860-1887,
1880 Frazer collection (Pennsylvania),
1887 Butcher collection (North America),
Total received to 1887, .
5,000 12,500 2,500 2,000 1,000 1,000 4,500
2,500
29,000
428 1,522 300 300
531,550
Actual number of specimens in museum, 1887,
1888 W. L. Abbott (N. A. and W. Indies), 1890 F. C. Baker (Florida), 1890 Mexican Expedition,.
1891 S. N. Rhoads (Florida, Texas, eae
1891 West Greenland Expedition,
1892 Peary Relief and North Greenland Be haditions,
1893 G. W. Carpenter (miscellaneous),
1895 S. N. Rhoads Si sci and British oe
lumbia), . : 1894 R. B. Herron (California),
25,945 2,659
70 220 875 165 122 237
1,065 205
8 In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1860, p. 86, the Wilson collection is stated as
consisting of 26,000 mounted specimens and 2,000 skins.
I feel convinced,
however, that this is an error and that the estimate of 26,000 as given in detail by Cassin on the next page includes the ‘‘2,000 skins.’ The Academy
collection at that date numbered about 3,000 specimens.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9
1894 Van Deker (Honduras), . . m2 te 45 1895 Mrs. M. J. Chase (mainly Trackeilides), ay te 120 1895 T. H. Montgomery (Pennsylvania),. . 77 1895 S. N. Rhoads (Pennsylvania and New serex: 680 1895 S. N. Rhoads (Tennessee),. . - . .. . 58 1896 Benjamin Sharp (Alaska),. . tale 105 1896 Dr. A. Donaldson Smith (Somaliland, East Asie yt tf is Gee nog Peat gee 158 1896-97 R. T. Young (North We erin. Sees Shee yi 110 1898 G. and J. E. Farnum and Dr. A. D. Smith Riemer) a Ph ig rs Sree eats be al ine 5 1887-97 Miscellaneeus,. . We ee ear ere 658 1898 Turnbull Collection ( N. AY agi Babli 800 1899 Josiah Hoopes’ collection (N. A.), . . . . 7,250 41,660 1897 On deposit Stone collection (Pennsylvania and CM IEEROY ode, (Si eyes sles oss 1,800 Votal specumens, 1898, 5..)@0-2 (8) fy...) 48,460
As the collection was left by Dr. Wilson and John Cassin it was nearly all mounted and on exhibition in museum cases in accord- ance with the ideas prevalent at that time.
Since then, however, it has been clearly demonstrated that mounted specimens have but a limited existence, and sooner or later succumb to the ravages of light and dust, and for years the bulk of all the large collections has been preserved as skins in air-tight, light-proof cases. In accordance with this idea, the rearrangement of the Academy’s collection was begun in 1891, and all the types and other valuable specimens as well as many duplicates have been unmounted, and placed in tight cabinets, leaving an ample exhibi- tion series of about 10,000 specimens. Nearly all the recent addi- tions have been skins and have been added to the study series.
In the list of type specimens contained in the Academy collection which follows, the species are arranged according io authors. In order to make the paper more complete, however, mention is made of every author who described new species of birds in the Acad- emy’s publications, whether their types are in the collection or not, and the present location of the types, so far as known, is indicated.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
These authors are Bonaparte, Townsend, Leib, Gambel, Tru- deau, Cassin, Dudley, Hoy, Jones, McCall, Heermann, Sclater, March, Suckley, Woodhouse, Couch, Kennerly, Xantus-De Vesey, Henry, Baird, Elliot, Lawrence, Coues, Cooper, Ridgway, Hoopes, Herrick, Ogden, Gentry, Rhoads and Stone.
Along with the above have been grouped the following Amer- ican writers: Wilson, Audubon, Say, Nuttall, Cabot, Bryant and Krider, some of whose types are in the collection, but who pub- lished elsewhere than in the Academy’s journals. The sequence is nearly chronological.
Cassin, being an equal contributor to the ornithology of the Old and New World, is placed at the end of this list, and following him are considered Peale’s types and those of the various foreign authors contained in the collections purchased by Dr. Wilson, i. e.,
Jardine, Strickland, Massena, Verreaux, Lafresnaye, Sir A. Smith, Gould, Lesson, Vieillot, Eyton, Heine, Prevost and Knip.
In nearly every case I have selected one specimen as the type in cases where the describer did not make a selection, giving prefer- ence to the male over the female if both are described. This prac- tice seems preferable to considering all the specimens of the original lot to be ‘* cotypes,’’ especially as it is often impossible to ascer- tain how many of the specimens were in the describer’s possession at the time the diagnosis was prepared.
However, in order to be as accurate as possible, I have, in every case, included mention of all the specimens which might be con- sidered as ‘* cotypes’’ or ‘‘ paratypes,’’ whether in the Academy’s collection or not, so that those who do not agree in the above practice will find all the evidence before them.
Care in selecting a definite type and referring to it in the original publication cannot be too highly commended, as the confusion and difficulties that are presented by the carelessness of the older writers in this respect are only too apparent after having completed a study such as this.
The species are entered under the names by which they are gen- erally known at the present time, the nomenclature following the American Ornithologists’ Union Check List in the case of North American birds, and the British Museum Catalogue, in the main, in the case of foreign birds.
It is probable that some names here regarded as synonyms in
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. at
accordance with current usage will eventually prove tenable, but to decide all such cases in a publication of this kind is manifestly impossible,
After the current name is given the name which the type repre- sents and the reference to the original description, followed by the catalogue number and data of the type specimen and ‘‘ paratypes.”’
Where specimens are stated to be in the British Museum, U. S. National Museum or other institution, the information is quoted respectively from the Catalogue of Birds, Baird, Cassin and Law- rence, birds of North America, or the various descriptions of the authors themselves. °
ALEXANDER WILSON.
It is probable that all of Wilson’s types that were preserved were deposited in Peale’s Museum. The collections there contained were dispersed at auction upon the breaking up of the museum and such Wilson specimens as may have been there are probably
Two of the types were, however, obtained in exchange by the Academy before the Peale collection was scattered. These are as follows:
Buteo latissimus ( Wilson.) Falco latissimus Wils. Am. Orn., vi., 1812, p. 92, pl. 54, fig. 1. 1,551. ‘‘ Original specimen figured by Wilson.”’
Ictinia mississippiensis (Wilson). Falco mississippiensis Wils. Am. Orn., iii, 1811, p. 80, pl. 25, fig. 1. 2,032. ‘‘ Original specimen figured by Wilson.’’
THoMAS Say.
Say’s types collected on Major Long’s expedition to the Rocky mountains were apparently all deposited in Peale’s Museum, and many of them are figured in Bonaparte’s American Ornithology and definitely referred to by the Museum numbers.
As in the case of most of Wilson’s types, they have been entirely lost sight of. There is no evidence that any of them came into possession of the Academy.”
* Some data were also kindly furnished by Dr. C. W. Richmond, of the U.S. National Museum.
10 Early references to the ‘‘Philadelphia Museum’’ refer to Peale’s Museum, which bore this name after its reorganization, and not to the Academy, as is often supposed.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
CHARLES L. BONAPARTE.
Bonaparte’s types, described in his American Ornithology, were either deposited in Peale’s Museum or in his own collection. None of them appear to have been in the Academy collection, nor is there any trace of the types of several species described in the Journal of the Academy, 1824-1827.
Several of his types of foreign birds were, however, received in later years from Verreaux or Massena. A list of them follows:
Nothocercus julius (Bp.). Tinamus julius Bp. Compt. Rend., xxxvii (1853), p. 633. 12,914. © Colomb‘a. From Verreaux. Type.
Platycercus amathusie (Bp.). Platycercus amathusie Bp. Compt. Rend., xxx (1850), p. 133.
22,860. Australia. Type.
Bonaparte quotes ‘‘ Gould MSS.’’ as authority for this species, but Gould had not at that time published the species, and when he did, in 1855 (Pt. 2, p. 166) he used another name, P. cyanogenys, so that Bonaparte remains as the authority for the species.. Gould’s type is in the British Museum.
Ortygometra verreauxi (Bp.) Compt. Rend., xliii, pp. 599, 600. Ortygometra sclateri (Bp.) Compt. Rend., xliii, pp. 599, 600.
These are nomina nuda so far as I can ascertain. The species were later published by Sclater and Salvin as O. castaneiceps and hauxwelli respectively. The ‘‘ type specimens ’’ of Bonaparte are in the Academy collection received from Verreaux.
Diphyllodes respublica (Bp.). See under Schlegelia wilsoni of Cassin.
JoHN K. TowNsenp.
The new species of birds described by Townsend and Audubon from the Columbia river and Rocky mountains were obtained on an expedition undertaken by Townsend and Nuttall early in 1834.
Nuttall returned in October, 1835, via Hawaii and California, arriving home in August, 1856, while Townsend spent another year on the Columbia, visiting the South Pacific and Chile on his return.”
Nuttall met Audubon in Boston immediately after his return and gave him such notes as he had made on the Western birds for use in the Ornithological Biography. The only new birds which he seems
11 See Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains, ete.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Us
to have obtained were Agelaius tricolor and Pica nuttallii. That he did not collect more was partly due to the fact that he was mainly engaged in collecting plants and partly, as Audubon states, to the fact that ‘‘ he was not in the habit of carrying a gun on his rambles.’’
Townsend made the main ornithological collection, and appar- ently sent home by Nuttall all the specimens he had obtained up to the date of his departure, as the collection was in Philadelphia in 1836. Audubon, hearing of this, hastened to Philadelphia, and was much disgusted because Townsend’s friends would not let him describe the new species. An arrangement was, however, effected by which the new birds were to be published by Nuttall and Audubon in a paper in the Journal of the Academy under Townsend’s name, and then to be figured in the Birds of America.
And as a part of the same arrangement, Audubon (or Edward Harris for him) purchased the duplicate specimens.”
The types of the species described by Townsend are most of them still preserved in the Academy’s collection. The ‘‘ dupli- cates’’ purchased by Audubon were afterwards given by him to Edward Harris and Spencer F. Baird, and were eventually depos- ited respectively in the Academy and in the U. S. National Museum.
In some cases there are specimens in the U. S National Museum of species which are not now contained in the Academy’s series, in which case the former must be regarded as the types, otherwise the Academy specimens seem to have the best claim to be so considered.
The specimens collected by Townsend after Nuttall’s departure fall into another category. They were apparently (with a few exceptions) sent direct to Audubon,'* and were published by him in his Ornithological Biography, Vol. v, the types being subse- quently given to Harris and Baird along with the others. Most of these are now in the Academy and Nationa] Museum, and the question as to which should be considered the types naturally arises. Fortunately there is only one species of which specimens are in both institutions, 7. e., Dryobates villosus harrisii, and of this there is little difficulty in fixing the type.
Ornith. Biog., iv, Preface, p. xi.
13 Not, however, those obtained in the S. Pacific and Chile which are in the Academy collection.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Townsend, upon his return, published Cypeelus vauzii, Sylvia tolmoei, Cinclus mortoni and Cinclus townsendi, and a complete list of the birds observed by him in the West, noting all the species described by Audubon and himself. A list of all of Townsend’s species follows with reference to the type specimens, as well as to such others as are still preserved.
#gialitis montana (Towns.). Charadrius montanus Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p. 192. 24,353. 2 Rocky mountains. J. K. Townsend. Type.
Chaetura vauxii (Towns.). Cypcelus vauxii Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, p. 148. 24,169. Columbia river. J. K. Townsend. Type.
Junco hyemalis oregonus (Towns.).
Fringilla oregona Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p. 188.
24,048. Columbia river. J. K. Townsend. Type.
Two specimens with same data are in the U. S. National Museum from Baird (Nos. 1,947 and 1,948).
Calcarius ornatus (Towns.). Plectrophanes ornatus Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, p. 189. 24,099. Rocky mountains. J.K. Townsend. Type.
Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. Fringilla bicolor Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p. 189. 22,951. < Rocky mountains. J. K. Townsend. Type. 23,953. Q Rocky mountains. J. K. Townsend. Also one in U. 8. Nationa] Museum, with same data (2,869).
Dendroica auduboni (Towns.).
Sylvia auduboni Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p. 191.
23,826. < Columbiariver. J. K. Townsend. Type.
Also three specimens in U. S. National Museum. Dendroica nigrescens (Towns.).
Sylvia nigrescens Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p. 191.
Two specimens in the U. S. National Museum appear to be the only ones extant (Nos. 1,908 and 2,915).
1,908 (U.S. N. M.). G June 16, 1835. Columbia river. J. K. Town- send. Type. Dendroica townsendi (Towns.).
Sylvia townsendi Nutt., Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p: 191
One specimen in the U. S. National Museum is the only one extant.
2,918 (U.S. N. M.). © Oct. 28, 1835. Columbia River. J. K. Town- send. Type.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15
This specimen was unique and must have been purchased by Audubon along with the duplicates, or given to him later by Town- send,
Dendroica occidentalis (Towns.). Sylvia occidentalis Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p. 190.
I can find no record of Townsend’s specimen of this bird, and it is apparently not in the National Museum.
Geothlypis tolmoei (Towns.). : Sylvia tolmoei Towns. Appendix to Narrative of Journey Across Rocky
Mountains, April, 1830, p. 343. Also Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, p. 149.
23,765. Columbia river. J. K. Townsend. Type.
Also, three specimens in U. 8. Nat. Mus., from Baird (2,907, 1,910 and 1,861).
One of these specimens is the type of Sylvia macgillivrayi Aud. (see below), but in a paper in Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, p. 159, Townsend insists that his name (tolmoei) should have priority. In this he was correct, though the fact has been univer- sally overlooked.
Cinclus mexicanus Sw. Cinclus montana Towns.
Cinclus townsendii ** Audubon” Towns.
These two species are described in the Appendix to Townsend’s Narrative, p. 339, with reference to Audubon (Vol. iv, pl. 435). The first is based upon a single male, the latter upon a female. The descriptions were evidently prepared before Audubon’s plate and descriptions appeared with the understanding that he would adopt the above names. He meanwhile, however, rightly sur- mised that they were both identical with C. americanus Sw. (= mexicanus Sw.), and published them under that name ( Orn. Biog., v, p. 303).
The types may possibly be in the U. S. National Museum.
Oroscoptes montanus (Towns.). Orpheus montanus Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, vii, p. 195.
23,728. J.K. Townsend. Type.
Parus rufescens Towns. Parus rufescens Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vii, p. 190.
23,665. Q Columbiariver. J. K. Townsend. Type. Also in U. S. National Museum, two similar specimens (2,931 and 1,924).
14 See Stone ‘‘Auk,’’ Jan., 1899.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Psaltriparus minimus (Towns.). Parus minimus Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p. 190.
Apparently no specimens are extant.
Sialia mexicana occidentalis (Towns.). Sialia occidentalis Towns. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. vii, p. 188.
Two specimens are in the U. S. National Museum:
1,930 (U.S. N. M.). G Columbiariver. J. K. Townsend. Type.
2,949 (U.S. N.M.). @ Columbia river. J. K. Townsend.
JoHN JAMES AUDUBON.
The history of the Townsend specimens has been explained above and it only remains to speak of such others of Audubon’s types as have found their way to the Academy’s collection.
Two of these, Colaptes ayersii and Caprimulgus nuttallii, were presented by Audubon himself in 1849. .
Columba trudeaui was obtained from J. G. Bell, and the others were presented by Edward Harris in 1849, with the rest of his collection.
Cassin states that Harris’ collection contains the types of Quis- calus breweri, Sturnella neglecta, Fringilla harrisii, F. lineolni,” Alauda spraguei, Emberizu bairdii and Vireo belli.
Of several of these latter, Audubon also gave specimens to Baird, and it is a question which of these shajl be designated as the types. In the list below I have included both the Academy and Nationa) Museum specimens in all such cases.
Considering first the species based on Townsend’s collection, we find that two of those credited to Audubon in Townsend’s list were evidently so given by typographical error—Icterus gubernator and Diomedia chlororhynca being already described by other authors.
Teterus tricolor and Pica nuttalli (type 3,337, U.S.N.M.) were based on Nuttall’s specimens, and Picus gairdnerii apparently on one received from Gairdner or Nuttall, while the following were names based on account of birds that had been seen but not secured, and have no standing except Caprimuldgus nuttallii, which was rediscovered by Audubon himself in 1843, and properly described:
Phaiacrocorax leucurus. Picus pyrrhonotus. Phalacrocoraxz leuconotus. Turdus townsendiz. Phasianus americanus. Caprimulgus nuttallii.
13 Probably Cassin’s error. A specimen from the Upper Missouri was pre- sented by Harris, but Audubon’s type came from Labrador and seems to be lost.
_—_—>
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. VR
x
Of the other species, types of the following are in the U.S. National Museum:
Troglodytes parkmani (probably No. 66,644). Ptilogonys townsendii (No. 2,922). Sylvia delafieldii (No. 2,905).
Sylvia macgillivrayi (No. 1,910). Larus occidentalis. Fringilla townsendii (No. 2,874). Diomedia fused. Fringilla chlorura (No. 1,896). Phalacrocorax townsendit.
Of the rest, the types are in the Academy cellection, as follows, or else have been entirely lost: sight of :”
Dryobates villosus harrisii (Aud.). Picus harrisiti Aud. Orn. Biog., v, p..191. 1,923. Columbiariver. J. K. Townsend. Type. 24,246. Q Columbia river. J. K. Townsend.
Another in the U. S. National Museum does not correspond with either of those mentioned by Audubon in date of capture, so that it is probable that the above pair are those from which he drew his description.
Brachyspiza capensis peruviana (Less. )?
Fringilla mortont Aud. Orn. Biog., v, p. 312.
10,614. ‘‘Columbia river. J. K. Townsend.’? From Dr. Woodhouse. Type.
This specimen was evidently obtained in Chile, and was wrongly
labelled.
The other types of Audubon in the Academy collection are: Melopelia leucoptera (L.).
Columba trudeauti Aud. Bds. of Am., vii, p. 352.
30,034. ‘The type specimen described by Mr. Audubon. J. C.’’ Texas. From Bell. Scolecophagus breweri (Aud.).
Quiscalus breweri Aud. Bds. of Am., vii, p. 345.
3,840. Ft. Union. June 24, 1843. Edw. Harris. TZype.
Sturnella magna neglecta (Aud.). Sturnella neglectu Aud. Bds. of Am., vii, p. 339.
167 am indebted to Dr. Charles W. Richmond for information relative to the Townsend specimens contained in the National Museum.
11 The lost types are as follows—some of them may, however, be found among the material at the National Museum, part of which, Dr. Richmond informs me, is not at present accessible for «xamination :
Uria townsendii. Phalacrocorax resplendens. Procellaria pacific. Hematopus townsendit. Procellaria tenuirostris. Hematopus bachmani. Diomedia nigripes. Aphriza townsendit.
2
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
The specimen presented by Harris cannot now be found, and the type is therefore 1,939 (U. S. N. M.), June 30, 1843. J. J. Audubon. From S. F. Baird.
Colaptes auratus x cafer. Picus ayresei (Aud.). Bds. of Am., vii, p. 348. 30,198. G June 19, 1843. From J. J. Audubon, coll. by Bell. Type.
Zonotrichia querula (Nutt.). ‘vingilla harrisiti Aud. Bds. of Am., vii, p. 331.
24,073. From Edw. Harris.
24,074. 2 From Edw. Harris.
Also one specimen in the National Museum:
1,940 (U.S. N.M.). 4% ‘‘ Kickapoo country, May.5, 1843. J. J. Audu- bon,” from 8. F. Baird. Vireo belli (Aud.).
Vireo belli Aud. Bds. of Am., vil, p. 333.
23,880. ¢ From Edw. Harris.
Also one in the National Museum, viz. :
1,926. (U.S. N.M.) ‘Ft. Union, 1843. J. J. Audubon.”” From S$. F. Baird.
Anthus spraguei (Aud.). Alauda spraguei Aud. Bads. of Amer., vii, p. 334.
23,733. og’ June 24, 1843. Ft. Union. Edw. Harris. Type.
There is also a specimen in the National Museum:
1,854 (U.S. N. M.). ‘‘Ft. Union, 1843. J.J. Audubon.” From S$. F. Baird.
The specimen described is the male.
Ammodramus bairdii (Aud.). Emberiza bairdii Aud. Bds. of Amer., vii, p. 359.
24,085. Ft Union, 1843. Edw. Harris. Type.
24,086. Ft. Union, 1843. Edw. Harris.
There is also a specimen in the National Museum:
1,885 (U. S. N. M.). Ft. Union, 1843. J. J. Audubon, from Baird.
Phalenoptilus nuttallii (Aud.). Caprimulgus nuttallii Aud. Bds. of Amer., vii, p. 350.
24,182. From J.J. Audubon. Type.
THomas NUTTALL.
Nuttall’s new species were all described in his Manual, though he was, in all probability, responsible for the names published under the ostensible authorship of Townsend and Gamble during their absence in the West. Several of Nuttall’s species are based on specimens in the Academy’s collection as follows:
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19
Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas). Zonotrichia aurocapilla Nutt.
24,067. of Sept. 22,1836. Columbia river. Type. Melospiza fasciata guttata (Nutt.). Melospiza guttata Nutt.
This species is based upon Audubon’s description ef Fringilla cinerea (Orn. Biog., v, p. 22), which Nuttall rightly determined was not Fringilla cinerea of Gmelin. Audubon’s description was based upon one of Townsend’s specimens, which subsequently came into the Academy’s possession through Edward Harris, and must of course be regarded as the type of Nuttall’s JZ. guttata.
24,028. Columbia river. J. K. Townsend. From E. Harris. Type.
A female and an unsexed specimen are in the National Museum, also from Townsend.
Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli (Nutt.).
Fringilla gambeli Nutt.
Also based on a Townsend specimen in the Academy collection, but the type cannot now be found.
‘Turdus ustulatus (Nutt.).
Turdus ustulatus Nutt.
Based on a Townsend specimen in the Academy collection which I have identified as
23,644. Columbia river. J. K. Townsend. Type.
WiLuiAM GAMBEL.
Gambel’s new species were based mainly upon collections made by him in California and presented to the Academy, where most of the specimens are still preserved, though several have found their way into the National Museum.
Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pall.). Mergulus cassinii Gambel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1845, p. 266. 30,073. California. W.Gambel. Type. Sterna antillarum (Less.) Sterna frenata Gambel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 128. 24,499. Atlantic ocean. Dr. Heermann. Type. Sterna maxima (Bodd). Sterna regia Gambel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 128. 30,071. Florida. Dr. Heermann. Type. Sterna elegans (Gambel). Sterna elegans Gambel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 128. 30,070. ‘‘ Mazatlan, California.’”” W.Gambel. Type.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Dactylortyx thoracicus (Gambel). Ortyx thoracicus Gambel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 77. 12,405. Jalapa, Mex., D’Oca Coll. 12,404. Mexico, Pease Coll. Type. Callipepla gambelii (Gambel). Lophortyx gambellit ‘‘ Nutt.’? Gambel. Proc. Acad Nat. Sci. Phila., 1843, p. 260. 24,327. GQ California. W.Gambel. Type. Dryobates nuttallii (Gambel). Picus nuttallii Gambel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1843, p. 259.
The types of this species seem to be in the National Museum labelled as presented by Dr. Thomas B. Wilson.
3337 (U.S. N. M.). © California. W.Gambel. Type. Myiodynastes bairdii (Gambel).
Saurophagus bairdii Gambel. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., New Series, i, p. 40.
Type loaned by Baird, and now in U. S. National Museum.
This species inhabits South America. This specimen was wrongly attributed to California. Oreospiza chlorura (Aud.).
Fringilla blandingiana Gambel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1843, p. 260.
The type of this species cannot be found.
Harporhynchus redivivus (Gambel). Harpes redivivous Gambel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1845, p. 264.
23715. California. W.Gambel. Type. Troglodytes aedon (Vieill.).
Troglodytes sylvestris Gambel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1846, p. 113.
Proposed for T. americana Aud., which is preoceypied.
No type has been found.
Chamea fasciata (Gambel). Parus fasciatus Gambel. Proce. Acad. Nat. S2i. Phila., 1845, p. 265.
Type is in the National Museum.
3,339 (U.S. N. M.). California. Dr. Gambel. From Baird.
Parus gambeli Ridgw. Parus montanus Gamb2l. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1843, p. 259. The type of this species cannot be found.
Parus inornatus Gambel. Parus inornatus Gambel. Pros. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1845, p. 255.
Type is in the National Museum. 3,340 (U.S. N. M.). California. Dr. Gambel. From Baird.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21
JAMES TRUDEAU.
Trudeau described in the Academy’s Journal for 1837 and 1839, Picus auduboni from New Orleans, Pyranga leucoptera from Mexico. Neither of his types, however, seem to have been pre- sented to the Museum.
EpWARD HARRIS.
Harris described but one species, the type of which is before me.
Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris). Parus septentrionalis Harris. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1845, p. 300.
29,792, juv. Yellowstone river, upper Missouri. E. Harris. Type.
GeEoRGE A. McCaAtt.
Of McCall’s types two are preserved in the collection.
Otocoris alpestris occidentalis (McCall). Otocoris occidentalis McCall. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 218. 14,883. Santa Fé, N. Mex. July, 1850. Type.
This name must supplant either arenicola or adusta.
Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say).
Carpodacus obscurus McCall. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 220.
24,141. 9 Santa Fé, N. Mex. June, 1850. Type.
Of the other species described by him, the types cannot be found, viz. :
Columba solitaria (McCall). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 233.
Cyanocorax cassinti (McCall). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 216 (= Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus).
Carpodacus familiaris (McCall). Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852,
p. 61. GEORGE C. LErIB.
Camptolaimus labradorius (Gm.).
Fuligula grisea Leib. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1st series), viii, p. 170.
Type is perhaps one of two old specimens in the collection with- out data, but this is by no means certain.
WILLIAM DUDLEY. Grus americanus (Linn.). Grus hoyianus Dudley. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, p. 64.
Type in Museum Wisconsin Natural History Society.
Parito R. Hoy.
Bubo virginianus arcticus (Sw.). Bubo subarcticus Hoy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 211.
2,797. Racine, Wisconsin. Dr. Hoy. Type.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Nyctala acadica (Gm). Nyctale kirtlandii Hoy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 210. 2,718. Wisconsin. Dr. Hoy. Type.
Buteo bairdii (Hoy). See under Cassin.
W. L. Jones.
Dryobates pubescens (L.). Picus lecontet Jones. Ann. Lye. N. H., iv (1848), p. 489. 30,199. Georgia. Apr. 14, 1847. Dr. W. L. Jones. Type.
A. L. HEERMANN.
Three species were described by Heermann, the types being as follows: Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.). Podilymbus lineatus Heermann. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, p. alee 4,738. California. A. L. Heermann. Type. Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heerm.). Podiceps californicus Heermann. Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. dio: 30,072. California. A. L. Heermann. Type. Tringytes subruficollis (Heerm.). Actidurus nevius Heerm. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 178. 6,694 (U.S. N. M.). San Antonio, Tex. Type.
GEORGE SUCKLEY, C. B. R. KENNERLY, S. W. WoopHousE, J. Xantus DEVEsEy, D. N. Coucn, T. CHARLTON HENRY.
These authors all described new species in the Academy’s Pro- ceedings (1852-1859) from collections made by them on the vari- ous Government surveys, and while many duplicates from the collections have been presented to the Academy by the Smithsonian Institution, the types, with one exception, were retained.
Harporhynchus crissalis (Henry). Toxostoma crissalis Henry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 117. 23,713 (8,127). Ft. Thorn, N. Mex. T.C. Henry. Type. (See also Baird, Rev. Amer. Bds., p. 48).
SpencEeR F. Barrp.
While a majority of Prof. Baird’s new species were described in the Academy’s Proceedings, most of his types were the property of the U. S. National Museum. Those in the Academy’s collec- tion are as follows:
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25
Anser albifrons gambeli (Hartl.). Anser frontalis Baird. Bds. of N. Am., p. 762.
6,055. New Mexico. Dr. T. C. Henry, marked by Cassin as ‘‘ Type of species.’’
Two specimens are mentioned in the original description, and this is evidently one of them.
Empidonax minimus (Baird). Tyrannula minima Baird. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1843, p. 284.
4,465 (1,161 8. F. B.). Carlisle, Pa. Aug. 16, 1843, from Baird. Type.
Empidonax flaviventris (Baird). Tyrannula flaviventris Baird. Proc. Acid. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1843, p.
283.
The type of this species was also presented to the Academy (see Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1843, p. 289), but is not now extant.
Lanius fallax, or some allied Old World species. Collurio ludovicianus robustus Baird. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. N.
A. Bds., i, p. 420 (1874).
15,303. [‘‘ California.’’?] Dr. Gambel. Type.
The specimen probably came from the Old World (see Stejneger, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, p. 91).
Vireolanius eximius Baird. Vireolanius eximius Baird. Rev. Amer. Bds., 1864, p. 398.
24,497. Bogota, from J. G. Bell. Type.
Dendroica rufigula Baird. Dendroica rufiguia Baird. Rev. Amer. Bds., 1864, p. 204.
8,675. Martinique. Rivolicoll. (?) Type. Platycichla brevipes Baird. Platycichla brevipes Baird. Rev. Amer. Bds., 1864, p. 32.
While the Academy specimen, 24,495. is mentioned in the description, the National Museum specimen, 23,954, seems to have the better claim to recognition as the type.
GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.
As in the case of Baird, Lawrence was a frequent contributor to the Proceedings, though most of his types were preserved else- - where. Only two are in the collection.
Thamnophilus virgatus Lawr. Thamnophilus virgatus Lawr. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 361. 24,500. <§ Turbo, Panama. W.S. and C. J. Wood, Michler Exp. Type. This species is wholly ignored in the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, but is reéstablished in the Biologia Centr. Amer.,
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
ii., p. 199, after an examination of this specimen which seems to be unique. Auriparus flaviceps (Sundev.).
Conirostrum ornatum Lawr. Ann: Lye. N. Y., v, p. 112.
18,177. Rio Grande River. Capt. J.C. McCown. Type.
This specimen was apparently presented by Lawrence and is labelled as above in his hand.
DAG. siraa08 8: ELuiot Cougs, J. G. Cooper, Roserr RimpGway.
These authors all contributed diagnoses of new species to the Proceedings, but only two of their types are contained in the Academy’s collection.
Diomedia melanophrys Boie.
Diomedia gilliana Coues. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 181. 4,514. (Nodata.) Zype.
Glaucidium jardinii (Bp.). Glaucidium langsbergit Rdgw. Pree. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvi, p. 98. D586: ol Brazil) ype: 2,590. © Caracas. Though credited to ‘‘ Leyd. Mus., T. B. Wilson,’’ Ridgway
seems to have been the first to publish this name.
P. L. ScLATER.
Dr. Sclater described several new species in Jardine’s Oontribu- tions to Ornithology, based on. specimens loaned him by Edward Wilson. The types, however, seem to have been afterwards secured by Dr. Sclater, and presented to the British Museum, and never reached the Academy collection.
Such species are:
Huphonia frontalis.
Calliste lunigera.
Calliste xanthogastra.
Some other specimens upon which he based descriptions were lost in shipment to Philadelphia (see Contr. to Ornith., 1852, p. 59). Besides the birds loaned to him by Edward Wilson, Sclater described two new species during his visit to the Academy in 1856. His types in the collection are as follows:
Glaucidium gnoma californicum Scl. : Glaucidium californicum Sel. P. Z. S., 1857, p. 4. 2,559. 9 California. Dr. A. L. Heermann. Type.
i) oO
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Pygoptila margaritata (Scl.). Myrmeciza margaritata Sel. P. Z.S., 1854, p. 253. 8,111. ¢ Peru, from Verreaux. Type.
Saltator atripennis Scl. Saltator atripennis Sel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 261. 7,900. < ‘‘Popayan, N. Granada.’’? Rivolicoll. Type. 7,801. <¢ ‘‘Popayan, N. Granada.’’ Rivoli coll.
Helodytes humilis Scl. Campylorhynchus humilis Sel. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 263. 24,496. CG Mazatlan. Bell. 23,908. ‘*California.’?’ Dr. Gambel.
Henry Bryant. Tachycineta cyaneoviridis (Bryant).
Hirundo cyaneoviridis Bryant. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii (1859), p. 111.
15,639. Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas. Pres. by Dr. Bryant, 1860. Type.
Most of Dr. Bryant’s types are presumably in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, but this specimen was sent to the Academy immediately after it was described, and is distinctly marked as the type.
W. T. Marcu.
March described Mimus hillii in the Academy’s Proceedings in 1863, but his type is in the U. S. National Museum.
SAMUEL CABOT, JR. Psilorhinus mexicanus Rupp.
Corvus vociferus Cabot. Jour. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv (1844), p. 464.
3,096. Yucatan. Type.
This is the only one of Cabot’s specimens in the Academy, and is marked by Prof. Baird as the type.
JOHN K RIDER.
The well-known gunmaker and taxidermist of Philadelphia, though a great collector, was not much of a contributor to ornitho- logical literature, and the only species described by him was the following, which proves to be merely a partly melanistic Common Quail:
Colinus virginianus (L.).
Ortyxz virginianus var. hoopesi Krider. Forest and Stream, Vol. xvi, p. 245.
12,391. J.Krider. Type.
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
BERNARD A. Hoopes.
Buteo borealis kriderii (Hoopes). Buteo kriderti Hoopes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1873, p. 238. 1,493. J Winnebago Co., Iowa. Sept., 1872. J. Krider. Type.
Herotp HERRICK.
Helminthophila lawrencei (Herrick). Helminthophaga lawrencet Herrick. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 220.
Type probably in the American Museum of Natural History.
J.. A. OGDEN. Chettusia crassirostris De Fil. Chettusia nigrifrons Ogden. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, p. 196. 11639. Fazogloa Africa. Rivolicoll. Type.
‘* Chettusia cassini Ogden’’ seems to be only a manuscript name.
No. 11,641, 2, Java, Rivoli Coll., is labelled as the type with the above name. Ptilorhis magnifica (Vieill.).
Ptilorhis wilsoni Ogden. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875 (Jan., 1876), p. 451.
3,124. New Guinea. Rivolicoll. Type.
ALAN F. GENTRY,
Cyanocorax heilprini Gentry. Cyanocorax heilprint Gentry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, p. 90. 3,055. ' Rio Negro. Rivolicoll. Type.
Apparently unique, perhaps a hybrid.
WITMER STONE.
Anous atrofuscus Stone. Anous atrofuscus Stone. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 117. 5,027. Merde Montevideo. Rivolicoll. Type.
Bubo virginianus (Gm.).
Bubo v. occidentalis Stone. Auk, 1896, p. 155.
26,435. Mitchell Co., Iowa. Dr. W. L. Abbott. 1880. Type.
This specimen proved not to be the ‘‘ Western Horned Owl,’’ but intermediate between virginianus and arcticus. ‘The ‘‘ Western Horned Owl’’ was subsequently named Bubo v. pallescens Stone (type in U. 8. National Museum).
Sturnella magna hoopesi Stone. Sturnella magna hoopesi Stone. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1897, p. 149. 786 (Coll. Josiah Hoopes). % Brownsville, Tex. Mar. 13, 1892. F. B. Armstrong. Type.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
bo sj
SAMCEL N. RHOADs.
Parus hudsonicus columbianus Rhoads. Parus hudsonicus columbianus Rhoads. Auk, 1893, p. 23.
31,493. ' Field, B.C. Aug. 30, 1892. Coll. S. N. Rhoads. Type.
JOHN CAssry.
As the ornithologist of the Academy for over twenty-five years of its greatest ornithological activity, it is not surprising that Cassin described more new species from the collection than any one else, nor is it a matter of wonder that with such a collection constantly at hand he pursued his studies among the birds of all parts of the world with equal freedom. Cassin’s publications consisted mainly of his papers in the Proceedings and Journal of the Academy.
Besides these he published the Birds of California and Texas, Birds of the Japan Expedition,“ U. 8. Astronomical Expedition,” the second edition of the Birds of the U. S. Exploring Expedition, and contributed the Raptores, Grallze and Alcidee to Baird’s Birds of North America.
The types of new species described in the Government publica- tions are all in the National Museum, while the vast majority of those described in these Proceedings are in the Academy collection. In a few of the species described in the latter, as well as those in the Birds of California and Texas, he frequently says ‘‘ specimens in the Acad., Phila., and Nat. Mus., Wash.,’’ which occasions some ambiguity. In such cases I have’ given preference to the Acad- emy specimens as being probably those before him at the time of writing, especially when these are labelled by Cassin himself, but in some instances, as seen below, the National Museum specimens have the better claim.
A word of explanation as to Cassin’s connection with the Birds of the U. S. Exploring Expedition may not be out of place, as the matter is not generally clearly understood.
The original report was prepared by Titian R. Peale, who accom- panied the expedition, but only ninety copies of this work were issued. These which were distributed to the leading libraries but without plates. Subsequently, in consideration of the impor- tance of the work, a new report was prepared by Cassin, accom- panied by a volume of plates which had been originally intended to accompany the first edition.
18 In these reports no new species are proposed.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Cassin had the original Peale collection submitted to him upon which to prepare his report. These specimens were mainly returned to the National Museum, but a small number, including some types, were presented to the Academy. Peale’s work is remarkable for the number of names it adds to the synonymy, for out of 109 species described as new, only thirty-three are accepted in Cassin’s edition. The few novelties described by Cassin from the collection are originally described in the Academy Proceedings.
Cassin’s types have been grouped geographically in the following list and all the species proposed by him are included whether the types are in the Academy or not.
Casstn’s NortH AMERICAN TYPES.
Cerorhina monocerata (Pall.).
Cerorhina suckleyi Cass. Baird’s Bds. of Am., p. 906.
4,579 (U.S. N. M.). Ft. Steilacoom, Washington T. Dr. G. Suckley. Type. Larus heermanni Cass.
Larus heermanni Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 187.
Type cannot be found.
Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii (Cass.). Fulmarus rodgersii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 326.
Type in U. S. National Museum.
Merganser americanus (Cass.). Mergus americanus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 187. No type mentioned, based partly on Wilson’s plate.
Oidemia deglandi Bp. Oidemia velvetina Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1850, p. 126. 5,540. Egg Harbor, N. J. E. J. Lewis, M.D. Type.
Chen hyperborea (Pall.). Anser albatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 41. 6,045. Philadelphia market. Type.
Chen rossii (Cass.). Anser rossii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1861, p. 73.
Type in U. S. National Museum.
Branta canadensis (L.). Anser parvipes Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 187. 6,019. Vera Cruz, Dr. Burrough. T'ype.
Grus canadensis L. Grus fraterculus Cass. Baird’s Bds. of Am., p. 656. 10,378 (U.S. N. M.). Albuquerque, N. Mex. Lt. Whipple. TZype.
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 23 Tringa alpina pacifica (Coues).
Tringa alpina americana Cass. Baird’s Bds. of Am., p. 719.
No type mentioned; name proposed for the American bird as distinct from the European. Aegialitis nivosa Cass.
Baird’s Bds. of Am., p. 696. 6,600 (U.S. N. M.). Presidio, Cal. Lt. Trowbridge. Type.
Buteo cooperi Cass. Buteo cooperi Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 253.
Type in U. S. National Museum.
Buteo borealis calurus (Cass.). Buteo calurus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 281.
1,516. N. Mexico. Dr. T.C. Henry. Type.
Buteo lineatus elegans (Cass.). Buteo elegans Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 281. 1,544. < California. Type.
Buteo swainsoni Bp. Buteo ozypterus Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 282.
1,465. N. Mexico. Dr. T.C. Henry. Type.
Another specimen (8,550) in the National Museum is recorded by Ridgway as the type, but it is from Ft. Fillmore, while the type is from Ft. Webster. Our specimen is marked type by Cassin.
Buteo insignatus Cass. Bds. of Cal. and Tex., p. 102.
“ Type is in the Museum of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Montreal.”’
This was a melanistic specimen.
Buteo bairdii ‘‘Hoy’’ Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 451.
1,469. Wisconsin. Dr. Hoy. Type.
This is a very light-colored individual.
Falco mexicanus Schleg. Falco polyagris Cass. Bas. of Cal. and Tex., p. 88. 2,175. Source of the Platte. J. K. Townsend. Type.
Falco peregrinum anatum (Bp.). Falco nigriceps Cass. Bds. of Cal. and Tex., p. 87.
2,072. Bearcreek, Cal. Kern. Type.
Polyborus cheriway (Jacq.). Polyborus auduboni Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1865, p. 2.
Type in U. S. National Museum.
Megascops asio trichopsis (Wagl.) Scops mecallit Cass. Bds. of Cal. and Tex., p. 180.
The only specimen in the Academy which could have been ex- amined by Cassin is a very young bird, so that the type should be selected from the National Museum series.
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Bubo virginianus pacificus Cass.
Bubo virginianus pacificus Cass. Bds. of Cal. and Tex., p. 178.
This name was proposed for all Horned Owls of the Pacific slope, and no type was designated. As restricted by Stone (Auk, 1896, p. 153), the typical specimen is 27,905, %, San Bernardo, Cal., April, 1887, R. B. Herron.
Bubo virginianus (Gm.). Bubo virginianus atlanticus Cass. Bds. of Cal. and Tex., p. 178. Proposed for Horned Owls of the Atlantic slope. No type designated.
Xenopicus albolarvatus (Cass.).
Leuconerpes albolarvatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 106.
19,338. ' California. J. Bell. Type.
19,535 is the female specimen mentioned. Sphyrapicus thyroides (Cass.).
Picus thyroides Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 349.
24,214. 2 California. J. Bell. Type.
24,213 is another female with same data.
Chordeiles virginianus henryi (Cass.). Chordeiles henryi Cass. Bds. Cal. and Tex., p. 233. 24,179. Rio Grande, Lat. 329°. Dr. T. C. Henry. Type.
Another with same data is in the National Museum (No. 6,005).
Spinus lawrencei (Cass.). Jarduelis lawrencei Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 105. 24,120. of California. J. G. Bell. Type.
24,121 is a female with same data.
Ammodramus rostratus (Cass.). Emberiza rostrata Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 184. 24,087. California. Dr. Heermann. Type.
24,088 is another collected at the same time. Spizella breweri Cass. Spizella breweri Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 40. 24,050. Black Hills, Dak. J. K. Townsend. Type. Amphispiza bilineata (Cass.). Emberiza bilineata (Cass). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1850, p. 104. 24,038. Rio Grande, Tex. J. W. Audubon. Type. Amphispiza belli (Cass.). Emberiza belli Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1850, p. 104. 24,036. California. J. G. Bell. Type.
24,034 is another specimen with same data.
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31
Peucza ruficeps (Cass. ). Ammodramus ruficeps Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 184.
24,031. California. Dr. A. L. Heermann. 3,831 (U. S. National Museum) has the same data. Vireo flavoviridis (Cass.). Vireosylvia flavoviridis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 152. Cassin refers to specimens from Panama and Nicaragua, but none of these seem to be extant. Vireo philadelphica (Cass.). Vireosylvia philadelphica Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 153. 23,891. Philadelphia, Sep., 1842. J. Cassin. Type. Vireo huttoni Cass. Vireo huttoni Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 150. 3,725 (U.S. N. M.). Monterey, Cal. Hutton. Type. The specimen from Georgetown, Cal., collected by Bell, cannot be found. Sitta carolinensis aculeata (Cass.). Sitta aculeata Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 254. 23,684. ' California. Dr. Gambel. Type. Parus atricristatus Cass. Parus atricristatus (Cass.). Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 103. 23,676. Rio Grande, Tex. J.W. Audubon. Type. Parus wollweberi Bp. Parus annexus Cass. Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 103. 23,674. Rio Grande, Tex. J. W. Audubon. Type,
Casstn’s MEXICAN AND TropicAL AMERICAN TyPEs. Cathartes burrovianus Cass. Cathartes burrovianus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1845, p. 212. 58. Vera Cruz. Dr. Burrough. Type. Regerhinus wilsoni (Cass.). Cyminidis wilsonii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 199. 1,944. <¢ Gibara, Cuba. R.C. Taylor. Type. 1,945 is a female with same data. Micrastur guerilla Cass. Micrastur guerilla Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 87. 243. Mexico. Coll. by Pease. Type. 244 from same locality and collector. Nyctalatinus harrisii Cass. Nyctale harrisii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1849, p. 157. 2,723. S. America (?) from J. G. Bell. Type. Ciccaba albogularis (Cass.). Syrnium albogularis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 124. 2,689. S. America. Rivolicoll. Type. 2,688 is another specimen with same data.
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF (1899.
Ciccaba virgata (Cass.). Syrinium virgatum Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 124.
2,688. S. America. Rivolicolln. Type.
Megascops brasilianus (Gm.) ?. Ephialtes watsonii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 123.
2,445. S. America. Type. Another specimen mentioned is 2,444 from the Orinoco.
Ara auricollis Cass. Ara auricollis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 372.
22,358. S. America. Rivolicoll. Type. The other specimens mentioned are 22,359 and 22,357. Chrysotis viridigenalis Cass. Chrysotis viridigenalis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 371- 92.506. < Brazil? Rivolicoll. Type.
Bolborhynchus lineolus (Cass.). Psittacula lineola Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 372. 22,984. Mexico (National Bridge). Pease coll. Zype.
Brotogeris tuipara (Gm.). Brotogeris aurifrons Cass. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 159. 92,458. S. America. Type.
~~
Selenidera spectabilis Cass. Seienidera spectabilis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 214.
20,432. <\ Veragua, N. Grenada. R. W. Mitchell. Type.
Ramphastos toco Mull. Ramphastos albogularis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1867, p. 101.
20,392. Central America. Rivolicoll. Type.
Campephilus bairdii Cass. Campephilus bairdii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1863, p. 322.
19,610. o Cuba. R.C. Taylor. Type. Specimens also in U. S. National Museum.
Celeus loricatus (Reichb.). Celeus mentalis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 137.
19,548. < Atrato River, N. Grenada. Lt. Michler. Type. 19,547, 2, Turbo, is the other specimen mentioned. These were received from the Smithsonian Institution.
Dryobates orizabae (Cass.). Picus orizabae Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 196.
19,267. <Q Jalapa, Mex. D’Oca collection. Type. 19,266, a female, with same data.
Dryobates vagus Cass. Picus vagus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 196. 19,264. < Mexico? Type.
Also 19,265, 2, both from the Rivoli collection.
Yo vo
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
Galbula cyaneicollis Cass. Galbula cyaneicollis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 154.
20,736. Para, Brazil. J.G. Bell. Type. 20,737 and 20,738 are other Bell specimens. Bucco ordii Cass. Bucco Ordii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 154. 20,773. Rio Negro. . Type.
Monasa pallescens Cass. Monasa pallescens Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 134.
20,830. < Truando. Lt. Michler. Type. 20,829 is a female with the same data.
Macropsalis forcipata (Nitzsch).
Hydropsalis limbatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1849, p. 236.
21,946. <' S. America. Type.
21,943 is the female also described. Macropsalis segmentata Cass.
Hydropsalis segmentatus Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1849, p. 238.
21,939. ' Bogota. Rivoli coll. TZype.
21,941, 2, is the other specimen described by Cassin. Antrostomus serico-caudatus Cass.
Antrostomus serico-caudatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1849, p. 238.
21,905. S. America. Type.
21,904 is the younger bird mentioned in the description. Chetura cinericauda (Cass. )
Acanthylis cinericauda. Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 58.
21,780. S. America, from Edw. Wilson. Type.
21,781 is the other specimen mentioned. This is not a synonym of C. pelagica as given in the British Museum Catalogue.
Claudia squamata (Cass.). Cypselus squamatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 369.
21,770. Guiana. ‘‘Dr. Dawson.’’ Type.
In the description the specimen is said to be from ‘‘ Dr. Dalton.’ Pittasoma michleri Cass.
Pittasoma michleri Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 189.
Type in U. S. National Museum.
Gymnocichla nudiceps (Cass.). Myiothera nudiceps Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 106. 8,102. < Panama. J.G. Bell. Type.
Chiromacheris flaveola (Cass.). Manacus flaveolus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 349. jae 3 Bogota. Type.
»
3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Cyanocorax violaceus DuBus. Cyanocorax harrisii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 26. 3,061. Guayaquil, Ecuador. Rivolicoll. Type. Aphelocoma unicolor (DuBus). Cyanocorax concolor Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 26. 3,39. S. America. Rivolicoll. Type. Cassicus flavicrissus Scl. Cassicus melanurus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 66. 3,828. Guayaquil, Ecuador, from Dr. T. B. Wilson.- Type. Molothrus rufoaxillaris Cass. Molothrus rufoaxillaris Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 23. Type in U. S. National Museum. Molothrus cabanisii Cass. Molothrus cabanisti Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1866, p. 22. Type. 3,651. Rivolicoll. Type. Idiopsar brachyurus Cass. Idiopsar brachyurus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1866, p. 414. Type in U. S. National Museum.
Icterus giraudii Cass.
Icterus giraudii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 333. 3,434. o Bogota. Type. Several other specimens are in the collection.
Icterus sclateri Cass. Icterus sclateri Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 49. 3,423. ' Nicaragua, from Dr. Wilson. Type.
3,424 is a female bearing the same data.
Icterus auricapillus Cass.
Icterus auricapillus Cass. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 137- 3,431. © Central America. Type.
Icterus graceanne Cass.
Icterus grace-anne Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 52. 3,432. Western S. America. Mr. Clay. Type.
Icterus maculi-alatus Cass.
Teterus maculi-alatus Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 332.
3,453. Coban Vera Paz. Rivoli coll. Type.
Cassin gives ‘‘ Vera Cruz’’ as the locality, evidently a misquota- tion of the label.
Icterus mesomelas (Wagl.).
Icterus salvinii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 51. 3,449. Costa Riza, from Dr. Wilson. Type.
: 2 = e - - 5 Another specimen is 3,452, from the Rivoli collection.
Icterus graysoni Cass. Icterus graysoni Cass. Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 49.
Type in U. S. National Museum.
a ae
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3D
Quiscalus lugubris Sw. Quiscalus mexicanus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 408. 3,681. ‘‘Mexico.’”? Type.
Quiscalus fortirostris Lawr.?? Quiscalus rectirostris Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 409.
3,684. Rivolicoll. Type.
Quiscalus gundlachii Cass. Quiscalus gundlachii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 406.
3,673. o' Cuba. R.C. Taylor. Type. Quiscalus brachypterus Cass.
Quiscalus brachypterus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 406.
3,671. North side of Porto Rico. Geo. Latimer. T7ype.
Also 3,672. Porto Rico. R. Swift.
Spinus xanthogaster (DuBus). Chrysomitris bryanti Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1865, p. 91. Type in U. S. National Museum.
Paroaria nigrogenys (Lafr.).
Tanagra nigro-aurita Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 85.
10,720. Para. Mr. Wilf. Type.
The specimen from Rio Negro which might have better claims to being considered the type cannot be found.
Chlorothraupis olivaceus Cass. Orthogonys olivaceus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 140. 7,572. Truando River, Panama. Lt. Michler. Type.
Calospiza cyaneicollis (Lafr.).
Calliste hannahie Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 287.
7,284, from Mr. Geo. Robbins. ‘‘ Maracaibo.”’ Type.
The specimen is clearly marked as the type, though Cassin gives the locality as Merida mountains, Venezuela. Probably it was obtained in Maracaibo, and the exact habitat ascertained later. Calospiza lavinia (Cass.).
Calliste lavinia Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 178.
The type of this species cannot be found.
Chlorophanes spiza melanops Cass.
Chlorophanes melanops Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 268.
3,977. Q Rio Negro. Rivolicoll. Type.
The other specimen does not seem to have been preserved. Chlorophanes spiza cerulescens Cass.
Chlorophanes cerulescens Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 268.
3,976. Juracares, Bolivia. Rivolicoll. Type.
This and 3,975, °, from same locality, are from D’ Orbigny’s col- lection (‘‘ No. 149’’).
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [ 1899.
Euphonia annee Cass. Huphonia annew Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 172.
Type in U. S. National Museum. Buarremon crassirostris Cass.
Buarremon crassirostris Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 170.
Type in U. S. National Museum.
Arremon aurantiirostris Lafr. ? Arremon rufidorsalis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 170.
Type in U. S. National Museum.
Pitylus poliogaster DuBus. Pitylus flavocinereus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 67.
7,905. of S. America. Rivoli coll. Type.
Atticora cinerea (Gm.). Petrochelidon murina Cass. Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 370. 15,741. Ecuador, from Edw. Wilson. Type.
Dendroica vieilloti Cass Dendroica vieilloti Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 192.
Type is 10,211 (U.S. National Museum); fide Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds.
Cassin’s Types: oF AFRICAN BrRps.
Cassin published more upon the birds of Africa than those of any of the other continents, being influenced largely by the many collections received from Gaboon and other parts of the continent, especially from Du Chaillu and Dr. McDowell.
Anas hartlaubii (Cass.). Querquedula hartlaubii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 175. 5,736. River Camma, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. 5,737. River Camma, W. Africa. DuChaillu.
Phasidus niger Cass. Phasidus niger Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 322. 12,613. G Cape Lopez, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Guttera plumifera (Cass.). Numida plumifera Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 321. 12,576. Cape Lopez, W. Africa. DuChaillu. TZype.
Francolinus squamatus Cass. Francolinus squamatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 321. 12,163. Cape Lopez, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. 12,162. Cape Lopez, W. Africa. DuChaillu.
Turturena iriditorques (Cass.). Columba iriditorques Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 254. 13,296. W. Africa. Dr. McDowell. Type.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37
Columba unicincta Cass. Columba unicincta Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 143. 13,280. <¢ Ogobai river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. Spizetus africanus (Cass.). Limnetus africanus Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 4. 1,778. Ogobai river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. 1,779. Ogobai river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Megascops scops hendersonii (Cass.). Ephiultes hendersonii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 186. 2,404. << Off Novo Redondo, W. Africa. Dr. Henderson. Type. 2,403. 2 Off Novo Redondo, W. Africa. Dr. Henderson. Ortholophus albocristatus (Cass.). Buceros albocristatus Cass. Proc. Acad Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 330. 24,498. St. Paul’s river, W. Africa. Dr. McDowell. Type. Bycanistes fistulator (Cass.). Buceros fistulator Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 68. 9,539. W. Africa, Verreaux. Type. Lophoceros camurus (Cass.). Tockus camurus Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 319. 9,520. Cape Lopez, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. Mesopicus elliotii (Cass.). Polipicus elliotii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 197. 19,455. Muni river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. Campothera malherbei (Cass.). Chrysopicus malherbet Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1863, p. 198. 18,997. <¢? Zanzibar. Type. Campothera abingdoni (Smith). Campethera chrysura lineata Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, pase: 18,982. © Port Natal. Type. Campothera maculosa. Campethera vestita Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 197. 18,996. St. Paul’s river, W. Africa. Dr. McDowell. Type. Myioceyx lecontei (Cass.). Ispidina lecontet Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 158. 21,275. W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
This specimen seems to be still unique. A drawing of it was sent by Turnbull to Mr. Bowdler Sharpe. The figure in the latter’s Monograph of Alcedinide is taken from it. It is an excel- lent representation of the bird.
Indicator exilis (Cass.). Melignothes exilis Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 157. 19,801. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Indicator conirostris (Cass.). Melignothes conirostris Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 156. 19,802. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Prodotiscus insignis (Cass.). Heterodes insignis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 157.
19,804. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Heliobucco bonapartii (Hartl.). Barbatula fuliginosa Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 324. 20,629. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Barbatula duchaillui Cass. Barbatula duchaillui Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 324. 20,656. ' Moondariver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Merops mulleri (Cass.). Meropiscus mulleri Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 37. 21,547. Muniriver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Merops breweri (Cass.). Meropogon brewert Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 34. 21,620. <j Ogobai river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type,
21,621 is a female specimen from the same locality.
Malimbus scutatus (Cass.). Sycobius scutatus Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1849, p. 157.
14,104. o W. Africa. Dr. McDowell. Type. 14,105. Q W. Africa. Dr. McDowell. Malimbus racheliz (Cass.). Sycobius racheliew Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 36. 14,100. 3 Muniriver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. TZype. 14,101. Muniriver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Pyrenestes coccineus Cass. Pyrenestes coccineus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 67. 14,694. W. Africa. Dr. McDowell. Type. Hyphantornis badius Cass. Hyphantornis badius Cass. Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 57. 14,052. Fazogloa, E. Africa. Rivolicoll. Type. Hyphantornis collaris (Vieill.). Hyphantornis cinctus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 133. 14,065. Q Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. Pyromelana nigriventris (Cass.). Euplectes nigroventris Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 66. 14,301. © Zanzibar. Rivoli coll. Type. Penthetria ardens (Bodd.). Vidua concolor Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 66. 14,215. Africa. Rivolicoll. Type. Steganura paradisea (L.). Vidua verreauxiit Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 56. 14,177. o Abyssinia. Type. 14,193. Q Abyssinia.
There are two other males bearing the same data, but 14,177 is evidently the one described.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39
Penthetria albonotata (Cass.). Vidua albonotata Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 65. 14,226. Port Natal, from Edw. Wilson. Type.
Spermestes nigriceps Cass. Spermestes nigriceps Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 185. 14,358. << Zanzibar. Rivolicoll. Type. 14,359. Q Zanzibar. Rivoli coll.
Buchanga assimilis Bechst. Dicrurus aculeatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 348. 286. Fazogloa. Rivolicoll. Type.
Graucalus azureus Cass. Graucalus azureus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 348. 402. W. Africa. Dr. McDowell. Type.
Lanius pallidirostris Cass. Lanius pallidirostris Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 244. 15,306. E. Africa. Rivolicoll. Type.
Lanius pallens Cass. Lanius pallens Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 245. 15,308. Fazogloa, E. Africa. Rivolicoll. Type. 15,307. Fazogloa, E. Africa. Rivoli coll.
Laniarius quadricolor (Cass.). Lanius quadricolor Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 245. 15,136. < Port Natal, Africa. Type. 15,138, juv. §' Port Natal, Africa. Type.
Nicator chloris (Less.). Laniarius lepidus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.. 1855, p. 327.
The type of this species cannot be found.
Dryoscopus sublacteus Cass. Dryoscopus sublacteus Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 246. 15,162. E. Africa? Rivolicoll. Type.
Dryoscopus leucorhynchus (Hartl.). Laniarius carbonarius Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 347. 15,275. W. Africa. Dr. McDowell. Type.
Dryoscopus atrialatus Cass. Dryoscopus atrialatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, p. 246. 15,172. E. Africa? Rivolicoll. Type.
**Eopsaltria cinerea ”’ Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 253.
The type of this species cannot be found, and I do not find the name quoted in synonymy. Its true relationship seems uncertain. Pholidornis rushiz (Cass.).
Dicacum rushie Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 325.
15,553. Moondariver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
15,554. Q Moondariver, W. Africa. DuChaillu.
40) PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Parmoptila woodhousei Cass. Parmoptila woodhousei Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 40. 15,555. Q Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. J'ype.
Apparently unknown, except from the two specimens described
by Cassin, of which the male seems to have been lost.
Psalidoprocne nitens (Cass.). Atticora nitens Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 38. 15,774. Muniriver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Psalidoprocne holomelas Sund. Atticora hamigera Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 57. 15,771. Port Natal. Type.
Hirundo dimidiata Sund. Hirundo scapularis Cass. Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1850, p. 59. 15,672. E. Africa. Type.
ZEgithalus flavifrons Cass. Hgithalus flavifrons Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 325. 9,390. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Alseonax comitatus (Cass.). Butalis comitatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 35. 576. Muniriver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. TZype.
Alseonax epulata (Cass.). Butalis epulatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 326. 577. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Artomyias fuliginosa Verr. Butalis infuseatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 326. 60i. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Leoptilus olivaceus (Cass.). Parisoma olivaceus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 52. 806. o Cammariver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. This appears to be unique.
Parisoma plumbeum (Hartl.). Parisoma melanurum Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 51- 811. Cammariver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Erythrocercus mecallii (Cass. ). Pycnosphrys mecallii Cass. Proc. Acai. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 326. 887. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Trochocercus nitens Cass. - Trochocercus nitens Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 50. 894. ¢ Cammariver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. TZype. 893. Q Cammariver, W. Africa. DuChaillu.
Terpsiphone cristata (Gm.). Muscipeta duchaillui Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 48. 986. ‘‘§’ Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. 985. “‘ juv.’? Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. 984. ‘*9” Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Muscipeta speciosa Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 48. 990. ‘‘¥’' Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 4l
The perplexing variations in plumage exhibited by this species are the cause of its many synonyms. It does not yet seem to be _ properly understood.
Burnesia bairdii (Cass.). Drymoica bairdii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 327. 17,502. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. Hylia prasina (Cass.). Sylvia prasina Cass. Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855; p. 325. 17,479. < Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. 7ype. 17,498. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Eremomela caniceps (Cass.). Camaroptera caniceps Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 38. 17,471. < Cape Lopez, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. Euprinodes schistaceus Cass. Huprinodes schistaceus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 38. 17,468. < River Camma, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. Sylvietta virens (Cass.). Sylvietta virens Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1859, p. 39. 13,906. Cape Lopez, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. Camaroptera brevicaudata (Cretzch.). Syncopta tincta Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 325. 17,475. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. Turdinus fulvescens (Cass.). Turdirostris fulvescens Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 54. 13,846. < Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. 17,369. OQ Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Macrosphenus flavicans Cass. Macrosphenus flavicans Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 42- 17,350. < Cammariver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. 17,349. OQ Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Xenocichla notata (Cass. ). Tricophorus notatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 159. 17,113. < Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. 17,115. Q Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Xenocichla leucopleurus (Cass.). Phyllostrophus leucopleurus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p- 328. 17,031. River Muni, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. Xenocichla indicator (Verr-.). Tricophorus leucurus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 328.
The type of this species cannot be found.
Criniger tricolor (Cass. ). Tricophorus tricolor Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 33. 17,012. Muniriver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. 17,013. Muniriver, W. Africa. DuChaillu.
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Criniger xanthogaster Cass. Criniger xanthogaster Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1855, p. 327. 17,022. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. TZype. 17,023. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. 17,024. Moonda river, W. Africa. DuChaillu.
Criniger calurus (Cass.). Tricophorus calurus Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 158. 16,997. Muni river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. 16,998. Muniriver, W. Africa. DuChaillu.
Criniger chloronotus (Cass.). Tricophorus chloronotus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 43. 16,996. Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. 16,995. Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu.
Andropadus curvirostris Cass. Andropadus curvirostris Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 46. 16,993. Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. T7'ype. 16,994. Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu.
Andropadus virens Cass. Andropadus virens Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1857, p. 34. 16,989. < Muniriver, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type. 16,988. 2 Muniriver, W. Africa. DuChaillu.
Alethe castanea (Cass.). Napothera castanea Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 158. 16,894. Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. 16,528. Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu.
Geocichla compsonota Cass. Geocichla compsonota Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 42.
16,250. Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu. Type.
Cassin’s Types FRoM AsIA, AUSTRALIA, Evc.
Zapornia tabuensis (Gm.). Zapornia umbrina Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 255.
Type in U. S. National Museum (Coll. Expl. Exped. ). Megascops sagittatus (Cass.).
Ephialtes sagittatus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 121.
2,410. Malacca. Rivoli coll. Type.
Megascops elegans (Cass.). Hphialtes elegans Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 185. 2,418. Off coast of Japan, lat. 29° 47’ N., long. 126° 13’ 30’ E. From Verreaux. Type. Carpophaga paulina Bp.'° Carpophaga rufinuchalis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 228 13,160. Rivolicoll. Nodata. Type. Carpophaga vanwycki Cass. Carpophaga van wyckii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 320
‘9 Bonaparte’s description appeared Nov. 8. Cassin’s Dec. (after the 19th).
a ee ee eee ee eee
ee
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43
Type in U. S. National Museum (Coll. Expl. Exped. ). Carpophaga pickeringii Cass.
Carpophaga pickeringii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1254, p. 228.
Type in U. §. National Museum (Coll. Expl. Exped. ).
Globicera rubricera Bp.” Carpophaga lepida Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 250.
13,159. Off north coast of Australia. From Edw. Wilson. Type. Prioniturus flavicans Cass. Prioniturus flavicans Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 373. 24,492. © Celebes. Rivolicoll. Type. Paleornis calthrope Layand. Paleornis viridicollis Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 373. 22,699. <j India. From Edw. Wilson. Type. 22,698. Himalayas. Alcyone lessoni Cass. Aleyone lessoni Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 69. 21,239 ¢ Havred’Dory. New Guinea. From Edw. Wilson. Type. Micropus leucopygialis (Cass.). Cypselus leucopygialis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 58. 19,482. © Sumatra(?) From Edw. Wilson. Type.
This may be identical with M. subfureatus Blyth (= affinis Strick. ), but Cassin states distinctly that it is not.
Schlegelia wilsonii (Cass.).
Paradisea wilsonti Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 67.
3,152. G New Guinea(?) Rivolicoll. Type.
This specimen is stated by Sclater (P. Z. S., 1857, p. 2) to have been the type of Bonaparte’s res-publica, but in view of his wretched description it is best to adopt Cassin’s name.
Rhipidura cyaniceps (Cass.).
Muscipeta cyaniceps Cass. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 438.
Type in U. S. National Museum (Coll. Expl. Exped. ). Melanopyrrhus anais Bp.
Pastor nigrocinetus Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, p. 68.
16,020. New Guinea. J.G. Bell. Type.
Uroloncha fuscans (Cass.). Spermestes fuscans Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 185. 14,584. OQ Borneo. Rivolicoll. Type.
Acrulocercus braccatus (Cass.). _Mohoa braccata Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 440. 18,581. Hawaiian Isl. J. K. Townsend. Type.
*” Bonaparte’s descriptions appeared Noy. 8. Cassin’s Dec. (after the 19th).
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Hirundo badia (Cass.). Cecropis badius Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 371. 15,786. Malacca, from J. G. Bell. Type. 15,787. Malacca, from J. G. Bell.
Atticora tibialis (Cass.). Petrochelidon (?) tibialis Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 370- 15,742. S. America. Rivolicoll. Type. 15,743, juv. Brazil. Rivoli coll.
Tachycineta leucorrhoa Vieill. Hirundo gouldii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1859, p. 69.
Proposed for H. frontalis Gould, which was preoccupied by H. frontalis Q. and G.
15,631. Austra'ia. Gould coll. Type.
Locustella lanceolata (Temm.) (?) Lusciniopsis hendersonii Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 194. 30,069. Hakodadi, Japan. Mr. A. A. Hendersm. Type. Locustella ochotensis (Midd.) (?). Lusciniopsis japonica Cass. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 193. 30,068. Hakodadi, Japan. Mr. A. A. Henderson. Type. This is probably a distinct species, as suggested by Stejneger (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, p. 634).
Tirran R. PEALE.
Peale’s descriptions of new birds are confined, so far as I am aware, to the Ornithological and Mammalogical Report of the U. 8. Exploring Expedition, he being one of the naturalists composing the party. A good deal of obscurity seems to envelop the history of this publication. It is quite a rare volume.
Some light is shed on the matter, however, by an article in Jar- dine’s Contributions to Ornithology, 1852, p. 89. It is here stated that only one hundred copies of the Reports were issued by the Government, but each author was permitted to order as many more as he chose for his ‘‘ personal benefit.’ All the contributors — availed themselves of this privilege, with the single exception of Peale, but not one extra copy of his volume was issued, and the work was never for sale.
About ninety of the hundred copies were distributed by the Gov- ernment, and the rest were destroyed by fire. Subsequently Cassin was engaged to prepare a new edition of the work, and an atlas of plates was issued to accompany it. No plates were issued with Peale’s report, though reference is made to plates in the text, and
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45
it is probable that many at least of the plates accompanying Cas- sin’s report were criginally intended for Peale’s, but were held back when it was decided to republish the work.
The new edition was desirable for many reasons, especially from the fact that of the 109 new species described by Peale only about thirty-three were entitled to recognition.
It has been claimed by some that he was denied the opportunity of consulting the collection at Philadelphia, but in any case his report is a notorious addition to ornithological synonymy.
While most of Peale’s types remain in the National Museum, some of them were presented to the Philadelphia Academy.
A few more of these types are also in the Academy collection, being contained in the collection made by J. K. Townsend in Hawaii. Peale used this material, as most of the Hawaiian speci- mens obtained by the Exploring Expedition were lost in the wreck of the Peacock. .
The following list includes all of Peale’s types now in the Acad- emy collection. In some cases specimens of the same species are preserved in the National Museum:
Onychotes solitarius (Peale). Buteo solitarius Peale. Birds U.S. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 62. 2,304. Hawaii. J. K. Townsend. Type.
Accipiter rufitorques (Peale).
Aster rufitorques Peale. Birds U. S. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 68.
1,227, ad. Feejee Isls. U.S. Expl. Exp. Type (?)
1,228, juv. Feejee Isls.
There seem to have been at least five specimens of this bird col- lected by the Expedition.
Ptilinopus coralensis Peale. Ptilinopus coralensis Peale. Birds U. S. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 190. 13,098. Paumotu Isl. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale. Type. 13,099. Paumotu Isl. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale.
Manuscript notes in the Academy’s copy of Peale’s Report apparently indicate the number of specimens of many of the species which were obtained. There were three of this form. _Ptilinopus fasciatus Peale.
Ptilinopus fasciatus Peale. Birds U. S. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 193.
13,080. Samoa Isl. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale. Type.
Apparently there were three specimens obtained. The above is an adult, like the one described, and is probably the type.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Ptilinopus perousei (Peale).
Ptilinopus perousii Peale. Birds U. S. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 195.
13,096. Feejee Isls. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale. Type.
Three specimens obtained, but the above is evidently the type, as can be seen by comparison with the original description.
Ptilinopus purpuratus (Gm.).
Ptilinopus furcatus Peale. Birds U. 8S. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 191.
13,140. Society Isls. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale.
Three specimens were obtained, and as the above is a dull- colored, immature bird, and does not agree very well with the description, one of the National Museum specimens had better be regarded as the type.
Globicera aurore (Peale).
Carpophaga aurore Peale. Birds U. S. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 201.
Only one of the four specimens collected by the expedition is in the Academy (13,156). The type is one of the Washington specimens.
Carpophaga latrans Peale. Carpophuga latrans Peale. Birds U. 8. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 200. 13,189. Feejee Isls. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale. Type.
Two specimens seem to have been obtained. ‘This one is a male and agrees well with the description.
Columba castaneiceps Peale. Columba castaneiceps Peale. Birds U. §. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 187.
13,285. Upolu, Samoa. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale. Type. 13,286. Upolu, Samoa. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale.
Only two specimens were secured on the expedition.
Todirhamphus recurvirostris Lafr. Dacelo minima Peale. Birds U. S. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 159. 21,448. © Upolu, Samoa. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale. Halcyon sacer (Gm.). Dacelo coronata Peale. Birds U. 8. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 160. 21,429. Samoa Islands. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale. Dacelo vitiensis Peale. Birds U. 8. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 156. 21,430. Tongataboo. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale.
I have no means of ascertaining how many specimens of King- fishers were obtained. The Washington examples are as likely to be the types as the above.
Corvus hawaiiensis Peale. Corvus hawaiiensis Peale. Birds U. 8. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 106. 2,830. Hawaii. J. K. Townsend. Type. 2,831. Hawaii. J. K. Townsend.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. AT
Myzomela nigriventris Peale. Myzomela nigriventris Peale. Birds U. S. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 150. 18,209. Samoan Isl. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale. Four of these were collected.
Myzomela jugularis Peale. Myzomela jugularis Peale. Birds U. 8S. Expl. Exp., 1848, p. 150. 18,223. Feejee Isls. U.S. Expl. Exp. T. R. Peale.
Four specimens of this species were in the collection.
Srr Wm. JARDINE AND H. E. StrRIcKLAND.
Many of the birds purchased for the Academy in Europe by Mr. Edward Wilson were submitted to Jardine and Strickland, who were also allowed to publish any which were undescribed in the Contributions to Ornithology. The types, of course, were returned to Mr. Wilson. A few species were loaned to Sclater for descrip- tion in the same publication.
Monacha flavirostris (Strick1.). Monasa flavirostris Strickl. Contr. Orn., 1850, p. 47. 20,822. Peru. Type.
Heterocercus lineatus (Strickl.). Klenia lineata Strickl. Contr. Orn., 1850, p. 121. 8,550. < Upper Amazon. Type.
Icterus prosthemelas (Strickl.). Xanthornis prosthemelas Strickl. Contr. Orn., 1850, p. 120. 3,457. Type.
Tachyphonus rufiventer Spix. Tachyphonus serrirostris Strickl. Contr. Orn., 1850, p. 49. 7,659. Type.
Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum Strickl. Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum Strickl. Contr. Orn., 1850, p. 48. 4,177. Peru. Edw. Wilson. Type.
Pachycephala orpheus Jardine. Pachycephala orpheus ‘‘ Verr. MSS.”’ Jardine. Contr. Orn., 1849, p. 129- 15,270. Q Timor, from Verreaux. Type.
Pachycephala macrorhyncha Strick]. Pachycephala macrorhyncha Strickl. Contr. Orn., 1849, p. 91. 15,222. < ‘‘Amboine,’’ from Verreaux. Type.
This is distinct from P. melanura, with which it is united in the British Museum Catalogue.
Pericrocotus minutus Strickl. Pericrocotus minutus Strickl. Contr. Orn., 1849, p. 94. 498. ©Q Borneo, from Verreaux. Dr. Wilson. 499. Borneo, from Verreaux. Dr. Wilson. 500. << Borneo, from Verreaux. Dr. Wilson. Type.
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Euphonia rufiventris (Vieill.). Luphonia bicolor Strick]. Contr. Orn., 1850, p. 48. 7,130. o' Peru. Edw. Wilson. Type.
Trichostoma rostratum Blyth. Trichostoma umbratile Strick]. Contr. Orn., 1849, p. 126. 17,383. Borneo.
Trichostoma celebense Strick. Trichostoma celebense Strick. Contr. Oin., 1849, p. 127. 17,370. Celebes, from Verreaux. Type.
Amuropsis malaccensis (Hartl.). Brachypteryx poliogenis ‘‘ Boie’’ Strick]. Contr. Orn., 1849, p. 93. 17,415. Borneo. From Edw. Wilson. Type.
JULES AND EpWARD VERREAUX.
Edward Wilson obtained a number of specimens from Verreaux brothers, the famous French bird dealers, and quite a number of these were types of Verreaux’s species.
The Verreauxs had the unfortunate practice of sending out speci- mens with manuscript names which were often never published. Many specimens loaned to Strickland by Mr. Wilson were of this character, and, when describing any of them as new species, to avoid confusion he nearly always adopted Verreaux’s manuscript names. In the case of a small collection from the interior of Ga- boon, however, the Verreauxs, unknown to Strickland, published all the new species in the Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, while the latter published them almost simultaneously in the Contributions to Ornithology, fortunately using the supposed manuscript names which he found on the labels. These doubly type(!) specimens are as follows :
Hoploterus dinghani (Verr.). Chettusia dinghani Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1855.
11,677. S. Africa. Rivolicoll. Type.
Excalfactoria adansoni (Verr.). Coturnix adansoni Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 515.
12,339. @ Gaboon. Type.
Turturena malherbii (Verr.). Columba malherbii Verr. Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 514.
13,459. Gaboon. Type.
A specimen of this bird received by the British Museum from Verreaux is catalogued as ‘‘ probably the type.’’ This isan error, as the Academy specimen is marked ‘‘ type’’ by Verreaux.
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49
Trachyphonus purpuratus (Verr.). Trachyphonus purpuratus Verr. Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 260.
20,599. Interior of Gaboon. Type.
Dendropicus gabonensis (Verr.). Dendrobates gabonensis Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 513.
19,359. <{' W. Africa. Type. Melittophagus variegatus (Vieill.). Melittophagus cyanipectus Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 269. 21,514. © Gaboon. Type. 21,532. juv. Gaboon.
Halcyon badia Verr. Halcyon badia Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 264.
21,307. Gaboon. Type. Barbatula leucolaima Verr. ; Barbatula leucolaima Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 263, co. ii 1851. 20,680. Gaboon. Type.
Barbatula subsulphurea (Fraser). Barbatula flavimenta Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 262.
20,676. Gaboon. Type.
Lamprocolius purpureiceps Verr. Lamprocolius purpureiceps Verr. Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 418.
16,005. Interior of Gaboon. Type.
Dryoscopus sabinei (Gray). Hapalophus melanoleucus Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 512.
15,173. Interior of Gaboon. Type.
Dryoscopus coracinus Verr. Dicrourus coracinus Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 311.
256. © Interior of Gaboon. Type.
This has been treated as a synonym of D. modestus Hartl, but
may prove separable. The type of modestus is from Prince’s Island. Nigrita luteifrons Verr. Nigrita luteifrons Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 420. 14,477. Gaboon. Type. Chelidon griseopyga Sund. Atticora melbina Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 310. 15,682. Gaboon. Type. Anthothreptes aurantium Verr. Anthreptes aurantium Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 417. 18,175. < Interior of Gaboon. Type. Cinnyris johanne (Verr.). Cinnyris johanne Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 314. 18,176. Interior of Gaboon. Type. 4
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Hyliota violacea Verr. Hyliota violacea Verr. Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 308. 786. <' Gaboon. Type.
Ixonotus guttatus Verr. TIxonotus guttatus Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 306. 17,091. Gaboon. Type.
Pratincola salax Verr. Pratincola salax Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, p. 307. 722. o Gaboon. Type.
Given as P. olax Verr., ‘‘ MS.’’ by Strickl.
OTHER TYPES OF VERREAUX. Peeocephalus fuscicapillus (Verr. and Des Murs). Pionus fuscicapillus Verr. et Des Murs. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1849, p. 58. 32. 2 Zanzibar. Rivoli coll. 33. 6 Zanzibar. Rivolicoll. Type.
Paleornis modesta Fras. Paleornis luciane Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1850, p. 598. 22,697. << ‘‘Moluccas.’’ From Verreaux. Type.
F. pE LAFRESNAYE.
Among the collections purchased by Dr. Wilson in Paris was that of M. Delatre, obtained in Peru, Bolivia, Colombia and Panama. This contained many novelties, and these were sub- mitted to Lafresnaye for publication before the collection was shipped to America. His paper appeared in the Revue Zoologique, March, 1847, pp. 67-79, and in it eighteen new species were proposed. The types of all of these are preserved in the collec- tion, and their study proves of interest, as some of Lafresnaye’s names seem to have been entirely overlooked.
Grallaria monticola Lafr. Grallaria monticola Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 68. 8,199. Ecuador. Delatrecoll. Type.
Hypocnemis nevioides (Lafr.). Conopophaga nevioides Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 69.
8,588. S. America. Delatre coll. Type.
Ochtheca frontalis (Lafr.). Tyrannula frontalis Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 70.
4,083. Pasto ‘‘Peru.” Delatre coll. Type.
Lafresnaye’s excellent description seems to have been entirely overlooked and the bird has gone by the name of O. citrinifrons Sclater, P. Z. S., 1862, p. 113, which must, however, become of a synonym of O. frontalis Lafr.
a
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51
Pecilothraupis palpebrosa (Latr.). Tanagra palpebrosa Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 71.
7,374. o Peru. Delatrecoll. Type. Calospiza nigrocincta (Bp.). Aglaia wilsonti Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 71. 7,275. OO Peru. Delatrecoll. Type. Calospiza larvata fanny (Lafr.). Aglaia fanny Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 72. 7,277. Q Delatrecoll. Type. Tachyphonus delatrii Lair. Tachyphonus delatrii Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 72. 7,660. St. Bonaventure. Delatre coll. Type.
Arremon aurantiirostris Lafr. Arremon aurantiirostris Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 72.
7,789. Panama. Delatrecoll. Type.
Saltator albicollis Vieill. Saltator striatipictus Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 73. 7,852. o N.Grenada. Delatre coll. Type.
Saltator albicollis Vieill. Saltator maculipectus Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 73. 7,924. 2 Delatrecoll. Type (?).
This is apparently the type of this species, though most of the data have been lost.
Cardinalis phenicurus granadensis (Lafr.). Cardinalis granadensis Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 74.
9,962. o' N. Grenada. Delatre coll. Type.
This name has been entirely overlooked. Mr. Robert Ridgway considers it a distinct race from the C. phenieurus of Venezuela.
Guiraca cyanoides Lafr. Coccoborus cyanoides Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 74.
9,775. 2 Panama. Delatre coll. Type.
Sporophila analoides (Lafr.). Linaria analoides Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 75.
9,914. Lima, Peru.- Delatre coll. Type.
Sporophila inornata (Lafr.). Linaria tnornata Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 75. 9,818. © Bolivia. Delatre coll. Type. Geositta peruviana Lafr. Geositta peruviana Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 75. 6,784. OQ Lima, Peru. Delatre coll. Type. Dendroplex picirostris Lafr. Dendroplex picirostris Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 76. 6,979. N. Grenada. Delatre coll. Type.
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Picumnis granadensis Lafr. Picumnus granadensis Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, 19,751. N. Granada. LDelatre coll. Type. 19,757. [N. Granada.] Delatre coll.
ld 19 0)
Malacoptila panamensis Lafr. Malacoptila panamensis Lafr. Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 79. 20,805. juv. <' Panama. Delatrecoll. Type.
LAFRESNAYE AND D’ORBIGNY.
The types of the species usually credited to the above authors are generally admitted to be the specimens in the Boston Society of Natural History contained in the Lafresnaye collection.
There are, however, specimens of many of them in the Academy collection, which were originally in D’Orbigny’s collection, and subsequently in that of Prince Massena, Duc of Rivoli. These were regarded by Cassin as types, and while they probably have not as good a claim as those in the Boston Society they are in any case paratypes, and are valued accordingly.
Such specimens as are clearly labeled ‘‘ D’ Orbigny’s Collection ””
are the following, though there are doubtless others among the
Rivoli specimens: 13,508. Columbigallina cruziana (d’Orb.). “Zacua No. 17, d’Orbigny.”
6,998. Dendrornis. Chiquitos. d’Orbigny.
6,999. Dendrornis. Chiquitos. d’Orbigny. :
3,775. Ostinops atrovirens (d’Orb.). “ Yungas, No. 61, d’Orbigny.” 10,647. Emberizagra olivascens (d’Orb.). “Suarba, No. 95, d’Orbigny.” 10,646. Emberizagra olivascens (d’Orb.). ‘‘ Esquichia, No. 95, d’Orbigny.” 10,626. Poospiza hypochondria (d’Orb.). S. America, “ No. 98, d’Orbigny.” 10,627. Poospiza hypochondria (d’Orb.). ‘‘ Chiquitos, No. 98, d’Orbigny.” 10,621. Poospiza melanoleuca (d’Orb.). ‘‘ Chiquitos, No. 114, d’Orbigny.” 10,622. Poospiza melanoleuca. No. 114, d’Orbigny.
10,718. Schistospiza griseocristata (d’Orb.). ‘No. 104, d’Orbigny.” 10,714. Schistospiza griseocristata (d’Orb.). “No. 114, d’Orbigny.”
i MAsSSENA AND SONANCE.
Apparently Prince Massena continued to collect specimens of the Psittacide: after the disposal of his main collection to Dr. Wilson, as in the Revue et Magasin de Zoologie for 1854, p. 71, there is a paper under the joint authorship of Massena and Sonancé” in
21 Though both names appear as authors, Massena is given as authority for all the species.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53
which are described nine new Parrots, while in the same journal for 1856 there is a Catalogue of Parrots in the Massena collec- tion, by M. Sonancé, in which two hundred and eighteen species are enumerated, some being described as new.
The types of these latter species seem to have been purchased by the British Museum, as with a few exceptions they are all listed in the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Vol. xx. The Academy has no specimens of them from the Massena collection.
Specimens of all but three of the species described in the former of the papers above mentioned are, however, in the Academy’s collection labeled as types of ‘‘ Massena and Sonancé.”’
As the original manuscript catalogue contains these specimens it would seem that they were shipped about the same time as the rest of the collection, which reached Philadelphia in 1846, in which case the labels must have been written long before the names were pub- lished. It is possible, however, that they were not sent over until after the paper by Massena and Sonancé was prepared.
In any case, the specimens have practically as much claim to being considered the types as those in the British Museum, and a list of them is therefore appended.
Ara auricollis Cass. Ara auritorques Mass. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 71.
22,358. S. America. Rivolicoll. Type. 22,359. ' S. America. Rivoli coll.
No type of this is in the British Museum.
Gnathosittacea icterotis (Mass.). Conurus icterotis Mass. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 71.
Type in British Museum. No specimen in the Academy collec- tion.
Conurus rubrolarvatus Mass. Conurus rubrolarvatus Mass. Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 71.
22,348. Guayaquil. Rivolicoll. Type. A type also in British Museum ( Cat. of Bds., xx, p. 183).
Conurus zruginosus (L.). Conurus chrysogenys Mass. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 72.
22,333. 2 Colombia. Rivolicoll. Type.
A specimen is also in the British Museum (Cat. of Bds., xx, p. 197), which is evidently one of the type lot, though not so marked by the compiler.
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Pyrrhura calliptera (Mass.). Conurus callipterus Mass. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 72.
22,385. Q Bogota. Rivoli coll.
22,386. Q Bogota. Rivoli coll.
22,387. Bogota. Rivolicoll. Type.
No Massena specimen is in the British Museum collection. Pyrrhura devillei (Mass.).
Conurus devillei Mass. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 73.
There is no specimen of this bird in the Academy.
The type is in the British Museum (Cat. of Bds., xx, p. 227).
Pyrrhura moline (Mass.). Conurus moline Mass. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 73.
22,388. © (?) Chiquitos. Rivoli coll. 22,389. '(?) Chiquitos. Rivolicoll. Type. A type is in the British Museum ( Cat. of Bds., xx, p. 227
Pionus selinoides (Mass.). Psittacus selinoides Mass. Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 73.
22,542. ' Bogota. Rivolicoll. Type. A type is in the British Museum (Cat. of Bds., xx, p. 226).
Pionus cobaltinus (Mass.). Psittacus cobaltinus Mass. Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 74.
22,536. juv. co S. America. Rivolicoll. Type. A type is in the British Museum ( Cat. of Bds., xx, p. 325).
JOHN GOULD.
As already explained, Dr. Wilson secured Gould’s entire collec- tion of Australian birds, including nearly all of the types of species described up to and including the seventh volume of his Birds of Australia. The types of the species described in the supplement, as well as such additional specimens as were procured after Dr. Wilson’s purchase, went to the British Museum. Several speci- mens apparently from this subsequent collection are given in the Catalogue of Birds, as types of species described long before Dr. Wilson’s purchase, whereas the Academy specimens have the better claim, the others being, so far as I can judge, topotypes secured some time afterward. There is no reason to suppose that Gould withheld any of the specimens he possessed at the time of the sale.
Gould’s collection, after purchase, was sent to Verreaux for mounting, and the original labels were removed, and their contents (or part of it) transcribed on the base of the stands, every speci-
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55
men being marked ‘‘ Type. Gould’s Birds of Australia,’’ no matter whether the species was Gould’s or not!
Gould’s original descriptions were for the most part published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, and are generally very meagre, so that it is impossible to tell how many of the numerous of each species he had at the time he prepared
>)
‘* type specimens the diagnoses.
By careful study and comparison with the original descriptions it is possible to select the specimen which agrees in plumage, meas- urements and locality with the description in nearly every case, and such ones I have designated as the types.
Of the 391 names proposed by Gould for Australian birds (in- cluding those published in his Handbook) the types of 321 are in the Academy collection. Of the rest, fifty-six are in the British Museum, or other collections stated by Gould, while of fourteen the actual type seems to have been lost, though paratypes or cotypes are still preserved in the Academy.
A complete manuscript catalogue of the Gould Australian speci- mens has been prepared, and may be published at some future time.
Below are given such of his types from localities other than Australia as are preserved in the Academy collection:
Nestor productus (Gould). Plyctolophus productus Gould, P. Z. 8., 1836, p. 19.
22,082. New Zealand. Gould coll. Type. Ramphastos brevicarinatus Gould. Ramphastos brevicarinatus Gould. Mon. Ramph., ii Ed., pl. iii (1854). 20,3875. Mexico. Rivoli coll. Type. Ramphastos citreolemus Gould. Ramphastos citreolemus Gould. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 147. 20,391. Bogota. Rivolicoll. Type. Todirhamphus recurvirostris Lafr. Halcyon platyrostris Gould, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 72. 21,449. Navigator Islands. J. Gould. Type. Chameza nobilis Gould. Chameza nobilis Gould. Ann. and Mag. Zool., xv, 2d Series, 1855, p. 344. 8,517. Peru. ‘‘ No. 2 Chameza nobilis, sp. nov., Gould. Type.’’
The above data are in Gould’s hand. The British Museum Catalogue contains another specimen with the same data, which is recorded as the type.
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE’ ACADEMY OF [1899.
Heteralocha acutirostris (Gould). Neomorpha acutirostris Gould. P. Z. S., 1836, p. 144. 16,023. Q New Zealand. J. Gould. Type. Neomorpha crassirostris Gould. P. Z. 8., 1836, p. 145. 16,021. <o' New Zealand. J. Gould. Type.
If we regard Neomorpha and Neomorphus as distinct names, Neomorpha should stand for this bird. Otherwise it is antedated by Neomorphus Gloger in the Cuculide.
Zosterops albigularis Gould. Zosterops albigularis Gould. P. Z. 8., 1836, p. 75. 18,257. Norfolk Isl. J. Gould. Type.
Zosterops tenuirostris Gould. Zosterops tenuirostris Gould. P. Z. S., 1836, P. 76. 18,255. Norfolk Isl. J. Gould. 18,256. Norfolk Isl. J. Gould.
Petroica multicolor (Gm.). Petroica modesta Gould. P. Z.8., 1837, p. 147. 662. 2 Norfolk Isl. J.Gould. Type. Petroica pulchella Gould. P. Z. S., 1839, p. 142." 661. ¢ Norfolk Isl. J. Gould. Type.
Sir A. SMIru.
A number of specimens received from Jules Verreaux are marked by him both on the stands and in the catalogue ‘‘ Type de Smith,’’ referring to the publications of Sir A. Smith in the Re-
port of the S. African Expedition and Illustrations of the Zoology of
South Africa. The types of most of Smith’s species are recorded as being in the British Museum, but where this is not the case the Academy specimens must be considered as the types. No particu- lars are preserved as to how many of Smith’s specimens Dr. Wilson procured. .
Tn all cases the Academy specimens are cotypes, and I therefore give a full list of them below, which their importance seems to warrant.
Being unable to consult the Rep. S. Afr. Exp., I quote the refer- ences from the British Museum Catalogue of Birds.
Sarothrura elegans (Smith). Gallinula elegans Smith. Ill. Zool. S. Afr., 1839, pl. 22.
6,291. < Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’
None of Smith’s specimens are in the British Museum.
OI ~I
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
Thalassornis leuconotus (Eyt.). Clangula leuconota ‘‘Smith.’? Eyton Mon. Anat., 1838, p. 168.
5,517. Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith and Eyton.”’
Three specimens marked type are in the British Museum ( Cat. of Bds., xxvii, p. 438). Caprimulgus lentiginosus Smith. Caprimulgus lentiginosus Smith. Ill. Zool. 8. Africa, 1845, pl. 101. 21,839. © Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’.
Another type specimen is in the British Museum (Cat. of Bds., Xvi, p. 537). Caprimulgus rufigenus Smith.
Caprimulgus rufigena Smith. Ill. Zool. S. Afr., 1845, pl. 100.
21,830. <' Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
21,831. Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
21,834. jr. g' Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’
21,835. < Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
Two specimens from Smith in the British Museum are not marked as types ( Cat. of Bds., xvi, p. 533).
Caprimulgus natalensis Smith. Caprimulgus natalensis Smith. Ill. Zool. S. Afr., 1845, pl. 99.
21,884. © Port Natal. ‘‘Type de Smith.”’ Two specimens marked type in British Museum (Cat. of Bds., Xvi, p. 564).
Alemon nivosa (Sw.). Alauda lagepa Smith. Ill. Zool. S. Afr., 1845, pl. 87, fig. 2.
14,729. J Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’ Two types in British Museum ( Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 524).
Alemon semitorquata (Smith). Certhilauda semitorquata Smith. Rep. Exp. 8. Afr., 1836, p. 47.
14,727. Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith’’ (fide Verreaux). Type in British Museum ( Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 522). Mirafra africanoides Smith. Mirafra africanoides Smith. Rep. Exp. 8. Afr., 1836, p. 47. 14,764. <j Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
Type in British Museum ( Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 616).
Mirafra sabota Smith. Mirafra sabota Smith. Rep. Exp. S. Afr., 1836, p. 47.
14,761. <j Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’
A specimen from Smith is in the British Museum, though it is
not marked as the type (Cat. of Bds., xiii. p. 618).
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Pyrrhulauda verticalis (Smith). Megalotis verticalis Smith. Rep. Exp. 8. Afr., 1836, p. 48. 14,865. 2 Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’ 14,866. 2 Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’ 14,871, juv. GS Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.” 14,850. <j Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’
A specimen from Smith is also in the British Museum, but is not
marked type (Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 656).
Pyrrhulauda smithii Bp. Consp. Av. 1, p. 512, 1850. Pyrrhulauda leucotis Smith (nec. Stanley).
14,872. 92 Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’
14,841, juv. Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’
14,843. @Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘Type de Smith.”’
14,848. © Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
Based by Bonaparte on Smith’s specimens. Two of these in British Museum are marked types (Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 658). Pyrrhulauda australis (Smith).
Megalotis australis Smith. Rep. Exped. 8. Afr., 1836, App., p. 49.
14,874. @Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
14,876. Cape of Good Hope. ‘Type de Smith.”’
A type specimen also in the British Museum ( Cat. of Bds., xiii, p-. 652). Fringillaria tahapisi (Smith).
Emberiza tahapist Smith. Rep. 8. Afr. Exp., 1836, App., p. 48.
10.569. Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’
10,574. Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’
No Smith specimen in the British Museum. Fringillaria impetuani (Smith). Hmberiza impetuant Smith. Rep. 8S. Afr. Exp., 1836, App., p. 48.
10,578. ' Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’ 10,579. Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
Two types are also in the British Museum (Cat. of Bds., xii, p. 564). Passer diffusus (Smith).
Pyrgita diffusa Smith. Rep. 8. Afr. Exp., 1836, App., p. 50.
10,174. © Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
10,165. ' Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
10,170. Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”
Two types also in British Museum (Cat. of Bds., xii, p. 337). Poliospiza gularis (Smith).
Linaria guiaris Smith. Rep. 8. Afr. Exp., 1836, App., p. 49.
10,070. 2 Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
10,072. J Cape of Good Hope.
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59
Two specimens are in the British Museum, but are not marked as types ( Cat. of Bds., xii, p. 344).
Serinus albogularis (Smith). Crithaga albogularis Smith. S. Afr. Quart. Jour., 1833, p. 48. Crithaga selbyi Smith. Rep. 8S. Afr. Exp., 1836, Map p. 50. 10,246. <j Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘Type de Smith.’’
This specimen is marked as type of C. selbyi.- There is also a
specimen in the British Museum, but itis not marked type ( Cat. of Bads., xii, p. 360).
Estrilda erythronota (Vieill.). Estrelda lipiniana Smith. Rep. Expl. 8. Afr., 1836, App., p. 49. 14,669. Cape of Gooi Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’ 14,671. 2 Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”
A specimen is in the British Museum, but not marked as the type (Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 398).
Sporopipes squamifrons (Smith). Estrelda squamifrons Smith. Rep. Exp. 8. Afr., 1836, p. 49. 13,911. Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’
Type in British Museum ( Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 408).
Lagonosticta brunneiceps Sharpe. Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 277. Estrelda vieillotti Smith. [MSS. ?] 14,389. 2 Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’
I find no mention of this name of Smith’s, but not having access to the Rep. S. Afr. Exp., cannot ascertain whether it is published or not. If it is, it will, of course, antedate brunneiceps of Sharpe.
Penthetriopsis macroura (Gm.). Euplectus booriensis Smith. [MSS. ?] 14,238. < Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.” 14,292. 2 Cape of Good Hope. 14,293. Q Cape of Good Hope.
This is another name which has apparently not been published, but I am unable to satisfy myself upon this point. Plocepasser mahali Smith.
Plocepasser mahali Smith. Rep. Exp. 8. Afr., 1835, App., p. 51.
14,256. < Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.” 14,257. 2 Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
Two types in British Museum (Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 246).
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Pyromelana taha (Smith). Huplectes taha Smith. Rep. Exp. 8. Afr., 1836, p. 50.
14,294. Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’ 14,296. <j Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’ 14,297. Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’ 14,298. Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.” 14,299. Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”
oly
Oy
Two types also in British Museum ( Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 243).
Hyphantornis Sp. ? Ploceus obscurus Smith. [MSS. ?] 14,708. ‘‘\’? Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘Type de Smith.”’ 14,027. ‘‘'’’ Cape of Good Hope.
No. 14,027 is marked ‘‘P. tahatali Smith,’’ but it is evidently this species. These birds seem to be a female and young of some large species of Hyphantornis with wing measuring 3.25 ins.
Hyphantornis velatus (Vieill.). Ploceus tahatali Smith. Rep. Exp. S. Afr., 1836, p. 50.
14,707. Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”
A type specimen in the British Museum (Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 466).
Hyphantornis velatus mariquensis (Smith). Ploceus mariquensis Smith. Ill. Zool. 8. Afr., 1845, pl. 103. 14,049. jun. S' Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
Series of types in the British Museum( Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 467).
Quelea quelea (L.). Loxia latharni Smith. Rep. S. Afr. Exp., 1836, App., p. 51. 14,340. 2 Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’ 14,345. @Q Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
No type in British Museum.
Phileterus socius (Lath.). Phileterus lepidus Smith, in Charlesw. Mag., 1837, p. 536. 14,327. Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’ 14,333. jun. Q Cape of Good Hope.
Three types are in the British Museum (Cat. of Bds., xiii, p. 250). Cinnyris mariquensis Smith. Cinnyris mariquensis Smith. Rep. S. Afr. Exp., 1836, App., p. 53. 18,025. Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’ 18,026. GQ Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’ 18,181. <j Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
No type in the British Museum.
Se ee a
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61
Cinnyris olivacea Smith. Cinnyris olivacea Smith. Ill. 8. Afr. Zool., 1839, in text to pl. 57. 18,037. < Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.” No type in British Museum.
Cinnyris leucogaster Vieill. Nectarinia talatala Smith. Rep. Exp. S. Afr., 1836, App., p. 58. 18,120. 2 Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.”’ 18,121. < Cape of Good Hope. ‘‘ Type de Smith.’’
No type in British Museum.
OTHER AUTHORS.
A few types of other authors were contained in the collections purchased by Dr. Wilson, as given below: Cassicus montezume (Less.). Cacicus montezume Less. Cent. Zool., p. 33 (1830). 3,769. Mexico. ¢§ Type. This specimen is stated by Cassin to be the type (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 71). Polyplectrum napoleonis Less. Polyplectrum napoleonis Less. Traité d’Orn., 1831, pp. 487, 650. 12,732. <‘ des Isles de Indes (?) ou des Moloques.”’ ‘“Type de Less. et de Temm.’’ Rivoli coll. Neorhynchus naseus (Bp.). Neorhynchus peruvianus Less. Gray Handlist Birds (1870), i, p. 107. 9,811. ‘‘Perou. Type de la description de Lesson.”’
I cannot find the original place of publication of this species, and it may be only a manuscript name. Picathartes gymnocephalus Temm.
Corvus gymnocephalus Temm. PI. Col. 327. 3,091. ‘‘Type de Temminck.”’
Apparently one of the specimens purchased by Dr. Wilson from Temminck’s collection. Trogon meridionalis Swains. Trogon affinis Des. & Dev. 21,003. Trinidad. Rivoli coll. ‘‘ Type de Des. & Dev.” (Verreaux). 21,002. Cayenne. Rivolicoll. ‘‘ Type de Des. & Dev.” I do not find the name afjnis, and it seems to have existed only in manuscript. Ptilopus rivolii Prev. & Knip.
Columba rivolii Prev. & Knip. Pig. I, pl. 57 (1838-43). 13,119. Rivolicoll. ‘‘P. rivolii Prev., Original Specimen.”’
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Eupetomena macrurus (Gm.).
Trochilus hirundinaceus ‘‘Vieill.”’
23,341. Type of Vieill. (fide Verreaux).
Vieillot called the bird ‘ Oiseau-Mouche a queue fourchue de Cayenne,’’ and it was Lesson who bestowed the name hirwndinaceus upon it. Whether this is Lesson’s type is perhaps questionable. Drymornis bridgesi Eyt.
Nasica bridgesi Eyt. Contr. Orn., 1849, p. 130.
6,925. Bolivia (?). ‘‘ Type.’’
The type of this species is recorded as being in the British Mu- seum (Cat. of Bds., xv, p. 157).
Muscicapa lugens (Hartl.). Muscicapa cassint Heine. Jour. fiir Orn., 1860, p. 428.
619. i Cammariver, W. Africa. DuChaillu coll. Type. 620, juv. Camma river, W. Africa. DuChaillu coll.
Based on Cassin’s description of the above specimens.
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63
SYNOPSIS OF THE UNITED STATES SPECIES OF THE HYMENOPTEROUS GENUS CENTRIS Fabr. WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM TRINIDAD.
BY WILLIAM J. FOX.
This genus of bees is of tropical origin and, north of Mexico, is only found along the extreme southern border of the United States. Of the eleven species herein noted ten are from the region bor- dering the Rio Grande, and one only is found east of Texas, C. errans, from the vicinity of Biscayne Bay, Florida, a species prob- ably introduced from the West Indies. Ten of these eleven species have been first described within the past two years.
The author is indebted to Mrs. A. T. Slosson and Messrs. Cock- erell, Ashmead and Griffith for the loan of material, which has been of much assistance.
FEMALES.
1. Abdomen green-bJack, with reddish maculation, entirely red- dish testaceous beneath; (face with pale markings, an in- verted T-shaped mark on clypeus; pubescence of thorax above pale fulvous, on sides, beneath, and on head in front pale gray ; a stripe of black hairs crossing the vertex), errans n. sp.
Abdomen deep black, more or less pubescent, . . . . . 2
2. Griseous pubescence covering the entire body, that on thorax above and vertex slightly fulvous, while the hair on legs from middle of tibize to apex of two hind pairs and anterior tarsi, black; abdomen pruinose; labrum in perfect specimens densely pilose; a triangular yellow spot on clypeus; antennz entirely black, the first joint of flagellum distinctly longer than the united Jength of four following joints, pallida n. sp.
Abdomen, at most, with pale pubescence on first and second dor- sal segment, generally quite nude,. . . . .... 38
3. Only the first dorsal segment pubescent,. . . . . . . 4 ‘* The second abdominal segment, as well as the first, delicately pruinose,’’
Hoffmannseggie Ckll. (—=lanosa Ckll. 2 non Cress. )
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
4. First dorsal segment not densely pubescent; (front broader, if anything, than the distance between the anterior ocellus and apex of clypeus; the latter as well as the labrum, mandibles except apex, and inner orbits narrowly beneath, orange; legs
black, with black pubescence), . . . . cesalpinie Ckll. First dorsal segment more or less densely pubescent, . dD b. Clypeus and: labram:pales-'s iS 6 A 2 oe ee
Clypeus and labrum black, the former with a carina extend- ing from base almost to apex; mandibles and scape black; (labrum acuminate at tip; first joint of flagellum a little shorter than the united length of the four following joints; pubescence of four hind legs entirely black), swhhyalina n. sp.
6. Width of front, if anything, greater than the distance between the anterior ocellus and apex of clypeus; greater part of legs red, their pubescence black, except on anterior femora and tibiz; apical margins of dorsal abdominal segments 2 and 3 laterally with pale pubescence; (clypeus, labrum, inner orbits beneath and mandibles, except apex, orange),
rhodopus Ckll.
Width of front less than the distance between the anterior ocellus and apex of clypeus; legs black, or dark brown, . 7
7. Width of clypeus anteriorly scarcely greater than its length in the middle; labrum comparatively small, subtriangular, sub- acuminate at tip; pubescence on thorax beneath pale,
Cockerellii n. n. (= Hoffmannseggie Ckll. 2.)
Width of clypeus anteriorly greater than its length in the mid- dle; labrum larger, semilunate, its apex broadly and roundly slightly emarginate; pubescence on thorax beneath dark brown or blackish, ).)%**./io.*) = +s oabriwentrag meee
MALES.
1. Apex of dorsal segments broadly margined with testaceous. 2
Abdomen deep black, margins of segments not at all testaceous, 3
2. First and second segments broadly fasciate with pale reddish-
yellow, which color also marks the sides of abdomen; segments
3-5 pale testaceous at apex; pubescence very dense, com- pletely concealing sculpture of thorax. Length 21 mm.,
— Morsei Ckll.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65
All the dorsal segments margined apically with pale testaceous; pubescence sparser, the sculpture of dorsulum and mesopleurz more or less obvious. Length 16 mm.
marginata n. sp. (or var. of Morsev. )
3. Eyes strongly converging above: first joint of flagellum as long as four following united; abdomen pruinose above, especially
on first two segments, the others sparsely ; clypeus and labrum
Mb ke ee opy Hopmaunseggie. CEIL. Eyes not or scarcely converging above,. . . . .. .- 4 Pt OAs a kebab Pl tystil secon) 8: issn eects org
Front narrow, the distance between the anterior ocellus and apex of clypeus much greater than the greatest width of PE wet) Wen esi! 2. Oe Moa) 2h Oe Lee baer epi cael: 6
5. ‘Scape wholly dark; mandibles dark reddish brown, with black tips;’’ legs dark, . . . . . . cesalpinie Ckll. Scape beneath and mandibles more or less yellowish; legs red- dish; abdomen, at least laterally, with bands of pale hairs
at apex of dorsal segments 2-4, . . . . rhodopus Ckll.
6. Pubescence of thorax beneath dark brown or blackish, that on four hind legs entirely black; first joint of flagellum shorter than the following two united, . . . . atriventris n. sp.
Pubescence of thorax pale beneath, the medial tibize outwardly and base of hind tibize externally with pale hairs; first joint of flagellum nearly as long as the three following united,
lanosa Cress.
1. Centris errans 2. sp.
°.—Head and thorax black; abdomen green-black, the apical
margin of segments 1-4, or 2-4, the remainder and ventral surface entirely, an irregular mark on dorsals 2 and 3 laterally, tegule and the legs, reddish-brown, the anterior femora more or less black; scape beneath, sometimes obscurely, base of mandibles, labrum, an inverted T-shaped mark on clypeus, inner orbits as far as inser- tion of antenne, whitish yellow; head with pale pubescence, that on cheeks palest, the vertex crossed from eye to eye by a stripe of black hairs; thorax above with pale fulvous pubescence, that on the sides and beneath similar to that of the head in front; fore legs fringed with pale hairs, the short pubescence fulvous; brush of hind legs a8 paler fulyous than the pubescence of thorax above; first
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
hind tarsal joint covered with appressed, fiery-red, or coppery, bristles, oblong, truneate, longer and wider than the hind tibis; abdomen on first segment anteriorly, ventrally and at apex with some pale hairs, otherwise nude; wings subhyaline, a dark streak in the marginal celi originating at base, and a similar streak ex- tending trom the apex of the same cell in the form of an appen- dicuJation. Length 12 mm.
Florida: Biscayne Bay. Two specimens collected by Mrs. A. T. Slosson, who, I believe, has other specimens of the species. C. errans, whose origin is undoubtedly tropical, as the present speci- mens should be considered wanderers from the West Indies, who may or may not have taken up their abode in Florida, is most closely related to C. apicalis and C. insularis from Saint Bartholo- mew and St. Domingo respectively, with either of which it may be identical, but from the descriptions of these two species the present one differs in several respects, which may, however, be due to lack of greater detail.
2. Centris pallida n. sp.
2.—Black, densely clothed with grayish white pubescence, that on vertex and thorax above slightly pertaining to fulvous; median and hind legs with black pubescence on tibize and first tarsal joint; remaining tarsal joints reddish; clypeus with a triangular yellow mark; labrum covered with dense pile, that on base whitish, at apex brownish; mandibles black, with pale pile at base externally; first joint of flagellum slender, almost as long as the five following joints; tegule testaceous; fore tarsi fringed with pale fuscous hairs, the pubescence of the inner side of first joint brownish; abdomen with the pubezcence of dorsal surface short, hoar-frost-like, except on apical half of fifth segment where it is black; ventral segments 2-4 fringed at apex with long white hairs, the fringe of segment 5 being dark brown; the ventral segments medially are supplied with darker dense pubescence, which, when viewed from the side, extends from base of second segment to apex of fourth; sixth segment with brownish pubescence, the pygidium elongate, narrow, reddish at base, with a broad flat fold or swelling running from apex to near base; wings subhyaline. Length 16-17 mm.
Arizona: Phenix. Five specimens given to me by Dr. H. G. Griffith, by whom they were collected in May, 1898, on the flowers
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 67
of the ‘‘ Palo Verde,’’ Parkinsonia Torreyana. Dr. Griffith states the bees were abundant and easily captured, allowing the collecting bottle to be slipped up quite close to them and the stopper then used in such a manner as to knock them into the bottle. This apparent lethargic condition of the specimens is quite unusual for species of Centris, as from all accounts they are usually very rapid flyers and easily disturbed, after the manner of Odonata. I can testify from experience as to the alertness of two of the West In- dian species, C. hemorrhoidalis and C. fasciata. The abdomen is densely pruinose above.
3. Centris Morsei Ckll.
Centris Morset Cockerell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, 355, ©.
New Mexico: Mesilla. Quite distinct by its large size (21 mm. )
and the pale reddish-yellow bands on dorsal segments 1 and 2. 4. Centris marginata n. sp.
¢-—Black ; ventral segments laterally testaceous-yellow, all the dorsals at apex broadly margined with testaceous; flagellum slightly brownish beneath; clypeus, labrum and spot between an- tennze at base of clypeus, bright lemon-yellow; mandibles reddish- brown, with black tips; entire insect covered with pale gray pubes- cence, except the abdomen above, which is quite bare, excepting the extreme base of first segment; the pubescence inclining to fulvous on top of head and thorax, and sufficiently thin on dorsu- Jum and mesopleurz to display the sculpture; front broad; first joint of flagellum about as long as the three following united; legs robust; pubescence of anterior tibize and tarsi internally reddish- brown, that on first joint of hind tarsi internally, dark; wings subhyaline, nervures blackish. Length 16 mm.
New Mexico: ‘‘ Las Cruces (August 23) on flowers of Cevallia struata.’’ One specimen received from Mr. Cockerell and bearing the label ‘‘ C. cesalpinie 3',’’ which name was probably attached to it by error, as it neither agrees with the description of the male of C. cesalpinie, nor is it even closely allied to the female of that spe- cies. Its affinities are to C. Morsei, from which it does not differ structurally.
5. Centris cesalpinie Ckll. Centris cesalpinie Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. N. H., Ser. 6, xix, 394, 2 3, 1897. New Mexico: Las Cruces. I have not seen the male of this
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
species, a specimen received from Mr. Cockerell, marked ‘‘C. cesalpinie 3 ,’’ differing so obviously from the description that I have concluded that it was so labelled by mistake, and have de- scribed it as new (see C. marginatus). 6. Centris rhodopus Ckll. Centris cesalpinie var. rhodopus Cockerell, Ibid., 395, 2 3, 1897.
New Mexico: Las Cruces. It seems better to regard this as a distinct species from C. cesalpinie ; it has well-marked differences. One male, sent by Mr. Cockerell, has the abdominal hair- bands more distinct and regular, and the pubescence of first hind tarsal joint, instead of being entirely dark, is about evenly divided be- tween dark-brown and whitish.
7. Centris Hoffmannseggie Ckll. Centris Hoffmannseggie Cockerell, 1bid., 395, S\ (non 2), 1897. Centris lanosa Cockerell (not Cresson), Ibid., 397, Q (non <j‘), 1897. New Mexico: Mesilla Valley. To my mind Mr. Cockerell has confused the sexes of Hoffmannseggie and lanosa, judging from his descriptions. Cotypes of Hoffmannseggie 92 differ at once from the described male in their bare abdomen beyond the first segment, the 3 having the abdomen pubescent on all the segments, especially the two first. Now, the 2 danosa described by Cockerell, has ‘‘ the second abdominal segment, as well as the first, delicately pruinose.’’ In the male danosa the first segment only is pruinose. 8. Centris Cockerellii n. n. Centris Hoffmannseggie Cockerell, [bid., 395, 2 (non 3), 1897. New Mexico: Mesilla Valley. I propose this name for the species described as the female of Hoffmannseggic, which is apparently distinct from the latter.
9. Centris atriventris n. sp.
?°.—Black; head in front and cheeks with grayish pubescence, that on vertex pale fulvous; clypeus yellow, broader than long, strongly punctured but smooth down middle; labrum yellow, semi- lunate, strongly punctured, its apex broadly and roundly slightly emarginate; flagellum testaceous beneath from apex of first joint, the latter distinctly shorter than the four following joints; scape entirely dark; thorax above with pale fulvous pubescence, that on sides slightly paler, beneath the pubescence is black, or blackish- brown; legs reddish-brown, the pubescence of the anterior ones
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 69
fuscous brown, with that on tarsi black; on the other legs it is black, except on the medial tibize outwardly, where it is rather similar to that of the fore legs; abdomen shining black, the first segment anteriorly with pale pubescence; the apex of first and the second to fourth dorsal segments quite nude; the apex of fifth dorsal fringed with dark hairs; second to fourth ventrals fringed apically and clothed medially with long black hairs; sixth segment with black hairs, the pygidium triangular, with a triangular raised area at base which sends out a carina from its apex which reaches nearly to tip of pygidium; wings subhyaline. Length 12 mm.
3.—Similar to 2 in coloration, but with the mandibles within toward the base, the inner orbits as high as insertion of antennz and a line on scape, yellow; first joint of flagellum not as long as two following united; labrum semicircular, not emarginate; dark pubescence of ventral surface of thorax not so evident as in the °. Length 12 mm.
Texas. One female and two male specimens. A female speci- men from lower California agrees in coloration with this species, but there is a slight difference in the shape of pygidium. I am not quite certain that it is the same, however, as the first abdominal segment is scarcely pubescent.
10. Centris lanosa Cress. Centris lanosa Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe., iv, 284, <. Centris lanosa Cockerell, 1. c., 397, J‘ (non ©), 1897. Texas; New Mexico: Las Cruces. The pale patch at base of hind tibize externally is characteristic of this species. The pubes- cence of femora varies from brown to pale.
11. Centris subhyalina n. sp.
2.—Black, including clypeus and labrum; head in front and on cheeks with grayish pubescence, that on vertex pale fulvous; clypeus strongly punctured. with a raised smooth line down centre, the fore margin narrowly reddish-testaceous; labrum semicircular, strongly punctured, its outer margin narrowly reddish-testaceous ; flagellum obscurely testaceous beneath from apex of second joint, the latter a little longer than the following three joints united; scape not pale; thorax with pale fulvous pubescence above extending half way on sides, where it is met by black-brown pubescence which clothes the under surface; pubescence of middle segment and first
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
segment of abdomen paler; legs dark red, or black, the pubescence of four posteriors entirely black, that of the anteriors brownish; abdomen shining black, the apex of first, and the second to fourth dorsals bare; fifth dorsal as well as the second to fifth ventrals fringed with black hairs; sixth segment with dark-brown pubes- cence, the pygidium almost as in atriventris; wings subhyaline. Length 12 mm.
Texas. Three specimens. This species is apparently quite close to C. mexicana Smith, but in that species the wings are described as fuscous. CC. subhyalina may subsequently prove to be the female of C. lanosa Cress.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CENTRIS FROM THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, W. I.
Centris xylocopoides 2. sp.
2.—Deep black, clothed throughout with black pubescence; space between eye and mandible reddish; eyes slightly diverging above; clypeus medially flattened and impunctate, otherwise strongly punctured; labrum strongly punctured, covered with long hairs, acuminate apically; second joint of flagellum about as long as the third, fourth, fifth and half of sixth joints united; a small bare spot on dorsulum medially and at base of scutellum; abdomen above only pubescent on apical segments, beneath on all segments medially and apical margins of segments 4-6; pygidium trian- gular, somewhat depressed, with a similarly shaped raised area basally; wings black, variegated with brilliant shades of blue, green and purple. Length 28 mm.
Island of Trinidad, West Indies. November, 1892. Two specimens. The immense size and entirely black color remind one of the species of ylocopa.
1899. } NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 71
NEW AND INTERESTING SPECIES IN THE ‘‘ ISAAC LEA COLLECTION OF EOCENE MOLLUSCA.”
BY CHAS. W. JOHNSON.
Through the kindness of Rev. L. T. Chamberlain, D.D , Curator of the ‘‘ Isaac Lea Collection of Eocene Mollusca’’ in the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences, I have been permitted to describe the following new species, which have been collected by Mr. Thomas A. Morgan, Mr. Frank Burns and the writer, in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, during explorations made under the direc- tion and at the expense of Dr. Chamberlain.
Volvaria reticulata n.sp. Plate I, fig. 1.
Shell cylindrical, spire prominent, whorls five, the three apical whorls smooth, the body and adjoining whorl reticulated by numer- ous, raised, revolving and longitudinal lines, the revolving lines equidistant, while the longitudinal ones, which represent lines of growth, are finer and irregular ; columella with two moderate folds. Length 74 mm., greatest diameter 3 mm.
One specimen collected by the writer, from the Lower Claiborne at Moseley’s Ferry, Brazos river, Burleson Co., Texas.
Mitra grantensis n.sp. Plate I, fig. 2.
Shell fusiform, specimen shqwing eight whorls (apex wanting), the first whorl below the apex smooth, the two following whorls show only the numerous longitudinal ribs, while the remaining whorls have equally prominent revolving ridges, which are somewhat larger on the anterior portion of the body whorl, while the third and fourth ridge below the suture are slightly smaller, the interstices formed by the two series of ridges consists of deep square pits, interior of the outer lip with numerous small ridges, columella with four folds, the anterior one very small. Length 14 mm., greatest diam. 5 mm.
One specimen collected by the writer from the Jacksonian Eocene at Montgomery, Grant Parish, La.
Fusus apicalis n.sp. Plate I, fig. 3. Shell with ten convex whorls, apical whorl smooth, and the three
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
subapical whorls with numerous fine longitudinal raised lines, but no revolving sculpture, the other six whorls with six large longitu- dinal ribs, these are crossed by seven revolving ridges on the spiral whorl and about 22 on the body whorl; the second and third ridges below the suture somewhat smaller than the others; between the longitudinal ribs and on the narrow anterior portion of the body whorl the revolving ridges become nodulose. Length 31 mm., greatest diam. 10 mm.
Three specimens collected by the writer from the Lower Clai- borne at ‘‘ Alabama Bluff,’’ Trinity river, Houston Co., Texas.
This locality, which is fifteen miles southwest of Crockett, is better known as Alabama Crossing.
Fusus houstonensis n. sp. Plate I, fig. 4.
Shell showing eight convex whorls, which are somewhat angular toward the apex (apical whorl wanting), whorls with eight promi- nent longitudinal ribs, and eight revolving ridges on the spiral whorls, the body whorl has about 30 revolving ridges, which be- come smaller on the anterior portion, the two peripheral ridges are more prominent, between and above which are small intermediate raised lines, these are obsolete or wanting between the other ridges. Length of the type specimen 44 mm., greatest diam. 14 mm.
Collected by the writer from the Lower Claiborne at ‘‘ Alabama Bluff,’ Trinity river, Houston Co., Texas.
Fusus ludovicianus n. sp. Plate I, fig. 5.
Shell with eleven very convex whorls, the two apical whorls smooth, the following whorl with numerous oblique longitudinal ridges, which soon assume the general sculpture of the shell, spiral whorls with six revolving ridges, the two lower ones the most prominent, on the body whorl are 25 revolving ridges, the six large longitudinal ribs on each whorl are interrupted by a broad deep sutural area. Length of the type 29 mm., greatest diam. 9 mm.
One specimen collected by the writer from the Lower Claiborne at St. Maurice, Winn Parish, La,
Fusus perobliquus 2. sp.
Whorls very oblique and angular (apical and body whorls want- ing) with seven longitudinal ribs on each whorl and nine revolving ridges, one on the angle of the periphery, five above and three
ee
EE
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 75
below, the one at the suture very small and becoming obsolete on the upper whorls, the second one below the suture about one-half the size of the others, between the ridges the Jens shows very fine revolving and longitudinal lines. Length of specimen 25 mm., diam. 9 mm.
One specimen collected by the writer from the Lower Claiborne at Moseley’s Ferry, Brazos river, Burleson Co., Texas.
Latirus obtususn.sp. Plate IJ, fig. 7.
Shell fusiform, with 64 whorls including the nucleus, embryonic whorl large, smooth and obtuse, the following whorl commences with numerous longitudinal ribs, but soon assumes the general sculpture of the shell, which consists of six large rounded ribs on each whorl, which are crossed on the spiral whorls by eight revolving ridges, on the body whorl the revolving ridges exceed 350 in num- ber, on the anterior portion they alternate and become very small, under the lens there is also visible, especially between the larger ribs, small longitudinal raised lines, representing probably lines of growth; columella shows but one small fold. Length 16 mm., greatest diam. 4 mm.
Two specimens collected by the writer, from the Lower Clai- borne, at Hurricane Bayou, Houston Co., Texas.
Latirus suturalis n.sp. Plate I, fig. 6.
Shell fusiform, whorls seven, the three apical whorls smooth, the lower one with a few smooth longitudinal ribs, followed by the general sculpturing of the shell which consists of eight longitudi- nal ribs, which are crossed by prominent revolving ridges, three on the spiral whorls and eight on the body whorl, small revolving raised lines alternate with the ridges, junction of the revolving ridges and longitudinal ribs subnodose, longitudinal ribs inter- rupted above the suture, forming a deep sutural area, interior of the outer lip with five teeth-like ridges, columella with three prom- inent plaits. Length 8 mm., greatest diam. 4 mm.
Three specimens from the material collected by Thomas A. Morgan at Jackson, Miss.
Latirus harrisiin.sp. Plate I, fig. 8. Latirus singleyi var. Harris. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1895, p. 71, pl. 6, fig. 13a.
A study of an almost perfect specimen of this species from
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Berryman’s Place, three miles northeast of Alto, Cherokee Co., Texas, and a good series of L. singleyt Harris, from Bald Mound, nine miles southeast of Jewett, Texas, proves that the form referred to as a variety of L. singleyi is a distinct species. It is smaller and more slender, the specimen in hand is 20 mm. in length, with a max. diam. of 6 mm., while Z. singleyt is 37 mm. in length with a max. diam. of 12 mm., both species have about the same number of whorls (9 to 10), the revolving ridges are somewhat rugose below the suture, and the smal] alternating raised lines more prom- inent than in L. singleyi.
Latirus sexcostatus n. sp. Plate I, fig. 9.
Shell fusiform, spire somewhat longer than the aperture and anterior canal, whorls nine, the three apical whorls smooth, the other with six longitudinal ribs, which are crossed on the spiral whorls by two prominent revolving ridges, on the body whorl the number is about ten, the interstices have numerous fine revolving raised lines and fine longitudinal lines of growth, interior of the outer lip with six short ridges and the columella with three smal] plaits. Length of type 14 mm., greatest diam. 6 mm., a larger but imperfect specimen has a diam. of 8 mm. and a probable length of 18 or 19 mm.
The type with eight additional specimens was collected by the writer from the Lower Claiborne at ‘‘Alabama Bluff;’’ Trinity river, Houston Co., Texas. Specimens were also collected at Hurricane Bayou, Houston Co., Texas.
Metula brazosensis n. sp. Plate II, fig. 1.
Shell subfusiform, whorls six, apical whorl smooth, the three prominent varices are continuous from the body whorl to the smooth apical whorl, between the varices are numerous small longitudinal ribs that become obsolete toward the base of the body whorl, these are crossed by numerous fine revolving raised lines, inner margin of the outer lip but slightly crenulated. Length 8 mm., greatest diam. 34 mm.
Two specimens collected by the writer from the Lower Claiborne at Black Shoals, Brazos river, Burleson Co., Texas.
The localities, ‘‘ Brazos river, about one mile below the Milam- Burleson county line,’’ and ‘‘ Collier’s Ferry, Burleson Co.,’’ given by Prof. Harris (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1895, pp. 73, 78, 79) are the same as Black Shoals.
~I wo)
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
Metula gracilis n. sp. Plate Il, fig 3.
Shell slender, fusiform, whorls eight, convex, the three apica) whorls smooth, the others cancellated by about 29 revolving ridges on the body whorl, 10 on the spiral whorls and about 38 longitu- dinal ribs, forming at their junctions small nodules, body whorl with a prominent varix, aperture narrow, contracted at the anterior into a moderate canal, lip thickened, interior with 14 teeth-like ridges. Length 14 mm., greatest diam. 6 mm.
One specimen collected by the writer from the Lower Claiborne, at Alabama Bluff, Trinity river, Houston Co., Texas.
Metula subgracilis n. sp. Plate II, fig. 2.
Shell similar to the preceding, but with 64 whorls, only 14 of the apical whorls being smooth, slightly convex and showing a slight angle below the sutures, spiral whorls showing 8 and the body whorl about 24 revolving ridges, the first two below the suture more prominent than the others, longitudinal ribs of uni- form size and about 40 in number, anterior canal much shorter, lip thickened, interior with 16 teeth-like ridges. Length 11 mm., greatest diam. 5 mm.
From the material collected by Mr. Thomas A. Morgan at Jackson, Miss. Two specimens.
Metula johnsoni (Vaughan).
Phos johnsoni Vaughan. Ball. 142. U. S. Geol. Sur., 36, pl. 3, fig. 3, 1896.
One specimen of this species was also found by the writer at Montgomery, Grant Parish, La. The specimen measures 20 mm., a little smaller than the type, the specimen, though not entirely perfect, indicates the presence of smooth apical whorls.
Phos hilli Harris, var. magnocostatus n. var. Plate I, fig. 10.
Shell elongate, spire acute, whorls eight, the three apical whorls smooth, on the adjoining whorl the oblique longitudinal ribs are small, gradually becoming larger. On the remaining four whorls the longitudinal ribs are very large, six to each whorl; the entire shell is covered with fine, somewhat alternating, revolving raised lines, a ridge runs obliquely from the end of the anterior canal to the middle of the peristome. Length 15 mm., greatest diam. 7 mm.
One specimen (figured) collected by the writer from the Jack-
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
sonian Eocene at Montgomery, Grant Parish, La., and numerous specimens from Jackson, Miss.
The types of this and the following variety seem very distinct from P. hilli, but among the large series before me are specimens that practically run the three together, P. hi/li occupying an inter- mediate position. The type of Phos hilli is from the Jacksonian Eocene at Vince Bluff. Saline river, Cleveland ©o., Ark. The typical form is also common at Jackson, Miss.
Phos hilli Harris var. jacksonensis n. var. Plate I, fig. 11.
The type of this variety may be described as follows: Shell with 8 whorls, apex smooth, the following whorl with only oblique ribs that soon assume the general sculpture of the shell, which consists of about 14 longitudinal ribs (on the body and first spiral whorl a number of these are united, forming, wide ribs or varices), these are crossed by prominent revolving ridges (5 on the spirals and about 18 on the body whorl) that form conspicuous nodules, there are also fine alternating revolving raised lines; above the basal fold of the columella a smaller one is present. Length 12 mm., greatest diam. 5 mm.
Numerous specimens from Jackson, Miss.
Columbella punctostriata n. sp. Plate II, fig. 4.
Shell subfusiform, spire prominent (apical whorls wanting), whorls convex, with several varices, reticulated by seven revolving ridges and numerous fine longitudinal ribs; these become obsolete or wanting on the body whorl. Anterior half of the body whorl with numerous revolving, punctated striz; aperture narrow, con- tracted, outer lip thick, sinuous, inner margin crenulated with 18 teeth-like ridges, inner lip smooth except at the anterior and _ pos- terior ends, where it is slightly rugose. Length 10 mm. (with apical whorls probably 12), greatest diam. 5 mm.
One specimen collected by the writer from the Lower Claiborne at Berryman’s Place, three miles northeast of Alto, Cherokee Co., Texas.
Typhis dentatus n. sp. Plate I, fig. 13.
Shell with seven whorls, including the two smooth apical whorls, each whorl with four varices or ribs, those of the body whorl serrated with six, partly open, teeth-like projections, the one at the shoulder large and irregular, the varices in all cases extend more
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77 than half-way up the spiral whorls, the large tubular spine at the shoulder midway between the varices extends outward and slightly forward, aperture ovate. Length 16 mm., greatest diam. 10 mm.
One adult and three young specimens, from the material col- lected by Thomas A. Morgan, at Jackson, Miss.
Morio planotecta (Meyer and Aldrich). Plate I, fig. 12.
Cassidaria planotecta Meyer and Aldr. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 43, pl. 2, fig. 14, 1886.
A large and handsome specimen of this species was collected by Mr. Thomas A. Morgan at Jackson, Miss. The beautiful drawing by Dr. J. C. McConnell will show all the important adult char- acters not given by Messrs. Meyer and Aldrich, who described the species from a young specimen, from Newton, Newton Co., Miss. Length of specimen figured 64 mm., greatest diam. 51 mm.
Cassis (Phalium) taitii (Conrad). Plate II, fig. 5.
Cassis Taitit Conr. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vii, 145, 1834.
Semicassis Taitii Conr. Amer. Jour. Conch., i, 26, 1865.
A fragment consisting of the outer lip and portion of the body whorl, 53 mm. in length, was found by the writer, at Jackson, Miss., in the fall of 1894. Since then the specimen figured, which measures 85 mm. in length, was found by Mr. Thomas A. Morgan, at the same locality. The type which is in the Academy of Natural Sciences is from Claiborne, Ala. In the Jackson speci- men the nodulose character of the revolving ridges is only present in the outer half of the body whorl, and obsolete or wanting near the columella.
Cyprea jacksonensis 0. sp.
This is the largest species of Cyprwa from the Eocene of North America. It is represented only by parts of perhaps three indi- viduals (five specimens). The part of the outer lip measures 68 mm. <A perfect specimen would probably exceed 90 mm. A specimen representing the dorsal surface has a diameter of 55 mm. Shell smooth and polished, lip thick, reflected, teeth large and occasionally bifurcate.
Collected by Mr. Thomas A. Morgan and the writer at Jackson, Miss.
Cyprea ludovicianan.sp. Plate II, fig. 6.
Shell ovate, somewhat flattened, slightly prolonged at the ex-
tremities, smooth with a prominent broad medial dorsal groove.
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Aperture narrow, haying on each side 21 teeth, toward the ends these extend entirely across the base. Represented by four speci- mens, three of which measure as follows:
Largest, length 17 mm., greatest diam. 12 mm.
Specimen figured, length 15 mm., greatest diam. 10 mm.
Smallest, length 135 mm., greatest diam. 9 mm.
Collected by the writer from the Jacksonian Eocene at Mont- gomery, Grant Parish, La.
Cyprea vaughanin.sp. Plate I, fig. 7.
Shell small, ovate, globose, smooth, ends slightly prolonged, base rounded, aperture narrowed from the middle toward the pos- terior, outer lip with 19 and the inner lip with 16 teeth, the latter end abruptly and do not extend within the aperture, as in Oyprea dalli, to which it is ntarest related, it is also at once separated from the latter by its smaller size.
Length 9 mm., greatest diam. 6 mm.
From the Lower Claiborne at Hammett’s Branch, near Mt. Lebanon, La. One specimen.
This species is dedicated to Mr. T. Wayland Vaughan of the U. 8. Geological Survey, through whose kindness in giving such explicit information of the Eocene localities of Louisiana I was able to collect this and many other interesting forms.
Cyprea attenuata n. sp. Plate II, fig. 8.
Shell elongate, anterior and posterior ends greatly attenuated and curved upward, smooth, with the exception of a few raised, revoly- ing lines at each end, which are almost hidden by the heavy marginal callus, base smooth. Outer lip with 24 and the inner lip with 25 teeth, the-central ones of the latter extending for some distance within the aperture. Length 20 mm., greatest diam. 8 mm.
One specimen collected by Mr. Frank Burns from the Lower Claiborne, at Lisbon Bluff, Clarke Co., Ala.
Cyprea (Cypredia) subcancellata n. sp. Plate II, fig. 9.
Shell ovate, dorsal surface with 24 prominent revolving ridges, alternated by a smaller one; in the two middle interstices and all the interstices on the base of the shell, the smaller ridges are wanting; the entire shell has also small longitudinal raised lines, that are entirely interrupted by the prominent revolving ridges,
1899. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 79
lips thickened, having about 40 ridges, owing to nearly all of the revolving ridges becoming a uniform size. Length 16 mm., greatest diam. 10 mm.
One specimen collected by the writer from the Lower Claiborne at Smithville, Bastrop Co., Texas. Ovula (Simnia) texana 0. sp.
Shell narrow, attenuate (anterior part of the shell wanting), re- sembling in form the recent O acicularis Lam. of the West Indies; dorsal surface of the attenuated portion of the posterior, with fine revolving lines, the remainder of the shell smooth; outer lip thick- ened, showing a few crenulations toward the anterior, inner lip smooth with a raised callus at the posterior, on which are three or four transverse grooves. Length 11 mm. (its original length was probably about 14 mm.), greatest diam. 4 mm.
One specimen collected by the writer from the Lower Claiborne at ‘‘ Alabama Bluff,’’ Trinity river, Houston Co., Texas.
Ovula (Simnia) subtruncata Nn. sp.
Shell elongate, subtruncate, resembling somewhat the recent O. uniplicata Sowerby, of Florida. Smooth with numerous fine revol- ving lines around the angular or subtruncated posterior, posterior canal extending beyond the truncated portion forming a deep excavation, lip thin, but in a more adult specimen would probably be much thicker. Length 15 mm., greatest diam. 45 mm.
One specimen collected by the writer from the Lower Claiborne, at Hammetts Branch, near Mt. Lebanon, La.
Rimella rugostoma n. sp. Plate II, fig. 10.
Shell subfusiform, whorls eight, slightly convex, the two apical whorls smooth, the others beautifully reticulated as follow: The three spiral whorls below the smooth apical whorls, have seven equi- distant, flat, revolving ridges, which are crossed by small inter- rupted longitudinal ribs, obsolete on the upper of the three whorls. The body whorl above the periphery and the first and second spiral whorls have revolving ridges that are divided by a small groove into five pairs, on the body whorl below the periphery are twenty single revolving ridges, which become gradually small toward the base, just above the suture one of the single revolving ridges is also exposed on the first and second spiral whorls; longitudinal ribs prominent, about twenty to each whorl, becoming nodulose where
80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
they cross the revolving ridges. Aperture narrow, ovate, outer lip thick, and deeply notched, lobe acute, inner margin crenulated by about twenty short ridges; inner lip thin, expanded, bearing a rugose callous ridge which curves gradually downward toward the posterior end of the aperture, above which, at the posterior commissure is a small rugose triangle, the posterior canal extending to the base of the fourth spiral whorl. Length 20 mm., greatest diam. 9 mm. One specimen from the material collected by Thomas A. Morgan, at Jackson, Miss. Potamides (Telescopium) chamberlaini n. sp. Plate IT, fig. 11.
Shell acute (apex wanting), whorls flat, slightly concaved orna- mented by revolving rows of nodules, one above and a double or geminate row below the suture, on the body whorl the nodules become obsolete on the periphery, on the spiral whorls between the nodules are from two to four revolving ridges and on the body whorl six, just below the periphery is a prominent low ridge with two small raised lines between it and the periphery, the base of the shell is covered with numerous minute revolving lines; columellar fold at the base broad, rounded and cariaated on the lower edge, a break on the second spiral whorl shows that the same is there narrow and sharply keeled. Length of the specimen figured 35 mm., greatest diam. 14 mm.
Two specimens collected by Mr. Frank Burns, from the Midway Eocene, at Matthew’s Landing, Ala.
This beautiful shell is named in honor of Rey. L. T. Chamber- lain, D.D., to whose untiring interest and generous aid the pres- ent status of the ‘‘ Isaac Lea Collection of Eocene Mollusca ”’ is due.
Ampullina morganin. sp. Plate II, fig. 12.
Shell globose, spire prominent, whorls convex, somewhat flat- tened below the suture, smooth, with numerous, very close, fine lines of growth, and obsolete revolving raised lines on same portion ot the shells, umbilicus of moderate width surrounded by a reflected polished callus, that extends to the anterior portion of the aper- ture, pillar-lip thin not reflected over the umbilicus. Length 31 mm., greatest diam. 27 mm.
Two specimens collected by Thomas A. Morgan, at Jackson, Miss.
This species is distinguished from A. streptostoma Heilp. by the
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81
more prominent spire, flattened area below the suture, larger umbil- icus and non-reflected pillar-lip.
Adeorbis infraplicatus n. sp. Plate II, figs. 13, 14.
Shell small, spire depressed, nucleus smooth, whorls three, with two prominent revolving ridges, one at the periphery and one mid- way between the periphery and the suture, both are very minutely crenwated, between the two ridges smooth or with very fine revolv- ing lines, from the smooth nucleus radiate fine raised lines that increase in size on the body whorl, these are crossed by fine revolv- ing lines, base of the shell with numerous fine revolving lines, umbilicus of moderate size, margin smooth, nearly half-way across the base from the margin of the umbilicus extend numerous radi- ating plications, crossed by very fine revolving lines. Alt. 15 mm., greatest diam. 3 mm.
Four specimens from the material collected by Thomas A. Mor- gan, at Jackson, Miss.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES..: Puiate. I.
Fig. 1. Volvaria reticulata n. sp. Length 7} mm. Fig. 2. Mitra grantensis n. sp. Length 14 mm.
Fig. 3. Fusus apicalisn. sp. Length 31 mm. Fig. 4. Fusus houstonensis n. sp. Length 44 mm. Fig. 5. Fusus ludovicianus n. sp. Length 29 mm. Fig. 6. Latirus suturalis n. sp. Length 8 mm. Fig. 7. Latirus obtusus n. sp. Length 16 mm. Fig. 8. Latirus harrisii n. sp. Length: 20 mm. Fig. 9. Latirus sexcostatus n. sp. Length 14 mm.
Fig. 10. Phos hilli Har. var. magnocostatus n. v. Length 15 mm. Fig. 11. Phos hilli Har. var. jacksonensis n. var. Length 12 mm. Fig. 12. Morio planotecta (Meyer and Aldrich). Length 64 mm.
Fig. 13. Typhis dentatus n. sp. Length 16 mm. Prate I.
Fig. 1. Metula brazosensis n. sp. Length 8 mm.
Fig. 2. Metula subgracilis, n. sp. Length 11 mm.
Fig. 5. Metula gracilis n. sp. Length 14 mm.
Fig. 4. Columbella punctostriata n. sp. Length 10 mm. Fig. 5. Cassis (Pialium) taitii (Conrad). Length 55 mm.
82
Fig. 6. Big. 7; Fiz, 8. iar oe Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
Cyprea ludoviciana n. sp. Length 15 mm.
Cyprea vaughani n. sp. Length 9 mm.
Cyprea attenuata n. sp. Length 20 mm.
Cyprea ( Cypredia) subcancellata n, sp. Length 16 mm.
Rimella rugostoma n. sp. Length 20 mm.
Potamides (Telescopium) chamberlaini n. sp. Length 05 mm.
Ampullina morgani n. sp. Length 31 mm.
Figs.12, 18. Adeorbis infraplicatus n. sp. Alt. 14, diam. 3 mm.
The Academy is indebted to the liberality of Dr. Chamberlain for the illustrations, which are Crawn by Dr. J. C. McConnell of Washington.
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 83
FEBRUARY 7. The President, Samuet G. Drxon, M.D., in the Chair.
Forty-one persons present.
A paper entitled, ‘‘A New American Land Shell,’’ by Edw. G. Vanatta, was presented for publication.
FEBRUARY 14. J. Cueston Morris, M.D., in the Chair.
Eight persons present.
A paper entitled, ‘‘ Some Observations on the Illecillewaet and Asulkan Glaciers of British Columbia,’’ by George and William S. Vaux, Jr., was presented for publication.
FEBRUARY 21. The President, SamuEL G. Dixon, M.D., in the Chair. Thirty-four persons present. Papers under the following titles were presented for publication : “©On a Snow-inhabiting Enchytreid Mesenchytrieus collected
by Mr. Henry G. Bryant on the Malaspina Glacier, Alaska,’’ by
J. Percy Moore. ‘* Descriptions of New Species of Turbonilla of the Western
Atlantic Fauna,’’ by Katherine Jeannette; Bush.
FEBRUARY 28. The President, SamugeL G. Dixon, M.D., in the Chair.
Twenty-two persons present.
A paper entitled, ‘‘ Notes on a small Collection of Chinese Fishes,’’ by Henry W. Fowler, was presented for publication.
Mrs. Hannah Streeter was elected a member.
The following were ordered to be printed :
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PLANTS. No. XIII.
BY THOMAS MEEHAN.
I, SEX IN FLOWERS.—CORYLUS ROSTRATA.
Since the publication of my first paper on the law governing the sexual characters of flowers,’ and others subsequently ou the same topic, the evidence of the soundness of the principles therein pre- sented is everywhere so palpable that I have for some years past given up noting it and placing it on record. The principle then and subsequently made plain is, that in the earlier stages of its life a flower bud may be either male or femaie, and that the final determination of sex is a mere question of nutrition. If there be an abundant supply of nutrition available, or vital power capable of availing itself of the nutrition provided, the female character- istics prevail. With lessened nutrition, or of vital power in the floral matrix to make use of nutrition, the male characteristics result. These views, opposed as they were by eminent biologists, and even ridiculed by my esteemed friend Prof. Agassiz on the reading of my paper, I have lived to note are generally accepted, though at times it seems to me that a few more recorded observa- tions might be profitable. Before me at this time is an able paper by Prof. Kenjiro Fujii, of the Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan, on sexuality in the flowers of Pinus densiflora.” He finds in his observations that the sex of tbe flowers is undeter- mined until a certain stage of development, and that a flower which would otherwise develop into a male has a tendency to become female when local increase of nourishment takes place at a certaiz stage, or during certain stages of its development. This seems so like the language of my papers of a quarter of a century ago, that it is pleasant to know that Prof. Fujii has worked the conclusion out in utter ignorance of my having occupied the field before him.
1 Proceedings of American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1869, p. 256. * Tokyo Botanical Magazine, Vol. ix, No. 101.
' ee rise 2
189+. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85
I will give a striking illustration of the soundness of this principle, which I have not hitherto recorded, in Corylus rostrata.
In one of my earlier papers* I recorded that there was a uni- form line of character dividing the species of western Europe from their close allies in eastern America. Among other points, the tendency to lateral branching is more marked in the European than in the American line of the same family. Corylus Avellana and Corylus rostrata, which I had not in that list, are good illus- trations. In a cubic yard of growth there would seem to be hun- dreds of twiggy branchlets in Corylus Avellana, the common Euro- pean Hazelnut, to the scores only in the North American Hazelnut, Corylus rostrata. It is important to note this difference in these species, in connection with these sexual questions, because at first glance the male catkins seem terminal in the European, and axillary in the American. The male catkins seem situated on comparatively strong branchlets; while the female buds seem to be on branchlets often weaker, and situated below the males and more unfavorably located as regards nutrition. That this is deceptive will hereafter be shown.
The branching of Corylus rostrata is remarkable for its stiff rigid character. It might be taken for some willow at first sight, rather than a relative of Oorylus Avellana ; although this latter species has this culm-like or reedy appearance before the plaut reaches its flow- ering stage. The flowers appear along the whole length of these rigid branchless stems. The male flowers are produced from the lower nodes, and the female from the upper ones. But the propor- tion of each on the separate branches is in exact proportion to the vigor of the branches. On a very slender twig of perhaps twelve or fifteen nodes, there will be a male catkin from every bud. On the branches of medium strength the proportion of male to female will be equal, while on the branches of superior vigor all but three or four of the lower ones will be female. On a strong leading shoot before me, and which is characteristic of numbers of others on the plant from which it was taken, the four lower buds only haye catkins; while the ten upper buds have either female flowers or a few strong buds to make branchlets for next season.
No one closely observing a vigorous plant of Corylus rostrata can
3**On the Relative Characters of Allied Species of European and American Trees’? (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 10).
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [189o.
fail to be impressed with the truth of the principle I have ad- vanced, that the question of sex in flowers is merely a question of nutrition in an early stage.
For reasons already given, the fact is not so apparent in Corylus Avellana. In the Jater period of the growing season, in this species, some of the axillary buds develop to short branchlets instead of remaining as buds to bear flowers, and make growth for the coming year. It is from the axillary buds of this secondary growth that the male catkins appear, and thus present the appear- ance, from their elevated position, of being superiorly situated as regards nutrition than the female flower buds, which are only apparently below. When closely examined it will readily be seen on how weak the axes and how very unfavorably for nutrition these buds of the male catkins are situated.
It may be noted that the axial buds, bearing the male flowers in Corylus rostrata, develop slightly to a branchlet in the fall of the year, but I have never seen one to reach more than a quarter of an inch in length.
I know of no moneecious plant that does not show a more or less continuous activity during the early autumn, or even during the winter season if a few days of springlike weather occur, and the postulate may be presented that a marked characteristic in the growth of a female flower is the greater conservation of energy dur- ing its early stages, as compared with a tendency to reckless expen- diture in the male flowers. After all, this is but another way of expressing what has already been made plain, that the ability to store and to profit by nutrition accounts for sexual differentiation.
tr. CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA IN RELATION TO ITS MORPHOLOGY.
In families where there is considerable irregularity in the number and arrangement of related plants, it is important in what might be termed genealogical botany that the primary type should be well understood. In Ericacez, for instance, we have genera with vary- ing numbers in the calyx, corolla, stamens, and styles; some are gamopetalous and some polypetalous, while some have inferior and others superior Ovaries.
As all parts of a plant from the starting in growth of the seed to the final maturity of the flowers it produces are but modified leaf-blades, the arrangement of the leaf-blades on the primary stem
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 87
should furnish a good foundation for subsequent investigation. Taking a fairly vigorous branch of Clethra alnifolia, we note that the phyllotaxis is on the 2 plan. We may, on this fact, look for a pentamerous system to prevail in the subsequent development, and charge to consolidation or to abortion any variation from this type. Following again the Clethra, we find a five-cleft calyx, and we say itis normal. Then we have five petals alternate with the sepals, which again we pronounce normal. But the next cycle appears as ten stamens, which for a single cycle would be out of order. Observing closely, however, we note that five of the ten are longer than the others, and we learn that there are really two cycles of five, of which the long stamens represent the outer.
Taking up now the gynecium: the stigma is noted as being slightly three-cleft, indicating a tricarpellary ovarium. There should be five. Two are wanting. This sudden departure from what has hitherto been a regular pentamerous series, suggests that there has been a suppression of several verticils since the appearance of the last staminal whorl. A glandular disk fills the interspace, and we may reasonably conclude that herein lie the missing links. The earpellary system here is parallel to prolificacy as often seen in flowers. One rose proceeds from the centre of another rose, or a small orange at the apex of a larger one, as in the variety known as the navel. The upper one, as in the case of the gyncecium of Clethra, loses much of the normal vitality of the individual.
In some genera of Ericaceze cohesion—vital power in its higher stage—plays a part in organizing, the reverse of the lower degree, but still with the same resuJt in the disappearance of parts that me may term primarily separate. In examining a large number of Clethra flowers, a pair of stamens will occasionally be found as completely consolidated into a single filament as the carpels have had the three styles united; the extreme upper portions of each, however, continuing normal. It showsa tendency to consolidation. From a consideration of al] the facts, we may conclude that the primary type of Ericacez is pentamerous and polypetalous, that those approaching this type are the oldest in the genealogical line, and that all the variations from this type in the order are deduci- ble frou the variations in growth-energy resulting in the abortion or consolidation of primary parts.
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
iI. SANICULA—A BIOLOGICAL STUDY.
Examining a plant of Sanicula Marilandica, a striking point presents itself in its branching character. These branchlets are usually in threes, and exceptionally in fours. That acute observer, Rafinesque, noticed this, and it was doubtless on account of this striking character that he prcposed the name of Trielinium, when he thought to make a new genus out of the older Sanicula.
I have endeavored to teach in numerous papers, that by far tuo much is claimed for environment in the evolution of form. It would rather seem that form depends on a purely mathematical law of growth-force. Growth is not a continuous operation, but rhyth- mic. The degree of force depends on a supply of nutrition and the ability of the plant cell to avail itself of the supply. As, therefore, each rhythmic wave varies in intensity, the ultimate form of the immediate structure under the influence of that wave must vary accordingly.
Again I have taught that even sex is influenced by like condi- tions. Those parts of the flower or portions of a plant under the influence of a vigorous growth-wave laden with nutrition favor the production of female organs—the feeble wave is productive of male organs only.
A study of Sanieula well illustrates these points. The first growth-wave ceases at the first pair of leaves. This must have been very sudden; for the main axis has been so deprived of food, and its vital power rendered so weak, that it can only make a feeble growth with the advance of the next wave. The consequence is that the growth-wave is turned into the two axillary buds. They take the place of the original axis, and we have two leading branches instead of one. ‘The original axis remains a weak, threadlike, common pedicel, which bears usually but a single fertile flower and numerous barren ones. In some species of plants the central axis utterly fails under the shock of the rhythmic growth. In that case we have the dichotomous mode of branching.
Passing the eye along the stem, we find the growth-wave, rhyth- mic as it is, decreasing in vigor. The central axis profits more by nutrition—the branches from the axial buds are less like leaders —and by the time the terminal point is reached we find it sur- mounted by a fruit on a pedicel much stronger than the lateral ones.
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There are but three lateral branchlets, though occasionally four; and the retarding of the axial growth has been of such a severe character, that the axillary origin of the lateral branches has been totally obscured. The pedicillate male flowers originate from numerous axillary buds on these fruit-bearing branchlets, the external evidence of such origin being also obscured. It is be- lieved that a careful study as indicated will be convincing that it is the degree of the rhythmic growth-force that decides the character of the plant, and also the relation of the sexes to each other.
Now Jet us take Sanicula Canadensis. With the light already gained, we see that nothing but a variation in the force of the rhyth- mie wave has made a distinct species. The characters are all of the same class, but there has been acceleration and retardation of the wave force in different directions. The axillary branchlets have continued to retain the attention of the growth-wave to the last, and now bear the female flowers—while the weaker central one has accorded to it male ones only. Examining, now, the Old World species, Sanicula Europea, we see scarcely any difference except such as might occur from variation in the degree and direction of the growth-wave. Nutrition has been diverted from the central axis to a greater degree than even in our own S. Canadensis. It produces only short-stalked male flowers.
We here have a genus in which we can clearly see how the species were made. ‘The degree of force exerted by the rhythmic wave started the process, and the assimilation of nutrition completed the task.
The study brings us nearer to a perception of the origin of species. But we may not yet perceive the hand that set the process in motion. The characters that distinguish these three species seem permanent now. They do not change under any conditions of environment existing at the present time, however varied they may be. Though we may say that the three species would easily be produced out of one type, simply by varying degrees of growth- force; the conditions under which this variation occurred, and the period in the world’s history when they occurred and became hereditary, is still a mystery.
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tv. RosA RUGOSA IN CONNECTION WITH THE EVOLUTION OF FORM.
A few years ago I crossed a flower of Rosa rugosa with pollen from the well-known hybrid perpetual, General Jacqueminot. It may be noted here that in this locality the rose anthers mature almost simultaneously with the expansion of the petals. To be certain that a flower will have no aid from its own pollen, my prac- tice is to open the petals carefully the day before they would expand naturally, remove the stamens with the unopened anthers, and then at once apply the foreign pollen. Though I believe pollen will remain potent at the apex of a stigma for an indefinite time, so as to be ready to perform its function the moment the stigma becomes receptive, I apply more pollen after the petals open normally. With these precautions I feel safe in my experiments against the interference of undesirable pollen. These precautions were taken in this experiment with Rosa rugosa.
In the autumn the seeds were cleaned from the capsule and sown in the open ground.
The following summer two plants only had made their appear- ance, and attracted attention at once from the fact that one of them had the appearance in foliage and habit of General Jacqueminot, and the other somewhat after the manner of Rosa rugosa, the female parent. The first year of seedling roses results in compar- atively feeble growth. The stronger growth of the second year was eagerly looked forward to. When that time arrived the one resembling the male parent was stricken with a fungous parasite, and so severely that, in spite of our efforts with copper solutions, the branches were no stronger than they were the year before. The vital power was so much reduced that it was totally destroyed by the subsequent winter. In spite of its weakened condition, it retained to the Jast its striking resemblance to the hybrid perpetuals of which General Jacqueminot isa type. The other flowered, and to my great surprise was not Rosa rugosa, but a perfectly typical specimen of Rosa cinnamomea! It is still flowering at this date, June, 1897, and is simply the cinnamon rose.
To carry this curious experiment further, I had a small quantity of seed of Rosa cinnamomea and Rosa rugosa sown near to each other where comparisons could be made as they grew. There were something less than a hundred plants in each lot. Both sets were
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nearly identical in character as they grew. The branches were slender, smooth, with scattered spines, and no acicule. As the plants gained vigor, strong branches, densely clothed with bristles, would appear from the rugosa plants, and ultimately became abso- lutely that species. Some of them would, however, continue to produce some smooth slender branches; and these, flowering, were purely Rosa cinnamomea—the two species flowering on the same ‘plant. These separate blocks of roses are still blooming where they were sown, and in the bed of Rosa rugosa there are ten plants that still continue Rosa cinnamomea.
The bed of Rosa cinnamomea continued its comparatively weak growth characteristic of the species. Occasionally a strong shoot would push out from near the ground covered with bristles as in R. rugosa; but it would eventually weaken, become smooth, and have the smaller flowers, foliage, and, in fact, be nothing but FR. cinnamomea. One only assumed a more vigorous and _ bristly character. This plant has the flowers as large as those of R. rugosa—that is to say, they are more than double the size of the normal cinnamon rose, though continuing the pale rose color instead of the deep crimson of R. rugosa. The foliage also, though not as coarsely wrinkled, that is to say, rugose, as the other, still is diverse from the type, and is an advance in the direction of the latter rose.
Two remarkable facts are made clear by these observations:
First.—Two totally distinct forms can be produced from the same seed vessel, though every condition surrounding their incep- tion seems exactly the same.
Second.— Rosa rugosa, a species with characters markedly distinct from Rosa cinnamomea, is nevertheless an evolution from that species, and has been produced by the energy of a more vigorous development.
We may conclude from these facts that however much may be conceded to gradual modifications extending over indefinite periods as an agency in the evolution of species, development need not be dependent on this principle alone. The varying degrees of inter- nal energy must be credited with producing sudden and remarkable changes, though we may not yet be able to perceive clearly the nature of the motive power that induces it.
92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899-
V. VIOLA IN RELATION TO POLLINIZATION AND FECUNDATION.
Though it has been shown by many close observers that the general opinion is erroneous that early or perfect flowers of many species of Viola are infertile, the impression is still widely preva- lent, especially in the case of the very common Viola cucullata. I have myself held that opinion, though I have placed on record that they were abundantly fertile when growing on a dry rocky piece of: ground. I had, however, never made the continuous daily obser- vations on them that I have made on other plants, and so made it a point to do so, commencing the task on the first of April, 1897.
I have an orchard of about half an acre, partially shaded by the branches of the apple trees meeting together. The surface was originally in grass, but at the date given only a few tufts remained. The whole at the date named was a sheet of violets in bloom. These many thousands of plants all sprung from a few. I noticed these a quarter of a century ago. Myriads of seeds from last year’s crop were showing cotyledons. By sheer force of numbers they were crowding out all other vegetation, and it is a question whether their operations had not as much to do with the destruction of the original grass as the shade which the apple trees afforded.
Though from a few original plants, the assemblage at this date presented a remarkable variation in the form and color of the flow- ers. Some had petals almost linear, others petals almost round. Tn some cases the two upper petals would be nearly round, and the three lower ones very narrow. The color of the petals varied in innumerable shades, from the normal violet to nearly white in one direction, and to nearly red in the other. Some plants would have the peduncles little longer than the leaves; others would have the flowers on long and slender peduncles. A notable fact, nowever, was, that with all this variation in the flowers, not a trace of varia- tion could be found in the plants themselves. In foliage and habit, every plant seemed an exact repetition of another one. As conditions of environment could have nothing to do with these variations, and as there were no varieties to aid variation through cross pollination, there can be but one deduction, that internal energy alone is responsible for the changes.
My next thought was to watch for insect visitors. Winged insects are scarce with us in April. I saw none among these plants
3)
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‘during the whole month. I cannot say that these millions of violet flowers had no insect visitors during that period, but it is safe to say that if any were visited by insects the number would be so inconsiderable as to have no influence on the result.
Numberless flowers were opened from day to day. All the anther-sacs were abundantly supplied with perfect pollen. From the earliest period the upper portion of the style, with its stigma, would be in advance of the stamens. When the pollen would be projected from the anther-cells, the membranous appendages of the anthers would be so closely appressed to the style that it would be very difficult for pollen to get through to reach the stigma. Though pollen grains could get through this close-fitting sheath, the ‘stigma is so thoroughly encased by the mass of hair in the throat, that it is inconceivable that pollen should ever reach it. As a matter of fact, I could never find a grain of pollen on the portion of the style above the membranous sheath, and of course none in the stigma, though the ovarium clasped by the anthers themselves would be completely pollen-dusted.
I was satisfied from these observations that the flowers could not prove fertile, and was prepared to believe that so far as Viola cucullata is concerned, the popular impression regarding infertilty in this species was correct. I started to examine several cther species in the same relations. Viola tricolor is conceded to have its early perfect flowers fertile. I examined some flowers from the wild species growing in my garden. I found the stigma barely extending beyond the membrane sheath, which, by the way, was not closely clasping, nor was there a mass of hair on the petals to guard the receptive portion from an attack by the pollen grains. It did seem that the fecundity of the early flowers could be ac- counted for. But again I could not find a single pollen grain on the apex of the style, or stigma, as we would terminologically say!
By the time the first week in May was reached, I was surprised to find an abundant crop of seed vessels on the earlier flowers in the orchard, the peduncles curving toward the ground just as they do in the cleistogamie condition. A number, probably one-third, had failed to perfect seed, but they had advanced considerably before withering, showing that their early demise was not from non-pollination, but from a failure of nutrition, just as in many fruit trees we find the ground beneath their branches strewed with
94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1899.
immature fruit, which has fallen, after being fairly fertilized, by the failure in the stock of nutrition to bring them to perfection. In the carefully noted observations of Mr. Darwin and others in the Old World, on the fertilization of flowers, failure of nutrition is rarely permitted to account for the failures to seed in many of the experiments noted.
I have for some time past concluded that, in some manner not yet demonstrated, pollen tubes may and do at times reach the ovules otherwise than by way of what we commonly know as the receptive portions of the stigma. In Viola tricolor this may occur by way of the filmy hair on the dorsal part of the stigma, which the pollen may reach in this species as already noted, and the ques- tion may arise as to what is the stigma proper in Viola. It is customary to regard the small opening at the apex of the thickened style as the stigma. JI am inclined to regard it rather as a necta- riferous gland. In examining flowers of Viola cucullata, just. before they expand, the orifice of this tube is closed. When the flower is examined the day following the opening, a globule of very sweet nectar occupies the position; the following day this disappears, and the hollow cavity noticed by various authors is evident under a good lens. This open passage is hardly consistent with the general character of a passage way for a pollen tube which has to depend for material in building up its structure on the cellular matter which it meets with on its journey to the ovule. Nor can I recall any instance in which such a large proportion of nectar is secreted by the receptive point of a stigma. On the other hand, if we believe, as we undoubtedly may, that nectariferous glands are atrophied primary structures, it will be difficult to trace the morphology of such a gland situated in the position this occu- pies.
But the morphology of the violet presents some anomalies. Though it is certain, as I have demonstrated in various papers, that the leaf does not always originate from the node from which it seems to spring, and that it is the union of the edges of the leaf-blade that causes what we know as decurrence in stem structure—it does not follow that decurrence is not sometimes really de-currence. In many species of Lactuca from the south of Europe and eastern Asia, this is evidently so; and in Viola the auricles at the base of the sepals would undoubtedly have to be accounted for in any fair
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 95
conception of the consolidated parts of the flower. I take it we are to look in this direction for the origin of the spur in the petals of the violet, and in the fleshy appendages to the stamens, some- times called nectariferous glands, which fill the spur spaces. Mr. Darwin observes that he once saw Bombus terrestris slit the spur of Viola canina in search of the nectar these glands secrete, and it is generally supposed they are nectariferous. But certainly in Viola cucullata they excrete nothing, as I infer, from not having been sufficiently differentiated from their primary condition to be perfect glands. Taking now, as we may again, the consolidated style, as not merely the elongated extension of the carpels, but also of the primary axis as well; and the thickened upper pertion of the style as a feeble effort to form another verticil of floral organs, the apex of the primary shoot would be extremely likely to end in a com- plete gland. If this view be correct, we have to look elsewhere for the passageway to the ovules; unless indeed we conclude that it is possible for nectariferous glands to serve as ducts for pollen tubes in some instances, a circumstance I have sometimes suspected.
vI. ISNARDIA PALUSTRIS—ADDITIONAL NOTE ON ITS STIPULAR GLANDS. *
I noted in 1886 that the usual description of Onagraceze—leaves without stipules-—was not strictly correct, as they were present in the form of glands in Isnardia (Ludwigia) palustris, the marsh purslane. Dr. Asa Gray, to whose regular and friendly correspon- dence through a number of years I am greatly indebted, wrote: “¢ You have certainly found something; but whether these glands should be considered stipular or not, I am not prepared to say.”’ The matter had passed from my mind till recently, when the oppor- tunity occurred to spend several hours in the midst of a large quantity of the plant.
At the base of the solitary axillary flower is a pair of minute scales. The general resemblance of the gland and its connection with the base of the petiole suggested the possibility that these glands might also be bracts or scales that had come within the connate power so potent in this species. This power is well exem- plified in the structure of the flower. The stamens are opposite the sepals, indicating that the petals have disappeared. Then we note
“Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1886, p. 349.
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that where there should have been petals alternate with the sepals and stamens, there are four greenish umbonate glands. These of themselves suggest abortive petals. Holding the flowers up to the light, however, we find by the aid of the lens that the petals are really there, but have been completely covered by the connate sepals, the glands being the thickened apices! May not the sup- posed stipular gland, in like manner, be some foliar organ almost covered by the union of superior parts? In aid, farther, of this suggestion, we note that the primary origin of the leaf is far below the point from which the leaf proper or blade seems to spring. The consolidated petiole can be traced far below the base of the expanded portion. Each consolidated petiole, however, grasps only one-fourth of the circumference of the stem, thus giving it a sub- quadrangular character. Why might not the supposed stipule be the apex of another pair of minute scaly bracts, all of which but the extreme points had been covered, as the petals were, by the superior size of the consolidating parts above ? With these sug- gestions we examine the stipular glands closely, only to find that they are opposite to, and not alternate with, the pair of scaly bracts above them. We must still believe they are stipular appen- dages of the leaves, and not the upper remains of independent but submerged organs.
Of late years it has been found that what appear as striking exceptions to general rule can be accounted for in the regular way, the operation of the law only having been obscured. Why Isnardia should yet seem a striking exception to the absence of stipules in Onagrads still remains a problem.
During the examination of these plants the absolute fertility of the flowers was suggestive of perfect self-fertilization. Few axils but had their primary branching system retarded for the production of a flower “instead. Not a solitary imperfect seed-vessel could be found, out of the many hundreds on a single branching plant. Self-fertilization was found to be the fact. Not only do the anthers discharge the pollen simultaneously with the expansion of the sepals; but they rest on the stigma, so that it is impossible for any external agency to interfere with their work.
Another interesting observation is that at the expansion of the sepals, nectar copiously exudes from the umbones above noted. No winged insect appears to visit these minute flowers.
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It would seem from these observations that the gland in Isnardia palustris is really stipular; that the petals are not abortive, but have been covered by the connation of the sepals; that the flowers are arranged so that self-fertilization must ensue; that these self- fertilized flowers are enormously productive; and that the produc- tion of nectar, so far as the visits of insects may be concerned, is superfluous.
vu. PARTHENOGENESIS.
It is about two hundred years ago since Camerarius recorded the fact that female mulberries and other trees would produce fruit without pollinization, though such fruit was sterile. These obser- vations have since been abundantly confirmed. The necessity of pollen to fertile seed came to be regarded as absolute law, until some fifty years ago, when the Curator at Kew, Mr. Jobn Smith, an- nounced that an Australian plant, of which he had but one female specimen, perfected its seeds. It proved to be a new Euphorbiacee, and he named it Celebogyne ilicifolia—the generic name from its supposed parthenogenetal character.
The author of this paper was a student in Kew at that time, and well remembers the incredulity with which the announcement was received, that nature should seem to make a universal law in rela- tion to method of reproduction, and yet make a striking exception -in this case. Nature furnishes infinite variation, but these varia- tions seem to be only of one general plan. It seemed more prob- able that, in some method unexplained, pollen had* been formed, and really pollinated the embryo. It does not appear that any further observations on this plant were made at Kew, or, if made, recorded.
Strasburger took up the subject again in 1878, but though my good friend, Mr. George Nicholson, Curator of Kew, writes under date of April 10, 1897, that ‘‘the whole business has been threshed out by Strasburger,’’ the latter seems to be more concerned about the cell development than the manner of its fertilization. This is especially true of that part devoted to the Castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis. In Celebogyne, he insists that the true embryo does not develop, but that the seeds proceed from adventitious buds from the wall of the ovary. One may conceive of them as
bulblets, analogous to what we find in viviparous flowers; but he 7
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does not explain how cotyledonous seeds are constructed in this way.
In 1894 the author of this paper decided to make for himself careful observations on Ricinus. A number of plants were set out in a mass where he could easily watch them. Every male bud that could be observed was rubbed away before expansion. For all this an abundance of seed matured. It was found subsequently that there were other plants within a quarter of a mile. It was thought best to repeat the observations another year. The following year no plants were near but those under observation, and it began to Jook as if the plants had no use for pollen. Still there seemed doubt, and the observations were continued yearly to the end of 1897—all with the same result. Dr. Ida A. Keller, Professor of Biology in the Philadelphia Girls’ High School, an experienced microscopist, aided me considerably in the observations made, and only for the fact that in one of her acute examinations she discov- ered a pollen tube at work on the ovarium, there would have seemed no room for doubt that pollen was unnecessary for the pro- duction of perfect seed in Ricinus. It was determined to try once more. The past year, 1898, only one plant was allowed to grow, and only one flower spike permitted to remain. All the others were cut away in the bud. This permitted closer examination, which was made almost daily. I noted for the first time that there were on the pedicels with the female flowers, buds scarcely larger’ than pin heads, and, under a strong lens, evidently antheriferous. These were carefully cut away. As the female flowers opened they all withered, unlike their fertility in former years. There seemed no doubt that pollen was essential. After half the spike had fallen away, the upper portion, say some twenty flowers, showed a disposition to permanence. The pretty fringed pistils protruded and continued perfect for many days. Finally, the capsules en- Jarged until they had about reached the usual dimensions. Now it seemed as if the plant would produce seed without the aid of pollen. After turning brown and seemingly ripe they were found to be as empty as Camerarius’ mulberries were.
While under the impression during the earlier years of these -observations that Ricinus was fruiting in the absence of pollen, I was encouraged by observations seemingly confirmatory by Judge Day, of Buffalo, and Prof. Greene, of Washington, on other
1899. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99
plants. At the same time I had noticed that solitary female plants of Gingko biloba were fruiting abundantly in Germantown, while the only known male plant was at Woodlands, some ten miles away. Recently Japan botanists have discovered spiral coils of sperma- tozoids in the generative cells of Gingko, and others have observed them in Cycas revoluta.
The conclusion reached by the author is that though for several years he regarded the Castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis, as a gen- uine case of parthenogenesis, the past year’s experience still leaves the matter open to doubt. If it be true that the female flowers of Cycas revoluta can generate spermatozoids in their ovaries, and thus self-fertilize the ova, the occurrence must be rare. In this
icinity old snecimens of this plant are frequently seed bearing, apparently, but in every case examined by the author they were found to have only empty capsules.
It seems to the author that the subject of parthenogenesis is by no means thoroughly ‘‘ thrashed out,’’ and the object of this paper is to encourage continued observations.
vin. Lactruca ScARIOLA, IN RELATION TO VARIATION AND THE VERTICAL POSITION OF ITS LEAVES.
Lactuca Scariola is spreading rapidly over the United States. Some twenty years ago I was led to my first acquaintance with it through the kindness of Dr. George Engelmann. It was then growing in the vicinity of St. Louis. It interested us from the fact that we thought we saw polarity in the leaves. The plane of the leaf was vertical, and it seemed that the edges were directed due north and south. The plants were growing thickly together, and in the cases which did not come under this rule we concluded that the crowding interfered with the natural tendency. Three years ago, 1894, a solitary plant appeared in my garden. The behavior of a species is always instructive when we can watch its distribution and development from a single plant within a limited area. Being an annual, and flowering after the garden weeding has been completed, it is a comparatively harmless weed. I allowed the plant to seed, and the seeds to be distributed by the wind. The next season a number of plants were allowed to seed. This year, 1897, there are hundreds of plants growing within an area of twenty acres. Many of these I am leaving to grow till they reach the flowering stage, when they will be destroyed.
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The variations from the one original plant, and all under the same conditions of environment, are very remarkable. In some the leaves are about four inches long by three wide ; that is to say, broadly ovate, while there are some with leaves nine inches long, and from one to two inches wide. In these plants the long linear leaves are obtuse. In others the leaves are some nine inches long, but widest in the middle—these are sharply acute. The leaves are usually entire, but there are a number that are lyrately pinnatifid. In one case the lobing is so deep that the divisions are little more than narrowly winged nerves. In most cases the leaves are flat at the margins, but in a number of cases they are strongly undulate. One of the most striking variations isin the habit of the plant. In the majority of cases the main stem is less than half an inch thick at the base, and grows up rapidly with wide internodes; in others, the stem will be nearly an inch thick, with little disposition to elongate; the lateral buds develop to branchlets, and the plant becomes densely bushy, with scarcely any internodes. In these cases the leaves are cuneate at the base. The only characters that seem uniform through this extensive range of variation is the glaucous green of the foliage, the vertical twist to the leaves, and the ridge of bristles along the midrib on its under surface. Surely we may conclude that the variations presented in this case are due to the degree and direction of life energy, and that the common phrases of ‘‘ cultivation’’ and ‘‘ conditions, of environment”’ have no meaning here.
The vertical plane of the leaves next commands attention. A careful examination of a number of isolated plants soon leads to the conclusion that there is no polarity—as it is generally ex- pressed. The plane of the leaf is in any direction. There are no more in a northward than in a westward line. I am at a loss to imagine how I, in common with other observers, ever believed it could ‘be classed as a ‘‘ compass plant,’’ unless it be on the general principle that it is easy to see what we are looking for.
In the examination a novel point presented itself. The leaves are vertical instead of horizontal by reason of a twist just above the point of divergence from the stem. But on every plant there are cases of twists in opposite directions. In former ‘‘ contribu- tions’’ I have shown that antidromy is common. ‘There could not be secund inflorescence without it. Two or three leaves in this
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Lactuca following regularly the spiral against the sun would have the leaves back to back, when the next would twist in the opposite direction so as to face the lower leaf. The occasional pairs of leaves, drawn together in parallel lines, present a very novel and interesting appearance. These cases of antidromy follow no numer- ical rule. The most striking cases of parallelism will naturally be those where two successive leaves in the spiral face each other ; but generally it is the next in the series, or, in some cases, the third or fourth leaf that turns its back on what seems to be the normal spiral course.